Great Tartaria: a powerful country or an empty fantasy? Tartaria encyclopedic.

Just 250 years ago it was the largest state. Now official historians don’t even mention him. Why is there a conspiracy of silence? Apparently, for the same reasons that the history of the USSR is distorted. They do not need Eurasian civilization; it interferes with the establishment of a “new world order.”
Original taken from masterok to Great Tartaria

Just recently, a few years ago, the word “Tartaria” was completely unknown to the vast majority of Russian residents. The most that a Russian person who heard it for the first time associated with was the Greek mythological Tartarus, the well-known saying “fall into tartars,” and, perhaps, the notorious Mongol-Tatar yoke. (In fairness, we note that all of them are directly related to Tartary, a country that relatively recently occupied almost the entire territory of Eurasia and the western part of North America).

However, not so long ago, they began to become widespread on the Internet. Maps of Great Tartary. Let's find out a little more about this topic...

But back in the 19th century, both in Russia and in Europe, the memory of her was alive, many people knew about her. The following fact serves as indirect confirmation of this. IN mid-19th centuries, European capitals were fascinated by the brilliant Russian aristocrat Varvara Dmitrievna Rimskaya-Korsakova, whose beauty and wit made Napoleon III's wife, Empress Eugenie, green with envy. The brilliant Russian was called “Venus from Tartarus.”

“TARTARY, a vast country in the northern parts of Asia, bounded by Siberia on the north and west: this is called Great Tartary. The Tartars who lie south of Muscovy and Siberia, are those of Astracan, Circassia, and Dagistan, located north-west of the Caspian-sea; the Calmuc Tartars, who lie between Siberia and the Caspian-sea; the Usbec Tartars and Moguls, who lie north of Persia and India; and lastly, those of Tibet, who lie north-west of China".

(Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. III, Edinburgh, 1771, p. 887).

Translation: “Tartaria, a huge country in the northern part of Asia, bordering Siberia in the north and west, which is called Great Tartary. Tartars living south of Muscovy and Siberia are called Astrakhan, Cherkasy and Dagestan, living in the northwest of the Caspian Sea are called Kalmyk Tartars and who occupy the territory between Siberia and the Caspian Sea; Uzbek Tartars and Mongols, who live north of Persia and India, and, finally, Tibetans, living northwest of China").

(Encyclopedia Britannica, first edition, Volume 3, Edinburgh, 1771, p. 887).

“As follows from the Encyclopedia Britannica of 1771, there was a huge country of Tartary, the provinces of which were of different sizes. The largest province of this empire was called Great Tartaria and covered the lands of Western Siberia, Eastern Siberia and the Far East. In the southeast it was adjacent to Chinese Tartary [please do not confuse it with China]. To the south of Great Tartary there was the so-called Independent Tartary [Central Asia]. Tibetan Tartary (Tibet) was located northwest of China and southwest of Chinese Tartary. In the north of India was the Mongol Tartary (Mogul Empire) (modern Pakistan). Uzbek Tartary (Bukaria) was sandwiched between Independent Tartary in the north; Chinese Tartary in the northeast; Tibetan Tartary in the southeast; Mongol Tartary in the south and Persia in the southwest. In Europe there were also several Tartaries: Muscovy or Moscow Tartary (Muscovite Tartary), Kuban Tartary (Kuban Tartars) and Little Tartary.

What Tartaria means was discussed above and, as follows from the meaning of this word, it has nothing to do with modern Tatars, just like Mongol Empire has nothing to do with modern Mongolia. Mongol Tartary (Mogul Empire) is located on the site of modern Pakistan, while modern Mongolia is located in the north of modern China or between Great Tartary and Chinese Tartary."

Information about Great Tartary was also preserved in the 6-volume Spanish encyclopedia “Diccionario Geografico Universal” published in 1795, and, in a slightly modified form, in later editions of Spanish encyclopedias. For example, back in 1928, the Spanish encyclopedia “Enciclopedia Universal Ilustrada Europeo-Americana” contains a fairly extensive article about Tartaria, which starts from page 790 and takes up about 14 pages. This article contains a lot of truthful information about the Motherland of our ancestors - Great Tartary, but at the end the “spirit of the times” already affects us, and fiction appears that is familiar to us even now.

We provide a translation of a small fragment of the text of the article about Tartary from this Encyclopedia of 1928 edition:

“Tartaria - for centuries this name was applied to the entire territory of inner Asia inhabited by hordes of Tartar-Mughals (tartaromogolas). The extent of the territories that bore this name differs in area (distance) and the relief features of the 6 countries that bear this name. Tartary extended from the Strait of Tartaria (the strait separating the island of Sakhalin from the Asian continent) and the Tartarian mountain range (also known as Sikhota Alin - a coastal mountain range), which separates the sea from Japan and the already mentioned Strait of Tartary on one side, to the modern Tartar Republic , which extends to the Volga (both banks) and its tributary the Kama in Russia; to the south are Mongolia and Turkestan. On the territory of this vast country lived the Tartars, nomads, rude, persistent and reserved, who in ancient times were called Scythians (escitas).

On old maps, Tartary was the name given to the northern part of the Asian continent. For example, on the Portuguese map of 1501-04, Tartary was the name given to a large territory that extends between Isartus (Jaxartus) to Occardo (Obi), to the Ural Mountains. On the map of Ortelius (1570), Tartary is the entire vast region from Catayo (China) to Muscovy (Russia). On the map J.B. Homman (1716) Tartaria has an even greater extent: Great Tartaria (Tartaria Magna) stretches from the Pacific Ocean to the Volga, including all of Mogolia, Kyrgyzstan and Turkestan. The last three countries were also called Independent Nomadic Tartaria (Tartaria Vagabundomni Independent), which stretched from the Amur to the Caspian Sea. Finally, on the world map la Carte Generals de toutes les Cosies du Blonde et les pavs nouvellement decouveris, published in Amsterdam in 1710 by Juan Covens and Cornelio Mortier, Tartary is also mentioned under the name Grande Tartarie. from the Amur Sea, which is located in the Amur delta, to the Volga. On all maps published before the end of the 18th century, Tartary is the name given to a huge area that covers the center and north of the Asian continent...” (Translation by Elena Lyubimova).

The fact that Europeans were very well aware of the existence of various Tartaries is also evidenced by numerous medieval geographic Maps. One of the first such maps is the map of Russia, Muscovy and Tartary, compiled by the English diplomat Anthony Jenkinson, who was the first plenipotentiary ambassador of England in Muscovy from 1557 to 1571, and also a representative of the Muscovy Company - the English trading company founded by London merchants in 1555. Jenkinson was the first Western European traveler to describe the coast of the Caspian Sea and Central Asia during his expedition to Bukhara in 1558-1560. The result of these observations was not only official reports, but also the most detailed map at that time of areas that were practically inaccessible to Europeans until that time.

Tartary is also in the solid world Mercator-Hondius Atlas of the early 17th century. Jodocus Hondius (1563-1612) - Flemish engraver, cartographer and publisher of atlases and maps in 1604 bought printed forms of Mercator's world atlas, added about forty of his own maps to the atlas and published an expanded edition in 1606 under the authorship of Mercator, and indicated himself as the publisher.

Abraham Ortelius (1527-1598) - Flemish cartographer, compiled the world's first geographical atlas, consisting of 53 large format maps with detailed explanatory geographical texts, which was printed in Antwerp on May 20, 1570. The atlas was called Theatrum Orbis Terrarum ( lat. Spectacle of the globe) and reflected the state of geographical knowledge at that time.

Tartary appears on both the Dutch map of Asia of 1595 and on the map of 1626 by John Speed (1552-1629), an English historian and cartographer who published the world's first British cartographic atlas of the world, A Prospect of the Most Famous Parts of the World). Please note that on many maps the Chinese Wall is clearly visible, and China itself is located behind it, and before it was the territory of Chinese Tartary.

Let's look at a few more foreign cards. Dutch map of Great Tartary, the Great Mogul Empire, Japan and China (Magnae Tartariae, Magni Mogolis Imperii, Iaponiae et Chinae, Nova Descriptio (Amsterdam, 1680)) by Frederik de Wit, Dutch map by Pieter Schenk.

French map of Asia 1692 and map of Asia and Scythia (Scythia et Tartaria Asiatica) 1697.

Map of Tartary by Guillaume de Lisle (1688-1768), French astronomer and cartographer, member of the Paris Academy of Sciences (1702). He also published a world atlas (1700-1714). In 1725-47 he worked in Russia, was an academician and the first director of the academic astronomical observatory, and from 1747 - a foreign honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

We have presented only a few of the many maps that clearly indicate the existence of a country whose name cannot be found in any modern textbook on the history of our country. How impossible it is to find any information about the people who inhabited it. About the Tartars, who are now called Tatars by everyone and are classified as Mongoloids. In this regard, it is very interesting to look at the images of these “Tatars”. We will have to turn again to European sources. The famous book “The Travels of Marco Polo” - as it was called in England - is very indicative in this case. In France it was called “The Book of the Great Khan”, in other countries “The Book of the Diversity of the World” or simply “The Book”. The Italian merchant and traveler himself entitled his manuscript “Description of the World.” Written in Old French rather than Latin, it became popular throughout Europe.

In it, Marco Polo (1254-1324) describes in detail the history of his travels across Asia and his 17-year stay at the court of the “Mongol” Khan Kublai Khan. Leaving aside the question of the reliability of this book, we will direct our attention to the fact how Europeans portrayed the “Mongols” in the Middle Ages.
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As we see, there is nothing Mongolian in the appearance of the “Mongolian” Great Khan Kublai Khan. On the contrary, he and his entourage look quite Russian, one might even say European.

Oddly enough, the tradition of depicting the Mongols and Tatars in such a strange European form has continued to be preserved. And in the 17th, and in the 18th, and in the 19th centuries, Europeans stubbornly continued to depict the “Tatars” from Tartaria with all the signs of people of the White Race. Look, for example, at how the French cartographer and engineer Malet (1630-1706) depicted the “Tatars” and “Mongols”, whose drawings were published in Frankfurt in 1719. Or an engraving from 1700 depicting a Tartar princess and a Tartar prince.

From the first edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica it follows that at the end of the 18th century there were several countries on our planet that had the word Tartaria in their names. Numerous engravings of the 16th-18th and even the beginning of the 19th centuries have been preserved in Europe, depicting the citizens of this country - the Tartars. It is noteworthy that medieval European travelers called Tartars the peoples who lived on a vast territory that occupied most of the continent of Eurasia. With surprise we see images of oriental tartars, Chinese tartars, Tibetan tartars, Nogai tartars, Kazan tartars, small tartars, Chuvash tartars, Kalmyk tartars, Cherkasy tartars, tartars of Tomsk, Kuznetsk, Achinsk, etc.

Above are engravings from the books of Thomas Jefferys, “Catalog of the National Costumes of Various Nations, Ancient and Modern,” London, 1757-1772. in 4 volumes (A Collection of the Dresses of Different Nations, Antient and Modern) and a collection of travels of the Jesuit Antoine Francois Prevost (Antoine-Francois Prevost d "Exiles 1697-1763) entitled "Histoire Generale Des Voyages", published in 1760 year.

Let's look at a few more engravings depicting various Tartars who lived on the territory of Great Tartary from the book of the German, professor of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences Johann Gottlieb Georgi (1729-1802) “Russia or a complete historical report on all the peoples living in this Empire” ( Russia or a compleat historical account of all the nations which compose that Empire) London, 1780. It contains sketches of the national costumes of Tartar women from Tomsk, Kuznetsk and Achinsk.

As we now know, in addition to the Great Tartaria, which, according to Western cartographers, occupied Western and Eastern Siberia and the Far East, there were several more Tartaries in Asia: Chinese Tartary (this is not China), Independent Tartary (modern Central Asia), Tibetan Tartary ( modern Tibet), Uzbek Tartary and Mughal Tartary (Mughal Empire). Evidence of representatives of these Tartars is also preserved in historical European documents.

Some names of peoples were unknown to us. For example, who are the Taguris tartars or the Kohonor tartars? The aforementioned “Collection of Travels” by Antoine Prevost helped us solve the mystery of the name of the first tartars. It turned out that these were Turkestan Tartars. Presumably, geographical names helped identify the second tartars. Qinghai Province is located in west-central China, bordering Tibet. This province is rich in endorheic lakes, the largest of which is called Qinghai (Blue Sea), which gave the name to the province. However, we are interested in another name for this lake - Kukunor (Kuku Nor or Koko Nor). The Chinese captured this province from Tibet in 1724. So Kokhonor tartars may well be Tibetan tartars.

It was not clear to us who Tartares de Naun Koton ou Tsitsikar were. It turned out that the city of Qiqihar still exists today, and is now located in China northwest of Harbin, which, as is known, was founded by the Russians. Regarding the founding of Qiqihar, traditional history tells us that it was founded by the Mongols. However, it is not clear where the Tartars could have come from there?

Most likely, the founders of the city were the same Mongols who founded the Mughal Empire in northern India, which is now modern Pakistan, and which has nothing in common with the modern state of Mongolia. The two countries are thousands of kilometers apart, separated by the Himalayas and inhabited by different peoples. Let's look at some images of these "mysterious" Mughals made by the French cartographer Allain Manesson Mallet, the Dutch publisher and cartographer Isaac Tirion (1705-1769) and the Scottish historian and geographer Thomas Salmon (1679-1767) from his book Modern History or the Present State of all Nations, published in London in 1739.

Having looked carefully at the clothes of the Mughal rulers, one cannot help but notice their striking similarity with the ceremonial clothes of the Russian tsars and boyars, and the appearance of the Mughals themselves has all the signs of the White Race. Pay attention also to the 4th picture. It depicts Shah Jahan I (1592-1666), ruler of the Mughal Empire from 1627 to 1658. The same one that built the famous Taj Mahal. The signature in French under the engraving reads: Le Grand Mogol. Le Impereur d’Indostan, which means the Great Mogul - Emperor of Hindustan. As we can see, there is absolutely nothing Mongolian in the Shah’s appearance.

By the way, the ancestor of Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire, is the great warrior and outstanding commander Tamerlane (1336-1405). Now, let's look at his image. The engraving says: Tamerlan, empereur des Tartares - Tamerlane - Emperor Tartarus, and in the book “Histoire de Timur-Bec, connu sous le nom du grand Tamerlan, empereur des Mogols & Tartares”, written by Sharaf al Din Ali Yazdi in 1454 and published in Paris in 1722, he is, as we see, called the Emperor Mughal and Tartarus.

We also managed to find images of other tartars and see how various Western authors depicted representatives of Little Tartary - the Zaporozhye Sich, as well as Nogai, Cherkasy, Kalmyk and Kazan tartars.

“The reason for the appearance of so many Tartaries is the splitting off of outlying provinces from the Slavic-Aryan Empire (Great Tartary), as a consequence of the weakening of the Empire as a result of the invasion of the Dzungar hordes, which captured and completely destroyed the capital of this Empire - Asgard-Irian in 7038 from SMZH or 1530 from R.H.”

Tartary in Dubville's "World Geography"

Recently we came across another encyclopedia that talks about our Motherland, Great Tartary - the largest country in the world. This time the encyclopedia turned out to be French, edited, as we would say today, by the royal geographer Duval d'Abbwille. Its title is long and sounds like this: “World Geography, containing descriptions, maps and coats of arms of the main countries of the world” ( La Geographie Universelle contenant Les Descriptions, les Сartes, et le Blason des principaux Pais du Monde) Published in Paris in 1676, 312 pages with maps. In the future we will simply call it “World Geography”.

Below we present to you a description of the article about Tartary from “World Geography” in the form in which it is given in the Puzzles library, from where we copied it:

“This ancient book is the first volume of a geographical atlas with accompanying articles describing contemporary states around the world. The second volume was the geography of Europe. But this volume has apparently sunk into history. The book is made in a pocket format measuring 8x12 cm and about 3 cm thick. The cover is made of papier-mâché, covered with thin leather with gold embossing of a floral pattern along the spine and ends of the cover. The book contains 312 numbered, bound pages of text, 7 unnumbered bound title pages, 50 pasted unfolded sheets of maps, one pasted sheet - a list of maps, among which, by the way, European countries are also listed. On the first spread of the book there is a bookplate containing the coat of arms and the inscriptions: “ExBibliotheca” and “Marchionatus: Pinczoviensis”. The dating of the book is recorded Arabic numerals 1676 and Roman "M.D C.LXXVI".

“World Geography” is a unique historical document in the field of cartography and is of great importance for all countries of the world in the field of history, geography, linguistics, and chronology. It is noteworthy that in this geography, of all countries (excluding European ones), only two are called empires. These are the Tartarian Empire (Empire de Tartarie) on the territory of modern Siberia, and the Mogol Empire (Empire Du Mogol) on the territory of modern India. In Europe, one empire is indicated - the Turkish (Empire des Turcs). But, if in modern history you can easily find information about the Great Mogul Empire, then Tartary, as an empire, is not mentioned in textbooks either on world or domestic history, or in materials on the history of Siberia. 7 countries have coats of arms, including the Empire of Tartaria. Interesting combinations of geographical names that have survived to this day and have sunk into time. For example, on the map of Tartaria, it borders in the south with CHINE (modern China), and nearby on the territory of Tartary, behind the Great Wall of China, an area called CATHAI is indicated, and Lake Lak Kithay and the settlement Kithaisko are indicated a little higher. The first volume included the contents of the second volume - the geography of Europe, in which, in particular, Muscovy (Mofcovie) is indicated as an independent state.

This book is also of interest to historical linguists. It is written in Old French, but, for example, the use of the letters V and U, which are often substituted for each other in geographical names, has not yet been established. For example, the names AVSTRALE and AUSTRALES on one insert sheet between 10-11 s. And the letter “s” in many places is replaced by the letter “f”, which, by the way, was the main reason for the difficulty of translating the text by specialists who do not know about such a replacement. For example, the name of Asia was written as Afia in some places. Or the word desert is written as defert. The letter "B" from the Slavic alphabet is clearly corrected to "B" from the Latin, for example, on the map of Zimbabwe. And so on".

Below is a semantic translation of the article “Tartaria” from Dubville’s “World Geography” (pp. 237-243). The translation from Middle French was made by Elena Lyubimova especially for “The Cave.”

We have placed this material here not because it contains some unique information. Not at all. It is placed here simply as another irrefutable evidence that Great Tartaria - the Motherland of the Rus - existed in reality. You also need to keep in mind that this encyclopedia was published in the 17th century, when the distortion world history by the enemies of Humanity has already been completed almost everywhere. Therefore, one should not be surprised at some inconsistencies in it, such as the fact that “the Chinese wall was built by the Chinese.” The Chinese are not able to build such a wall today, and even more so then...

Tartary

Occupies the most extensive territory in the north of the continent. In the east it extends to the country of Esso (1), the area of which is equal to the area of Europe, since it occupies more than half of the northern hemisphere in length and is much larger in width than East Asia. The very name Tartary, which replaced Scythia, comes from the Tatar River, which the Chinese call Tata because they do not use the letter R.

The Tartars are the best archers in the world, but are barbarically cruel. They fight often and almost always defeat those they attack, leaving the latter confused. The Tartars were forced to surrender: Cyrus, when he crossed the Araks; Darius Hystaspes, when he went to war against the Scythians of Europe; Alexander the Great, when he crossed the Oxus [modern. Amu Darya. - E.L.]. And in our times, the Great Kingdom of China could not escape their domination. Cavalry is the main striking force of their numerous armies, contrary to what is practiced in Europe. She is the one who attacks first. The most peaceful of them live in felt tents and keep livestock, doing nothing else.

At all times, their country was the source of many conquerors and founders of colonies in many countries: and even Great Wall, which the Chinese have erected against them, unable to stop them. They are ruled by princes, whom they call khans. They are divided into several Hordes - this is something like our districts, camps, tribes or council of clans, but this is the little that we know about them, like the fact that their common name is Tartars. The object of their great worship is the owl, after Genghis, one of their sovereigns, was saved with the help of this bird. They don't want anyone to know where they are buried, so each of them chooses a tree and someone who will hang them on it after their death.

They are mainly idolaters, but there are also a large number of Mohammedans among them; we learned that those who conquered China professed almost no special religion, although they adhered to several moral virtues. As a rule, Asian Tartary is usually divided into five large parts: Desert Tartary (Tartarie Deserte), Chagatai (Giagathi), Turkestan (Turquestan), Northern Tartary (Tartarie Septentrionale) and Kim Tartary (Tartarie du Kim).

Desert Tartary has this name because most of its land is left uncultivated. She admits for the most part the Grand Duke of Moscow, who receives beautiful and rich furs from there, and subjugated many people there, because it is a country of shepherds, not soldiers. Its cities of Kazan and Astrakhan are located on the Volga, which flows into the Caspian Sea with 70 mouths, in contrast to the Ob, which flows in the same country, and which flows into the Ocean with only six. Astrakhan conducts an extensive trade in salt, which the residents extract from the mountain. Kalmyks are idolaters and are similar to the ancient Scythians due to raids, cruelty and other traits.

The Chagatai and Mawaralnahr peoples have their own khans. Samarkand is the city in which the great Tamerlane established a famous university. They also have the trading city of Bockor, which is considered the birthplace of the famous Avicenna, philosopher and physician, and Orcange, almost on the Caspian Sea. Alexandria of Sogd became famous because of the death there of the formerly famous philosopher Callisthene.

The Mughal tribe (de Mogol) is famous because of the origin of their prince of the same name, who rules over most of India. The inhabitants there hunt wild horses with falcons; in several parts they are so disposed and so inclined towards music that we have observed their little ones singing instead of playing. Those of the Chagatays and Uzbeks (d"Yousbeg) who are not called Tartars are Mohammedans.

Turkestan is the country from which the Turks came. Tibet supplies musk, cinnamon and coral, which serve as money for local residents.

Kim(n) Tartaria is one of the names given to Cathai, which is the largest state of Tartary, for it is heavily populated, full of rich and beautiful cities. Its capital is called Kambalu (2) or more commonly Manchu (Muoncheu): some authors have spoken of wonderful cities, the most famous of which are called Hangzhou (Quinzai), Xantum (?), Suntien (?) and Peking (Pequim): they They also report on other things that are in the Royal Palace - twenty-four columns made of pure gold and another one - the largest of the same metal with a pine cone, cut precious stones, for which you can buy four big cities. We undertook a journey to Cathai by different roads, in the hope of finding there gold, musk, rhubarb (3), and other rich goods: some went by land, others by the northern sea, and some again ascended the Ganges (4).

The Tartars of this country entered China in our time, and the king of Niuche (5), who is called Xunchi, is the one who conquered it at the age of twelve, following the good and faithful advice of his two uncles. Fortunately, the young conqueror was distinguished by great moderation and treated the newly conquered peoples with all the gentleness that one can imagine.

The old or true Tartary, which the Arabs called by various names, is located in the north and is little known. They say that Shalmanasar, king of Assyria, brought tribes from the Holy Land, which are the Hordes, which to this day have retained their names and customs: both his and the imams known in ancient times, and the name of one of the largest mountains in world.

Translator's Notes

1. The country of Jesso was designated differently on French medieval maps: Terre de Jesso or Je Co. or Yesso or Terre de la Compagnie. This name was also associated with different places - sometimes with about. Hokkaido, which was depicted as part of the mainland, but mainly called the western part of North America. (See 1691 map by French cartographer Nicolas Sanson 1600-1667).

2. During the Mongolian Yuan dynasty, founded by Kublai Khan, the city of Beijing was called Khanbalyk (Khan-Balyk, Kambaluk, Kabalut), which means “Great Residence of the Khan”, it can be found in the notes of Marco Polo in the spelling Cambuluc.

3. Rhubarb - medicinal plant, widespread in Siberia. In the Middle Ages it was an export item and constituted a state monopoly. The habitats of the plant were carefully hidden. It was unknown in Europe and began to be widely cultivated only in the 18th century.

4. On medieval maps, the Liaodong Gulf was called the Ganges. (See Italian map of China from 1682 by Giacomo Cantelli (1643-1695) and Giovanni Giacomo de Rossi.)

5. The northeastern fragment of an Italian map of China from 1682 shows the kingdom of Niuche (or Nuzhen), which is described in the description as having conquered and ruled China, which occupied the north of Liaodong and Korea, in the northeast lie the lands of Yupy Tartars (or Fishskin Tartars), and Tartari del Kin or dell'Oro (Kin Tartars or Golden Tartars).

In the text of the article about Tartary, the name Tamerlane appears, who is called the great. We found several engravings of him. Interestingly, Europeans pronounced his name differently: Temur, Taimur, Timur Lenk, Timur i Leng, Tamerlane, Tamburlaine or Taimur e Lang.

As is known from the course of orthodox history, Tamerlane (1336-1406) is “a Central Asian conqueror who played a significant role in the history of Central, South and Western Asia, as well as the Caucasus, Volga region and Rus'. Outstanding commander, emir (since 1370). Founder of the Timurid empire and dynasty, with its capital in Samarkand."

Like Genghis Khan, today he is usually depicted as a Mongoloid. As can be seen from photographs of original medieval European engravings, Tamerlane was not at all the same as orthodox historians portray him. Engravings prove the absolute fallacy of this approach...

Information about the vast country of Tartaria is also contained in the 4th volume of the second edition of the “New Encyclopedia of Arts and Sciences” (A new and complete Dictionary of Arts and Sciences), published in London in 1764. On page 3166 there is a description of Tartaria, which was later included in its entirety in the first edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica, published in Edinburgh in 1771.

“Tartaria, a huge country in the northern part of Asia, bordering Siberia in the north and west, which is called Great Tartary. Tartars living south of Muscovy and Siberia are called Astrakhan, Cherkasy and Dagestan, living in the northwest of the Caspian Sea are called Kalmyk Tartars and who occupy the territory between Siberia and the Caspian Sea; Uzbek Tartars and Mongols, who live north of Persia and India, and, finally, Tibetans, living northwest of China.”

Tartaria in the “World History” of Dionysius Petavius

- (Latin Magna Tartaria, French Grande Tartarie, English Great Tartary, German Große Tartarei, Hebrew כְּנַעַן, Arabic کنعان‎). Information about the official name has not been preserved. A transcontinental proto-state, which included in its main territory all of Asia from the Don River to the Bering Strait from east to west, from the Arctic Ocean to the Indian Ocean from north to south, and had protectorates between the Rhine and Oka rivers, in Asia Minor, Persia and Babylon, and also in Africa and North America.

The first capital was the city of Tartar on the Tartar River (now the territory of Yakutia in the lower reaches of the Kolyma River). Later, at various times, the capital of Great Tartary was located in Kambalu (Khanbalyk), where the village of Arka is now located in the Khabarovsk Territory. Later, Kara-Kurum, where today the area in the Krasnoyarsk region known as Black Stones is located. Then the capital was located in Grustina (Tomsk), Tobolsk, Astrakhan, Moscow and Samarkand.

The name of the country comes from the ethnonym of one of the most numerous tribes of the Tartars in the past, who considered the founder of their clan to be a khan named Tartar, who was the brother of Khan Mogull, and a close relative of the princes Rus, Sloven, Czech and Lech.

State formation	Second half of the 5th – first half of the 4th century BC.
official languages	Arabic, Mogullian, Russian, Turkish, Yughur.
Capital	Kara-Kurum
Largest cities	Arsana, Attil, Vladimir, Herat, Sadness, Kazan, Kambalu, Kara-Kurum, Kinsai, Kostroma, Moscow, Novgorod, Perm, Samara, Samarkand, Samarov, Tartar, Tver, Tenduk, Khorassan, Tsarina, Yaroslavl
Form of government	Mixed. Monarchical - republican
Form of government	Confederation
Head of State	Great Khan
Heads of subjects	, kings, sovereigns, princes, governors
The most famous rulers	Ogus Khan, Ivan the Great (Presbyter John) and his brother Ken (Ung-Garikh-Gorokh-Zhor-Gor), Genghis Khan, Mangu Khan, Smaragd (Ivan the Terrible)
Religion (not state)	Nestorianism, Mohammedanism, Arianism (Zoroastrianism)
Currency	Hryvnias, rubles, dirhams, rials
Territory	1st in the world
Predecessor
Assignee	Officially, the Russian Empire. In fact - the Holy Roman Empire
Population	755 million people, in 1865 – 8 million people
Names of representatives of the most numerous nations	Alans, Ants, Bodriches, Varangians, Veneds, Vyatichi, Drangs, Drevlyans, Dregovichs, Dwarfs, Kaisaks, Kalmaks, Karaites, Kergises, Kipchaks, Krivichis, Meshcheryaks, Mogulls, Ostyaks, Cumans, Polyans, Pomeranians, Prussians, Russians, Sarmatians, Scythians, Slovenes, Tartars, Tungus, Turkomans, Cheremis, Cherkassy, Yugurs, Yukaghirs, etc.
Cease to exist	The capture by British troops of the Ethiopian fortress of Magdala on April 13 (25), 1868, followed by the suicide of the descendant of Prester John - King Feodor II of Ethiopia, and the storming on May 26 (14), 1868 by the troops of the Russian Empire under the command of General K.P. Kaufman Samarkand.

Story

Ancient World and Middle Ages

Lyubimiya wife of Genghis Khan Borta Ku-Chen

To restore order and establish peace, the Russian campaign of Batu Khan (Khan Batu) was undertaken, which historians call the beginning of the “Mongol-Tatar yoke.” As a result of the campaign, power was restored in Moscow Tartaria, Bulgaria, Tavria (Little Tartaria) and Kyiv. Their population was Tartarized and by the 15th century spoke Arabic and Russian, which became the basis of modern Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian languages.

Translation of note)

In addition, during the same period, actions were taken to prevent a repetition of the Moscow scenario of events in central Europe. To do this, Sheybani Khan led a campaign against Borussia, which resulted in the bloodless removal of most of the Russian princes leading large garrisons in Prussia, Pomerania and Saxony. The land of Borussia was named "Swabia" after its new ruler Sheibani. And the Murzas who arrived with him laid the foundation for the future German nobility - the barons.

At the beginning of the fifteenth century, Tamurbek Khan (Tamerlane) returned to his possession the lands once taken away by Alexander the Great. But at the same time, he himself made an attempt to separate from Great Tartary, creating his own Independent Tartary with its capital in Samarkand. He stopped paying taxes and declared himself the ruler of Turan (in this period, all lands east of the Urals to the Bering Strait were called Turan). He was summoned to explain to the Great Khan in Kara-Kurum, but decided to go to war against him in order to subjugate the province of Cathay and the whole of Turan. It was during this campaign that he died.

New time

A catastrophe on a global scale destroyed the territory east of the Ural Mountains in the 16th century. Smaragd (Ivan the Terrible) took advantage of this and began annexing the territories left without control. The appearance of impostor rulers caused a protest among the heirs of Genghis Khan. First uprising in 1670 was headed by Alexey Georgievich Cherkassky, whose main commander was a general named Stepan Razin.

War of Stepan Razin

The genealogy of the Cherkasy princes was traced back to the Egyptian pharaohs, so the Great Sovereign Alexey Georgievich considered himself the only legitimate heir to the throne of Great Tartary. The war for the Moscow throne was lost due to a number of objective reasons, the main one of which was the destruction of a huge number of material and human resources by the cataclysm, when the entire territory of Turan turned into a deserted desert, and the Great Tartaria decreased in size to the lands of Turkestan.

The main result of the defeat of Tartary in this war was the emergence and strengthening of the Holy Roman Empire's bridgehead in the Baltic, which allowed Peter I, in alliance with the Elector of Saxony, the ruler of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Augustus II, and the King of Denmark and Norway, Christian V, to start a war against Charles XII, who remained loyal to Tartary. Thus, the last fragment of Great Tartary in Europe - the land of the Goths, Vandals, Svei and Murmans - was defeated, and in 1721 became part of the Holy Roman Empire. From that moment on, Europe completely left the influence of Tartary, and the border between Europe and Asia was moved from the Don River to the Urals.

War of Emelyan Izmogullov

The Izmailov family originates from Tamurbek Khan, i.e. from Tamerlane. And a descendant of this family, Emelyan Ivanovich Izmogulov (Izmailov), went down in history as “Emelka Pugachev.” In 1773 he led the second war of liberation against the Moscow boyars who illegally usurped power. Like the first war, it was also lost.

The main reason for the defeat of Great Tartary in this war was the large-scale assistance of Europe, operating from a bridgehead created by the descendants of the Oldenburg clan on the banks of the Neva River. And this victory, although it did not free the emperors from St. Petersburg from formal dependence on Moscow, it did provide the opportunity to expand the Holy Roman Empire deep into Asia and to the south.

Patriotic War of 1812

To gain complete control over Moscow Tartary, another patriotic (civil) war was started in 1812. The United Armed Forces of Europe under the command of M.I. Kutuzov and Napoleon Bonaparte launched a blitzkrieg to the banks of the Volga. Although the task was not fully completed, white-stone, predominantly Muslim Moscow ceased to exist. Power now completely belonged to the Oldenburg clan, the last capital of Great Tartary was radically rebuilt in a European manner, and all mosques were turned into churches and cathedrals of the Greek-Eastern Russian Church, which since 1943 has been called the Russian Orthodox Church.

Since the subjugation of Moscow Tartary to St. Petersburg, the last enclaves remained to exist, parts of the former Great Tartary in Turkestan and Ethiopia. In 1868, Turkestan was finally conquered by the army of General K.P. Kaufman, and the British took Ethiopia for themselves.

Chronicle of the territorial losses of Great Tartaria until the beginning of the twentieth century

1774 – Transfer of Beirut to the Ottoman Empire, and Malaysia to Holland and England;
1783 – Transfer of the Cyclades archipelago in the Aegean Sea to the Ottoman Empire;
1836 – Transfer of the Hawaiian Islands to the United States;
1841 – Transfer of land in California to the United States, and in Chile formally to Spain, but actually to France, because the Chilean colony was the property of the Bourbons, who ruled at that time, and Spain;
1855 – Transfer to Japan of the four islands of the Kuril chain, and the northern part of Hokkaido;
1867 Transfer of the Aleutian Archipelago, lands in Hudson Bay, Alaska, the states of Washington and Colorado under the jurisdiction of the United States;

"Crimean War"

In fact, this was a continuation of the division of the heritage of Great Tartary between the descendants of the Oldenburg clan of Gottorp-Holstein and their closest relatives from the British branch of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, who are now known under the name of Windsor.

After the final destruction of Tartaria through joint efforts, internal contradictions arose between the Gottorp-Holstein and Saxe-Coburg-Gotha clans of the Holy Roman Empire. The British clan claimed greater concessions from the St. Petersburg clan, which led to another internal war within the Roman Empire.

The Russian Empire, having become the legal successor of the Great Tartary, turned into an object of encroachment by the less rich, but with greater ambitions, the British Empire. The Russian Empire itself found itself in the role of Great Tartary, and took on the blow of the Anglo-Saxons, who led a coalition fighting against Russia in all directions: - the Caucasus, Crimea, Baltic, White Sea, Pacific Ocean. But the Anglo-Saxons were defeated in this war, which does not prevent them from considering themselves winners to this day.

Relief

More than 70% of the territory of Tartaria was occupied by plains and lowlands. The western part of the country is located within the North German Lowland, characterized by alternating plains, lowlands and hills (Valdai, Central Russian, etc.). The meridionally elongated Ural mountain system separates the East European Plain and the West Siberian Lowland. To the east of the latter is the Central Siberian Plateau with isolated mountain ranges, smoothly turning into the Central Yakut Lowland.

In ancient times, the modern northern ridges were high mountains called Riphean. The mountain range stretching from the White Sea to the Danube Delta no longer exists. The Ural Mountains were much lower. Altai and Sayan Mountains were called the Caucasus. The Kamchatka Peninsula did not exist until the sixteenth century.

Inland waters

More than 20% of the territory of Tartary was occupied by reservoirs. The largest of them are the Black (Russian), Azov, Khvalynskoe (in the territory of modern Polesie), Mazanderund (now the Caspian and Aral), White (Bashkiria), Katai (in the center of Siberia) and Lena (in the Khabarovsk Territory) seas. Lake Baikal did not exist.

Climate

The climate in Tartaria north of the 50th parallel was stable temperate continental. There was no permafrost, and winters in the north were snowy, but there were never severe frosts, so the Arctic Ocean remained navigable for most of the year.

Flora and fauna

In the Arctic and subarctic zones, broadleaf forests and forest-steppe. To the south from Ladoga to the Dvina (Daugava) steppes and semi-deserts predominated. To the west of the Valdai Upland, the forests were coniferous and mixed. On the territory of Turkestan, broad-leaved forests alternated with forest-steppe and steppe zones.

Many species of birds, fish, animals and reptiles have survived to this day. And some were restored, such as the aurochs, snow leopard and tiger. And many species have disappeared forever. Some of them didn't even have proper names, because all reptiles were simply called snakes. Both the snake and the crocodile were called snakes. It is known that mammoths in Tartaria were called elephants, and they were widespread until the second half of the sixteenth century. Along with the elephants, metagalinaria, which official science considers mythical unicorns, also disappeared.

Even earlier, pterosaurs became extinct, one of the species of which is depicted on the banner of Great Tartaria, and a sculptural image of another was an adornment of the throne of the great Khans.

Literature

Abulgazi Bayadur Khan. Genealogical history of the Tatars. 1663
Alexander von Humboldt. Central Asia. 1843
G.I. Spassky. Latest travel in Siberia and neighboring countries. 1825
Guillaume de Rubruck. Travel to eastern countries. 1255
Daniel Defoe. The further adventures of Robinson Crusoe. 1719
Marco Polo. A book about the diversity of the world. 1291
Nicolaas Witsen Northern and Eastern Tartary. 1692
Ruy Gonzales de Clavijo. Diary of a trip to Samarkand to the court of Timur. 1406
S.U. Remezov. Chorographic drawing book of Siberia. 1701
William Guthrie. The latest general geography. 1809
Philip Heinrich Dilthey. The first foundations of the Universal History with an abbreviated chronology, in favor of the studying Russian nobility. 1762.

Recently, more and more information has appeared about the history of Tartaria. This is a fictional state, which, according to supporters of alternative history, was the ancestral home of the Slavic race. It is assumed that it existed in the 16th-19th centuries, but was later erased from history as a result of conspiracies by opponents of Russian identity. Allegedly, at present, all eminent scientists are hiding this truth from everyone.

The main evidence of the existence of this state are maps and old books that actually mention Great Tartaria. By it, cartographers and historians of that time meant the territories of Siberia, the Volga region, Tibet, Central Asia and the Far East up to the borders with China. Accordingly, depending on the time period, different states were actually Great Tartaria, including the Golden Horde, the Mongol Empire and many others.

How did the version come about?

An active discussion about the history of Tartary began at the suggestion of the domestic publicist and writer Nikolai Levashov, the author of nationalist neo-pagan occult teachings. IN different time he called himself a healer and a member of four public academies. In means mass media has been repeatedly characterized as the founder of a totalitarian cult known as the "Renaissance. The Golden Age". In particular, he wrote the book “Russia in Distorting Mirrors,” which in the Russian Federation is recognized as extremist for imposing negativity towards Jews and indirectly inciting religious hatred.

Levashov himself died in 2012 at the age of 51. For the first time he spoke about the history of the state of Tartary in his article “The Silenced History of Russia.” In it, he cites, as an experiment, a map from the Encyclopedia Britannica for 1771, on which, among other countries well known to everyone, there are several Tartaries, including Moscow, China, Kuban, and Mongolia. Levashov believed that all these were the remains of the Great Tartaria that once existed.

According to his version, the capital of this empire was destroyed by the Dzungar hordes, which was facilitated by Dmitry Donskoy, who, according to Levashov, started a civil war against Mamai. Similar conspiracy theories have already been expressed before. For example, the head of the new religious association of neo-pagan orientation “Old Russian Church of Orthodox Old Believers-Inglings”, Alexander Khinevich, back in the early 90s. In 2004, the Omsk Regional Court banned the activities of his religious community, considering it extremist. In 2014, he was accused of inciting religious and ethnic hatred.

Soon the idea of the history of the state of Tartaria gained some popularity in some circles. As the main arguments for this theory, its supporters always cite ancient maps on which this state is mentioned. Then they compare the descriptions of the Tartars with the Russians, concluding that they are the same people. In some cases, modern words are translated into the ancient proto-language, revealing additional meanings in them.

How did Europeans learn about Tartaria?

Europeans met the Mongols around the 13th century. Soon, Asians began to be associated with everything bad that could be in this world, which is where the association with the demons from Tartarus came from. European historians of the time soon began to compare the Mongols to the messengers of hell. The Holy Roman Emperor draws these analogies in his letter to the English king Henry III, who reigned from 1216 to 1272.

It is noteworthy that the negative connotation did not immediately attach itself to the Mongols. When Europeans first learned about their conquests in Asia, they decided that this was the army of the legendary Christian presbyter John, so they even expected help from him in the war with the Saracens. In 1221, the Bishop of Acre, Jacques de Vitry, even distributed documents, claiming that these were reports from King David, which he received from scouts from East Turkestan.

Thus, he tried to bring to life the rumors that the Mongols were also Christians. Confirmation that the Mongols at that time were perceived as co-religionists can also be found in Alberic de Trou-Fontaine, when he describes the Battle of Kalka. However, even then the chronicler expressed some doubts that the Mongols really had at least some relation to Christianity.

By that time, apparently, in Europe there was a transformation of the Tatars, as the Mongols were then called, into “Tartars”, as well as their identification with the unknown and distant kingdom of the same name, which is located in the Asian region, not yet studied by Europeans.

It is interesting that in the 17th-18th centuries, travelers and missionaries began to write with surprise that in fact only Tatars exist, as they call themselves. In Poland, Russia, Turkey and the rest of Asia there are only concepts of “Tatars” and “Tataria”. For example, such messages can be found in “Information about Siberia and the route to China,” collected by the missionary F. Avril in 1686, as well as in the “New geographical description Great Tartary", made by the Swedish captain Philipp Johann von Stralenberg in 1730.

By the way, some Europeans were aware of the correct pronunciation back in the 13th century. For example, this is indicated by the Salimbene Parma chronograph. The term “Tatars” is also used by Henry of Latvia in the “Livonian Chronicle”, describing the battle of Kalka.

How did they hide an entire continent?

This rhetorical question is regularly asked by numerous followers of Levashov and his ideas when discussing the history of Tartary. Relying on the same Encyclopedia Britannica of 1771, they note that at the end of the 18th century all of Siberia was formed as an independent state with its capital in Tobolsk.

At the same time, the existence of Moscow Tartary is also noted, which, allegedly according to the same encyclopedia, was the largest country in the world at that time. What is the secret then of the history of Tartaria, where did such a huge state go?

Proponents of conspiracy theories note that in order to answer this question, it is necessary to rethink many facts that prove that until the end of the 18th century, a giant state existed on the territory of modern Eurasia, which was excluded from world history only in the 19th century. It was then, allegedly as a result of a large-scale conspiracy, that everyone pretended that such a country had never existed.

As evidence, they cite quotes from the very encyclopedia Britannica of 1771, which talks about the country of Tartary and its history. In particular, it is written that this is a huge state in the northern part of Asia, which borders Siberia in the west and north. Moreover, there are different tartars:

Those that live south of Siberia and Muscovy are called Circassian, Astrakhan and Dagestan.
Those living in the northwest of the Caspian Sea are Kalmyk.
Living north of India and Persia - Mongols and Uzbek Tartars.
Tibetan Tartars settled in the northwest of China.

Moreover, in this publication there is no mention of the Russian Empire. But it is written that the largest country in the world is Great Tartary, which occupies the area of almost all of Eurasia. The Principality of Moscow, which by that time was already ruled by the Romanovs, is supposedly only one of the provinces of this empire, called Moscow Tartary. As evidence, maps of Asia and Europe are provided, which confirm this information.

It is surprising that in the next edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica there is no information about that state at all, which is one of the main arguments of supporters of conspiracy theories in support of their ideas.

Modern sources

Today there are many versions put forward about what happened to this powerful state. Most of them are set out in the work “Tartaria - the history of a disappeared state” from the series “Kryon of Russia”. It tells about the beginning of a new civilization, the awakening of a sleeping city, and the multidimensional genome of humanity. The article “Tartaria - the history of a disappeared state” is carefully studied and analyzed, and it is worth recognizing that most of the facts presented in it do not correspond to reality and the ideas of modern science about the world around us.

Siberian researcher Sergei Ignatenko has a whole series of documentaries telling about the forbidden history of Tartary. In particular, the author claims that he bases them exclusively on documentary and official materials, putting forward his own versions of the history of our country. He also mentions the work “Tartaria - the history of a disappeared state.” The series consists of four paintings:

The first film in the "Forbidden History" series about Tartary. It tells what was written about this state in the books of authoritative European historians, how the people who lived there dressed and looked, what reports were published by travelers based on the results of their visits. In the series “The Forbidden History of Russia”, part 1 about Tartary arouses the greatest interest among viewers.
In the second film, Ignatenko talks about the mysterious Chud people, trying to establish what the difference is between the Tatars and Tartars, as well as what relation the Chuds have to the Dinlins.
The third film tells about Ermak's campaign in Siberia. The main questions that the researcher poses are: who did he fight with, when did he get to Siberia, who Ermak himself really was, and even analyzes whether he participated in the nuclear war.
Finally, the fourth episode, entitled “The Development of Siberia in the 19th Century,” talks about when Siberia was actually developed by the Russian Empire.

It is in the documentary film “The Forbidden History of Siberia-1. The Great Tartaria” that most of the hypotheses that exist about this mythical state are presented.

Travels of Marco Polo

Even the works of Marco Polo are cited as proof of this theory, in which he describes his many travels. In particular, books about the history of Tartary contain an English-language publication from 1908 about his travels.

For example, it is argued that it is almost entirely devoted to that very Tartaria, its rulers and provinces, laws and orders, the way of life and the organization of government, and a description of the habits of its inhabitants. The same information can be found in the Russian translation, with the difference that instead of “Tartars” it talks about “Tatars”, and the word “Mogul” is completely excluded from the text.

As a result, the elite and the elite of the most powerful, largest, progressive and rich state of the times of the Italian traveler turned into ignorant, wild and bloodthirsty nomads of the Tatar-Mongols. Moreover, this transformation occurred quite recently, only at the beginning of the 20th century, when they began to actively rewrite the real history of Tartaria.

It is interesting that researchers study in detail the editions of the traveler’s notes, finding mention of Tartary in earlier lists. The country of Tartary and its history is of such great interest today because it completely changes modern ideas about the structure of the world in those days. For example, in Polo one can find that the Tartars do not destroy the cities that they capture, do not kill their inhabitants, but appoint wise rulers to them, promoting the prosperity and full-scale development of these areas.

If you believe these sources, it turns out that the Tartars, whom in the modern interpretation we call Tatar-Mongols, did not come to new lands with the goal of killing and robbing local residents. On the contrary, they sought to restore order, obliged the townspeople to do this, and tried to ensure the safety of travelers where possible.

It is important that the concept of “Mughals” was completely removed from the alternative history of Tartaria, which was replaced by “Mongols”. Unlike the latter, the Mughals are Scythians, Tartars and Slavs. The same Marco Polo wrote that the Mughals were a Tartar royal dynasty. It turns out that the rulers of all regions of this state were members of the same family and called themselves Mughals.

Describing appearance, the traveler clearly indicates that they were representatives of the white race, regardless of where they lived: in China, Turkestan, India or other areas of Great Tartary.

Founding of the State

"The Hidden History of Tartaria" - another one documentary project "Secret Territories", aired on the REN TV channel. It was published with the subtitle "Ancient Chinese Rus'. Reality." In particular, the “Hidden History of Tartaria” states that it was representatives of this people who played a decisive role in the construction of the Great Wall of China. This is allegedly confirmed by recent archaeological discoveries.

Based on this, we can conclude that the history of Tartary is ancient. At the same time, it is not possible to establish at least approximately when the first mentions of it appeared. The film “Tartaria - the history of a disappeared state” notes that already in the 11th century it was remembered after several centuries of oblivion.

All this confirms the fact that already in the 5th-7th centuries this state not only existed, but also had its own Christian rulers. On this basis, we can conclude that Prester John, about whom Marco Polo writes, was another Tartar king who had a certain number of countries and states under his command.

Supporters of the true chronology of the history of Tartary believe that Genghis Khan in the 12th century became the first Tartar king of a non-Christian faith.

As a result, it is argued that the Scythians who existed in ancient times did not disappear anywhere, remaining to live on approximately the same lands as before, only becoming called Tartars. They had paramilitary detachments (hordes), which, most likely, were distributed throughout the territory of Tartary, no matter how large it was at that time. Their members were engaged in maintaining order and collecting tribute, that is, in fact, an analogue of income tax. Marco Polo also mentions it when talking about tithes.

Hidden Truth

In the series “The Forbidden History of Russia” the authors think a lot about Tartary, in particular, trying to understand why modern lessons No one tells the truth about history. According to the most common version, the reason lies not even in hiding the glorious historical roots of our ancestors, but in the fact that at a certain period of history a war was waged to exterminate the peoples of Tartaria by the Moscow principality.

Allegedly, the Muscovites exterminated the original settlers, and those who remained alive were herded into reservations. Then it becomes obvious what is being hidden from us in the history of Tartary. If we believe this hypothesis, then history modern Russia built on the blood of foreign people.

The history of Rus' and Tartaria is closely connected. It says a lot about the atrocities and suffering that the Tatar-Mongols brought to our land. They kept the Russians under oppression for three centuries, but still survived. Supporters of alternative history believe that the situation developed exactly the opposite. Based on the works of the most famous Russian alternative historian, Anatoly Fomenko, some come to the conclusion that it was the Muscovites who destroyed Tartary.

For example, this version is set out in Fomenko’s “New Chronology”. This is a pseudoscientific theory of a radical revision of the entire world history, which has been categorically rejected by the scientific community. In it, the author argues that the entire historical chronology is fundamentally incorrect: the written history of mankind is much shorter than is commonly believed, the states of Antiquity, the early Middle Ages, and especially ancient civilizations are nothing more than phantom reflections of much later cultures that were inscribed due to biased or erroneous interpretation of sources.

History itself, according to the authors of the concept, practically did not exist until the 10th century AD. In their opinion, in the Middle Ages there was a gigantic empire with a political center on the territory of Rus', which covered almost all of Asia and Europe, and according to some sources, even both Americas. Contradictions with known and documented facts are explained by the global falsification of historical documents.

Thus, one of the arguments in favor of the existence of a gigantic worldwide empire in the Middle Ages, ruled by Russian khans, is the fact that on Western European maps until the beginning of the 19th century, large areas of Asia were designated as Tartaria.

It is interesting that this theory is largely based on the ideas of the scientist and Russian revolutionary Nikolai Aleksandrovich Morozov, who proposed a global revision of the chronology of all world history. His hypothesis was very popular at the Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics of Moscow State University, where Fomenko studied. It was promoted at that time by Mikhail Mikhailovich Postnikov, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Lenin Prize laureate.

The initial version of the history of Russia and Tartaria was formulated by Fomenko in the early 80s; since 1981, he began to develop the theory together with another domestic mathematician Gleb Vladimirovich Nosovsky, who became a co-author of most of Fomenko’s books.

It is worth recognizing that in the 90s this turned into a large-scale commercial project. By 2011 alone, more than a hundred books had been published with a total circulation of about 800 thousand copies.

Falsification of history?

Those who believe in the history of Tartaria and its collapse strive in every possible way to explain why this empire was virtually wiped off the face of the Earth.

Some even call it "The Silent Empire." The article “Tartary, or how history is falsified” states that over the past several centuries, Western historians who were outright Russophobes have predominantly written about the Russian past. Allegedly, they could not allow the truth to be revealed about the true role of the Slavic peoples in world history.

If in all documents before the 18th century Tartary is called a powerful empire with developed shipping, industry, mining precious metals, fur trade, then from the beginning of the 18th century this information began to be carefully erased from all documents.

According to some historians, in ancient times there was a great confrontation between two powerful empires - the Holy Roman and the Great Tartar. The first was built on the Anglo-Saxon Western world, and the second on the Slavic peoples. Moreover, the palm belonged precisely to the Tartars, for whom the Europeans were actually in the position of vassals. This situation persisted for several centuries.

Decline of the Empire

Why Great Tartary disappeared is still not known. There are several reasons and explanations for this.

According to some researchers, the culprit was a sharp cold snap. It is worth recognizing that severe climate change has often led to the economic decline of the most developed civilizations.

Others believe that this was due to corruption and internecine strife, which virtually destroyed the economy of the empire. In any case, supporters of the existence of this state insist that our ancestors were much more cultural than is commonly believed today. But the real contribution of the Slavs to scientific and cultural progress has still not been fully appreciated.

The most exotic version

Finally, there is a completely exotic version that explains the fate of this state. For example, some researchers argue that the empire could have died as a result of nuclear bombing.

In the works of these fans of alternative history, one can find references to the fact that the situation in the state began to radically deteriorate at the end of the 18th century (according to modern chronology). It was then that the Tartars succumbed to the pernicious and destructive influence of monotheism, in particular Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. The population of the European part of Great Tartaria actually plunged into the abyss of aggressive and religious wars, rebellions, political intrigues, civil strife and revolutions.

In this version, Great Tartaria is considered the largest state that has ever existed on the planet. Its natural boundaries extend throughout the entire Northern Hemisphere, limited only by the ocean shores. As a result, the Pacific, Arctic and Atlantic oceans (three of the four available) were actually its internal water bodies.

Under the onslaught of world religions, only part of the once great empire survived, preserving the faith of their ancestors and moral purity. As a result, the border between the so-called plague-ridden western lands and the metropolis ran from the Indian to the Arctic Ocean, along the shores of the Caspian Sea and the Ural Mountains.

The war between Muscovy and Britain was unfortunate for Tartary. After a series of crushing defeats, she was forced to admit the loss of a significant part of her territories. In particular, in the Northern Caspian region, in the Southern Urals, in North-Eastern and Central India, South-Western Siberia, on the east coast of North America.

Supporters of this hypothesis are convinced that in our time the episodes related to this war, which can be considered global in its scope and the number of territories and peoples affected, are known as the development of Siberia. It was accompanied by the uprising of Emelyan Pugachev in the 18th century. This also includes the war of independence of the British colonies and the United States of America, and the colonization of India. In reality, they believe, these were all part of one worldwide military confrontation.

But even after this, Great Tartary by the beginning of the 19th century remained the strongest and largest state in the world. Adherents of alternative history do not believe that defeat in a world war could destroy such a powerful and great power. If only because the people who inhabited the empire just two hundred years ago were completely homogeneous and united. Therefore, not a single internal political crisis could lead to the collapse of Great Tartary. The local residents spoke the same language, were of the same nationality and religion. This situation persisted from Tibet to Novaya Zemlya and from Alaska to the Urals.

The only option that seems to them a reasonable and realistic explanation for the death of this empire is the extermination of the entire people, every single person. But at that time no state in the world could do this. It is believed that a major defeat to the Tartar troops could have been inflicted by the famous commander Alexander Suvorov, who participated in the defeat of Pugachev and personally brought him to the capital.

If you believe this very exotic version, the Tartars were finally destroyed in February 1816. Later it was called the “year without summer,” and official modern science considers it the beginning of the Little Ice Age, which lasted three years.

In March, frosts persisted in North America. Rain and hail in April and May, coupled with cold weather, destroyed almost the entire harvest. Severe storms tormented Germany, there was a crop failure all over the planet, so already in 1817 grain prices in Europe increased 10 times. Hunger began.

It is believed that the answer to this three-year cold was discovered by the American researcher Humphreys, who linked climate change to the eruption of Mount Tambora on the island of Sumbawa. This hypothesis is generally accepted by modern science. Although some absolutely do not understand how a volcano in the southern hemisphere could affect the climate in the northern.

Moreover, although Europe and America were starving, no cataclysms happened in Russia. Alternative historians explain this by saying that it was actually impossible to find out about the troubles due to strict censorship. An indirect confirmation of this is the age of the forests, which does not exceed two hundred years. This means that they were all destroyed then.

Another proof is karst lakes, common in Russia. They are perfectly round in shape, and their diameter coincides with the size of craters from airborne nuclear explosions. They also note that it was in the 19th century that cancer appeared, which came from nowhere.

They note that even the fire that destroyed Moscow during Patriotic War 1812, as well as the illnesses that followed, are too reminiscent of the events in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, which occurred a century and a half later.

It is noted that the majority of the population of Great Tatary was burned in atomic explosions, the survivors died of cancer and radiation sickness. Allegedly, the initiators first used the nuclear stockpile against Napoleon, and then, having become convinced of its effectiveness, used it to finally resolve the Tartar issue.

But back in the 19th century, both in Russia and in Europe, the memory of her was alive, many people knew about her. The following fact serves as indirect confirmation of this. In the middle of the 19th century, European capitals were fascinated by the brilliant Russian aristocrat Varvara Dmitrievna Rimskaya-Korsakova, whose beauty and wit made Napoleon III's wife, Empress Eugene, green with envy. The brilliant Russian was called “Venus from Tartarus.”

(Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. III, Edinburgh, 1771, p. 887).

(Encyclopedia Britannica, first edition, Volume 3, Edinburgh, 1771, p. 887).

What Tartary means was discussed above and, as follows from the meaning of this word, it has nothing to do with modern Tatars, just as the Mongol Empire has nothing to do with modern Mongolia. Mongol Tartary (Mogul Empire) is located on the site of modern Pakistan, while modern Mongolia is located in the north of modern China or between Great Tartary and Chinese Tartary."

We provide a translation of a small fragment of the text of the article about Tartary from this Encyclopedia of 1928 edition:

So, in a relatively short period of time (during the lifetime of only a few generations), our enemies managed to almost completely remove from everyday life all information about our truly Great Motherland, about our truly heroic ancestors who fought against Evil for many hundreds of thousands of years. And instead, the Zionist gang taught many of us that the Russians were wild people, and only the civilization of the West helped them get out of the trees in which they supposedly lived and joyfully follow the enlightened world into a bright future.

In fact, everything is exactly the opposite! Our entire site is dedicated to debunking this big lie about Rus' and the Russians. And some fun facts about the “enlightened” and “civilized” West can be read in the article “Medieval Europe. Touches to the portrait" (part 1 and part 2). When enemies began to bite off small pieces from the western part of Great Tartaria and create separate states from them in Europe, everything there quickly began to decline. The Christian religion, which ousted the Vedic worldview from the conquered peoples with fire and sword, quickly turned people into stupid, wordless slaves. This process and its phenomenal results are very well described in the article “Christianity as a Weapon of Mass Destruction”. So, it is simply unlawful to talk about any enlightened and civilized West. There was no such thing! At first there was no “West” itself in our today’s understanding of this term, and when it appeared, it could not be, and was not, enlightened and civilized due to completely objective reasons!

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However, let's return to Tartary. The fact that Europeans were very well aware of the existence of various Tartaries is also evidenced by numerous medieval geographical maps. One of the first such maps is the map of Russia, Muscovy and Tartary, compiled by the English diplomat Anthony Jenkinson, who was the first plenipotentiary ambassador of England in Muscovy from 1557 to 1571, and also a representative of the Muscovy Company - the English trading company founded by London merchants in 1555. Jenkinson was the first Western European traveler to describe the coast of the Caspian Sea and Central Asia during his expedition to Bukhara in 1558-1560. The result of these observations was not only official reports, but also the most detailed map at that time of areas that were practically inaccessible to Europeans until that time.

French map of Asia 1692 and map of Asia and Scythia (Scythia et Tartaria Asiatica) 1697.

As we see, there is nothing Mongolian in the appearance of the “Mongolian” Great Khan Kublai Khan. On the contrary, he and his entourage look quite Russian, one might even say European.

TARTARY (in ancient times known as Scythia, after the name of their first ruler Scythian, who was first called Magogus (from Magog, son of Japheth), whose descendants settled this country) is called by its inhabitants the Mongols Tartary, after the name of the Tartarus River, which washes most of it . This is a vast Empire (incomparable in size to any country except the overseas dominions of the King of Spain, which it also surpasses and between which communications are established, while the latter is very scattered), extending for 5400 miles from east to west, and to 3600 miles from north to south; therefore its Great Khan or Emperor possesses many kingdoms and provinces, containing a great many good cities.

In the east it borders with China, the Xing Sea or the Eastern Ocean and the Anian Strait. To the west are the Imaus mountains (Himalayan range), although there are Tartar hordes who recognize the power of the Khan on the other side of them; in the south - the Ganges River and the Oxus, which we now call Abia (modern Amu Darya), Hindustan and the upper part of China, or, as some say, with the mountain…. , the Caspian Sea and the Chinese Wall. In the north - with the Scythian or Icy Ocean, on the coast of which it is so cold that no one lives there. In addition, there is also the rich and great kingdom of Cathai, in the center of which is the city of Cambalu or Cunbula, stretching for 24 Italian miles along the Polisangi River. There are also the kingdoms of Tangut, Tenduc, Camul, Tainfur and Thebet, as well as the city and province of Caindo. However, according to general opinion, today Tartary is divided into five provinces.

1. Little Tartaria (Tartaria Precopensis) is located on the Asian bank of the Tanais River (modern Don) and occupies the territory of the entire Tauride Chersonese. It has two main cities, which are called Crimea. The one in which the ruler sits is called the Tartar Crimea and Prekop, after which the country is called. These Tartars must help the Turks by sending 60,000 men without payment at the first request (if they lack people), for which the Tartars will inherit their Empire.

2. Asian or Muscovite or Desert Tartaria is located on the banks of the Volga River. The people there live mainly in tents and form an army called the Horde. They do not stay in one place longer than the food for their livestock in the pasture runs out, and in their movements they are guided by the North Star. Currently they are under the control of one prince, who is a tributary of Muscovy. Here are their cities: Astrakhan (under the walls of which Selim II, the Turk, was defeated by Vasily of Moscow) and Noghan. The northernmost hordes of this country, the Nogais, are the most warlike people.

3. Ancient Tartary is the cradle of this people, from where they furiously spread throughout Asia and Europe. It runs into the Cold Ocean. The common people live in tents or under their carts. However, they have four cities. One of which is called Choras, famous for the khan’s tombs. In this province is the Lop desert, where King Tabor came to persuade them to convert to Judaism. Charles V burned it in Mantua in 1540.

4. Chagatai (Zagathai) is divided into Bactria, bordering on the north and east with Sogdiana near the Oxus River, and on the south with Aria, where in ancient times there were beautiful cities - some were destroyed, and some were built by Alexander. Three of them are: Khorasan (Chorazzan or Charassan), after which the country is named. Bactra, named after the river now called Bochara, where the ancient Pythians were born; and also Zoroaster, who in the time of Ninus [king of Babylon] was the first king of that land, and who is credited with the invention of astronomy. Shorod Istigias, which some say is the capital of this province, is one of the most pleasant cities in the East.

Margiana lies between Bactria in the east and Hyrcania in the west (though some say it lies north of Hyrcania). It is called Tremigani and Feselbas because people wear huge turbans. Its capital is Antioch (named after the king of Syria, Antiochus Soter, who surrounded it with a strong stone wall). Today it is called India or Indion, and was once called Margiana of Alexandria (Alexandria Margiana). Sogdiana is located to the west of Bactria. Its two cities are Oxiana on the Oxus River and Sogdiana of Alexandria, which Alexander built when he went to India. It also contains Cyropol, a strong city built by Cyrus. Alexander was wounded under its walls. A stone hit him right in the neck, he fell to the ground, and his entire army assumed he was dead.

Turkestan, where the Turks lived before they went to Armenia in 844, the barren land forced them to do so. They have two cities - Galla and Oserra, about the glory of which I know nothing.

And finally, to the north of these four lies the province of Zagatae?, which was named after the Tartar nobleman Sachetaie?. Ogg, Tamerlane's father, was the heir of Sachetaie. Tamerlane, who was called the Wrath of God and the Fear of the Earth, married Gino, daughter and heiress, and thereby received the Tartar Empire, which he divided among his sons. And after his death, they lost everything that he had won. Its capital is Samarkand, the seat of Tamerlane, which he enriched with booty brought from his many campaigns. And he also has Bukhara, where the governor of the province is located.

Cathai (which has long been called Scythia, which does not include the Himalayas, and Chagatai - Scythia within the Himalayas) took its name from Cathey, which Strabo located here. It borders China to the south, the Scythian Sea to the north, and lies east of the Tartarian Provinces. It is believed that previously the Seres lived here, who possessed the art of weaving silk yarn from the beautiful wool that grows on the leaves of trees, which is why silk is called Serica in Latin. The peoples of Katai and Chagatai are the most noble and cultured among the Tartars, and lovers of all kinds of arts. In this province there are many fine cities: among which is the capital Cambalu, which has an area of 28 miles, besides the suburbs, as some say, and others say 24 Italian miles, in which the Great Khan resides. But in Xainiu he also has a palace - incredible in length and grandeur.

The first of the Great Khans or Emperors of Tartary was Genghis in 1162, who, having conquered Mucham, the last King of Tenduk and Cathay, changed the name of Scythia to Tartary: the fifth after him was Tamerlane or Tamir Khan. During his reign, this monarchy was at its very peak of power. The ninth was Tamor, after which we do not know who was the ruler there, and what outstanding events took place there, because they said that neither the Tartars, nor the Muscovites, nor the king of China allowed anyone except traders and ambassadors to visit them, and did not allow their subjects to travel outside their countries.

But it is known that tyranny reigns there: life and death occur according to the word of the Emperor, whom ordinary people call the Shadow of the Spirit and the Son of the immortal God. The largest among the various rivers are the Oxus, which originates from the Taurus Mountains. The Persians never crossed it to expand their possessions, because they were always defeated, the same thing happened with the Tartars if they dared to do the same.

The Scythians were a valiant, populous and ancient people, never submitting to anyone, but they rarely attacked themselves in order to conquer anyone. Once upon a time there was a long dispute about who was more ancient: the Egyptians or the Scythians, which ended with the Scythians being recognized as the most ancient people. And for their large number they were called the mother of all migrations of peoples. The philosopher Anacharsis was born in this country, which extends to the north of the Danube. This area is called Sarmatia or Scythians of Europe.

Regarding the richness of their territory, they say that since they have many rivers, they have a lot of grass, but not enough fuel, so they burned bones instead of wood. This country abounds in rice, wheat, etc. Because they are cold, they have a large supply of wool, silk, hemp, rhubarb, musk, fine fabrics, gold, animals and everything that is necessary for life, not only for survival, but for living in comfort. There the thunder and lightning are very strange and terrible. Sometimes it is very hot there, and sometimes it is suddenly very cold, there is a lot of snow falling and the winds are the strongest. In the kingdom of Tangut, a lot of Rhubarb is grown, which is supplied to the whole world.

Many gold mines and lapis lazuli were found in Tenduk. But Tangut is better developed and abounds in vines. Tibet is full of wild animals and an abundance of coral; there is also a lot of musk, cinnamon and other spices. The articles of trade of this country are rice, silk, wool, hemp, rhubarb, musk and excellent fabrics made of camel's hair. In addition to trading within the country - between their cities, they also annually send 10,000 carts loaded with silk and other goods from China to Kambala. To this we can add their numerous invasions into Europe and Asia, their huge profits that come from Muscovy and other parts, especially from China, now for a long time. We can't say for sure, but Tartarus is very rich. All those who live to the North are in great need, while their neighbors (who obey one prince) have a lot of things.

Regarding the Tartar religion: some are Mohammedans who proclaim daily that there is only one God. There are more idolaters in Cathay than Mohammedans, who worship two gods: the god of Heaven, whom they ask for health and admonition, and the god of Earth, who has a wife and children who take care of their herds, crops, etc. Therefore, they ask these things from him in this way: after rubbing the mouth of his idol with the fattest meat when they eat, as well as his wife and children (small images of whom they have in their houses), the broth is poured out into the street for the spirits. They keep the god of Heaven in a high place and the God of Earth in a low place. They believe that human souls are immortal, but pass from one body to another, according to Pythagoras. They also worship the Sun, Moon and the four elements. They call the Pope and all Christians infidels, dogs and idolaters.

They never fast or celebrate one day more than another. Some of them are similar to Christians or Jews, although there are few of them: these are the Nestorians - those who are from the Papist and Greek Church, saying that Christ has two hypostases; that the Virgin Mary is not the Mother of God; that their priests could marry as often as they pleased. They also say that it is one thing to be the Word of God, and another thing to be Christ. They also do not recognize the two Councils of Ephesus.

Their Patriarch, the one who resides in Musal in Mesopotamia, is not chosen, but the son succeeds his father, the first elected Archbishop. Among them there is one strong and unnatural practice: they feed their old people fat, burn their corpses, and carefully collect and store the ashes, adding it to the meat when they eat. Prester John, king of Cathay or Tenduk, was defeated by the Great Tartar Cengiz in 1162, 40 years after he adopted the Nestorian faith, nevertheless he remained the ruler of a small country. These Nestorian Christians spread their influence to the city of Kampion, some of them remained in Tangut, Sukir, Kambalu and other cities.

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Tartary was mentioned in their works by many European artists - writers and composers. Here's a short list with some of those mentions...

Giacomo Puccini (1858-1924) - Italian opera composer, opera “Princess Turandot”. The father of the main character - Calaf - Timur - the deposed King of Tartars.

William Shakespeare (1564-1616), play "Macbeth". Witches add Tartarine's lips to their potion.

Mary Shelley, Frankenstein. Doctor Frankenstein pursues the monster “among the wild expanses of Tartary and Russia...”

Charles Dickens "Great Expectations". Estella Havisham is compared to Tartarus because she is “firm and haughty and capricious to the last degree...”

Robert Browning "The Pied Piper of Hamelin" The piper mentions Tartary as a place where work was successfully completed: “Last June in Tartary, I saved Khan from a swarm of mosquitoes.”

Geoffrey Chaucer (1343-1400) The Canterbury Tales. "The Esquire's History" tells about the royal court of Tartary.

Information about Great Tartary can also be found in Nicolas Sanson (1600-1667), a French historian and court cartographer of Louis XIII. In 1653, his atlas of Asia was published in Paris - “L"Asie, En Plusieurs Cartes Nouvelles, Et Exactes, &c.: En Divers Traitez De Geographie, Et D"Histoire; La ou sont descrits succinctement, & avec une belle Methode, & facile, Ses Empires, Ses Monarchies, Ses Estats &c.

The atlas contains maps and descriptions of the countries of the Asian continent in as much detail as the availability of information about the realities of a particular country allowed, and its absence made it possible for various kinds of assumptions, which often had nothing to do with the current state of affairs, as is observed in the description of Tartaria (take at least one of the ridiculous versions about the origin of the Tartars from the ten lost tribes of Israel.) Thus, the author, like many European medieval historians before and after him, unwittingly, and, most likely, deliberately made his contribution to the falsification of both world history and history of our Motherland.

For this, seemingly insignificant and harmless things were used. The author “lost” just one letter in the name of the country, and Tartaria from the land of the gods Tarkh and Tara turned into some kind of Tataria previously unknown to anyone. He added one letter to the name of the people, and the Mughals turned into Mongols. Other historians went further, and the Mughals (from the Greek μεγáλoι (megáloi) - great) turned into Monguls, Mongals, Mungali, Mughals, Monku, etc. This kind of “replacement”, as you yourself understand, provides a wide field of activity for all sorts of falsifications that have very far-reaching consequences.

Let's take relatively recent times as an example. In February 1936, the Decree of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the Kazak SSR “On the Russian pronunciation and written designation of the word “Cossack”” ordered to replace the last letter “K” with “X”, and from now on write “Kazakh”, not “Cossack”, “Kazakhstan” ”, and not “Kazakhstan”, and that the newly formed Kazakhstan included the lands of the Siberian, Orenburg and Ural Cossacks.

There is no need to tell for a long time how such a change in one letter affected the lives of the latter. As a result of the anti-human national policy of the Kazakh authorities, begun after the victory of democracy in the 90s, representatives of the “non-titular” Russian nation are squeezed out of all spheres of life and are forced to leave the lands of their ancestors. 3.5 million people have already left Kazakhstan, which is 25% of the republic’s total population. In 2000, another 600 thousand people left the republic. The socio-economic situation of Russians has sharply deteriorated, unemployment is growing, Russian schools and cultural institutions are closing, and the history of Russia is being falsified in Kazakh schools. That's what it costs to replace just one letter in the name.

And now, we present to you the actual translation from Middle French of an article about Tartary from the “Atlas of Asia” of 1653 by Nicholas Sanson. The word “Middle French” means that this language is no longer ancient, but not yet modern. Those. it is a language that in the 17th century was still in the stage of formation of grammar, syntax and phonetics, especially in the written version of the language. The translation from Middle French was made by Elena Lyubimova especially for “The Cave.”

Tartaria or Tataria occupies the north of all Asia. It extends from west to east, starting from the Volga and Ob, which separate Europe, to the land of Iesso, which separates America; and northern Media, the Caspian Sea, the river Gihon (Gehon) [modern. Amu Darya], Caucasus Mountains, d "Ussonte, which separate the southernmost territories of Asia, to the Northern, Arctic or Scythian Ocean. In length it occupies half of the Northern Hemisphere - from 90 to 180 degrees of longitude, in width - half of all Asia from 35 or 40 to latitude 70 or 72. Its extent is fifteen hundred leagues from east to west, and seven or eight hundred from south to north.

Almost all of it is located in the temperate climate zone, however, its southernmost sections are located beyond this temperate zone, and in the remaining northern areas the climate is cold and harsh. The southernmost territories of the country are always limited by the three high mountains of the southern coast, which trap heat in the south and cold in the north, so some might say that temperatures in Tartaria are generally much lower than in a temperate climate.

It neighbors the Muscovites in the west; by the Persians, Indians or Mughals, the Chinese in the south; the rest of the territory is washed by the sea, and we know little about it. Some believe that in the east there is the Strait of Anian (d "esroit d" Anian) [Bering Strait], which separates America, others - that the Strait of Iesso (d "estroit de Iesso), which separates the land or the island of Iesso, which is located between Asia and America, as they would say after Japan. Some also call the Northern Ocean one way, others another.

The name Tartary most likely comes from the name of a river or locality, or the Tartar Horde, from which came those peoples who became known in all parts of Asia. Others say that they are so called from the Tartars or Totars, which means in Assyrian "remaining" or "leaving": because they regard them as the remnant of the Jews, half of whose ten tribes were removed by Shalmaneser, and add that the other half of these ten tribes passed to Scythia, which was not noted anywhere by the ancients. Although the Persians still call this country Tatars, and the people Tatars, and the Chinese - Taguis.

Tartary is divided into five main parts, which are Desert Tartary (Tartarie Deserte), Uzbekistan or Chagatai (Vzbeck ou Zagathay), Turkestan (Turqestan), Cathay (Cathay) and True Tartary (vraye Tartarie). The first and last are the most northern, barbaric and nothing is known about them. The other three, more southerly, are the most civilized and famous for their many beautiful cities and extensive trade.

The ancients called Desert Tartary Scythia intra Imaum (1); Uzbekistan and Chagatai are Bactriana and Sogdiana, respectively. Turkestan in ancient times was called Scythia extra Imaum. Cathay was called Serica (Serica Regio). As for True Tartary, the ancients knew nothing about it, or it represented the northernmost territories of both one and the other Scythia. Desert Tartaria is bounded on the west by the Volga and Ob rivers, which separate it from Muscovy; in the east - by the mountains that separate True Tartaria and Turkestan; in the north - by the Northern Ocean; in the south - by the Caspian Sea, from Tabarestan [modern. Iranian province of Mazandaran] by the Chesel River [modern. Syr-Darya]. It is separated from Uzbekistan by several mountains that connect with the Imaum Mountains.

The whole country is inhabited by peoples or tribes, which are troops or detachments called Hordes. They almost never stay in closed places, and they have no need to do so, because they do not have any immovable housing that would keep them in place. They are constantly wandering; they load tents and families and everything they have onto carts, and do not stop until they find the most beautiful and most suitable pasture for their animals. There is something to which they devote themselves even more than hunting. This is war. They do not cultivate the land, despite the fact that it is beautiful and fertile. That is why it is called Desert Tartary. Among her hordes, the most famous are the Nogais, who pay tribute to the Grand Duke of Moscow, who also owns part of Desert Tartary.

Uzbekistan or Chagatai extends from the Caspian Sea to Turkestan and from Persia and India to Desert Tartary. The rivers Shesel (Сhesel) or in the ancient Jaxartes, Gigon or in the ancient Albiamu or Oxus [modern. Amu Darya]. Its peoples are the most civilized and most dexterous of all the Western Tartars. They conduct large trade with the Persians, with whom they sometimes were at enmity, sometimes lived in complete harmony, with the Indians and with Cathay. They produce silk, which they measure in large wicker baskets and sell to Muscovy. Their most beautiful cities are Samarkand, Bukhara and Badaschian and also Balck. According to some, Khorasan, which was owned by Uzbek khans at different times, enjoys the greatest respect. Badaschian is located on the border with Khorasan. Bukhara (Bochara or Bachara), where Avicenna, the most famous philosopher and doctor in the entire East, lived. Samarkand is the birthplace of the great Tamerlane, who turned it into the most beautiful and richest city in Asia, building the famous Academy, which further strengthened the good name of the Mohammedans.

Turkestan is located in the east of Uzbekistan (or Chagatai), in the west of Cathay, in the north of India and in the south of True Tartary. It is divided into several kingdoms, the most famous of which are Cascar, Cotan, Cialis, Ciarchian and Thibet. Some capitals have the same names, and sometimes for the rulers of these kingdoms they use Hiarchan instead of Cascar, and Turon or Turphon instead of Cialis. The Kingdom of Cascar is the richest, most abundant and most developed of all. The kingdom of Ciarciam is the smallest and sandiest, which is compensated by the presence of a lot of jasper and lavender there. There is a lot of excellent rhubarb growing in Cascar. Cotan and Cialis produce a variety of fruits, wine, flax, hemp, cotton, etc. Tibet is closest to the Mughals of India and is located among the Imave, Caucasus and Vssonte mountains. It is rich in wild animals, musk, cinnamon and uses coral instead of money. The connections we established with this state in 1624 and 1626 will make it greater and richer, just like Cathay. But those three states [to which we went] in 1651 are cold and always covered with snow - it is believed that the king of all barbarians [is] there - and the less powerful of [the city of] Serenegar, which is not Rahia? between the states of the Great Mogul, so we are not sure of the [fruitfulness] of most of these connections.

Katay is the easternmost part of Tartary. It is considered the richest and most powerful state. In the west it borders with Turkestan, with China in the south, in the north with True Tartary and in the east it is washed by the Strait of Iesso (d’estroit de Iesso). Some believe that the whole of Cathay is [ruled] by one monarch or emperor, whom they call Khan or Ulukhan, which means Great Khan, who is the greatest and richest ruler of the world. Others believe that there [rule] various kings who are magnificent subjects of the Great Khan. This powerful, beautifully cultivated and built-up country is abundant in everything one could desire. Its capital is Cambalu, ten (some say twenty) leagues in length, which has twelve extensive suburbs, and to the south is a huge royal palace, at a distance of another ten or twelve leagues. All the Tartars, Chinese, Indians and Persians conduct extensive trade in this city.

Of all the kingdoms of Cathay, Tangut is the most prominent. Its capital is Campion, where caravans of traders are stopped, preventing them from going further into the kingdom because of rhubarb. The Kingdom of Tenduc, with its capital of the same name, supplies gold and silver sheets, silk and falcons. It is believed that Prester John is in this country - a special king - Christian, or rather Nestorian - a subject of the Great Khan. The Kingdom of Thainfur is famous for its large number of people, excellent wines, magnificent weapons, cannons, etc.

Other great travelers tell wonders about the greatness, power and splendor of the Great Khan, about the extent of his states, about his kings who are his subjects, about the multitude of ambassadors who are always waiting for him, about the reverence and reverence that is shown to him, about the strength and innumerability of his people with whom he can fill his troops. Distant Europe had to believe us until he showed his strength in 1618 (2), when he occupied the passes and passes of that famous mountain and wall that separates Tartary from China, sacrificing countless people from his great kingdom, capturing and having plundered its most beautiful cities and almost all its provinces; pushing the king of China as far as Canton and [leaving him in] possession of no more than one or two provinces, but by the treaty of 1650 the king of China was restored to the greater part of his country.

The true or ancient Tartary is the northernmost part of Tartary—the coldest, the most uncultivated, and the most barbarous of all; nevertheless, it is the place from which the Tartars came out about 1200 from our salvation, and to which they returned. They are known to dominate six neighboring hordes, bear arms, and dominate the largest and most beautiful parts of Asia. They are supposed to be the remnants of that half of the ten tribes that were transported. They also say that the tribes of Dan, Naphtali and Zebulun were found there. However, for a completely unknown country, you can easily come up with names that anyone likes. Their kingdoms, provinces or hordes of Mongols, Buryats (Bargu), Taratars and Naimans are the most famous. Some authors put Gog and Magog there, and others - between the Mughal state (3) and China, in Maug? at the top of Lake Chiamay.

The main riches of True Tartaria are livestock and furs, including the fur of polar bears, black foxes, martens and sables. They live on milk and meat, which they have in abundance; without caring about fruits or grains. In their speech one can still feel the ancient Scythian. Some of them have kings, others live in hordes or communities; almost all are shepherds and subjects of the Great Cathay Khan (Grand Chan du Cathay).

Translator's note

1. The first geographer who received a fairly clear idea of the great dividing mountain range of Central Asia, running in the north-south direction, was Ptolemy. He calls these mountains Imaus and divides Scythia into two parts: “in front of the Imaus mountains” and “behind the Imaus mountains” (Scythia Intra Imaum Montem and Scythia Extra Imaum Montem). It is believed that this is what the modern Himalayas were called in ancient times. See the map of Scythia and Serica by Christopher Cellarius, published in 1703 in Germany. Also on it we can see the ancient name of the Volga River - RA (Rha) on the left and the Hyperborean or Scythian Ocean at the top.

2. Most likely, we are talking about the invasion of the Jurchen Khan Nurhaci (1575-1626) into the territory of the Ming Empire - in Liaodong. The Chinese army sent the following year was defeated, and about 50 thousand soldiers died. By 1620, almost all of Liaodong was in the hands of Nurhaci.

3. The Mughal state has nothing in common with modern Mongolia. It was located in Northern India (the territory of modern Pakistan).

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The information we have collected and presented on these pages does not constitute scientific research in the modern sense of the word. Today's science, especially historical science, lies with all its might, and we tried to find for our readers truthful information about the past of our great Motherland. And they found her. From this information it is clear without any doubt that our past is not at all what our enemies and their helpful assistants keep repeating.

Back in the 18th century, everyone was well aware that the Slavic-Aryan Empire, which in the West was called Great Tartary, existed for many millennia and was the most developed country on the planet. Otherwise, it simply could not have survived in the form of such a huge Empire for a long time! And corrupt historians tirelessly tell us from school that we - the Slavs - supposedly just before our baptism (1000 years ago) allegedly jumped from the trees and climbed out of our pits. But empty talk, albeit very persistent, is one thing. And another thing is facts that can no longer be ignored.

And if you read the subsection of the Chronology about the “Roman Empire”, you can get another indisputable confirmation that the distortion of information about the past of our civilization was intentional and pre-planned! And we can draw the obvious conclusion that the enemies of Humanity are carefully hushing up and destroying everything connected with the real past of the great civilization of the White Race - the civilization of our ancestors, the Slavic-Aryans.

As we have already seen even within the framework of this short review, reliable evidence of the existence of a huge Slavic-Aryan Empire, last name which is known as Great Tartary, and which at different times was also called Scythia and Great Asia, are absolutely definitely present. In ancient times, it occupied almost the entire continent of Eurasia and even the north of Africa and America, but then, like shagreen leather, it shrank. Or rather, it was squeezed, gradually biting off the most remote, western provinces in Europe, and this process continues to this day.

Hundreds of Western European maps and atlases of the 16th-17th centuries by different authors and publishers, which can easily be found on the Internet, showed that Great Tartaria occupied most of Asia - from the Urals to Kamchatka, Central Asia and the northern part of modern China to the Chinese Wall. Around the end of the 17th and beginning of the 18th centuries, different Tartaries appeared on maps - Great, Moscow (up to the Urals), Chinese (which at one time included the island of Hokkaido), Independent (Central Asia) and Lesser (Zaporozhye Sich). Tartary was also displayed on globes of that time, in particular, there are some in Moscow in the State Historical Museum (GIM). There are several medieval globes there. These are, first of all, a giant copper globe made in 1672 by the heirs of the Amsterdam cartographer Willem Blaeu for the Swedish king Charles XI, and N. Hill's globe of the earthly and celestial spheres of 1754 made of papier-mâché. Tartaria is also depicted on a globe from 1765, which is in the collection of the Historical Society in Minnesota.

Around the end of the 18th century, after the Great Tartary was defeated in the World War, known to us from the school history course as the “Pugachev’s Rebellion” of 1773-1775, this name on maps began to gradually be replaced by the Russian Empire, however, the Independent and Chinese Tartary was still displayed until the beginning of the 19th century. After this time, the word Tartaria disappears from maps altogether and is replaced by other names. For example, Chinese Tartaria began to be called Manchuria. All of the above applies to foreign cards. In Russian, only a tiny amount of maps with Tartary have been preserved, at least in the public domain. For example, there is a map of 1707 by V. Kiprianov “Image of the Earth’s Globe” and a map of Asia of 1745. This state of affairs suggests that information about Great Empire The Rus were thoroughly destroyed.

However, something still remained and finally reached the masses. One of the most significant works are the books and maps of the outstanding Russian cartographer and chronicler of Siberia Semyon Remezov.

He was born in 1642 in the family of the Streltsy centurion Ulyan Remezov. In 1668 he began his service as a Cossack in the Ishimsky prison. In 1682, for his diligence in service, Remezov received the title of “son of a boyar” and was transferred to Tobolsk. Here it is necessary to clarify that “son of a boyar” did not then mean the son of a boyar, it is just a title indicating that a person belongs to the serving nobility. Semyon Remezov inherited the title from his grandfather Moses, who served in Moscow at the court of Patriarch Filaret, but somehow angered him and was exiled to Tobolsk.

Moses Remezov served as Tobolsk governor for 20 years, spending them on long campaigns to collect yasak and pacify the rebellious. His son Ulyan, grandson Semyon and great-grandson Leonty repeated his fate - they became “boyar children” and also led the lives of service people: they collected bread from peasants and foreigners, escorted government cargo to Moscow, conducted a census of lands and population, looked for the shortest routes. , searched for minerals, and also participated in battles with nomads.

In addition, having received a good education, having a penchant for drawing and having inherited the basics of drawing from his father, Semyon Remezov repeatedly drew up maps of the surrounding areas of the Tobolsk province, and also designed and supervised the construction and reconstruction of Tobolsk: a number of stone buildings were built, including the Gostiny Dvor, treasury - "renter" and the chamber of command. But, perhaps, the most striking legacy left to the descendants living on the Siberian land was the architectural ensemble of the Tobolsk Kremlin.

In 1696, Remezov was entrusted with drawing up a drawing of the entire Siberian land. This activity marked the beginning of unique research that has come down to us in the form of geographical atlases “Chorographic Drawing Book” (1697-1711), “Drawing Book of Siberia” (1699-1701) and “Service Drawing Book of Siberia” (1702), as well as chronicles books “Siberian Brief Kungur Chronicle” and “Siberian History” and ethnographic works “Description of the Siberian peoples and the facets of their lands.”

The geographical Atlases that Remezov compiled are simply amazing in their coverage of territories that were subject to careful study. But this happened at a time when people only had a horse among the “high-speed” means of transportation. In addition, Remezov’s materials amaze with the variety of information about the culture, economy, morals and customs of the peoples of Siberia. And they are decorated with great artistic taste and contain luxurious illustrations.

“The Drawing Book of Siberia” by Semyon Remezov and his three sons can easily be called the first Russian geographical atlas. It consists of a preface and 23 large-format maps, covering the entire territory of Siberia and distinguished by the abundance and detail of information. The book presents handwritten drawings of the lands: Tobolsk City and towns with streets, Tobolsk city, Tara city, Tyumen city, Turin fort, Vekhotursky city, Pelymsky city, and other cities and surrounding areas.

“The Drawing Book of Siberia” was made without a degree network of parallels and meridians, and on some maps the west is at the top and the east, respectively, at the bottom, and sometimes the south is placed in the upper left corner, and the north in the lower right, but generally the maps are not oriented to the north, as we are used to, and to the south. So the Chinese wall is unusually located in the upper right corner. Note that from there to the Amur (modern territory of China) back in the 17th century all the names were Russian. Also note that a little higher from the name Great Tartary is the “Land of the Cossack Horde”. Considering the orientation from south to north, these may well be the lands of Kazakhstan, which was relatively recently renamed Kazakhstan.

In the absence of a meridian grid, Remezov tied his cartographic images to a network of river and land routes. He obtained information on his “business trips”, asking other service people, local residents and travelers. According to his own testimony, from such questions he learned “the extent of the land and the distance of the cities, their villages and volosts, learned about rivers, rivulets and lakes and about the Pomeranian shores, lips and islands and sea fisheries and about all sorts of tracts.”

On maps, he marked in detail all the rivers and streams of Siberia from the peaks to the mouths, along with their tributaries, as well as oxbow lakes, reaches, islands, fords, shoals, portages, portages, mills, bridges, piers, wells, swamps, lakes. He drew the summer and winter land roads with a dotted line, and marked the portages in days: “The hogs dragged the reindeer for four days, and up the “Chyudtskoe letter”, copied from the Irbit written stone. It's about two weeks." Remezov also used the original system symbols, among which: a city, a Russian village, yurts, an ulus, a mosque, a winter hut, a cemetery, a prayer site, mounds, a guard, pillars (rocky weathering figures). In general, the amount of information that three generations of Remezovs collected is incredibly huge.

Unfortunately, it took 300 years for the life’s work of these Russian people to be seen by their descendants. The last entry in it was made in 1730, after which it disappeared from view. It is known that the next time she was seen was in 1764 in the personal library of Catherine II. Then it moved to the Hermitage, and in the middle of the 19th century it was transferred to the St. Petersburg Public Library. And since then only very narrow specialists knew about it. His other work, “Chorographic Drawing Book” (primary drawing materials), will end up overseas. In 1919, it was taken out by emigrant - cartography historian L.S. Bagrov. It surfaced in 1958 and is now in the library of Harvard University in Cambridge (USA) in the Gufton Library.

www.peshera.org/khrono/khrono-08_2.html

Since the site is historically called “Tartaria - family estates,” the interest in the topic of the ancient great country is understandable.

And today I want to introduce you to a film

Great Tartaria - just the facts

The film collects and, as briefly as possible, summarizes the main evidence of a country erased from world history - Great Tartaria. Maps, encyclopedias, images of its inhabitants, the genealogy of its rulers, its own written language, the coat of arms and flag of this state - the evidence provided is quite enough to man of sense appreciated the scale of falsification of modern history and began to take an interest in the true past of our ancestors.

Until recently, the word “Tartaria” was unknown to the vast majority of Russian residents. The only associations that arose with this word were the Greek mythological Tartarus, the famous saying “fall into tartarars,” modern Tataria and the notorious Mongol-Tatar yoke.

But back in the 19th century, both in Russia and in Europe, this mysterious country many people knew. The following fact serves as indirect confirmation of this. In the middle of the 19th century, European capitals were fascinated by the brilliant Russian aristocrat Varvara Dmitrievna Rimskaya-Korsakova, whose beauty and wit made Napoleon III's wife, Empress Eugene, green with envy. Varvara Dmitrievna was called “Venus from Tartarus” in Europe...

Great Tartaria - Rus Empire

The documentary film “Great Tartary - the Empire of the Rus” is a fascinating story about the great past of our Motherland.

At the beginning of the film, a brief analysis of the name of the country “Russia” is given, it is explained from what words it was formed and what territory this country occupied. The following describes how the Slavic-Aryan Empire began to be called “Great Tartary” in the West, presents evidence from the first edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica of 1771, and numerous geographical maps from different centuries.

It explains who the URs really were, and what influence they had with their cult "UR (Vedic worldview) on the system of moral and spiritual values of the Slavs. How the castes of the Magi, artisans, grain growers, cattle breeders, and the tribes of the Scots, Polyans, Drevlyans appeared.. .

The topic of the commonality of the Slavic-Aryan Vedas and the book of Veles is touched upon, and also talks about the war between Antlania (Atlantis), the consequences of which led to the Great Cooling (11,008 BC). About the bloody war between the Great Russia (Rus) and Arimia (ancient China - the country of the “Great Dragon”), which occurred 7520 years ago. The victory in this difficult and bloody war was immortalized in the new calendar - in the new chronology of the Slavs, where the date of the conclusion of the Peace Treaty with China - the Creation of the World in the Star Temple - was taken as the starting point.

The final part of the film tells the story of the capital of the Slavic-Aryan Empire - Asgard of Iria (in its place stands the modern city of Omsk), which was destroyed by hordes of Dzungars (Dzungars are the ancestors of modern Kalmyks) in the summer of 7038 from the Creation of the World (1530 AD). ) - in the very middle of the Night of Svarog. The destruction of such a capital, which had stood for more than a hundred thousand years, led to a significant weakening of the Rus Empire, to the possibility of falsifying the past of our entire planetary civilization and the destruction of any traces testifying to the Slavic-Aryan Empire - Great Tartary...

Genre: Documentary
Duration: 00:28:20
Director: Alexander Atakin
production: Atakin studio http://ru-an.info/news_content.php?id=901

Great Tartaria: a powerful country or an empty fantasy? Tartaria encyclopedic.

Story

Ancient World and Middle Ages

New time

War of Stepan Razin

War of Emelyan Izmogullov

Patriotic War of 1812

Chronicle of the territorial losses of Great Tartaria until the beginning of the twentieth century

"Crimean War"

Relief

Inland waters

Climate

Flora and fauna

Literature

How did the version come about?

How did Europeans learn about Tartaria?

How did they hide an entire continent?

Modern sources

Travels of Marco Polo

Founding of the State

Hidden Truth

Falsification of history?

Decline of the Empire

The most exotic version

Great Tartaria - just the facts

Great Tartaria - Rus Empire

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