Interaction of the main spheres of public life. The main spheres of social life and their relationship
Which example illustrates the influence of society on nature? a) slow pace of development of relict tribes of Central Africa; b)construction of the Tsimlyansk reservoir; c) formation of races; d) the development of trade and navigation in Ancient Greece. 2. Rational cognition (the process of thinking) does not involve the production of: a) concepts; b) judgments; c) representations; d) inferences. 3. The world religions do not include: a) Buddhism; b) Islam; c) animism; d) Christianity. 4. Determine which of the statements is true. A. The statement “An apple tree is a tree” is an inference. B. Statement “All people are mortal. Antonov is a man.. Therefore, Antonov is mortal” is a judgment. 1) only A is true; 3) both statements are true; 2) only B is true; 4) both statements are incorrect. 5. A social need is the need for: 1) food; 2) air; 3) water; 4) family. 6. Social norms are: a) traditions; b) documents; c) morals; d) contracts; e) laws of nature. 7. The family as a social institution performs the following functions: a) reproductive; b) leisure; c) educational; d) socialization; d) erotic. 8. The economic sphere of society’s life is characterized by: 1) most important discoveries and inventions in science; 2) national differentiation; 3) social division of labor; 4) social conflicts. 9. Meaningful drivers of human activity include: 1) motives; 2) attractions; 3) habits; 4) emotions. 10. What type of family prevails in industrial society? a) extended family, b) small family, c) large family, d) nuclear family, e) temporary unregistered marriage. 11. Unlike nature, society: 1) is a system; 2) is in development; 3) acts as a creator of culture; 4) develops according to its own laws. 12. Which feature is inherent in a traditional society? 1) developed factory production; 2) creation of the main product in agriculture; 3) completion of the industrial revolution; 4) highly developed infrastructure. 13. . All types of industrial, social and spiritual activities of man and society, as well as all their results together can be called: 1) culture; 2) economics; 3) worldview; 4) history. 14. What function of science is illustrated by the development of new ways to protect a person’s home from unauthorized intrusion? 1) cognitive; 2) prognostic; 3) explanatory; 4) social. 15. Relationships between spheres public life? A. The increase in government spending on the production of new types of weapons is an example of the connection between the political and economic spheres of society. B. Funding by a patron of the museum’s activities is an example of the connection between the economic and spiritual spheres of society. 1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both judgments are correct; 4) both judgments are incorrect. 16. For which science is the question of the relationship between the concepts of “good” and “evil” the main one? 1) psychology; 2) ethics; 3) aesthetics; 4) sociology. 17. Man, unlike animals, has the ability to: 1) act together with his own kind; 2) see the purpose of your actions; 3) educate offspring; 4) protect yourself from danger. 18. What activity is characterized by generalizing the properties of things in concepts? 1) material and production; 2) socially transformative; 3) spiritual and practical; 4) spiritual and theoretical. 1 19. A farmer cultivates the land using special equipment. The subject of this activity is: 1) land; 2) technology; 3) the crop being grown; 4) farmer. 20. Are the following truth statements true? A. The relativity of truth is due to the boundlessness and variability of the comprehended world. B. The relativity of truth is due to the limited cognitive capabilities of man. 1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both judgments are correct; 4) both judgments are incorrect. 21. Culture in a broad sense is 1) the level of technical development of society; 2) the totality of all achievements of mankind; 3) level of education of the population; 4) all genres of art. 22. Both humans and animals have a need for 1) social activity; 2) purposeful activity; 3) caring for offspring; 4) changes in the habitat. 23. The activity of the state in managing society is an example of activity: 1) economic; 2) spiritual; 3) social; 4) political. 24. Are the following truth statements true? A. Relative truth is called knowledge that necessarily gives rise to different points of view. B. Relative truth is incomplete knowledge that is true only under certain conditions. 1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both judgments are correct; 4) both judgments are incorrect. 25. In country A. the existence of enterprises is guaranteed various forms property. The success of these enterprises directly depends on consumer demand for the products they produce. What type of economic systems can the economy of country A be classified as? 1) planned; 2) command; 3) market; 4) traditional.
Highlighting the main elementssociety, their relationship and
interaction, scientists
characterize society as
1) system 2) part
nature 3) material
world
TO global problems
the modern world belongs
1)
emergence of new
interstate
associations
2) completion of industrial
coup
3)
significant gap between
levels of regional development
planets
4) intensive development of science
Everything that is created by man, in
its totality is called
1) society 2) culture 3) art
Are the following statements true?
different types of societies?
A.
In an industrial society
highly valued
individual characteristics
people are encouraged
initiative and
enterprise.
B.
Respect for customs, centuries old
the prevailing norms,
predominance of collective
beginnings over particulars are distinguished
post-industrial society
from industrial.
1) only A is true 2) only B is true
3) both judgments are correct 4) both
judgments are incorrect
Which of the signs is inherent
traditional society?
1) developed factory
production
2) creation of the main product in
agriculture
3) completion of industrial
coup
4) highly developed
infrastructure
Unlike nature, society
1) is a system
2) is in development
3) acts as a creator
culture
4) develops according to its own
laws
Are the following statements true?
relationships between public spheres
life?
A.
Growth of government
allocations for production
new types of weapons
is an example of communication
political and economic
spheres of society.
B.
Funding by a patron
the museum's activities are
example of economic connection
and spiritual spheres of society.
1) only A is true 2) true
only B 3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
Which of the following is
feature of post-industrial
society?
religious nature of culture
transition from natural to commercial
production
completion of industrial
coup
development of information
technologies
9. In order to support domestic
manufacturer government
countries have restricted imports
foreign dairy products and
meat. To what spheres of public
Does this fact apply to life?
1) economic and social
2) political and economic
3) social and spiritual
4) economic and spiritual
10 Fast Jumping
from one public
political system to another
called
1) progress 2) revolution 3)
counter-reform 4) evolution
IN 1 . Match between
terms and definitions. Alone
left column element
corresponds to one element on the right.
1) evolution A) radical,
indigenous, deep qualitative
change, leap in development
nature,
society or knowledge
2) revolution B) transformation,
change, reorganization of some kind
or aspects of public life
(economy), orders (institutions,
institutions)
3) reform B) processes of change
(mostly irreversible) in
nature and society
Answer: 1 2 3
AT 2. Below is a list of terms.
All of them, with the exception of two,
characterize social
dynamics.
1) progress, 2) structure, 3)
evolution, 4) reform, 5) decline, 6)
stratification.
Find two terms
"falling out" from the general series, and
write down the numbers they are under
indicated.
C1 Point out and illustrate
examples of any three criteria
social progress.
C2 You are instructed to prepare
detailed answer on the topic
"Traditional society and its
peculiarities ". Make a plan in
according to which you will
cover this topic. The plan should
contain at least three points from
of which there are two or more
detailed in subparagraphs.
Society is a dynamic system of human interaction. This is one of the definitions. The key word in it is system, that is, a complex mechanism that consists of spheres of social life. There are four such areas in science:
- Political.
- Economic.
- Social.
- Spiritual.
All of them are not isolated from each other, but, on the contrary, are interconnected. We will look at examples of interaction in more detail in this article.
Political sphere
Spheres are areas in which the basic needs of society are satisfied.
Political includes bodies state power and management, as well as various political institutions. It is directly related to the apparatuses of coercion and suppression, which legitimately use force with the approval of the entire society. satisfies the needs for safety, security, and maintaining law and order.
These include:
- The president.
- Government.
- Local government authorities.
- Strong structure.
- Political parties and associations.
- Local government bodies.
Economic sphere
The economic sphere is designed to satisfy the material needs of society. If only adult citizens take part in political life, then absolutely everyone, including the elderly and children, takes part in political life. All people are consumers from an economic point of view, which means they are direct participants in market relations.
Key concepts in the economic sphere:
- Production.
- Exchange.
- Consumption.
Firms, plants, factories, mines, banks, etc. participate in production.
Interaction between the political and economic spheres
Let us give examples of interaction between spheres of society. The State Duma The Russian Federation adopts laws that all citizens are required to comply with. Some adopted regulations may affect changes in economic sectors. For example, licensing of certain types of activities leads to an increase in the price of certain products due to additional costs associated with innovation.
Specific examples of interaction between spheres of society can be illustrated in the light of recent events. International economic sanctions were introduced against the Russian Federation. In response, the authorities of our country introduced counter-sanctions. As a result, some European foodstuffs and medicines are not delivered to Russian market. This led to the following consequences:
- Rising prices of products.
- The absence on the shelves of many products, analogues of which are not produced in Russia.
- Development of some sectors of the economy: livestock farming, horticulture, etc.
But it is a mistake to believe that only power influences business; sometimes the opposite happens. Counterexamples interaction between spheres of society, when economists dictate conditions to politicians, can be brought into practice by lobbying laws. A recent example is the so-called Rotenberg law in Russia, according to which millionaires subject to Western sanctions will be paid compensation from the state budget.
Social sphere
The social sphere satisfies the needs of society in education, medicine, services, leisure and entertainment. It includes everyday communication between citizens and large groups of people.
Political and social spheres
Politics can affect the social life of a country. The following examples of interaction between spheres of society can be given. Local city authorities have banned the opening of any entertainment establishments: clubs, night bars and cafes in one of the criminal areas on the outskirts of the city. As a result, the crime rate has fallen, but residents have to travel longer to get to places of recreation and entertainment.
The following example: in a crisis, a district municipality is experiencing a crisis. In order to reduce costs, it decides to close one of the schools. As a result, there is a reduction teaching staff, children are transported to another locality every day, and money is saved on the maintenance of facilities, since by law all costs for their maintenance fall on local authorities.
Social and economic spheres
The economic development of a country greatly influences social life. Here are just some examples of interaction between spheres of society. The financial crisis reduced real incomes of the population. Citizens began to spend less on entertainment and leisure, limiting trips to paid parks, sports clubs, stadiums, cafes. The loss of customers led to the ruin of many companies.
There is also a relationship between politics, economics and social development of a country. Let us give examples of interaction between spheres of society. Instability in the Middle East and the weakening of the ruble exchange rate by half, coupled with active development led to the fact that many canceled traditional trips to Egypt and Turkey and began to vacation in Russia.
This example can be broken down into its components:
- Political - instability in the Middle East, government measures to increase domestic tourism.
- Economic - the devaluation of the ruble led to a significant increase in prices for trips to Turkey and Egypt while maintaining domestic prices.
- Social - tourism refers specifically to this area.
Spiritual realm
Many people mistakenly assume that the spiritual realm refers to religion. This misconception comes from a history course, where relevant topics are discussed church reforms certain periods. In fact, although religion belongs to the spiritual sphere, it is not its only component.
In addition to this, this includes:
- The science.
- Education.
- Culture.
As far as education is concerned, the most attentive readers They will ask a fair question about the fact that we previously attributed it to the social sphere when we analyzed examples of interaction between spheres of society. But spiritual education refers to education as a process, and not as an interaction between people. For example, going to school, communicating with peers, teachers - all this relates to the social area. Gaining knowledge, socialization (education), self-realization and self-improvement is a process of spiritual life that is designed to satisfy the needs for knowledge and improvement.
Spiritual and political spheres
Sometimes politics is influenced by religion. Let us give examples of interaction between the spheres. Today Iran is a religious state: all domestic politics, laws are adopted exclusively in the interests of Shiite Muslims.
Let's give historical example interactions between spheres of society. After the October Revolution of 1917, many churches were blown up, and religion was recognized as “the opium of the people,” that is, a harmful drug that must be gotten rid of. Many priests were killed, churches were destroyed, and warehouses, shops, mills, etc. were built in their place. This also affected social life: there was a spiritual decline in the population, people stopped honoring traditions, did not register marriages in churches, as a result of which unions began to fall apart. In fact, this led to the destruction of the institution of family and marriage. The wedding witness was not God, but man, which, we agree, is a huge difference for a believer. This continued until the Great Patriotic War until Stalin officially restored the activities of the Russian Orthodox Church legally.
Spiritual and economic spheres
Economic development also affects the spiritual life of the country. What examples of interaction between spheres of society prove this? Psychologists note that during periods of economic crises, a depressed state of the population is observed. Many people lose their jobs, their savings, their companies go bankrupt - all this leads to psychological problems. But in Russia the practice of private psychologists is not developed, as, for example, in the USA. Therefore, religious sects arise that draw “lost souls” into their networks, from which it is sometimes very difficult to escape.
Another example is South Korea. The lack of minerals and other resources influenced the fact that this country began to develop science and tourism. This has yielded results - today this country is a leader in the field of electronics and is one of the ten most developed countries in the world. Politics, economics and social development collided here at once.
Spiritual and social spheres
The line between spiritual and social life is very thin, but we will try to clarify it through examples of interaction between spheres of social life. Students attending school, entering college - all these are relationships between two spheres, as people communicate (social) and perform various rituals (spiritual).
Examples of interaction between spheres of society from history
Let's remember a little history. It also contains examples of interaction between different spheres of society. Take Stolypin's reforms at the beginning of the 20th century. In Russia, the community was abolished, Peasant Banks were created, which issued loans to settlers, they provided preferential travel at the expense of the state, and created a small infrastructure in Siberia. As a result, thousands of peasants from the land-poor South and the Volga region flocked to the East, where the treasured hectares of free land awaited them. All these measures allowed:
- to alleviate peasant landlessness in the central provinces;
- to develop the empty lands of Siberia;
- feed people with bread and replenish the state budget with taxes in the future.
This serves a shining example interaction between politics, economics and social life of the country.
Another situation is the dispossession of peasants, as a result of which many hardworking rational owners were left without a livelihood, and their place was taken by parasites from the poor committees. As a result, many died of starvation and rural farming was destroyed. This example shows the impact of ill-considered political decisions on the economy and social life.
Interaction between spheres of society: examples from the media
Channel One announced the acceptance Russian authorities decisions to bomb terrorists prohibited in Russia " Islamic State". Federal Channel also reported that the authorities intend to resume negotiations on the Turkish gas pipeline to Europe.
All information is from a source that relates to It illustrates examples of interaction between different spheres of society. In the first case, political and social, since the decision of the leadership of our country will lead to consequences in the Middle East. History c shows the relationship between politics and economics. The agreement between the countries will develop the gas industry and replenish the budgets of both countries.
Conclusion
Examples of interaction between spheres of society prove that we live in a complex system. A change in one subsystem necessarily affects others. All spheres are interconnected, but none of the four is the main, dominant one on which all the others depend.
Law acts as a superstructure. It is not included in any of the four, but it does not stand out in the fifth. The right is the fastening instrument above them.
3. The main spheres of social life and their relationship
Society is a complex dynamic system that includes spheres of public life as subsystems.
The economic, or material and production sphere is an area of social life associated with human activity in the production, distribution, exchange, consumption of material goods, the material living conditions of people.
The social sphere is an area of public life associated with the relations between various social communities (classes, nations, social strata, etc.), their role in the life of society.
The political, or political-legal sphere is an area of public life associated with the organization of society and its management, the system of management institutions.
The spiritual sphere is an area of social life associated with specialized spiritual production, with the functioning of social institutions within which spiritual values are created and disseminated.
The development of each sphere of social life is subject to its own laws, but the independence of the spheres is relative. Problems in the functioning of one of them immediately affect the condition of the others. For example, the instability of economic life gives rise to a crisis in the political sphere, tension in social relations, disorganization of people in the spiritual sphere, and uncertainty in the present and future.
In the relationships between spheres of public life, cause-and-effect and functional connections are distinguished. From the point of view of Marxism, cause-and-effect relationships play a dominant role. This means that all spheres form a hierarchical structure, that is, they are in a relationship of subordination and subordination. Marxists clearly point out the dependence of all spheres on the economic sphere and their conditionality by the economic sphere, which is based on material production based on a certain nature of property relations. At the same time, Marxists emphasize that the economic sphere is only the main reason; it only ultimately determines the development of other spheres of social life. They do not deny the reverse impact of other areas on the economy.
Preference is given to functional connections primarily in Anglo-American sociology. The main emphasis is on the fact that each sphere can exist only within the framework of integrity, where it performs specific, strictly defined functions. For example, the adaptation function is provided by the economic sphere, the goal achievement function is provided by the political sphere, etc.
24.Political organization of society. The state, its most important features, historical types and forms. Civil society and the rule of law
Throughout its history, the most progressive, thinking
representatives of humanity tried to create a model of an ideal social
a device where reason, freedom, prosperity and justice would reign.
The formation of civil society was linked to the problems
improving the state, enhancing the role of law and law.
Ancient thinkers did not separate “Society” and “State”. So,
for example, the national assembly of the inhabitants of Athens was at the same time the highest body
political management. At the same time, the state (public power)
dominated society, dominating it in the form of an eastern
despotism, sometimes in the form of the Roman Empire, sometimes in the form of a medieval monarchy.
Aristotle defined the state as sufficient for the self-sufficient
existence of a set of citizens, i.e. nothing more than civil
society. Cicero, justifying the legal equality of people, wrote: “... the law
is the connecting link of civil society, and the law established by law
the same for everyone..." Identification of civil society with
state lasted for a long time, and was due to the level
development of economic and socio-political relations (primitive
forms of division of labor, First stage development of commodity-money relations,
nationalization of public life, the caste nature of social
structures).
The separation of the state from society and the transformation of it and society into
relatively independent phenomena occurred only as a result
bourgeois revolutions and the establishment of the complete dominance of exchange relations
as a means of connecting people into social organisms. Society,
freed from the tyranny of the state and united individual
independent subjects, called civil. Nowadays it
plays the same role that the polis played in antiquity, and the Middle Ages -
estate.
As a result of the development of social relations, the
scientists' views on civil society. At the turn of the XVI-XVII centuries. in the works of N.
Machiavelli, G. Grotius, T. Hobbes, J. Locke, C. Montesquieu, J.-J. Rousseau has already
compliance with civil society was not motivated by everyone, but only
progressive, in their opinion, forms of government based
on a natural-legal, contractual basis. In particular, J. Locke believed
that "absolute monarchy... is incompatible with civil society and,
therefore cannot be a form of civil government at all.”
Machiavelli believed that the best form of state was a mixed one, consisting of
monarchy, aristocracy and democracy, each of which is designed to restrain
and protect others.
Characterizing civil society, I. Kant considered the following to be the main ones:
ideas:
a) a person must create everything on his own and must be responsible
for what was created;
b) the clash of human interests and the need to protect them
are motivating reasons for people’s self-improvement;
c) civil freedom, legally ensured by law, is
a necessary condition for self-improvement, a guarantee of preservation and elevation
human dignity.
These ideas formed the basis of the theory of civil society. Kant,
transferring the concept of antagonism between individuals as a stimulus for their self-development
on relations between states, concludes that for humanity
the greatest problem which nature forces him to solve is
achieving a universal legal civil society.
W. Humboldt, accepting the philosophical teachings of Kant, on specific
examples tried to show the contradictions and differences between civil
society and state. He considered civil society to be:
a) a system of national, public institutions formed by the
individuals;
b) natural and common law;
c) person.
The state, unlike civil society, consists, according to its
opinion:
a) from the system of state institutions;
Society is a certain set of elements that are interconnected and interact with each other. Spheres of public life are interpenetrating and interconnected.
Economic difficulties (economic sphere) give rise to social instability and discontent of various social forces (social sphere) and lead to aggravation of political struggle and instability (political sphere). All this is usually accompanied by apathy, confusion of spirit, but also by spiritual searches and intensive scientific research.
The boundaries between all four spheres of society are easily crossed and transparent. Each sphere is present in one way or another in all the others, but at the same time does not dissolve, does not lose its leading function. The question of the relationship between the main spheres of public life and the allocation of one priority is debatable. There are supporters of the determining role of the economic sphere. They proceed from the fact that material production, which forms the core of economic relations, satisfies the most pressing, primary human needs, without which any other activity is impossible. The spiritual sphere of society's life is singled out as a priority. Proponents of this approach make the following argument: a person’s thoughts, ideas, and ideas are ahead of his practical actions. Major social changes are always preceded by changes in people's consciousness, a transition to other spiritual values. The most compromise of the above approaches is the approach whose adherents argue that each of the four spheres of social life can become decisive in different periods historical development.
conclusions
Spheres of society as parts unified system are inextricably linked; changes in one usually lead to changes in the other.
Despite the fact that, unlike Marxism, the civilizational approach recognizes the equality of all subsystems of society, it is possible to imagine their vertical structure depending on their own role in social life. Thus, the economic sphere plays the role of obtaining means of subsistence, being the foundation of society. The political sphere carries out the function of management and is the top of society.
The social and spiritual spheres are of a cross-cutting universal nature, permeating the entire society and uniting its economic and political components.
Each subsystem closely interacts with the other subsystems of the social system, and this is precisely interaction, and not the unilateral influence of one subsystem on others. The interaction of subsystems is largely the subject of legal regulation, and its basic principles are regulated by constitutional law. Only the interconnection of all subsystems of society ensures its normal existence.
IN modern society necessary and vital are: a) human reproduction; b) creation, storage, distribution and consumption of material assets; c) determination of rights and freedoms, social status of the individual and others social subjects in society; d) reproduction of the spiritual values of society, consciousness and worldview of people, satisfaction of their spiritual needs; e) implementation of policy and power-legal relations.
In accordance with these needs of society, four main spheres (subsystems) of society's life are distinguished: material and production (economic); social; political and spiritual. The concept of “sphere of social life” expresses a type of social organization that has a special purpose, content, patterns and associations of a circle of people, methods and means of functioning, and certain limits of distribution. Spheres of society are interpreted as basic and non-core, large and small. Their presence and number are determined by the specific historical conditions of the development of society and other circumstances
The study of spheres of public life, analysis of their elements shows that this problem has important theoretical and practical significance. The basis for understanding the sphere of social life is a certain side, part or area of social life, relatively independent and structurally formed. The categorical status of the sphere of social life is of a deeper nature. It consists not only in identifying and analyzing a particular sphere, but also in establishing and revealing its connections with other aspects (spheres) of social life, as well as between elements of content.
Spheres (subsystems) of the life of society are areas of human activity necessary for the normal functioning of society (production, scientific, political, family and everyday life, pedagogical, religious, military, etc.), where the creation of material and spiritual benefits occurs, as well as satisfaction subjects' needs. Knowledge of the spheres of life of society, the laws of their functioning and development allows us to see the place and role of a person in them, his living and working conditions, the relationship between the interests of the individual and society, their mutual duties and responsibilities, as well as the immediate and more distant prospects for the development of both society and society. an individual.
The maturity of the development of the main spheres of society's life is ultimately an indicator of the state of the entire society and its capabilities for the further development of production, culture, politics, military affairs, etc. All spheres of life of Russian society are in one way or another connected in their functioning with the life of the Armed Forces. Knowledge and consideration of the specifics of their functioning contribute to the understanding of this relationship and determine the direction of influence on the consciousness of military personnel.
Society is a dynamic system, the various subsystems (spheres) and elements of which are updated and are in changing connections and interactions. A person takes part in different areas of the life of society, since in a certain aspect of his activity he is included in any type of structure of society. The production of material goods determines the social, political, spiritual and other processes of life, which, in turn, are relatively independent areas and affect material life. The structure of society (economic base and superstructure, ethnic communities, classes, social strata and groups, individuals) serves as the basis for distinguishing its spheres of life. Let's look at the main areas.
Under material and production(economic) sphere understands the life activity of a society in which material values (benefits) are reproduced, stored, distributed and consumed, and the material needs of people are satisfied. The material and production sphere is not in all respects identical to material life as the primary level of life of society. It relates to spiritual life as a secondary level. In material life, together with the material and production sphere, the sphere of reproduction of man himself is included as a process of implementing the laws of population, as well as other types of practice. Material life as the primary level of existence of society is social existence.
Material production is decisive, but not the only factor in social development. It creates the need for the functioning of other spheres, which also become factors of historical development. The essence of this process is that material production takes the form of other social relations, and these “non-economic” relations acquire new features and laws in the process of development. They are increasingly moving away from material and economic relations, but at the same time retaining their transformed essence. In its most concentrated form, the essence of basic relations is preserved by politics, and in smallest form- spiritual relationships. Thus, each of the spheres of society’s life acquires relative independence, exerting its influence on the material and production sphere, as well as on each other.
The material and production sphere is the leading cause, condition and prerequisite of the historical process, because people, in order to live, must have material means. It represents a manifestation of necessity and at the same time freedom in society, becoming a kind of vector for other spheres of public life. Other spheres of social life, towering above it, constitute the unity of superstructural activities and social relations.
The main criteria in this area are: the development of tools for working life; mechanization and automation production processes; availability of new technologies; implementation of professional training of subjects in material production; material standard of living of people.
Understanding the processes occurring in a given sphere of social life will allow us to consider its structure, that is, the totality of elements of the sphere and the connections between them. The material and production life of society includes:
– material and production individual labor activity;
– life activity of industrial subjects;
- Agriculture;
– life activities of people in the field of transport, communications and services;
– activities of entities in the field of raw materials and energy resources;
– financial life of society;
– scientific and technological progress in this area;
– functioning of people’s economic consciousness;
– a system of economic relations between people;
– a system of norms of material and production life activity;
The material and production sphere of society's life performs the following functions: reproduction of material goods, economic and organizational, function of integration and differentiation of economic life, managerial, communicative, educational and economic, prognostic, regulatory and others. Indicators in this area are leading assessments of the overall development of the state and determining its place among other countries.
Directly related to material and production social sphere, the content of which is the life activity of people as members of social communities and subjects of relationships, characterizing their position in society from the position of social equality or inequality, justice or injustice, rights and freedoms.
Any society consists of many people who represent more than a simple number of individuals. In this multitude, certain social groups are formed that differ from one another and are in different relationships between themselves and the whole society. Human society in this regard is a complex set of different groups, their connections and interactions, i.e. it is socially structured.
The social sphere of society is connected with the position (status) in society and the development of certain social communities, their interaction, and role in society. This area reflects, for example, the state and characteristics of the existence of ethnic communities, groups (layers) of the population by age, gender, social security, regions, etc., interaction with each other and with society as a whole. It also reveals the laws of social relations, their classification and role in society.
The social sphere, like no other, actualizes the needs and interests of citizens and social communities, the nature and completeness of their satisfaction. It most clearly demonstrates the quality of the implementation of human rights and freedoms, his duties and responsibilities to himself and society.
In the social sphere, population reproduction is carried out. The family, as the initial unit of society, not only ensures the preservation and growth of the population, but also largely determines the socialization of the individual, his education and upbringing. The criterion for the development of the social sphere of society is, first of all, the measure of harmonious improvement and self-expression of the individual. Other criteria are: lifestyle, state of medical and other types of social security, education and upbringing, population growth, etc. The core of social relations is the relationship of equality and inequality according to the position of individuals in society. If there is a shortage of, for example, housing, food, clothing or medicine, the social sphere does not perform such major roles as maintaining people’s health, ensuring the necessary life expectancy, restoring physical strength spent by a person on work, compensating for the costs of psycho-emotional and nervous system etc.
A normally functioning sphere of social relations “continues” material and economic relations to the greatest extent, since it realizes the results of labor activity: the cycle of distribution relations ends, the cycle of public consumption relations continues, and the cycle of individual consumption relations is fully realized. The social sphere itself does not create material wealth. They are created in the production sector. But the social sphere, by organizing the conditions and process of consumption, supports a person in a state of vital activity, restores him as a living productive social and personal force.
A certain position of people in society, the basis of which is the type of their labor activity (worker, entrepreneur, collective farmer, farmer, engineer, military man, poet, artist), is secured by specific legal acts (Constitution, laws, decrees, regulations, orders of state power). When social relations develop on the basis of the coincidence of people's interests, they take on the character cooperation. If the interests of people or social groups do not coincide or they are opposite, then social relations become relationships struggle. And then the most important issue in relations becomes the modernization of government administration, the reorganization of the social system, the change in the position of various classes, nations, and social groups in society. Social relations in this aspect are modified in political relationship.
Political and legal sphere of social life associated with the activities of subjects to reorganize power relations on the basis of law. This is a subsystem of social relations, the content of which is the exercise by a specially created institution (state) of power in society using legal norms and guarantees, and the realization of the interests of citizens in relation to power. The political life of society and the activities of its institutions today are inseparable from law and legal norms, established by the state.
This area arose on the basis of various social communities’ awareness of their political interests and needs related to the conquest of power, the use of power functions, legislative activity and the implementation of laws. Specifics political sphere is also manifested in the fact that the needs of social communities and groups, being meaningful, are expressed in political purposes, ideas and programs and determine the purposefulness of the struggle of social forces for fundamental interests. It includes the system political institutions: state, political parties, other public organizations, unions and movements, as well as law as an institution of society. The totality of the institutions of the political life of a society forms its political organization. The political sphere of society also includes the political and legal consciousness of subjects, political and legal relations, political and legal culture and political activity on the exercise of power in the country.
The main criteria of the political and legal sphere of society are: consistency of state policy with the interests of the country's citizens and the rules of law; the presence and observance of political and legal freedoms; democracy; the rule of law in the political life of the country, etc.
The structure of the political and legal sphere of society is:
– subjects of political and legal relations;
– a set of political and legal institutions of the state;
– functioning of the political and legal consciousness of subjects;
– political and legal activities.
The main functions of the political sphere of society include: power, regulatory and legal, ideological, ensuring the security of society, the individual and the state, communicative, property and distribution, organizational and managerial, controlling and coercive, law-making, etc.
According to availability political regime, the nature and method of interaction between authorities, individuals and society political systems can be divided into totalitarian, authoritarian and democratic.
The main regulator of social relations, along with others, is law, understood as a system of generally binding norms (rules), established and sanctioned by the state, enforced voluntarily or compulsorily. Law as a social phenomenon is characterized by the following features: a) generally binding – the rules of law regulate the behavior of all members of society, they are binding on everyone to whom they are addressed, regardless of the attitude of certain persons towards them; b) formal certainty - the rules of law are established by the state in special acts, accurately and in detail reflect the requirements for behavior, communication and activity of all subjects of society; c) enforcement of legal norms is carried out voluntarily by the subjects and compulsorily by the state (if necessary); d) the rules of law are designed for an unlimited number of cases and facts.
In society, law performs very extensive and diverse functions. Firstly, it consolidates the foundations of the existing system; secondly, it promotes the development of positive social relations; thirdly, it brings a certain order to society and the activities of the state, creates the prerequisites for their purposeful and expedient functioning; fourthly, it acts as a criterion for the lawful and unlawful behavior of people and social communities, and is the basis for the use of measures of state coercion against violators of law and order; fifthly, law plays an educational role, developing in people a sense of justice, legality, goodness, and humanity.
The spiritual sphere of social life is closely connected with the reproduction of individual and social consciousness, with the satisfaction of the spiritual needs of subjects and the development spiritual world person. This is a subsystem, the content of which is the production, storage and distribution of society’s values (science, education, upbringing, art, morality) to regulate the activities of institutions and subjects of spiritual life.
The main criteria for the spiritual sphere of society's life are: the development of individual consciousness; a person’s ability to be aware of himself, his relationship with nature and society; humanistic orientation of the social worldview; state of spiritual values; the degree of their consistency with the needs and interests of the individual and other subjects of society; the state of education, upbringing, science, art; practical implementation of freedom of conscience of citizens.
As subsystems of the spiritual sphere of society's life V philosophical literature highlight: reproduction of individual and social consciousness, personal and social worldview; scientific life; artistic and aesthetic life; educational process; spiritual and moral life; the functioning of religion, free thought and atheism; information life of society. They ensure the formation and development of personality, the preservation and transmission of spiritual values. Spiritual culture is a unique integral indicator of the development of the spiritual sphere of society’s life and other spheres.
Each of the subsystems of the spiritual sphere of society’s life covers certain fragments of the functioning of individual and social consciousness, personal and social worldview. But these subsystems are not limited to functioning consciousness. They also present the active and productive side of spiritual life, i.e. the very activity of subjects in the production, distribution, circulation and consumption of spiritual values. For example, science is not just the sum of special knowledge, it is a set of scientific institutions, a complex process of spiritual production.
Thus, science, ideology and social psychology, education and upbringing, art, religion, morality in society specialized types of spiritual activity. All of them fit into the general system of division of labor, acting as its varieties. This circumstance distinguishes the subsystems of the spiritual sphere of life from the components of social consciousness. In the process of historical development, all areas of the spiritual sphere interact with each other and are mutually enriched.
Main functions of spiritual life societies are: reproduction of individual and social consciousness; creation, storage, distribution and consumption of spiritual values; ideological; methodological; regulatory; communicative; scientific and educational; artistic and aesthetic; educational and educational, etc.
The spheres of society's life, acting as integral entities, are closely interconnected, influence each other, intertwine, complement each other, characterizing the unity of the entire social organism. Connections, existing between spheres, diverse. The most typical are subordination ones. The specificity of these connections is that the spheres of life in society play different roles. For example, it is known that the basis of all types social activities people are represented by the economic sphere. It, in turn, is the main determinant of other spheres: social, political, spiritual. For example, the social sphere determines the political and spiritual, and the political determines the spiritual.
The social sphere of society acts as the first mediating link, where the economic interests of social forces correlate with other interests of these, as well as other social communities.
The emergence and development of the social structure of society is determined by many factors, and primarily economic. Influenced economic activity the interests of subjects, their working and living conditions, health, and leisure are formed and changed. The specific historical system of production relations forms the basis of the economic position of classes, national, professional and other types of social groups. The specific material organization of society determines the nature of the development of social communities and the processes of their interaction.
The specific social potential of a certain type of society also acts as a condition for solving the fundamental problems facing it. But in the social sphere of society, as a rule, just preconditions to transform social communities and individuals into subjects conscious activity. These prerequisites create the basis for the transition from the social to the political existence of social groups, where their activities are connected with power and legal relations. Therefore, the economic and social spheres determined the emergence of the political and legal sphere of society.
Main the determinant of the political and legal sphere of society is political power. Its essence lies in the implementation of the will of citizens directly or through certain institutions (state, etc.) regarding the management of society on the basis of the powers granted by law, the solution of important tasks social development, ensuring the integrity and independence of society (country). The nature of the policies of specific social subjects is determined by their economic and social situation. In a class society, politics primarily reflects correlation of class interests. Social needs are realized through it various categories citizens.
As noted by G.V. Plekhanov, the oppressed classes strive “for political dominance in order to help themselves by changing existing social relations and adapting the social system to the conditions of their own development and well-being.” That is why the political and legal sphere of society is determined by its class structure, class relations, and then the demands of political struggle. Consequently, the political and legal sphere of society differs from other spheres in the greater activity of subjects in power relations. It comprehends, forms and implements the fundamental interests and goals of peoples, ethnic communities, classes and social groups, their relations of cooperation or struggle. The political and legal sphere is also the relationship between states and coalitions of states.
In addition, politics, reflecting economic and social needs from the standpoint of the power interests of specific subjects, develops the starting points of spiritual production, the nature of the distribution and consumption of spiritual values. Political forces influence the formation of ideological views and the nature of the functioning of social psychology, relations in society and its individual institutions, including the armed forces.
In conditions of general dependence on the economy, the development of spheres of society is carried out according to its own laws. Each of them has the opposite effect: spiritual - on political, legal, social and economic; political and legal - social, spiritual and economic; social - economic, political-legal, spiritual. The state of the spiritual sphere of society provides information to the political and legal sphere, puts forward the next tasks for it, and determines the political values that need to be developed in the specific conditions of the development of society. Based on ideas developed in the spiritual sphere of society, people's efforts are aimed at fulfilling certain tasks and programs. And the political and legal sphere influences the nature of social programs, relationships, the quality of implementation of the social needs and interests of nations and social groups, the extent to which the principles of social justice, equality and humanity are implemented in society.
Thus, the social sphere of society, acting as an active force, also influences all aspects of society’s life. Depending on affiliation with one or another social group people develop different attitudes towards property, forms of distribution of material goods, rights and freedoms, way and standard of living. The state of vital activity of the entire society, its stability and sustainability in historical development depend on the harmonious relationships between classes, ethnic communities and social groups.
Society structure
Any structure is a set of elements united by the forms of their interaction. In relation to society, these are people + the forms of their relationships. These relationships can be represented in three dimensions:
Like levels.
Like social groups.
Integral from the point of view of norms and values (like culture, but in a narrower sense).
Levels: In terms of levels, society is presented as a set of roles, positions and functions that people occupy, being included in the collective activities of all humanity. This is the position of the individual within the level, looking outward, as it were:
The leading level is social. It is mutual in the composition of humanity. Inclusion in different social groups.
Material level- a part of nature that is practically included in culture or an object included in the subject. This is a material and energy system of human existence, which consists of: tools of labor - objects of nature combined by man, with the help of which he influences the rest of nature
What it influences.
That which is affected.
Economic level= 1 + 2, i.e. a historically specific way of connecting people with the material conditions of their existence.
Political level– an economic level addressed to the sphere of the subject and presented as a property relationship secured through a relationship of power. The political level can be represented as the sphere of management; at this level the struggle for power occurs.
Spiritual level or the sphere of social cognition, there are also several sublevels:
Social-psychological sublevel, i.e. sphere of mass feelings and moods.
The journalistic sublevel of social consciousness, where the primary understanding of sociocultural reality is made.
The theoretical sphere where the most rational and consistent connection of sociocultural reality is made. This sphere consists of science, art, religion, etc.
The spiritual superstructure of society = 4 + 5.
Social communities– these are groups into which people are united based on the presence of common socially significant characteristics. If the levels are directed outward, then the principle of identifying the community is directed inward, i.e. it is a way of internal interaction between people. Social communities are extremely diverse, because there are countless principles that introduce the same people into different social groups. For example: classes, nations, professional groups, family, pensioners, territorial entities (population), political entities (electorate), small groups (interest groups).
Ethnic groups(nations). Unique social groups that arise and develop historically. But they are fixed genetically, i.e. biologically.
Nation- a complex social organism that represents a unity of socio-economic and ethnic traits. This is a stable historical community of people, formed on the basis of a common economic life of people combined with a common territory, language, cultural characteristics, consciousness and psychological make-up.
Ethnic group- one of the characteristics of a person, along with the time of his existence in culture in relation to a specific social group, etc.
The primary principle of the formation of an ethnos is opposition on the principle of “us - them”. Subsequently, as culture develops in an ethnos, 3 groups of characteristics are determined that determine its specificity:
National character (ethnic psychology).
National identity.
National character is a set of ideal ideas and real behaviors determined by the common psychological make-up of the people.
National character is not inherited genetically, but is formed socio-historically, for example: the Germans, who today are considered neat and punctual people, back in the 19th century. were considered a nation of romantics and poets. The national character of modern Germans is the result of the industrial revolution, the same difference in the character of West and East Germans that arose over the course of 50 years.
Self-awareness of the ethnic group- a way to distinguish it from others. Self-awareness manifests itself only when an ethnos has passed a certain path of historical development. At the level of historical zero, this does not have a self-name and coincides with the concept of people, Chukchi - people. The important thing is that the ethnic group calls itself, for example: a Russian in Turkey calls himself a Cossack, and in Finland - a Viennese. For the productive existence of an ethnic group, contact with other ethnic groups is necessary, i.e. exchange of collective experience and culture. It is thanks to contacts that an ethnic group goes through a historical path of development - a tribe, a primitive communal system. Ethnic diversity is a condition for the productive and future existence of humanity.
Classes- a social community that is distinguished according to economic principles. Classes come to the first leading place in the existence of society only in the theory of capitalism, when the economic property principle becomes leading. National and professional groups dominate.
By classes large groups of people are called, differing in their place in a historically defined system of social production, in their relationship to the means of production, in their role in the social organization of labor, and, consequently, in the methods of obtaining and the size of the share of social wealth that they have. Classes are groups of people from which one can appropriate the labor of another, due to the difference in their place in a certain structure of the social economy.
Class theory is expressed in two versions:
In the Marxist version the main class-formative principle is the economic relations of people in the form of people’s relationship to the means of production, which is fixed as a form of ownership.
Classes are large groups of people who differ in their place, historically specific economic system, in their relationship to forms of ownership and, in their role in the system of division of labor and in the amount of social wealth received (V.I. Lenin).
According to the Marxist version, classes are united in opposition, antagonistic into subclasses - slaves, slave owners, feudal serfs, hired workers - capitalists.
In the bourgeois-liberal version The main class-exemplary principle is the economic factor, but not in the form of property relations, but in the form of the level of monetary income.
There are 3 main classes 0.25 - 1% of the population:
Highest – 20% (in developed Western countries).
Average – 60 – 70% (millionaires and political elite managers, civil servants, middle and petty bourgeoisie who can live off their labor)
The lowest - 20 - 30% (those whose income does not allow them to rise above the subsistence level). In Russia the ratio is the opposite; some sociologists claim that the middle class numbers no more than 10%.
Culture. Culture is an integrated characteristic of society from a structural point of view. In this aspect, new components are identified in the existence of society.
The extra-scientific generally accepted concepts of “society” and “culture” coincide: this is what radically distinguishes man from nature. Society is not nature, a concept that characterizes the radical difference in natural processes in human life. In this case, society as culture refers to all the changes that occur in nature under the influence of humans.
However, there is a difference between the concepts of society and culture:
Society is the social interaction of people, which is presented as the reality of the current day, i.e. culture in the present. Culture itself is the collective experience of humanity in the past, present and future. Therefore, these 2 aspects are studied in different sciences: society is studied by sociology, and culture by philosophy.
From a philosophical point of view, human culture appears to be two essential components:
Tool culture, i.e. technology, tools, methods of human influence on nature. This is the so-called material, technical culture or second artificial nature.
Social culture is the ways in which people influence each other, represented by different forms of communication. Here they distinguish: natural speech (language), images of art, science, management, law and morality.
If tool culture is directed, as it were, outward, from the world of people to the world of nature, then social culture is directed inward into the sphere of interhuman interaction.
Culture is a specific human way of being in the world. Animals do not create culture and are not expressed in it, since, as it were, they carry tools of labor on themselves in the form of innate adaptations (teeth, claws, wool, etc.), external, artificially combined objects of nature, thus transformed into tools of labor. Therefore, people are able to carry out their life activities only together with other people, collectively. However, collections of animals in humans are added to learning, i.e. a process of communication in which human individuals acquire collectively developed ways of marking tools. Therefore, human tools achieve a new quality of control compared to animals: animals can use artificial tools, but not ways to transfer this power to others
Therefore, the universal human component in culture is the leading one. Culture, i.e. people live in reproduction – i.e. transfer of collective experience. In the course of history, 3 forms of such transmission have developed:
The oldest form is from the viewer to the middle according to the formula “Do as I do.”
The transfer of experience is not direct, but with the help of the principles of prescriptions and prohibitions (traditions), according to the formula “Do this.”
In the form of ideals, laws and values, according to the formula “This is truth, goodness, truth.”
It is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of culture and civilization. Most modern researchers agree that civilization is the technological material basis of culture, on which spiritual culture is built according to its own laws.