Borrowed words online. How to distinguish borrowed words in Russian: examples of foreign language expressions

There are adopted words in absolutely every language in the world. They come whenever countries interact. This article will help you understand what borrowed words are and how to distinguish between them.

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Dictionary of loanwords

Borrowed words in Russian appear in relationships with representatives of other countries and nationalities, and in this way speech is supplemented and improved. Borrowed vocabulary appears when an important concept is missing.

Borrowing words from other languages ​​significantly complements the speech in which they are included, makes people closer to each other, and it becomes easier to understand foreigners who use international terms in their speech.

The dictionary of borrowed words contains adopted words that came into Russian at different time periods. Meaning they are revealed very fully, the etymology is explained. Find necessary word You can use the first letter, as in a regular glossary.

Words borrowed from other languages

Foreign words that came through adoption behave differently. Some take root, become part of speech, changing according to all the rules of the Russian dialect (for example, sandwich), while others do not change, are used in their original state (a striking example is the word sushi).

Borrowed words divided into Slavic and non-Slavic. For example, Slavic dialects - Czech, Ukrainian, Old Church Slavonic, Polish, etc. Non-Slavic - Finno-Ugric, Germanic, Scandinavian, Turkic, etc.

List of foreign words in Russian

Most borrowed words are simply forced to change according to all the rules of the Russian dialect: phonetically, semantically and morphologically. But over time, such terms become so firmly established in everyday life that most simply cease to be regarded as foreign. For example, words “school”, “sugar”, “activist”, “bathhouse”, “artel” and others were originally introduced into Russian from other dialects, only now they are accepted as Russian.

Attention! Borrowed from others adverbs, words can change radically: some change only the endings, others can change gender, others even change their meaning.

Consider the words conservatory, conservator, canned food.

At first glance, their meanings are completely different, even these three expressions came from completely different countries, but they have something in common, something that even at first glance catches your eye - they are similar in spelling.

This is explained very simply. They came to our dialect from Italian, French and Latin. And from their side came one term from Latin, meaning “to preserve.”

Important! To correctly determine the lexical meaning of any word, you need to find out where it was brought from.

If you are not sure whether an expression comes from other languages ​​or is originally Russian, dictionaries come to the rescue, where not only the meaning is explained, but also its origin.

For clarity, below are examples of borrowed words in Russian:

Foreign words

You can often hear the phrase foreign word. What are foreign words?, what are they?

Foreign words are terms adopted from other dialects. The introduction of borrowed words occurs in two ways: through conversation and through literature. This is a natural process during the interaction of two different languages and cultures.

There are a number of differences that can be used to determine How do native Russian words differ from borrowed ones?.

The first sign is phonetic:

1. Starts with the letter a. It is easy to distinguish them, since truly Russian expressions begin with the letter a extremely rarely. They begin with just an interjection, imitation of sounds and their derivatives.
2. Original Russian words do not have the letter e at their roots; this is typical for adopted terms. Exceptions are , interjections and those formed from adopted words.
3. Letter f. Exceptions are imitation of sounds, interjections, the word owl.
4. Several vowels in the root of a word indicate borrowed words in Russian.
5. Consonant combinations“kg”, “kd”, “gb” and “kz” in the roots of words.
6. Combinations of "ge", "ke" and "he" at the root. Original Russian words have these combinations only in the stem-ending combination.
7. Combinations of “vu”, “mu”, “kyu” and “bu” at the root.
8. Double consonants in the root.
9. The hard sound of a consonant before the vowel e, read as e.
10. Words, starting with letter e.

The second sign is morphological:

1. Nouns that are not inflected.
2. Invariability of gender and number of nouns.

The third feature is word formation:

1. Prefixes of foreign origin.
2. Suffixes of foreign origin.
3. Roots such as aqua-, geo-, marine-, grapho-, etc.

To summarize, it should be noted that native Russian and borrowed words easy to distinguish, just paying attention to the above signs.

Borrowed vocabulary

What exactly is borrowed? These are expressions that have entered speech from other languages ​​due to external (political, commercial, general cultural relations, definitions of concepts, objects) and internal (law of conservation of verbal means, enrichment of language, popular term) reasons.

Let's consider examples of borrowed words and their meaning.

Examples of English words

List foreign words In russian language we can continue endlessly. By finding out from which language the word came into speech, you can trace how the interaction between countries took place.

Examples of native Russian and borrowed words in the science of lexicology are strictly distributed by origin.

There are many glossaries that explain what foreign language terms are. They explain from what language came this or that expression. It also contains sentences with borrowed words from all centuries. After a long time, many expressions began to be perceived as originally Russian.

Now the most famous dictionary is the “School Dictionary foreign words» by V.V. Ivanova. It describes which language which word came from, what it means, examples of use. This is one of the most comprehensive glossaries, covering the most basic concepts of the most commonly used terms.

Examples of loanwords

Are borrowed words necessary?

Conclusion

Find out from which language this or that word came, quite simply, once you understand its original meaning. The dictionary gives whole list expressions, while it is constantly updated. The history of terms and their origin can tell a lot, you just have to look up the word in the glossary.

Examples of borrowed words: guest worker, motel, confetti, Olivier, jam, latte, bulldozer. For more examples, see L.P.’s dictionaries of foreign words. Krysina, N.G. Komleva.

Borrowing words

The reasons for borrowing words from other languages ​​are related to technical and technological progress - the emergence in the world of new technologies, inventions, objects, concepts for which there are no words in the Russian language.

When borrowing, foreign words undergo phonetic, morphological, morphemic and semantic changes. This is due to the “adjustment” of borrowed words to the established features and rules in the Russian language. Individual authors school textbooks In the Russian language, the concepts of borrowed and foreign words are separated. If a borrowed word comes into the vocabulary of the Russian language with changes, then the foreign word undergoes almost no changes, retaining its original phonetic, morphological and other features.

There are a lot of borrowed words in the modern Russian language. Most of them are strongly rooted in the Russian language, and for modern native speakers the words are perceived as originally Russian. Their real origin is revealed by etymological analysis.

The process of borrowing words began in the Old Russian language and is currently happening. Words were borrowed from Latin, Finno-Ugric, Greek, Turkic, Polish, Dutch, German, French, English languages. People's names were borrowed geographical names, names of months, church terms. Some borrowed words have become obsolete: blubber, berkovets, tiun, grid, golbets and others.

Borrowing morphemes

Not only whole words are borrowed into the Russian language, but also parts of words (morphemes), which influence word formation and give birth to new words. Let's list some foreign prefixes and foreign suffixes, and give examples of words for each item.

Borrowing consoles

• a- - immoral, amorphous, apolitical, arrhythmia, anonymous, apathy, atheist.
• anti- - antiworld, anticyclone, antithesis.
• arch- - arch-important, arch-millionaire, archbishop.
• pan-pan-American, pan-Slavism, pan-epidemic.
• de- - degerization, degradation, decomposition, dismantling, demobilization, demotivation.
• disinfection, disorientation, disorganization.
• dis- - disharmony, disqualification, disproportion, dysfunction.
• dis- - disassociation, disjunction.
• counter-counterattack, countermarch, counteroffensive, counterrevolution, counterattack.
• trans- - transatlantic, trans-European, trans-regional.
• ultra- - ultrasonic, ultrashort, ultra-left, ultra-right, ultra-fashionable.
• and others...

Borrowing suffixes

• -ism - anarchism, collectivism, communism.
• East - scuba diver, careerist, machinist, parachutist.
• -izir- - militarize, mechanize, fantasize.
• -er- - poacher, gentleman, trainee, suitor.
• and others...

Borrowing foreign words contributes to the development of the language. Borrowing is associated with close communication between the peoples of the world, a developed communication system, the presence of international professional communities, etc.

The wealth and power of the Russian language only grows stronger over time. Foreign words are an active source of replenishment. They came and come from other nations, like everything else. On modern stage There is an increasing merging of cultures, this is reflected in all spheres of human activity. Thus, traveling, people adopt different traditions from each other, culinary recipes, demeanor and much more. This could not but affect the Russian language. The Internet speeds up the process of sharing experience, thanks to which an online dictionary of foreign words is available.

This manual contains words of foreign language origin. Its main task is to give short definition and explanation of terms. It contains foreign words used in Russian. They appear in various publications. For example, in fiction, scientific journalism, technical, political literature. Some of the words are part of the international vocabulary fund. Using a dictionary of foreign words online is very convenient thanks to the available functionality.

Moreover, for every word, in addition to brief description, its origin is indicated, whether Latin or French. And next to it is written the word in its original version. As additional information Below are links to authoritative sources: dictionaries of Ozhegov, Ushakov, BES and others. This makes it possible to get a complete picture of an unfamiliar term. Using such a school dictionary of foreign words online, children will be able to get necessary knowledge. For quick searching, the words are arranged in alphabetical order. This option is one of the most accessible and generally accepted dictionary bases. This eBook serves as a valuable source of information. And most importantly, you can look through the dictionary of foreign words online for free.

The book itself is intended for a wide audience. It can serve as a useful guide for philologists, journalists, teachers, linguists and anyone interested in words and their etymology. People whose activities are directly related to the Russian language simply need to constantly replenish their vocabulary reserves. Progress in the technological and scientific spheres entails an update in terminology. Thanks to this, the dictionary smart words is constantly updated with new definitions. To establish yourself as a true professional and be competent in many issues, it is better to study them immediately. There is another positive point. Constantly reading the dictionary allows you to increase your knowledge. So, being in any society, for a short time you can gain a reputation as an intelligent and erudite person.

Indeed, in our time, a lot of words have appeared that were taken from other nations, but I don’t see anything wrong with this, since this makes it possible to further expand our vocabulary, which helps us communicate with anyone and in any way. Of course, it’s better when you know all your native words and don’t resort to replacing them with a foreign word, but modern society He probably can’t do it any other way and it has become a habit. I don’t know if anything needs to be changed, so far everyone seems happy. Nikita23

There are a lot of foreign words in the Russian language. There are words that came to us from another language, but we no longer notice them and consider them our own, because they were firmly absorbed by their roots into our Russian speech many years ago. Basically, words of foreign origin are technical names or objects that were not invented in Russia, the names of medicines, etc. The online dictionary of foreign words shows the variety of borrowed words. It is quite interesting to dive into the history of the origin of foreign words. I believe that borrowing words entails an exchange of culture and enriches the language, but Belinsky had a different view on this, he believed that using a foreign word when there is an equivalent Russian word means offending common sense and sound taste. Elena Helen

Foreign borrowing of words occurs in all languages ​​of the world, and our language is no exception. The process of borrowing can rightfully be called a completely natural exchange vocabulary among the countries of the world, moreover, it is virtually impossible to prevent it, because in the conditions of modern reality, ties between states are only growing, which inevitably entails the flow of certain parts from one language to another. All that remains is to watch with pleasure how the standard school dictionary of foreign words is filled with more and more new expressions, the exact translations of which are sometimes not found in the Russian language and which are increasingly fitting into youth slang. Contrary to conflicting opinions and condemnations from the older generation, the process of borrowing can also be called useful: it is what introduces a foreign culture and prevents possible contradictions. In view of this, we should not at all worry too much about the integrity of the Russian language, which unshakably remains rich and the only native language for us. DictionaryOnline

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Dictionary of foreign words

Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .

See what a “dictionary of foreign words” is in other dictionaries:

dictionary of foreign words- 1. A dictionary containing words of foreign origin, more or less special, and their explanation. 2. A dictionary that contains a list of words of foreign origin, their interpretations and sometimes etymology... Explanatory translation dictionary

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dictionary of foreign words- Lexicographic publication explaining the meaning of foreign words used in different functional styles … Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

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Included in the Russian language, a valuable source for studying the ideology of the Petrashevites. The publication of a reference book explaining the terms of journalism, undertaken by officer N. S. Kirilov, was used by the Petrashevites to promote democratic politics. and materialistic ideas... Soviet historical encyclopedia

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Books

• Dictionary of foreign words. The Dictionary of Foreign Words provides interpretations of words of foreign origin that are often found in common use. Contains about 5000 words...
• Dictionary of foreign words. Real short dictionary foreign words has the purpose (unlike encyclopedic reference books and political dictionaries) to give only a brief explanation of fishing of foreign origin, ...