The importance of the sugar industry in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, BSE. Features of the sugar industry in the food industry

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Sugar industry in Russia

Student work

Makarova Lyubov

Groups No. 231

1. General information

Literature

1. General information

Sugar industry -- industry Food Industry, specializing in the production of white granulated sugar from sugar beets or sugar cane. The sugar industry also includes enterprises producing refined sugar from granulated sugar.

At a sugar factory in Bois Rouge, Reunion

The production of sugar from sugar cane has been known since ancient times. Sugar production on an industrial scale began in the 16th century in India.

In Russia sugar industry began to develop from the beginning of the 18th century. The first refinery sugar plant, using imported raw cane sugar, was launched in St. Petersburg in 1719. The production of sugar from sugar beets began in Russia and Germany in early XIX century. The first refinery sugar plant that produced products on an industrial scale was created in 1802 in the village of Alyabyev, Chernsky district, Tula province (now Alyabyevsky rural settlement, Mtsensk district, Oryol region) by the partners of E.I. Blankennagel and Ya.S. Esipov. The Russian sugar industry was different high level development of production, the main enterprises were concentrated in the ownership of several large companies. Before World War I, Russia produced large volumes of beet sugar, ranking 2nd in the world (after Germany).

Soviet period

In the years Civil War The sugar industry, like other sectors of the economy, was largely destroyed. After the end of the war, reconstruction began and active development sugar industry, which allowed the USSR to take first place in the world in the production of beet sugar already in the mid-30s of the 20th century. During the Great Patriotic War The sugar industry again suffered great damage, but was quickly restored in the post-war years.

Domino Sugar Refinery in Brooklyn

By the mid-70s of the 20th century, the number of sugar factories increased significantly. In 1975, there were 318 beet sugar factories with a total beet processing capacity of 697 thousand tons per day, 14 independent sugar refineries and 12 refinery departments at beet sugar factories with a total capacity of 9.3 thousand tons of refined sugar production per day. In addition to the traditional areas where the sugar industry is located, such as Ukraine, sugar factories have appeared in other regions, in particular, in Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and the Transcaucasian republics. In Ukraine, the largest enterprises in the sugar industry in the mid-70s of the 20th century were: beet sugar factories - Lokhvitsky (Poltava region) and Pervomaisky (Nikolaev region); refined sugar - Krasnozvezdinsky (Sumy) and Odessa.

Production Features

Sugar production refers to continuous-flow mechanized production with a high level of automation of the main processes.

A peculiarity of the territorial location of sugar factories is their strict connection to the areas sown with sugar beets, since transporting beets over any significant distance is economically ineffective. In some cases, sugar factories have their own cultivated areas located directly near the enterprise. Waste from the sugar industry (bagasse, molasses (molasses), defecation dirt) can be used as fertilizer, and in some cases, as feed for livestock.

2. Technological features of sugar production

Sugar beets enter the plant via a hydraulic conveyor, on which traps are installed to separate light and heavy impurities. Using a beet pump, the beets are fed into the beet washer, where they are washed from the soil. The washed beets are raised by an elevator to a height of approximately 20 m to an automatic scale so that they can then move by gravity and thereby reduce the number of transport mechanisms. The weighed beets are then crushed into chips and sent to beet cutters. The resulting chips are sent to a diffusion apparatus, in which sugar is released from the chips by diffusion. The black diffusion juice obtained in the diffusion apparatus, containing approximately 13% sugar and non-sugars transferred into the juice, is sent for purification.

First, it is treated with lime (milk of lime). (This process is called defecation.) With this treatment Substantial part non-sugars, primarily organic, precipitate. The defecated juice is then treated with CO2 (saturation gas). The process of processing CO2 is called saturation. During the saturation process, calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is formed, which adsorbs non-sugars and precipitates. This precipitate is separated by filtration. The filtrate, the so-called carbonated juice, contains approximately 13% sugar and is light yellow in color.

The carbonated juice is treated with SO2 (sulfitized) to reduce color and then concentrated in an evaporator to produce a syrup containing approximately 60% sugar.

Sugar is crystallized from the syrup in vacuum devices, producing massecuite, which is a mixture consisting of approximately 50% sugar crystals and 50% sugar solution.

The massecuite is sent to centrifuges, where crystalline sugar is separated from it and a sugar solution (drain) is obtained. When whitening sugar with water, two edemas are obtained. Crystalline sugar is dried in dryers to obtain granulated sugar.

To extract sugar from the effluent, it is again boiled in a vacuum apparatus, obtaining massecuite II. When separating massecuite II in centrifuges, yellow sugar I and edema II are obtained. Otka II is boiled down and massecuite III is obtained, when separated, yellow sugar II and molasses are obtained.

Yellow sugars are dissolved (cleaned) and re-crystallized in vacuum devices to obtain higher quality sugar.

Molasses contains approximately 50% sugar and is not subject to further desaccharification. It is used as a raw material for the production of alcohol, yeast, citric, lactic and other food acids, as well as animal feed.

By-products of sugar production are desugared chips (pulp) and filter cake. Sugar-free chips contain 0.3-0.5% sugar. It is pressed to a dry matter content of approximately 20% and used as animal feed. Filtration sludge is used as fertilizer.

Technological support for sugar production

The main objectives of technological support are:

Ensuring technology stability in established production;

Ensuring certification requirements for product and production quality systems in terms of technology.

1. Ensuring the stability of sugar production technology

Activities aimed at increasing the level of stability of sugar production are outlined in the documents “Strategy for the Development of the Food and Processing Industry Russian Federation for the period until 2020" (approved by order of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 17, 2012 No. 559-r) and the industry target program "Development of the beet sugar subcomplex of Russia for 2013-2015".

The documents provide integrated development sugar industry, taking into account the development of the main areas of agricultural production.

Priorities of two levels are identified - medium-term and long-term.

The priorities for the medium term are:

In the field of production:

Development of the raw material base - sugar beet production;

Carrying out technical re-equipment of sugar factories with the introduction of modern achievements of scientific and technological progress to reduce energy consumption, reduce harmful emissions in environment and increasing the profitability and competitiveness of manufactured products in the domestic and foreign markets;

IN social sphere- increasing motivation for highly productive work and preserving labor resources;

IN economic sphere- increased profitability of sugar factories as the main condition for the transition to an innovative development model;

In the institutional sphere - the development of competition, cooperation, integration ties and the formation of product subcomplexes, territorial clusters, the introduction of new technical regulations and standards;

In the field of scientific and personnel support, the formation of an innovative core of the sugar industry is the most important condition.

Long-term priorities are:

Development of import substitution in the sugar industry;

Transition of the sugar industry to resource-saving technologies that ensure waste-free production and production with minimal impact on the environment;

Production of environmentally friendly types of sugar;

Environmental safety of sugar products;

Increasing sugar exports as the domestic market becomes saturated.

Main systemic problems of the sugar industry

The main system problems are:

Lack of production and procurement of sugar beets with certain quality characteristics for processing;

Moral and physical deterioration main technological equipment, lack of production capacity;

Insufficient level of competitiveness Russian manufacturers sugar in the domestic and foreign food markets;

Poor infrastructure for storage, transportation and logistics;

Insufficient compliance with environmental requirements in industrial areas of sugar factories.

Solving the main systemic problems of the sugar industry and indicators of its development

In the project's boundaries state program For 2013-2020, it is planned to increase production:

Sugar beets - up to 42 million tons;

Sugar from sugar beets - up to 5.4 million tons.

This will require attracting investments in 2013-2020 for the development of the sugar industry in the amount of 136.7 billion rubles.

By 2020 it is planned to increase the share Russian production(taking into account carryover stocks): sugar - up to 96.7 percent in the total volume (in this case, the share of sugar produced from sugar beets in the total volume of its production will be 91.5 percent).

The implementation of measures aimed at reducing harmful emissions into the environment and protecting surface and ground waters from pollution, reducing the consumption of river and artesian water for technological needs is envisaged during the reconstruction, technical re-equipment of sugar factories and new construction.

Introduction of circulating water supply systems for purification Wastewater at sugar industry enterprises will free up land plots occupied treatment facilities, to restart agricultural production.

To strengthen the vector of innovative development in the sugar industry, it is planned to use a new mechanism using a technological platform. A technological platform combining the efforts of business, government and science will help solve food security problems. It is expected that molasses will be used more efficiently for the production of energy resources, which will increase the efficiency of sugar production and reduce the harmful impact on the environment.

By 2020, the issues of reducing the anthropogenic load on the environment in the areas where sugar factories are located must be resolved.

Achieving the set goal should be based on solving organizational and technical problems.

Organizational tasks include:

Formation of the system environmental control and presentation of information;

Introduction of environmental management;

Inventory of pollutant emissions during the operation of technological equipment.

Technical challenges include:

Introduction of technologies using modern energy-saving solutions and equipment that ensure comprehensive processing of sugar beets and reduce the anthropogenic impact on the environment;

Introduction of fundamentally new water recycling schemes with maximum return of water to production.

Characteristics of the beet sugar subcomplex

Russia's annual demand for sugar is 5.4-5.6 million tons. The resources of this product consist of domestic sugar production in the amount of 3.1-3.3 million tons and imports of raw sugar in the amount of 2.1-2.3 million tons. refined sugar beets cane

The production capacity of existing sugar factories amounts to 305 thousand tons of beet processing per day and allows the processing of 28-29 million tons of sugar beets within the standard time frame, producing up to 4.2 million tons of sugar, over 1 million tons of molasses, 20 million tons pulp, including up to 450 thousand tons of dried beet pulp.

Industry development goals include:

Ensuring food security regarding sugar;

Improving production efficiency and increasing the competitiveness of the sugar industry.

To achieve these goals, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

Reconstruction and technical re-equipment of sugar factories based on innovative technologies and modern resource-saving equipment and bringing the overall level of production capacity to 406 thousand tons of beet processing per day;

Reducing energy and water consumption, reducing the consumption of equivalent fuel to 4.2 percent by weight of beets, including through the commissioning of biogas production plants based on the use of beet sugar production waste;

Implementation modern technologies on deep processing of sugar production by-products in order to increase the efficiency of its utilization and production of import-substituting products - amino acids and pectin;

Construction of new, reconstruction and modernization of existing storage facilities for finished and by-products of sugar production, ensuring an increase in storage capacity of at least 600 thousand tons of sugar, 500 thousand tons of dried pulp and 400 thousand tons of beet molasses;

An increase in domestic consumption of dried beet pulp and molasses, which are valuable feed additives for livestock farming and the basis for the production of baker’s yeast,

Citric acid, as well as raw materials for the production of products in the food and processing, chemical and pharmaceutical industries;

Taking measures to stimulate the export of main and by-products of sugar production.

The rapid development of the raw material base in relation to the increase in production capacity in the beet-sugar subcomplex in the near future may become a limiting factor in increasing the volume of sugar from sugar beets. The implementation of the Strategy for the medium term (2013-2016) provides for the construction of 5 sugar factories, as well as the reconstruction of 32 sugar factories.

The total investment volume will be 75,300 million rubles, of which own funds organizations - 22,590 million rubles, borrowed funds - 52,710 million rubles.

Modernization of the sugar industry will increase sugar production, involve secondary resources into economic circulation to create a feed base for livestock, and reduce the specific energy consumption for processing 1 ton of sugar beet to 4.2 percent of fuel equivalent. As a result, by the end of 2016, the volume of sugar production from Russian raw materials - sugar beets - will be increased to 4.7 million tons.

Scientific support for the development of the sugar industry

The successful implementation of the objectives set in the Strategy depends on ensuring the sustainable development of the food and processing industry based on knowledge-intensive approaches and innovative solutions.

The main directions in this area are:

· development of fundamentally new technologies and equipment that provide deep, complex, energy- and resource-saving processing of agricultural raw materials based on modern physical-chemical and electrophysical methods (including membrane methods, ion-exchange purification of sugar solutions, continuous boiling of massecuite, molasses deshugarization, utilization of all filter cake) to create environmentally friendly production.

In the sugar sector, it is planned to further reduce the volume of raw sugar processing (in 2020 compared to 2007 - about 64%) and, accordingly, a significant increase in the production of domestic beet sugar (about 129%).

The share of sugar imports in resources will decrease from 39% in 2007 to 20% in 2020.

2. Ensuring the requirements for certification of quality systems for sugar products and sugar production in terms of technology

Sugar certification is carried out by a certification body based on an application from a sugar factory. Depending on the chosen certification scheme, an analysis of the state of production, its certification or certification of the quality system is carried out. When certifying granulated sugar, control over the quality of incoming raw materials (sugar beets, raw sugar) and the quality of finished products is usually checked.

The Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated April 29, 2002 approved a new list of goods subject to mandatory certification and a list of products whose compliance can be confirmed by the manufacturer’s declaration of conformity.

The latter includes granulated sugar, refined sugar and feed products from the sugar industry. The manufacturer's declaration is subject to registration with the certification body, after which it has legal force on a par with the certificate of conformity and serves as the basis for the manufacturer to mark these products with a conformity mark.

3. Analysis of production in Russia

The traditional sugar crop for our country is sugar beets. After harvesting, the roots of this plant are cut into slices and soaked in hot water. The sugar they contain (each root vegetable contains approximately 14 teaspoons of granulated sugar) goes into solution, which is then evaporated, as a result the sugar begins to crystallize and lump sugar is obtained. When it is crushed, granulated sugar is obtained.

According to Soyuzrossakhar, the average indicators for the growth of sugar beets in beet-growing farms as of May 1 of this year. significantly higher than last year's level. According to Soyuzrossakhar experts, taking into account the investments made in the processing capacities of Russian sugar factories, the expected volume of beet sugar production from the 2012 sugar beet harvest is more than 5 million tons. In the current 2013, the capacity of Russian sugar factories will increase by 5%, and therefore the period of sugar beet processing may be reduced by a month, which will reduce unreasonable losses of beet mass and sugar.

Sugar production in Russia in the forecast for 2012/2013 fell by 11.81% to 4,850 thousand tons compared to the 2011/2012 season. According to Soyuzrossakhar, as of January 18, 2013, 20 sugar factories out of 78 operate in Russia. Due to the insufficient development of the industry and the absence of cane sugar production as such, Russia is forced to work on some imported raw materials. Balance Russian market sugar is presented in the table. Dynamics of the Russian sugar market, thousand tons.

Thus, the table shows that sugar imports are decreasing every year, despite the growth in indicators in the period from 2009 to 2011; in the period from 2011-2012, imports amounted to only 750 thousand tons, while exports, on the contrary, are increasing: recent years In 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 it increased from 17 thousand tons to 300 thousand tons. Nevertheless, sugar consumption by the population maintains stable dynamics throughout the period under review, averaging 5,500 thousand tons. Raw sugar predominates in Russian sugar imports, its share in the structure of imports in in kind reaches 90%. The remaining part of imports is other sugar, these are products for final consumption that are not used in the manufacturing industry and are ready for retail sale to the public.

Imports of raw sugar into the Russian Federation in January-March 2013 amounted to 198 thousand tons, the main supplier of raw sugar was Brazil, the volume of which was 78%. In 2012, during the same first three months, only 54 thousand tons of raw sugar were imported. In second place, but with a very large lag, is Belarus. Sugar imports into Russia at the end of 2012 amounted to 220 thousand tons, which is 23% more than the corresponding period last year.

Thailand closes the top three countries in the supply of sugar to Russia. According to forecasts, in 2013 Thailand will be able to export 7 million. tons of sugar, 12.7 thousand tons of Thai raw sugar arrived in Vladivostok, which significantly exceeds last year’s volumes and is associated with significant reserves of beet sugar and the emerging trend of rising world sugar prices. Thanks to the expected increase in import duties on raw sugar, imports were quite active at the beginning of this year. For the first time in many years, in 2011, Russia became an exporter of sugar. At the end of November 2011, it was noted that the record harvest and domestic production would make it possible to export up to 200 thousand tons of white sugar obtained from Russian raw materials in 2011-2012. Although just a few years ago Russia was considered the largest importer of raw sugar from cane. Russian companies Already today, the markets of the CIS countries have practically been flooded with sugar, but exporting it to non-CIS countries is very difficult due to the lack of logistics. Russia exports its sugar mainly to the Republic of Kazakhstan, whose share in total exports amounted to 61.4%.

The volume of exports to other CIS countries is significantly lower: Tajikistan - 15.1%; Kyrgyzstan - 6.5%; Uzbekistan - 6.4%; Turkmenistan - 6.2%, as well as Georgia - 0.7%. In addition to the traditional sales markets of Russia in Kazakhstan, countries former USSR, at the end of 2012, new directions for Russian sugar exports appeared to Syria (via Odessa) and Montenegro. In addition, small quantities of powdered sugar, pressed sugar, sugar in small packages and special types of sugar are supplied to the following countries: Germany, Israel, India, China, North Korea, Mexico, Panama, USA, Thailand, Japan, etc. Let’s take a closer look at the domestic market sugar production in the Russian Federation.

There are about 44 sugar factories in the Russian Federation in 2012, up from 80 in 2010, which are located predominantly:

Southern Federal District;

Central black earth region;

Volga and Ural districts.

The sugar production market is moderately concentrated and competitive. There are no economic entities occupying a dominant position. The main sugar producers in the Russian Federation are:

Sukden Group of Companies;

· Group of companies "Razgulay";

· Group of companies "Dominant";

· Group of companies "Rusagro";

· Group of companies "Prodimex".

The largest share in the total volume of sugar production in the Russian Federation in 2013 belongs to the Prodimex Group of Companies, which amounts to 18.4%. The production of beet sugar in the Russian Federation this season is estimated at about 4.8 million tons, compared to 5.04 million tons a year earlier.

According to Rosstat, beet sugar production in 2012 amounted to 4.9 million tons, which is 3% more than in 2011, Interfax reported. According to Rosstat, in 2012, 43.4 million tons of sugar beets were harvested in Russia and 4.9 million tons of beet sugar were produced. At the moment, the number of sugar factories in the Russian Federation is 44 operating, while in 2010 there were 80.

The main raw materials for sugar production are raw sugar and sugar beets. Since the domestic sugar market has entered a saturation stage and its further growth will only be associated overall growth consumer prices, but not the volume of consumption, the capacity of the considered market for sugar packaging services in physical terms will also stabilize in the medium term.

Literature

1. Directory "Sugar Business of Russia 2004"

2. I.F. Bugaenko - "Fundamentals of sugar production"

3. I.F. Bugaenko - "Principles of efficient sugar production"

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The raw materials for sugar production are sugar cane and sugar beets. Every year the USSR produces about 8-8.5 million tons of granulated sugar from sugar beets and about 3.5 million tons from raw cane sugar obtained from the Republic of Cuba.

Sugar cane. (Arundo saccharifera). This plant belongs to the cereal family and is cultivated in the Republic of Cuba, Mexico, India, Australia and other countries with hot climates. Sugar, which is predominantly sucrose, is found in sugarcane juice. Reed stems reach a height of up to 4 m and a thickness of up to 50 mm.

The pressed cane juice is purified, evaporated and raw sugar is isolated. Raw cane sugar is light cream in color and contains 97-98% sucrose, 0.6-0.8% granulated sugar (a mixture of glucose and fructose) and has a moisture content of 0.5-0.8%. The higher glucose content in cane does not allow sugar cane juice to be treated with excess lime during its purification, as is done in beet sugar production.

Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris). In our country, sugar beets are cultivated for industrial sugar production. It belongs to the goosefoot family. This is a biennial, drought-resistant plant. In the first year, a root crop with a rosette of leaves and a powerful root system is grown from seeds." next year grows from root crops planted in the soil new socket leaves, stem, flowers and seeds. j

Root crops of the first year of development are used for sugar production. The sugar beet root is a fleshy, highly compacted part of the root system. Typically (| it has a conical shape, on both sides in a spiral) there are grooves from which the roots grow. The weight of root crops averages 200-500 g.

The pulp of the root vegetable consists of many microscopic cells that perform different roles. The outer protective tissue - periderma - consists of dense, moisture-proof suberized cells that have natural immunity; the main parenchymal tissue of the root is formed from cells in which beet juice accumulates, containing sucrose and other water-soluble substances. A parenchyma tissue cell has a membrane consisting of fiber. The walls of the shell are lined from the inside with a layer of semi-permeable protoplasm with a cell nucleus located in it. Protoplasm consists of protein substances and surrounds a vacuole filled with juice. The layer of protoplasm does not allow dissolved substances to pass through from the vacuole, but allows water to pass through. To extract sugar from a cell, it is necessary to heat the protoplasm to the protein coagulation temperature.

Chemical composition. The chemical composition of the sugar beet root crop depends on the quality of the seeds and climatic conditions for growing beets; it can be represented by the following diagram (Fig. 3.1).

The root crop of sugar beet contains approximately 75% water and 25% dry matter, which in sugar is conventionally divided into sucrose and non-sugar. Sugars mean all other dry substances, except sucrose, including reducing sugars and raffinose.

An important indicator is the purity, or good quality, of the juice. It is understood as the ratio of the content (in%) of sucrose to beet dry matter. For example, if 93 kg of cell sap contains 17.5 kg of sucrose and 2.5 kg of non-sugar

Rov, then 100 kg of juice will contain 18.82 kg of sucrose and 2.69 kg of non-sugars, and the purity of the juice is 4 = 18.82 / (18.82 + ■f 2.69) 100% = 87.5%.

Granulated sugar and refined sugar produced from sugar beets are almost pure sucrose; Thus, granulated sugar contains sucrose 99.75% of dry matter, and refined sugar contains at least 99.9%.

Sucrose (C12H22O11) is a disaccharide consisting of a molecule of glucose and fructose. Does not have restorative ability. It can exist in two states: crystalline and amorphous. By chemical nature, this is a weak polyosic acid, which forms saccharates with the oxides of alkali (K, N "a) and alkaline earth (Ca, Ba, Mg) metals. Calcium saccharates are of technical importance in sugar production.

Under the action of the enzyme β-fructofuranosidase (invertase) or acid in an aqueous solution, sucrose undergoes hydrolysis to form glucose and fructose (invert sugar). Sucrose dissolves well in water, its solutions are optically active - they rotate the plane of polarization to the right. Polarimetric methods for its determination are based on this property.

Sucrose is highly digestible, which helps rapid recovery spent by the organization
energy, but excessive consumption of sucrose overloads the blood with glucose, causing obesity. The physiological norm for sucrose consumption is 100 g per day, including sugar found in other foods.

SUGAR INDUSTRY

industry, a branch of the food industry that unites specialized enterprises for the production of white granulated sugar from sugar beets and refined sugar from granulated sugar. In countries located in the tropical and subtropical zones, the raw material for sugar production is mainly sugar cane. In the USSR, agricultural products occupy a significant place in trade turnover. Sugar is consumed by the population and used in a number of sectors of the food industry.

The production of sugar from sugar cane has been known since ancient times. Industrial production began in the 16th century. in India. The emergence of sugar processing in Russia dates back to the beginning of the 18th century, when the first sugar refinery was built in St. Petersburg in 1719, processing imported raw cane sugar. Sugar began to be produced from sugar beets in Russia and Germany at the beginning of the 19th century. The industrial sector of Russia was distinguished by a high level of concentration of production; it was one of the first industries in which large monopolistic associations arose. Before World War I 1914-18, Russia ranked second in the world in the production of beet sugar (after Germany).

During the years of World War I and the Civil War of 1918–20, beet growing and agricultural production fell into complete decline. In the 2nd half of the 20s. S. p. was restored. In 1935/36, the USSR took first place in the world in the production of beet sugar, and in 1940/41 its production volume increased by 1.6 times compared to 1913/14.

During the Great Patriotic War of 1941–45, fascist German troops caused great damage to industrial enterprises, putting 204 factories out of action and completely destroying them. As the territory was liberated from the Nazi invaders, the enterprises were quickly restored, which made it possible to quickly exceed the level of sugar production in 1940 (see table).

The total production of granulated sugar in the USSR (from beets and imported raw sugar) was (thousand tons), in 1960 - 6363, in 1970 - 10221, in 1974 - 9446; per capita in 1974 - 37 kg, including 31 kg from beets.

World sugar production in terms of raw sugar for the 1974/75 season amounted to 87.4 million tons, including beet sugar - 29.8 million tons, cane sugar - 57.6 million tons. The USSR's share in world production of beet sugar was about 30%.

During 1946-74, 140 new sugar factories were built in the USSR, reconstruction was carried out with a complete update of the old technical base. Production capacity for beet processing increased by 3.8 times compared to 1940. At the beginning of 1975, the operating enterprises included 318 beet sugar factories with a total capacity for beet processing of 697 thousand tons per day, 14 independent sugar refineries and 12 refinery departments at beet sugar factories with a total capacity of 9.3 thousand tons of refined sugar production per day. Significant changes have occurred over the years Soviet power and in the location of the industry. In pre-revolutionary Russia, agricultural production was concentrated mainly in Ukraine and in the central black earth provinces. In the USSR, industrial beet sowing and sugar farming also developed in a number of new regions (Kirghiz SSR, Kazakh SSR, BSSR, Georgian SSR, Armenian SSR, Siberia, Volga region, etc.). The largest enterprises of S. p.: beet sugar factories - Lokhvitsky (Poltava region) and Pervomaisky (Nikolaev region); refined sugar - Krasnozvezdinsky (Sumy) and Odessky.

Production of granulated sugar from sugar beets and refined sugar in the USSR, thousand tons

Granulated sugar from sugar beets

Rafinated sugar

Factory sugar beet plantings in 1974 amounted to 3.61 million hectares.

Sugar production refers to continuous-flow mechanized production with a high level of automation of the main processes.

S.p. has multilateral connections with other industries National economy. The development of beet growing and beet sugar production has a beneficial effect on agriculture. S. waste is used in animal husbandry and as fertilizer. In turn, the efficiency of beet sugar production largely depends on the cost, sugar content and other technological qualities of beets that determine the yield of sugar. A number of sugar factories have organized auxiliary production based on waste processing (production of alcohol, baker's yeast, food acids, dried pulp) or the use of energy, water supply, and railway access. tracks and other structures of sugar factories (dairy canning factories, cheese factories, meat processing plants, production of green peas, canned fruit, etc.).

The most important areas of technical progress in the agricultural sector of the USSR are comprehensive mechanization and automation of production, improvement of beet storage and processing technology in order to increase the yield of sugar, and the use of new intensified equipment with large unit capacity.

S. production has also received significant development in other socialist countries. The production of granulated sugar from domestic raw materials in 1974 amounted to (thousand tons); in Bulgaria 340, Hungary 267, East Germany 652, Poland 1467, Romania 516, Czechoslovakia 821, Yugoslavia 462, in Cuba 5200 (1973).

Maximum production of raw beet sugar in capitalist countries (for the 1974/75 season, million tons): in France 2.9, in the USA 2.8, Germany 2.4, Italy 1, the Netherlands 0.8, Great Britain 0.6 . Largest quantity raw cane sugar produced during the 1974/75 season (million tons): in Brazil 7.9, India 4.3, Australia 2.9, Mexico 2.8, Philippines 2.5, USA 2.2.

Lit.: Zotov V.P., Food industry Soviet Union, M., 1958; Silin P. M., Sugar technology, 2nd ed., M., 1967.

P. Ya. Ivanov.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB. 2012

Story [ | ]

Construction of a sugar mill (from a 1760s edition)

The production of sugar from sugar cane has been known since ancient times. Sugar production on an industrial scale began in the 16th century in India.

In Russia, the sugar industry began to develop from the beginning of the 18th century. The first refinery sugar plant, using imported raw cane sugar, was launched in St. Petersburg in 1719. Sugar was very expensive and until the middle of the 19th century it remained, in the words of A. N. Radishchev, “a piece of boyar food.”

Production from local sugar beets was established in Russia and Germany at the beginning of the 19th century. The first refinery sugar plant that produced products on an industrial scale was created in 1802 in the village of Alyabyev, Chernsky district, Tula province, by partners E. I. Blankennagel and Ya. S. Esipov. In 1810, P. Ermolaev “was the first to use steam to heat and thicken beet juice, thereby marking the beginning of the transition from a fire to a steam sugar factory.”

Sugar beet production in France, 1843

Among such adherents was even a relative of the emperor, Count A. A. Bobrinsky, who opened a huge factory in Smela, and then built an entire “sugar empire”. In Podolia, the first large sugar producers were the Sobanski landowners. In Little Russia, where natural conditions The cultivation of beets was especially favorable; the first sugar was produced by factories in Troshchina, Kanevsky district (1822) and Makoshin, Sosnitsky district (1824). During the 30 years of the reign of Nicholas I, sugar production in Russia increased 115 times (the so-called first industrialization), however, in terms of sugar consumption per capita, the country still ended the list of European countries.

In the second half of the 19th century, the largest sugar refiner in Russia was the German Leopold König, and in the west of Europe - the Frenchman Jean François Caille. In 1914, Russia ranked 2nd in the world in the production of beet sugar (after Germany). Of the 241 sugar factories then operating in Russian Empire, 203 were located on the territory of modern Ukraine. The main enterprises were concentrated in the ownership of several large companies owned by Tereshchenko, Kharitonenko, Khanenko and Brodsky.

In May-October 1917, three All-Russian congresses of sugar industry workers were held.

Soviet period[ | ]

Production Features[ | ]

Sugar production refers to continuous-flow mechanized production with a high level of automation of the main processes.

The sugar industry is a branch of the food industry specializing in the production of white granulated sugar from sugar beets or sugar cane. The sugar industry also includes enterprises producing refined sugar from granulated sugar.

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The production of sugar from sugar cane has been known since ancient times. Sugar production on an industrial scale began in the 16th century in India.

In Russia, the sugar industry began to develop from the beginning of the 18th century. The first refinery sugar plant, using imported raw cane sugar, was launched in St. Petersburg in 1719. Sugar was very expensive and until the middle of the 19th century remained, in the words of A. N. Radishchev, “a piece of boyar food.”

Until the beginning of the 1820s. Only two sugar factories operated in the Russian Empire. At this time, the government of Alexander I (represented by E.F. Kankrin) began to pursue a policy of protectionism regarding sugar, banning the import of refined sugar from Europe (with the exception of the Odessa port) and imposing a 15 percent tax on imported raw materials in 1822. The fruits of this policy were not long in coming. The sugar factories of I. A. Maltsev and N. P. Shishkov quickly increased their turnover. Due to the decline in world grain prices, large landowners began to reorient their farms to the cultivation of sugar beets. On the occasion of the coronation of Nicholas I, G. P. Apukhtin made a speech “On the benefits of growing beets and making granulated sugar from them,” and in 1829 Professor N. P. Shcheglov told Volny economic society about the new successes of this culture:

“Who would have thought that they would find a way to extract sugar syrup from sawdust, barley flour, potatoes and beets? Meanwhile, all this happened... Who would have thought that Russia would one day produce on its own cold land its own pure and sweet sugar, which is produced by Cuba, India and Brazil? Meanwhile, on this cold land, thousands of pounds of granulated sugar are already being mined, not inferior to that of South America, and the successes of this new and precious industry for people’s improvement and wealth are increasing, spreading and gaining adherents every day.”

Sugar beet production in France, 1843

Among these adherents was even a relative of the emperor, Count A.A. Bobrinsky, who opened a huge factory in Smela, and then built an entire “sugar empire.” In Podolia, the first large sugar producers were the Sobansky landowners. In Little Russia, where natural conditions were especially favorable for the cultivation of beets, the first sugar was produced by factories in Troshchina, Kanevsky district (1822) and Makoshin, Sosnitsky district (1824). During the 30 years of the reign of Nicholas I, sugar production in Russia increased 115 times (the so-called first industrialization), however, in terms of sugar consumption per capita, the country still ended the list of European countries.

In the second half of the 19th century, the largest sugar refiner in Russia was the German Leopold König, and in the west of Europe - the Frenchman Jean Francois Caille. In 1914, Russia ranked 2nd in the world in the production of beet sugar (after Germany). Of the 241 sugar factories operating in the Russian Empire at that time, 203 were located on the territory of modern Ukraine. The main enterprises were concentrated in the ownership of several large companies owned by Tereshchenko, Kharitonenko, Khanenko and Brodsky.

During the Civil War, the sugar industry, like other sectors of the economy, was largely destroyed. After the end of the war, the restoration and active development of the sugar industry began, which allowed the USSR to take first place in the world in the production of beet sugar in the mid-30s of the 20th century. During the Great Patriotic War, the sugar industry again suffered great damage, but was quickly restored in the post-war years.

In addition to the traditional areas where the sugar industry is located, such as Ukraine, in the post-war period, sugar factories appeared in other regions, in particular, in Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and the Transcaucasian republics. In Ukraine, the largest enterprises in the sugar industry in the mid-70s of the 20th century were: beet sugar factories - Lokhvitsky (Poltava region) and Pervomaisky (Nikolaev region); refined sugar - Krasnozvezdinsky (Sumy) and Odessa.

The importance of the sugar industry in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, BSE. Features of the sugar industry in the food industry

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Sugar beet production in France, 1843

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