Cheap hydrogen and fuel from water by capillary electroosmosis. A regular battery splits water into oxygen and hydrogen.

Details Published: 11/01/2015 11:03

Developing an inexpensive method for creating clean fuel is for modern scientists something like the search for the philosopher's stone for the alchemists of the past. But if the latter, judging by gold prices, ultimately did not work out, then the former are achieving some success in their work. One such method could be to use sunlight, which splits water into its components - hydrogen and oxygen, and then separates the hydrogen and uses it as fuel. But the process of splitting water is not so simple.

Two scientists from the Institute for Molecular Engineering (IME) and the University of Wisconsin-Madison have made major advances in the development of green fuels, making significant improvements in the efficiency of key processes and proposing several conceptually new tools that will enable wider applications of solar-powered water splitting technologies. The results from the work were published in the journal Nature Communications.

In their research, electronic structure and simulator specialist IME Professor Giulia Galli and University of Wisconsin Chemistry Professor Kyoung-Shin Choi have found a way to increase the efficiency with which a water-splitting electrode adsorbs photons of light and, at the same time, improved the flow of electrons from one electrode to another. The simulators allowed them to understand what was happening at the atomic level.

“Our results will inspire other researchers to find ways to improve multiple processes using a single approach,” says Choi. “That is, it is not only a matter of achieving higher efficiency, but also creating a new strategy in this direction.”

By creating an electrode that captures light radiation, the scientists sought to use as many spectra of sunlight as possible that could excite electrons and convert them into a structure that is optimal for the fission reaction. Enough important point, although characteristic of a slightly different area of ​​the problem, is the need to ensure easy movement of electrons between the electrodes, creating electricity. Until now, scientists have had to resort to separate manipulations to improve photon adsorption and electron movement in the materials they test.

Choi and his colleague Dr. Tae Woo Kim concluded that if an electrode made of bismuth vanadate material was heated to 350 degrees Celsius in a nitrogen environment, some nitrogen particles would combine with the base material. As a result, both photon adsorption and electron transport were improved, but how nitrogen affected this remained unclear. It was decided to turn to Gally in order to shed light on the issue using her simulators.

Through Galli's tests, it was discovered that nitrogen affects the electrodes in several ways. Heating in a nitrogen environment promotes the release of oxygen atoms from bismuth vanadate, creating “defects” that improve electron transfer. But later, scientists found that in addition to defects, nitrogen itself also contributes to the movement of charged particles, lowering the energy threshold required to begin transforming the electrode into a structure that is capable of splitting water. This means the electrodes can use more solar energy.

"We now understand what's happening at the microscopic level," says Galli. “So our concept of introducing nose features and new defects into the material can be used in other systems that need to improve efficiency. Moreover, it can be applied to other materials.”

Processes in which theorists and practitioners closely interact are natural to science. But when collaboration between specialists from different fields occurs at such an early stage, this is not an entirely common phenomenon. The two scientists “found each other” with the help of the National Science Foundation and its CCI Solar project, an innovation center that brings together specialists from various scientific fields in search of solutions to create water splitting technologies.

To do this, you need a more complex device - an electrolyzer, which consists of a wide curved tube filled with an alkali solution, into which two nickel electrodes are immersed.

Oxygen will be released in the right elbow of the electrolyzer, where the positive pole of the current source is connected, and hydrogen - in the left.

This is a common type of electrolyzer used in laboratories to produce small quantities of pure oxygen.

Oxygen is obtained in large quantities in electrolytic baths of various types.

Let's enter one of the electrochemical plants for the production of oxygen and hydrogen. In the huge, bright workshop halls, there are machines in strict rows, to which they are supplied via copper bus bars. D.C.. These are electrolytic baths. In them, oxygen and hydrogen can be obtained from water.

Electrolytic bath- a vessel in which electrodes are located parallel to each other. The vessel is filled with a solution - an electrolyte. The number of electrodes in each bath depends on the size of the vessel and the distance between the electrodes. According to the scheme for connecting the electrodes to the electrical circuit, baths are divided into unipolar (monopolar) and bipolar (bipolar).

In a monopolar bath, half of all electrodes are connected to the positive pole of the current source, and the other half to the negative pole.

In such a bath, each electrode serves as either an anode or a cathode, and the same process occurs on both sides.

In a bipolar bath, the current source is connected only to the outer electrodes, one of which serves as the anode and the other as the cathode. From the anode, current flows into the electrolyte, through which it is transferred by ions to a nearby electrode and charges it negatively.

As the current passes through the electrode, it reenters the electrolyte, charging the reverse side of that electrode positively. Thus, passing from one electrode to another, the current reaches the cathode.

In a bipolar bath, only the anode and cathode act as monopolar electrodes. All the remaining electrodes located between them are, on the one hand, cathodes (-), and on the other hand, anodes (+).

When an electric current passes through the bath, oxygen and hydrogen are released between the electrodes. These gases must be separated from each other and each sent through its own pipeline.

There are two ways to separate oxygen from hydrogen in an electrolytic bath.

The first of them is that the electrodes are separated from each other by metal bells. The gases formed on the electrodes rise upward in the form of bubbles and each enter their own bell, from where they are sent through the upper outlet into the pipelines.

In this way, oxygen can be easily separated from hydrogen. However, such separation leads to unnecessary, unproductive energy costs, since the electrodes have to be placed at a great distance from each other.

Another way to separate oxygen and hydrogen during electrolysis is to place a partition between the electrodes - a diaphragm, which is impenetrable to gas bubbles, but allows electric current to pass well. The diaphragm can be made of tightly woven asbestos fabric 1.5-2 millimeters thick. This fabric is stretched between the two walls of the vessel, thereby creating cathode and anode spaces isolated from each other.

Hydrogen from all cathode spaces and oxygen from all anode spaces enter the collecting pipes. From there, through pipelines, each gas is sent to separate room. In these rooms, steel cylinders are filled with the resulting gases under a pressure of 150 atmospheres. Cylinders are sent to all corners of our country. Oxygen and hydrogen are widely used in various areas National economy.

In this article we will talk about the breaking of water molecules and the Law of Conservation of Energy. At the end of the article there is an experiment for home.

There is no point in inventing installations and devices for decomposing water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen without taking into account the Law of Conservation of Energy. It is assumed that it is possible to create such an installation that will spend less energy on the decomposition of water than the energy that is released during the combustion process (combination into a water molecule). Ideally, structurally, the pattern of water decomposition and the combination of oxygen and hydrogen into a molecule will have a cyclic (repeating) appearance.

Initially, there is a chemical compound - water (H 2 O). To decompose it into its components - hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O), it is necessary to apply a certain amount of energy. In practice, the source of this energy can be a car battery. As a result of the decomposition of water, a gas is formed, consisting mainly of hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) molecules. Some call it "Brown's Gas", others say that the gas released has nothing to do with Brown's Gas. I think there is no need to argue and prove what this gas is called, because it doesn’t matter, let philosophers do it.

Gas, instead of gasoline, enters the engine cylinders internal combustion, where it is ignited by a spark from the spark plugs of the ignition system. A chemical combination of hydrogen and oxygen into water occurs, accompanied by a sharp release of explosion energy, forcing the engine to work. The water formed during the chemical combination process is released from the engine cylinders as steam through the exhaust manifold.

An important point is the possibility of reusing water for the process of decomposition into its components - hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O), formed as a result of combustion in the engine. Let's look again at the “cycle” of the water and energy cycle. The rupture of water, which is in a stable chemical compound, is spent a certain amount of energy. As a result of combustion, on the contrary stands out a certain amount of energy. The energy released can be roughly calculated at the "molecular" level. Due to the characteristics of the equipment, the energy expended on rupture is more difficult to calculate, but it is easier to measure. If you neglect quality characteristics equipment, energy losses for heating, and other important indicators, then as a result of calculations and measurements, if they are carried out correctly, it turns out that the expended and released energy are equal to each other. This confirms the Law of Conservation of Energy, which states that energy does not disappear anywhere and does not appear “out of emptiness”; it only passes into another state. But we want to use water as a source of additional “useful” energy. Where does this energy even come from? Energy is spent not only on the decomposition of water, but also on losses, which take into account the efficiency of the decomposition installation and the efficiency of the engine. And we want to get a “cycle” in which more energy is released than spent.

I am not providing specific numbers here that take into account costs and energy production. One of the visitors to my site sent me Kanarev’s book via Mail, for which I am very grateful to him, in which “calculations” of energy are popularly laid out. The book is very useful, and a couple of subsequent articles on my site will be devoted specifically to Kanarev’s research. Some visitors to my site claim that my articles contradict molecular physics, so in my subsequent articles I will present, in my opinion, the main results of the research of the molecular scientist - Kanarev, which do not contradict my theory, but on the contrary confirm my idea of ​​​​the possibility of low-ampere decomposition of water.

If we assume that the water used for decomposition is the most stable, final chemical compound, and its chemical and physical properties are the same as those of water released as steam from the manifold of an internal combustion engine, then no matter how productive the decomposition plants were, there is no point in trying to get additional energy from water. This contradicts the Law of Conservation of Energy. And then, all attempts to use water as an energy source are useless, and all articles and publications on this topic are nothing more than people’s misconceptions, or simply deception.

Any chemical compound under certain conditions disintegrates or combines again. The condition for this may be the physical environment in which this compound is located - temperature, pressure, illumination, electrical or magnetic influence, or the presence of catalysts, other chemicals, or compounds. Water can be called an anomalous chemical compound, having properties not inherent in all other chemical compounds. These properties include (among other things) reactions to changes in temperature, pressure, and electric current. Under natural Earth conditions, water is a stable and “ultimate” chemical compound. Under these conditions, there is a certain temperature, pressure, and there is no magnetic or electric field. There are many attempts and options to change these natural conditions in order to disperse the water. Of these, decomposition through exposure to electric current looks the most attractive. Polar connection atoms in water molecules is so strong that the Earth’s magnetic field can be neglected, which has no effect on water molecules.

A small digression from the topic:

There is an assumption by certain scientists that the Pyramids of Cheops are nothing more than huge installations for concentrating the energy of the Earth, which an unknown civilization used to decompose water. Narrow inclined tunnels in the Pyramid, the purpose of which has not yet been revealed, could be used for the movement of water and gases. This is such a “fantastic” retreat.

Let's continue. If water is placed in the field of a powerful permanent magnet, nothing will happen; the bond of atoms will still be stronger than this field. An electric field generated by a powerful source of electric current applied to water through electrodes immersed in water causes electrolysis of water (decomposition into hydrogen and oxygen). At the same time, the energy costs of the current source are enormous - they are not comparable to the energy that can be obtained from the reverse connection process. This is where the task arises of minimizing energy costs, but to do this it is necessary to understand how the process of breaking molecules occurs and what can be “saving” on.

In order to believe in the possibility of using water as an energy source, we must “operate” not only at the level of individual water molecules, but also at the level of the compound large number molecules due to their mutual attraction and dipole orientation. We must take into account intermolecular interactions. A reasonable question arises: Why? But because before the molecules break, they must first be oriented. This is also the answer to the question “Why is direct electric current used in a conventional electrolyzer installation, but alternating current does not work?”

According to cluster theory, water molecules have positive and negative magnetic poles. Water in the liquid state does not have a dense structure, so the molecules in it, attracted by opposite poles and repelled by like poles, interact with each other, forming clusters. If for water in a liquid state we imagine coordinate axes and try to determine in which direction of these coordinates there are more oriented molecules, we will not succeed, because the orientation of water molecules without additional external influence is chaotic.

In a solid state (ice state) water has a structure of molecules that are ordered and precisely oriented in a certain way relative to each other. The sum of the magnetic fields of six H 2 O molecules in the state of ice in one plane is zero, and the connection with the neighboring “sixes” of molecules in an ice crystal leads to the fact that in general, in a certain volume (piece) of ice, there is no “common” polarity .

If the ice melts from an increase in temperature, then many of the bonds of water molecules in the “lattice” will be destroyed and the water will become liquid, but still the “destruction” will not be complete. A large number of bonds of water molecules in “sixes” will remain. Such melt water is called “structured”, it is useful for all living things, but it is not suitable for decomposition into hydrogen and oxygen because it will be necessary to spend additional energy on breaking intermolecular bonds, which complicate the orientation of molecules before they are “broken.” A significant loss of cluster connections in melt water will occur later, naturally.

If there are chemical impurities in the water(salts or acids), then these impurities prevent the connection of neighboring water molecules into a cluster lattice, taking away hydrogen and oxygen bonds from the water structure, which at low temperatures disrupts the “solid” structure of ice. Everyone knows that solutions of acidic and alkaline electrolytes do not freeze when negative temperatures just like salt water. Due to the presence of impurities, water molecules become easily oriented under the influence of an external electric field. On the one hand, this is good, there is no need to waste extra energy on polar orientation, but on the other hand, it is bad, because these solutions conduct electric current well and as a result, in accordance with Ohm’s Law, the current amplitude required to break molecules turns out to be significant . Low interelectrode voltage leads to a low electrolysis temperature, so such water is used in electrolyzer installations, but such water is not suitable for “easy” decomposition.

What kind of water should be used? Water should have a minimum number of intermolecular bonds - for the “ease” of polar orientation of molecules, and should not have chemical impurities that increase its conductivity - to reduce the current used to break molecules. In practice, distilled water corresponds to such water.

You can do a simple experiment yourself

Pour freshly distilled water into plastic bottle. Place the bottle in the freezer. Let the bottle sit for about two to three hours. When you take the bottle out of the freezer (do not shake the bottle), you will see that the water is in a liquid state. Open the bottle and pour water in a thin stream onto inclined surface made of non-thermal conductive material (for example, a wide wooden board). Before your eyes, water will turn into ice. If there is water left in the bottle, close the lid and hit the bottom of the bottle with a sharp movement on the table. The water in the bottle will suddenly turn into ice.

The experiment may not work if the water was distilled more than five days ago, was of poor quality, or was subjected to shaking, as a result of which cluster (intermolecular) bonds appeared in it. The holding time in the freezer depends on the freezer itself, which can also affect the “purity” of the experiment.

This experiment confirms that the minimum number of intermolecular bonds is in distilled water.

Another important argument in favor of distilled water: If you have seen how an electrolyzer installation works, then you know that the use of tap water (even purified through a filter) pollutes the electrolyzer so that without regular cleaning, the efficiency of electrolysis is reduced, and frequent cleaning of complex equipment - unnecessary labor costs, and the equipment will become unusable due to frequent assembly and disassembly. Therefore, do not even think about using tap water to decompose into hydrogen and oxygen. Stanley Mayer only used tap water as a demonstration to show how cool his setup was.

To understand what we need to strive for, we must understand the physics of the processes that occur with water molecules when exposed to electric current. In the next article we will briefly get acquainted with

Experimentally discovered and studied new effect“cold” high-voltage electrosmosis evaporation and low-cost high-voltage dissociation of liquids. Based on this discovery, the author proposed and patented a new highly efficient, low-cost technology for producing fuel gas from some aqueous solutions based on high-voltage capillary electrosmosis.

INTRODUCTION

This article is about a new promising scientific and technical direction of hydrogen energy. It informs that a new electrophysical effect of intense “cold” evaporation and dissociation of liquids and aqueous solutions into fuel gases without any energy consumption at all - high-voltage capillary electroosmosis - has been discovered and experimentally tested in Russia. Vivid examples of the manifestation of this important effect in Living Nature are given. The discovered effect is the physical basis of many new “breakthrough” technologies in hydrogen energy and industrial electrochemistry. Based on it, the author has developed, patented and is actively researching a new high-performance and energy-low-cost technology for producing combustible fuels. fuel gases and hydrogen from water, various aqueous solutions and water-organic compounds. The article reveals their physical essence and the technique of implementation in practice, and provides a technical and economic assessment of the prospects of new gas generators. The article also provides an analysis of the main problems of hydrogen energy and its individual technologies.

Briefly about the history of the discovery of capillary electroosmosis and the dissociation of liquids into gases and the formation of a new technology. The discovery of the effect was carried out by me in 1985. I carried out experiments on capillary electroosmotic “cold” evaporation and decomposition of liquids to produce fuel gas without consuming electricity in the period from 1986 -96. For the first time about the natural process of “cold” evaporation of water in plants, I wrote in 1988 the article “Plants are natural electric pumps” /1/. About a new highly efficient technology for producing fuel gases from liquids and producing hydrogen from water based on this effect I reported in 1997 in my article “New Electric Fire Technology” (section “Is it possible to burn water”) /2/. The article is supplied with numerous illustrations (Fig. 1-4) with graphs, block diagrams of experimental installations, revealing the main structural elements and electrical service devices (electric field sources) of the capillary electroosmotic fuel gas generators I proposed. The devices are original converters of liquids into fuel gases. They are depicted in Fig. 1-3 in a simplified manner, with sufficient detail to explain the essence of the new technology for producing fuel gas from liquids.

A list of illustrations and brief explanations for them are given below. In Fig. Figure 1 shows the simplest experimental setup for “cold” gasification and dissociation of liquids with their conversion into fuel gas using a single electric field. Figure 2 shows the simplest experimental setup for “cold” gasification and dissociation of liquids with two sources of electric field (constant electric field for “cold” evaporation of any liquid by electroosmosis and a second pulsed (alternating) field for crushing the molecules of the evaporated liquid and converting it into fuel gas. Fig. 3 shows a simplified block diagram of a combined device, which, unlike the devices (Fig. 1, 2), also provides additional electrical activation of the evaporated liquid. Fig. 4 shows some graphs of the dependence of the output useful parameters (performance) of the electroosmotic pump-evaporator of liquids (flammable gas generator) from the main parameters of the devices. In particular, it shows the relationship between the performance of the device from the electric field strength and from the area of ​​the capillary evaporated surface. The names of the figures and the explanation of the elements of the devices themselves are given in the captions to them. Description The relationships between the elements of the devices and the operation of the devices themselves in dynamics are given below in the text in the relevant sections of the article.

PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES OF HYDROGEN ENERGY

Effective production of hydrogen from water is a tempting long-standing dream of civilization. Because there is a lot of water on the planet, and hydrogen energy promises humanity “clean” energy from water in unlimited quantities. Moreover, the process of burning hydrogen in an environment of oxygen obtained from water ensures ideal combustion in terms of caloric content and purity.

Therefore, the creation and industrial development of highly efficient electrolysis technology for splitting water into H2 and O2 has long been one of the urgent and priority tasks of energy, ecology and transport. An even more pressing and pressing energy problem is the gasification of solid and liquid hydrocarbon fuels, more specifically, the creation and implementation of low-energy technologies for producing combustible fuel gases from any hydrocarbons, including organic waste. However, despite the relevance and severity of the energy and environmental problems of civilization, they have not yet been effectively resolved. So what are the reasons for the high energy costs and low productivity of known hydrogen energy technologies? More on this below.

BRIEF COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE STATE AND DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROGEN FUEL ENERGY

The priority of the invention for producing hydrogen from water by electrolysis of water belongs to the Russian scientist D.A. Lachinov (1888). I have reviewed hundreds of articles and patents in this scientific and technical area. Known various methods obtaining hydrogen from the decomposition of water: thermal, electrolytic, catalytic, thermochemical, thermogravitational, electric pulse and others /3-12/. In terms of energy consumption, the most energy-intensive method is the thermal method /3/, and the least energy-intensive is the electric pulse method of the American Stanley Mayer /6/. Mayer's technology /6/ is based on a discrete electrolysis method of decomposing water by high-voltage electrical pulses at the resonant frequencies of vibrations of water molecules (Mayer's electric cell). In my opinion, it is the most progressive and promising both in terms of the physical effects used and in terms of energy consumption, but its productivity is still low and is limited by the need to overcome the intermolecular bonds of the liquid and the lack of a mechanism for removing the generated fuel gas from. working area electrolysis of liquid.

Conclusion: All these and other known methods and devices for the production of hydrogen and other fuel gases are still ineffective due to the lack of truly highly efficient technology for evaporation and splitting of liquid molecules. More on this in the next section.

ANALYSIS OF THE REASONS FOR HIGH ENERGY INTENSITY AND LOW PRODUCTIVITY OF KNOWN TECHNOLOGIES FOR PRODUCING FUEL GASES FROM WATER

Obtaining fuel gases from liquids with minimal energy consumption is a very difficult scientific and technical problem. Significant energy costs when producing fuel gas from water in known technologies are spent on overcoming the intermolecular bonds of water in its liquid aggregate state. Because water is very complex in structure and composition. Moreover, it is paradoxical that, despite its amazing prevalence in nature, the structure and properties of water and its compounds have not yet been studied in many ways /14/.

Composition and latent energy of intermolecular bonds of structures and compounds in liquids.

The physicochemical composition of even ordinary tap water is quite complex, since water contains numerous intermolecular bonds, chains and other structures of water molecules. In particular, in ordinary tap water there are various chains of specially connected and oriented water molecules with impurity ions (cluster formations), various colloidal compounds and isotopes, minerals, as well as many dissolved gases and impurities /14/.

Explanation of problems and energy costs for “hot” evaporation of water using known technologies.

That is why in the known methods of splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen it is necessary to spend a lot of electricity to weaken and completely break the intermolecular and then molecular bonds of water. To reduce energy costs for the electrochemical decomposition of water, additional thermal heating (up to the formation of steam) is often used, as well as the introduction of additional electrolytes, for example, weak solutions of alkalis and acids. However, these known improvements still do not allow us to significantly intensify the process of dissociation of liquids (in particular, the decomposition of water) from its liquid aggregate state. The use of known thermal evaporation technologies is associated with enormous consumption of thermal energy. And the use of expensive catalysts for intensification in the process of producing hydrogen from aqueous solutions this process very expensive and ineffective. The main reason for high energy consumption during use traditional technologies The dissociation of liquids is now clear; they are spent on breaking the intermolecular bonds of liquids.

Criticism of the most advanced electrical technology for producing hydrogen from water by S. Mayer /6/

Of course, the most economical known and the most progressive in terms of physics is Stanley Mayer's electrohydrogen technology. But his famous electric cell /6/ is also ineffective, because it still does not have a mechanism for effectively removing gas molecules from the electrodes. In addition, this process of water dissociation in Mayer's method is slowed down due to the fact that during the electrostatic separation of water molecules from the liquid itself, time and energy have to be spent on overcoming the enormous latent potential energy of intermolecular bonds and structures of water and other liquids.

SUMMARY OF THE ANALYSIS

Therefore, it is quite clear that without a new original approach to the problem of dissociation and transformation of liquids into fuel gases, scientists and technologists cannot solve this problem of intensifying gas formation. The actual implementation of other known technologies into practice is still stalled, since they are all much more energy-consuming than Mayer’s technology. And therefore they are ineffective in practice.

BRIEF FORMULATION OF THE CENTRAL PROBLEM OF HYDROGEN ENERGY

The central scientific and technical problem of hydrogen energy is, in my opinion, precisely the unresolved nature and the need to search for and put into practice a new technology for repeatedly intensifying the process of producing hydrogen and fuel gas from any aqueous solutions and emulsions with a sharp simultaneous reduction in energy costs. A sharp intensification of the processes of liquid splitting while reducing energy costs in known technologies is still impossible in principle, since until recently the main problem of effective evaporation of aqueous solutions without the supply of thermal and electrical energy. The main path to improving hydrogen technologies is clear. It is necessary to learn how to effectively evaporate and gasify liquids. Moreover, as intensely as possible and with the least energy consumption.

METHODOLOGY AND FEATURES OF IMPLEMENTING NEW TECHNOLOGY

Why is steam better than ice for producing hydrogen from water? Because water molecules move much more freely in it than in water solutions.

a) Change in the state of aggregation of liquids.

It is obvious that the intermolecular bonds of water vapor are weaker than those of water in the form of liquid, and even more so of water in the form of ice. The gaseous state of water further facilitates the work of the electric field for the subsequent splitting of the water molecules themselves into H2 and O2. Therefore, methods for effectively converting the state of aggregation of water into water gas (steam, fog) are a promising main path for the development of electrohydrogen energy. Because by transferring the liquid phase of water into the gaseous phase, a weakening and (or) complete rupture of intermolecular cluster and other bonds and structures existing inside the liquid water is achieved.

b) An electric water boiler is an anachronism of hydrogen energy or again about the paradoxes of energy during the evaporation of liquids.

But it's not that simple. With the transfer of water into a gaseous state. But what about the required energy needed to evaporate water? The classic way of intensive evaporation is thermal heating of water. But it is also very energy-consuming. Co school desk we were taught that the process of evaporating water, and even boiling it, requires a very significant amount of thermal energy. Information about required quantity energy for evaporation of 1m³ of water is in any physical reference book. This is many kilojoules of thermal energy. Or many kilowatt-hours of electricity, if evaporation is carried out by heating water from an electric current. Where is the way out of the energy impasse?

CAPILLARY ELECTROOSMOSIS OF WATER AND AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS FOR “COLD EVAPORATION” AND DISSOCIATION OF LIQUIDS INTO FUEL GASES (description of a new effect and its manifestation in Nature)

I have been looking for such new physical effects and low-cost methods of evaporation and dissociation of liquids for a long time, experimented a lot and finally found a way to effectively “cold” evaporate and dissociate water into a flammable gas. This amazingly beautiful and perfect effect was suggested to me by Nature itself.

Nature is our wise teacher. Paradoxically, it turns out that in Living Nature there has long been, regardless of us, effective method electrocapillary pumping and “cold” evaporation of liquid, transforming it into a gaseous state without any supply of thermal energy or electricity. And this natural effect is realized by the action of the Earth’s constant-sign electric field on a liquid (water) placed in capillaries, precisely through capillary electroosmosis.

Plants are natural, energetically perfect, electrostatic and ionic pumps-evaporators of aqueous solutions. My first experiments in the implementation of capillary electroosmosis for “cold” evaporation and dissociation of water, which I carried out on simple experimental setups back in 1986, did not immediately become clear to me, but I began to persistently search for its analogy and manifestation of this phenomenon in Living Nature. After all, Nature is our eternal and wise Teacher. And I first found it in plants!

a) The paradox and perfection of the energy of natural pumps-evaporators of plants.

Simplified quantitative estimates show that the mechanism of operation of natural moisture evaporation pumps in plants, and especially in tall trees, is unique in its energy efficiency. Indeed, it is already known, and it is easy to calculate, that the natural pump of a tall tree (with a crown height of about 40 m and a trunk diameter of about 2 m) pumps and evaporates cubic meters of moisture per day. Moreover, without any external supply of thermal and electrical energy. The equivalent energy power of such a natural electric pump-water evaporator, this ordinary tree, by analogy with the traditional devices we use for similar purposes in technology, pumps and electric heaters-water evaporators for doing the same work is tens of kilowatts. Such energetic perfection of Nature is still difficult for us to even understand and cannot yet be immediately copied. And plants and trees learned to effectively do this work millions of years ago without any supply or waste of the electricity we use everywhere.

b) Description of the physics and energy of a natural pump-evaporator of plant liquid.

So how does the natural pump-evaporator of water work in trees and plants and what is the mechanism of its energy? It turns out that all plants have long and skillfully used this effect of capillary electroosmosis, which I discovered, as an energy mechanism for pumping the aqueous solutions that feed them with their natural ionic and electrostatic capillary pumps to supply water from the roots to their crowns without any energy supply at all and without human intervention. Nature wisely uses the potential energy of the Earth's electric field. Moreover, in plants and trees, natural thin fiber capillaries of plant origin, a natural aqueous solution - a weak electrolyte, the natural electrical potential of the planet and the potential energy of the electric field of the planet are used to lift liquid from the roots to the leaves inside the plant trunks and cold evaporation of juices through the capillaries inside the plants. Simultaneously with the growth of the plant (increasing its height), the productivity of this natural pump also increases, because the difference in natural electrical potentials between the root and the top of the plant crown increases.

c) Why do the Christmas tree have needles - so that its electric pump can work in winter.

You will say that nutrient juices move to the plants due to the usual thermal evaporation of moisture from the leaves. Yes, this process also exists, but it is not the main one. But what is most surprising is that many needle trees (pines, spruces, fir) are frost-resistant and grow even in winter. The fact is that in plants with needle-like leaves or thorns (such as pine, cacti, etc.), the electrostatic pump-evaporator works at any temperature environment, since the needles concentrate the maximum intensity of the natural electrical potential at the tips of these needles. Therefore, simultaneously with the electrostatic and ionic movement of nutrient aqueous solutions through their capillaries, they also intensively split and effectively emit (inject, shoot into the atmosphere from these natural devices from their natural needle-shaped natural ozonizer electrodes moisture molecules, successfully converting the molecules of aqueous solutions into gases Therefore, the work of these natural electrostatic and ion pumps of aqueous non-freezing solutions occurs both in drought and in cold weather.

d) My observations and electrophysical experiments with plants.

Through many years of observations of plants in a natural environment and experiments with plants in an environment placed in an artificial electric field, I have comprehensively studied this effective mechanism of a natural pump and moisture evaporator. The dependences of the intensity of movement of natural juices along the plant trunk on the parameters of the electric field and the type of capillaries and electrodes were also revealed. Plant growth in experiments increased significantly with multiple increases in this potential because the productivity of its natural electrostatic and ion pump increased. Back in 1988, I described my observations and experiments with plants in my popular science article “Plants are natural ion pumps” /1/.

e) We learn from plants to create perfect technology for pumps - evaporators. It is quite clear that this natural, energetically advanced technology is also quite applicable in the technology of converting liquids into fuel gases. And I created such experimental installations for cold electrocapillary evaporation of liquids (Fig. 1-3) in the likeness of electric pumps of trees.

DESCRIPTION OF THE SIMPLE EXPERIMENTAL INSTALLATION OF ELECTROCAPILLARY PUMP-EVAPORATOR OF LIQUID

The simplest operating device for the experimental implementation of the effect of high-voltage capillary electroosmosis for “cold” evaporation and dissociation of water molecules is shown in Fig. 1. The simplest device (Fig. 1) for implementing the proposed method of producing flammable gas consists of a dielectric container 1, with liquid 2 poured into it (water-fuel emulsion or ordinary water), made of fine-porous capillary material, for example, a fibrous wick 3, immersed into this liquid and pre-wetted in it, from the upper evaporator 4, in the form of a capillary evaporating surface with a variable area in the form of an impenetrable screen (not shown in Fig. 1). This device also includes high-voltage electrodes 5, 5-1, electrically connected to opposite terminals of a high-voltage adjustable source of constant sign electric field 6, and one of the electrodes 5 is made in the form of a hole-needle plate, and is placed movably above the evaporator 4, for example, in parallel to it at a distance sufficient to prevent electrical breakdown onto the wetted wick 3, mechanically connected to the evaporator 4.

Another high-voltage electrode (5-1), electrically connected at the input, for example, to the “+” terminal of the field source 6, is mechanically and electrically connected with its output to the lower end of the porous material, wick 3, almost at the bottom of container 1. For reliable electrical insulation, the electrode protected from the container body 1 by a pass-through electrical insulator 5-2. Note that the vector of the intensity of this electric field supplied to the wick 3 from block 6 is directed along the axis of the wick-evaporator 3. The device is also supplemented with a prefabricated gas manifold 7. Essentially, a device containing blocks 3 , 4, 5, 6, is a combined device of an electroosmotic pump and an electrostatic evaporator of liquid 2 from container 1. Block 6 allows you to adjust the strength of a constant sign (“+”, “-“) electric field from 0 to 30 kV/cm. Electrode 5 is made perforated or porous to allow the generated steam to pass through itself. The device (Fig. 1) also provides the technical ability to change the distance and position of the electrode 5 relative to the surface of the evaporator 4. In principle, to create the required electric field strength, instead of the electrical unit 6 and electrode 5, polymer monoelectrets /13/ can be used. In this current-free version of the hydrogen generator, its electrodes 5 and 5-1 are made in the form of monoelectrets having opposite electrical signs. Then, in the case of using such electrode devices 5 and placing them, as explained above, there is no need for a special electrical unit 6 at all.

DESCRIPTION OF THE OPERATION OF A SIMPLE ELECTROCAPILLARY EVAPORATOR PUMP (FIG. 1)

The first experiments in electrocapillary dissociation of liquids were carried out using liquids such as plain water, as well as its various solutions and water-fuel emulsions of various concentrations. And in all these cases, fuel gases were successfully obtained. True, these gases were very different in composition and heat capacity.

I first observed the new electrophysical effect of “cold” evaporation of liquid without any energy expenditure under the influence of an electric field in a simple device (Fig. 1)

a) Description of the first simplest experimental setup.

The experiment is carried out as follows: first, a water-fuel mixture (emulsion) 2 is poured into container 1, the wick 3 and the porous evaporator 4 are pre-wetted with it. Then the high-voltage voltage source 6 is turned on and a high-voltage potential difference (about 20 kV) is applied to the liquid at some distance from the edges of the capillaries (wick 3-evaporator 4), a source of electric field is connected through electrodes 5-1 and 5, and a plate-hole electrode 5 is placed above the surface of the evaporator 4 at a distance sufficient to prevent electrical breakdown between electrodes 5 and 5-1.

b) How the device works

As a result, along the capillaries of the wick 3 and the evaporator 4, under the influence of the electrostatic forces of the longitudinal electric field, dipole polarized liquid molecules moved from the container in the direction of the opposite electrical potential of the electrode 5 (electro-osmosis), are torn off by these electric field forces from the surface of the evaporator 4 and turn into a visible fog , i.e. the liquid transforms into another state of aggregation with minimal energy inputs from the electric field source (6). And along them, the electroosmotic rise of this liquid begins. In the process of separation and collision of evaporated liquid molecules with air and ozone molecules, electrons in the ionization zone between the evaporator 4 and the upper electrode 5, partial dissociation occurs with the formation of flammable gas. Next, this gas enters through the gas collector 7, for example, into the combustion chambers of a vehicle engine.

B) Some results of quantitative measurements

The composition of this combustible fuel gas includes molecules of hydrogen (H2) - 35%, oxygen (O2) - 35%, water molecules - (20%) and the remaining 10% are molecules of impurities of other gases, organic fuel molecules, etc. It has been experimentally shown that that the intensity of the process of evaporation and dissociation of its vapor molecules changes from a change in the distance of the electrode 5 from the evaporator 4, from a change in the area of ​​the evaporator, from the type of liquid, the quality of the capillary material of the wick 3 and evaporator 4 and the parameters of the electric field from the source 6 (intensity, power). The temperature of the fuel gas and the intensity of its formation were measured (flow meter). And the performance of the device depends on the design parameters. By heating and measuring a control volume of water when burning a certain volume of this fuel gas, the heat capacity of the resulting gas was calculated depending on changes in the parameters of the experimental installation.

SIMPLIFIED EXPLANATION OF THE PROCESSES AND EFFECTS RECORDED IN EXPERIMENTS ON MY FIRST INSTALLATIONS

Already my first experiments on this simple installation in 1986 showed that “cold” water mist (gas) arises from liquid (water) in capillaries during high-voltage electroosmosis without any visible energy consumption at all, namely using only the potential energy of the electric field. This conclusion is obvious, because during the experiments the electric current consumption of the field source was the same and was equal to the no-load current of the source. Moreover, this current did not change at all, regardless of whether the liquid evaporated or not. But there is no miracle in my experiments described below on “cold” evaporation and dissociation of water and aqueous solutions into fuel gases. I just managed to see and understand a similar process taking place in Living Nature itself. And it was possible to use it very usefully in practice for the effective “cold” evaporation of water and obtaining fuel gas from it.

Experiments show that in 10 minutes with a capillary cylinder diameter of 10 cm, capillary electrosmosis evaporated a fairly large volume of water (1 liter) without any energy consumption. Because the input electrical power is consumed (10 watts). The electric field source used in the experiments, a high-voltage voltage converter (20 kV), is unchanged by its operating mode. It was experimentally found that all this power consumed from the network is negligible compared to the energy of liquid evaporation; the power was spent precisely on creating an electric field. And this power did not increase during capillary evaporation of liquid due to the operation of ion and polarization pumps. Therefore, the effect of cold evaporation of liquid is surprising. After all, it happens without any visible energy consumption at all!

A jet of water gas (steam) was sometimes visible, especially at the beginning of the process. It came off the edge of the capillaries with acceleration. The movement and evaporation of liquid is explained, in my opinion, precisely due to the emergence in the capillary under the influence of an electric field of enormous electrostatic forces and enormous electroosmotic pressure on the column of polarized water (liquid) in each capillary. Which are driving force solution through capillaries.

Experiments prove that in each of the capillaries with liquid, under the influence of an electric field, a powerful current-free electrostatic and at the same time ion pump operates, which raises a column of polarized and partially ionized by the field in the micron-diameter capillary liquid (water) column from one electric field potential applied to the liquid itself and the lower end of the capillary to the opposite electrical potential, placed with a gap relative to the opposite end of this capillary. As a result, such an electrostatic ionic pump intensively breaks the intermolecular bonds of water, actively moves polarized water molecules and their radicals along the capillary with pressure, and then injects these molecules along with the broken electrically charged radicals of water molecules outside the capillary to the opposite potential of the electric field. Experiments show that simultaneously with the injection of molecules from the capillaries, partial dissociation (rupture) of water molecules also occurs. Moreover, the higher the electric field strength, the more. In all these complex and simultaneously occurring processes of capillary electroosmosis of a liquid, it is the potential energy of the electric field that is used.

Since the process of such transformation of liquid into water mist and water gas occurs by analogy with plants, without any energy supply at all and is not accompanied by heating of water and water gas. Therefore, I called this natural and then technical process of electroosmosis of liquids “cold” evaporation. In experiments, the transformation of an aqueous liquid into a cold gaseous phase (fog) occurs quickly and without any visible energy consumption. At the same time, at the exit from the capillaries, gaseous water molecules are broken by the electrostatic forces of the electric field into H2 and O2. Since this process of phase transition of liquid water into water mist (gas) and dissociation of water molecules occurs in the experiment without any visible consumption of energy (heat and trivial electricity), it is likely that the potential energy of the electric field is consumed in some way.

SECTION SUMMARY

Despite the fact that the energy of this process is still not completely clear, it is still quite clear that the “cold evaporation” and dissociation of water is carried out by the potential energy of the electric field. More precisely, the visible process of evaporation and splitting of water into H2 and O2 during capillary electroosmosis is carried out precisely by the powerful electrostatic Coulomb forces of this strong electric field. In principle, such an unusual electroosmotic pump-evaporator-splitter of liquid molecules is an example of a perpetual motion machine of the second kind. Thus, high-voltage capillary electroosmosis of an aqueous liquid provides, through the use of the potential energy of an electric field, truly intense and energetically inexpensive evaporation and splitting of water molecules into fuel gas (H2, O2, H2O).

PHYSICAL ESSENCE OF CAPILLARY ELECTROSMOSIS OF LIQUIDS

So far, his theory has not yet been developed, but is just in its infancy. And the author hopes that this publication will attract the attention of theorists and practitioners and will help create a powerful creative team of like-minded people. But it is already clear that, despite relative simplicity technical implementation of the technology itself, nevertheless real physics and the energy of processes during the implementation of this effect is very complex and is not yet fully understood. Let us note their main characteristic properties:

A) Simultaneous occurrence of several electrophysical processes in liquids in an electrocapillary

Since during capillary electrosmotic evaporation and dissociation of liquids, many different electrochemical, electrophysical, electromechanical and other processes occur simultaneously and alternately, especially when the aqueous solution moves along the capillary, the injection of molecules from the edge of the capillary in the direction of the electric field.

B) the energetic phenomenon of “cold” evaporation of liquid

Simply put, the physical essence of the new effect and new technology is the conversion of the potential energy of the electric field into the kinetic energy of the movement of liquid molecules and structures along the capillary and outside it. At the same time, in the process of evaporation and dissociation of the liquid, no electric current is consumed at all, because in some still unclear way it is the potential energy of the electric field that is consumed. It is the electric field in capillary electroosmosis that triggers and maintains the emergence and simultaneous flow in a liquid in the process of transforming its fractions and states of aggregation and simultaneously creating many useful effects of converting molecular structures and molecules of a liquid into a flammable gas. Namely: high-voltage capillary electroosmosis simultaneously provides powerful polarization of water molecules and its structures with the simultaneous partial rupture of intermolecular bonds of water in an electrified capillary, fragmentation of polarized water molecules and clusters into charged radicals in the capillary itself through the potential energy of the electric field. This same potential field energy intensively triggers the mechanisms of formation and movement along capillaries arranged “in ranks” of electrically interconnected chains of polarized water molecules and their formations (electrostatic pump), the operation of an ion pump with the creation of enormous electroosmotic pressure on the liquid column for accelerated movement along capillary and the final injection from the capillary of incomplete molecules and clusters of liquid (water) already partially broken by the field earlier (split into radicals). Therefore, the output of even the simplest capillary electroosmosis device already produces a flammable gas (more precisely, a mixture of gases H2, O2 and H2O).

B) Applicability and features of the operation of an alternating electric field

But for a more complete dissociation of water molecules into fuel gas, it is necessary to force the surviving water molecules to collide with each other and break up into H2 and O2 molecules in an additional transverse alternating field (Fig. 2). Therefore, to increase the intensification of the process of evaporation and dissociation of water (any organic liquid) into fuel gas, it is better to use two sources of electric field (Fig. 2). In them, to evaporate water (liquid) and to produce fuel gas, the potential energy of a strong electric field (with a strength of at least 1 kV/cm) is used separately: first, the first electric field is used to transfer the molecules forming the liquid from a sedentary liquid state by electroosmosis through capillaries into a gaseous state (cold gas is obtained) from a liquid with partial splitting of water molecules, and then, at the second stage, they use the energy of the second electric field, more specifically, powerful electrostatic forces to intensify the vibrational resonance process of “collision-pushing” of electrified water molecules in the form of water gas between themselves to completely break the liquid molecules and form flammable gas molecules.

D) Controllability of liquid dissociation processes in new technology

Adjusting the intensity of the formation of water mist (the intensity of cold evaporation) is achieved by changing the parameters of the electric field directed along the capillary evaporator and (or) changing the distance between the outer surface of the capillary material and the accelerating electrode, with the help of which the electric field is created in the capillaries. The productivity of producing hydrogen from water is regulated by changing (regulating) the magnitude and shape of the electric field, the area and diameter of the capillaries, and changing the composition and properties of water. These conditions for optimal liquid dissociation vary depending on the type of liquid, the properties of the capillaries, and the field parameters and are dictated by the required productivity of the dissociation process of a particular liquid. Experiments show that the most effective production of H2 from water is achieved by splitting the molecules of aqueous mist obtained by electroosmosis using a second electric field, the rational parameters of which were selected primarily experimentally. In particular, it became clear that it is expedient to perform the final splitting of water mist molecules precisely by a pulsed electric field of constant sign with the field vector perpendicular to the vector of the first field used in the electroosmosis of water. The effect of electric fields on a liquid during its transformation into fog and further during the splitting of liquid molecules can be carried out simultaneously or alternately.

SECTION SUMMARY

Thanks to these described mechanisms, with combined electroosmosis and the action of two electric fields on the liquid (water) in the capillary, it is possible to achieve maximum performance the process of obtaining flammable gas and practically eliminating electrical and thermal energy costs when obtaining this gas from water from any water-fuel liquids. This technology is, in principle, applicable to obtain fuel gas from any liquid fuel or its aqueous emulsions.

Other general aspects of the implementation of the new technology Let us consider some more aspects of the implementation of the proposed new revolutionary water decomposition technology, its other possible effective options for development basic circuit implementation of new technology, as well as some additional explanations, technological recommendations and technological “tricks” and “KNOW-HOW” useful in its implementation.

a) Pre-activation of water (liquid)

To increase the intensity of production of fuel gas, it is advisable to first activate the liquid (water) (pre-heating, preliminary separation into acid and alkaline fractions, electrification and polarization, etc.). Preliminary electroactivation of water (and any aqueous emulsion) with its division into acid and alkaline fractions is carried out by partial electrolysis using additional electrodes placed in a special semi-permeable diaphragm for their subsequent separate evaporation (Fig. 3).

In the case of preliminary separation of initially chemically neutral water into chemically active (acidic and alkaline) fractions, the implementation of the technology for producing flammable gas from water becomes possible at subzero temperatures (down to –30 degrees Celsius), which is very important and useful in winter for vehicles. Because such “fractional” electroactivated water does not freeze at all in frosty conditions. This means that the installation for producing hydrogen from such activated water will also be able to operate at sub-zero ambient temperatures and in frosts.

b) Electric field sources

Various devices may well be used as a source of electric field to implement this technology. For example, such as the well-known magneto-electronic high-voltage DC and pulse voltage converters, electrostatic generators, various voltage multipliers, pre-charged high-voltage capacitors, as well as generally completely non-current electric field sources - dielectric monoelectrets.

c) Adsorption of the resulting gases

Hydrogen and oxygen in the process of producing combustible gas can be accumulated separately from each other by placing special adsorbents in the combustible gas flow. It is quite possible to use this method for the dissociation of any water-fuel emulsion.

d) Production of fuel gas by electroosmosis from organic liquid waste

This technology makes it possible to effectively use any liquid organic solutions (for example, liquid human and animal waste) as raw materials for the production of fuel gas. As paradoxical as this idea sounds, the use of organic solutions for the production of fuel gas, in particular from liquid feces, from the point of view of energy consumption and ecology, is even more profitable and simpler than the dissociation of simple water, which is technically much more difficult to decompose into molecules.

In addition, such hybrid fuel gas, obtained from organic waste, is less explosive. Therefore, in essence, this new technology allows you to effectively convert any organic liquid (including liquid waste) into useful fuel gas. Thus, this technology is effectively applicable for the useful processing and disposal of liquid organic waste.

OTHER TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS DESCRIPTION OF DESIGNS AND THEIR OPERATION PRINCIPLES

The proposed technology can be implemented using various devices. The simplest device for an electroosmotic fuel gas generator from liquids has already been shown and disclosed in the text and in Fig. 1. Some other more advanced versions of these devices, tested experimentally by the author, are presented in a simplified form in Fig. 2-3. One of simple options a combined method for producing flammable gas from a water-fuel mixture or water can be implemented in a device (Fig. 2), which consists essentially of a combination of a device (Fig. 1) with an additional device containing flat transverse electrodes 8.8-1 connected to source of a strong alternating electric field 9.

Figure 2 also shows in more detail the functional structure and composition of the source 9 of the second (alternating) electric field, namely, it is shown that it consists of a primary source of electricity 14 connected via the power input to the second high-voltage voltage converter 15 of adjustable frequency and amplitude (block 15 can be made in the form of an inductive-transistor circuit such as a Royer oscillator) connected at the output to flat electrodes 8 and 8-1. The device is also equipped with a thermal heater 10, located, for example, under the bottom of the tank 1. On vehicles, this can be the exhaust manifold of hot exhaust gases, the side walls of the engine housing itself.

In the block diagram (Fig. 2), electric field sources 6 and 9 are deciphered in more detail. Thus, in particular, it is shown that the source 6 of a constant sign, but adjustable in magnitude of the electric field strength, consists of a primary source of electricity 11, for example, an on-board battery, connected via the primary power supply circuit to a high-voltage adjustable voltage converter 12, for example, such as a Royer generator , with a built-in output high-voltage rectifier (part of block 12), connected at the output to high-voltage electrodes 5, and the power converter 12 is connected via the control input to the control system 13, which allows you to control the operating mode of this electric field source., more specifically, the performance of Blocks 3, 4, 5, 6 together constitute a combined device of an electroosmotic pump and an electrostatic liquid evaporator. Block 6 allows you to adjust the electric field strength from 1 kV/cm to 30 kV/cm. The device (Fig. 2) also provides the technical ability to change the distance and position of the plate mesh or porous electrode 5 relative to the evaporator 4, as well as the distance between the flat electrodes 8 and 8-1. Description of the hybrid combined device in statics (Fig. 3)

This device, unlike those explained above, is supplemented with an electrochemical liquid activator and two pairs of 5.5-1 electrodes. The device contains a container 1 with liquid 2, for example, water, two porous capillary wicks 3 with evaporators 4, two pairs of electrodes 5.5-1. The source of the electric field 6, the electric potentials of which are connected to the electrodes 5.5-1. The device also contains a gas collection pipeline 7, a separating filter barrier-diaphragm 19, dividing the container 1 in two. An additional block of variable-sign constant voltage 17, the outputs of which through electrodes 18 are introduced into the liquid 2 inside the container 1 on both sides of the diaphragm 19. Note that the features of this The devices also consist in the fact that the upper two electrodes 5 are supplied with electrical potentials of opposite sign from a high-voltage source 6 due to the opposite electrochemical properties of the liquid, separated by a diaphragm 19. Description of the operation of the devices (Fig. 1-3)

OPERATION OF COMBINED FUEL GAS GENERATORS

Let us consider in more detail the implementation of the proposed method using the example of simple devices (Fig. 2-3).

The device (Fig. 2) works as follows: evaporation of liquid 2 from container 1 is carried out mainly by thermal heating of the liquid from block 10, for example, using the significant thermal energy of the exhaust manifold of a vehicle engine. The dissociation of molecules of an evaporated liquid, for example, water, into hydrogen and oxygen molecules is carried out by force acting on them with an alternating electric field from a high-voltage source 9 in the gap between two flat electrodes 8 and 8-1. The capillary wick 3, the evaporator 4, the electrodes 5.5-1 and the electric field source 6, as already described above, convert the liquid into vapor, and the other elements together ensure the electrical dissociation of the molecules of the evaporated liquid 2 in the gap between the electrodes 8.8-1 under the influence of an alternating electric field from the source 9, and by changing the oscillation frequency and electric field strength in the gap between 8.8-1, the intensity of the collision and fragmentation of these molecules (i.e., the degree of dissociation of molecules). By adjusting the strength of the longitudinal electric field between the electrodes 5.5-1 from the voltage converter unit 12 through its control system 13, a change in the performance of the mechanism for lifting and evaporating liquid 2 is achieved.

The device (Fig. 3) works as follows: first, liquid (water) 2 in container 1 under the influence of a difference in electrical potentials from a voltage source 17 applied to electrodes 18 is divided through a porous diaphragm 19 into “live” - alkaline and “dead” - acid fractions of liquid (water), which are then converted into a vapor state by electroosmosis and its mobile molecules are crushed by an alternating electric field from block 9 in the space between flat electrodes 8.8-1 until a flammable gas is formed. If the electrodes 5,8 are made porous from special adsorbents, it becomes possible to accumulate hydrogen and oxygen reserves in them. Then it is possible to carry out the reverse process of separating these gases from them, for example, by heating them, and in this mode it is advisable to place these electrodes themselves directly in a fuel container, connected, for example, to the fuel wire of a vehicle. Note also that electrodes 5,8 can also serve as adsorbents for individual components of combustible gas, for example, hydrogen. The material of such porous solid hydrogen adsorbents has already been described in the scientific and technical literature.

EFFECTIVENESS OF THE METHOD AND POSITIVE EFFECT OF ITS IMPLEMENTATION

The efficiency of the method has already been proven by me through numerous experimental experiments. And the device designs presented in the article (Fig. 1-3) are working models on which experiments were carried out. To prove the effect of producing combustible gas, we ignited it at the outlet of the gas collector (7) and measured the thermal and environmental characteristics of its combustion process. There are test reports that confirm the performance of the method and the high environmental characteristics of the resulting gaseous fuel and waste gaseous products of its combustion. Experiments have shown that the new electro-osmotic method of liquid dissociation is efficient and suitable for cold evaporation and dissociation in electric fields of very different liquids (water-fuel mixtures, water, aqueous ionized solutions, water-oil emulsions, and even aqueous solutions of fecal organic waste, which, By the way, after their molecular dissociation using this method, they form an effective environmentally friendly combustible gas, practically odorless and colorless.

The main positive effect of the invention is a multiple reduction in energy costs (thermal, electrical) for the implementation of the mechanism of evaporation and molecular dissociation of liquids compared to all known analogue methods.

A sharp reduction in energy consumption when producing flammable gas from a liquid, for example, water-fuel emulsions by electric field evaporation and fragmentation of its molecules into gas molecules, is achieved due to the powerful electric forces of the electric field on the molecules both in the liquid itself and on the evaporated molecules. As a result, the process of evaporation of the liquid and the process of fragmentation of its molecules in the vapor state are sharply intensified with practically minimal power of the electric field sources. Naturally, by regulating the intensity of these fields in the working zone of evaporation and dissociation of liquid molecules, either electrically, or by moving electrodes 5, 8, 8-1, the force interaction of the fields with liquid molecules changes, which leads to regulation of the evaporation productivity and the degree of dissociation of evaporated molecules liquids. The operability and high efficiency of dissociation of evaporated vapor by a transverse alternating electric field in the gap between electrodes 8, 8-1 from source 9 have also been experimentally shown (Fig. 2, 3, 4). It has been established that for each liquid in its evaporated state there is a certain frequency of electrical oscillations of a given field and its strength, at which the process of splitting liquid molecules occurs most intensively. It has also been experimentally established that additional electrochemical activation of a liquid, for example, ordinary water, which is its partial electrolysis, carried out in the device (Fig. 3), also increases the productivity of the ion pump (wick 3-accelerating electrode 5) and increases the intensity of electroosmotic evaporation of the liquid . Thermal heating of the liquid, for example, by the heat of the hot exhaust gases of transport engines (Fig. 2), promotes its evaporation, which also leads to an increase in the productivity of obtaining hydrogen from water and combustible fuel gas from any water-fuel emulsions.

COMMERCIAL ASPECTS OF TECHNOLOGY IMPLEMENTATION

ADVANTAGE OF ELECTROOSMOTIC TECHNOLOGY COMPARED WITH MEYER ELECTROTECHNOLOGY

Compared in terms of performance with the well-known and lowest-cost progressive electrical technology of Stanley Mayer for producing fuel gas from water (and Mayer's cell) /6/, our technology is more progressive and productive, because the electroosmotic effect of evaporation and dissociation of liquid used by us in combination with the electrostatic mechanism and the ion pump provides not only intense evaporation and dissociation of the liquid with minimal energy consumption and the same as the analogue, but also the effective separation of gas molecules from the dissociation zone, and with acceleration from the upper edge of the capillaries. Therefore, in our case, there is no effect of screening the working zone of electrical dissociation of molecules at all. And the process of generating fuel gas does not slow down over time, like Mayer’s. Therefore, the gas productivity of our method at the same energy consumption is an order of magnitude higher than this progressive analogue /6/.

Some technical and economic aspects and commercial benefits and prospects for the implementation of the new technology The proposed new technology may well be brought in a short time to the serial production of such highly efficient electroosmotic fuel gas generators from almost any liquid, including tap water. It is especially simple and economically feasible at the first stage of technology development to implement the installation option for converting water-fuel emulsions into fuel gas. The cost of a serial installation for producing fuel gas from water with a productivity of about 1000 m³/hour will be approximately 1 thousand US dollars. The consumed electrical power of such a fuel gas electric generator will be no more than 50-100 watts. Therefore, such compact and efficient fuel electrolysers can be successfully installed on almost any car. As a result, heat engines will be able to operate from almost any hydrocarbon liquid and even from simple water. The massive introduction of these devices in vehicles will lead to dramatic energy and environmental improvements in vehicles. And will lead to the rapid creation of an environmentally friendly and economical heat engine. The estimated financial costs for the development, creation, and development of the study of the first pilot plant for producing fuel gas from water with a productivity of 100 m³ per second to a pilot industrial sample are about 450-500 thousand US dollars. These costs include design and research costs, the cost of the experimental installation itself and the stand for its testing and fine-tuning.

CONCLUSIONS:

In Russia, a new electrophysical effect of capillary electroosmosis of liquids - a “cold” energy-low-cost mechanism of evaporation and dissociation of molecules of any liquids - was discovered and experimentally studied

This effect exists independently in nature and is the main mechanism of the electrostatic and ion pump for pumping nutritional solutions (juices) from the roots to the leaves of all plants followed by electrostatic gasification.

A new effective method for the dissociation of any liquid by weakening and breaking its intermolecular and molecular bonds by high-voltage capillary electroosmosis has been experimentally discovered and investigated.

Based on the new effect, a new highly efficient technology for producing fuel gases from any liquids has been created and tested.

Specific devices have been proposed for energy-efficient production of fuel gases from water and its compounds

The technology is applicable for the efficient production of fuel gas from any liquid fuels and water-fuel emulsions, including liquid waste.

The technology is particularly promising for use in transport, energy, etc. And also in cities for recycling and beneficial use hydrocarbon waste.

The author is interested in business and creative cooperation with companies that are willing and able, with their investments, to create the necessary conditions for the author to bring it to pilot industrial samples and introduce this promising technology into practice.

LITERATURE CITED:

1. Dudyshev V.D. “Plants are natural ion pumps” - in the magazine “ Young technician» No. 1/88
2. Dudyshev V.D. “New electric combustion technology is an effective way to solve energy and environmental problems” - magazine “Ecology and Industry of Russia” No. 3/97.
3. Thermal production of hydrogen from water "Chemical Encyclopedia", vol. 1, M., 1988, p. 401).
4. Electrohydrogen generator (international application under the PCT system -RU98/00190 dated 10/07/97)
5. Free energy Generation by Water Decomposition in Highly Efficiency Electrolytic Process, Proceedings “New Ideas in Natural Sciences”, 1996, St. Petersburg, pp. 319-325, ed. "Peak".
6. US Patent 4,936,961 Method for producing fuel gas.
7. US Pat. 4,370,297 Method and apparatus for nuclear thermochemical water splitting.
8. US Pat. 4,364,897 Multi-stage chemical and radiation process for gas production.
9. Pat. USA 4,362,690 Pyrochemical device for water decomposition.
10. Pat. USA 4,039,651 Closed-loop thermochemical process producing hydrogen and oxygen from water.
11. Pat. US 4,013,781 Process for producing hydrogen and oxygen from water using iron and chlorine.
12. Pat. USA 3,963,830 Thermolysis of water in contact with zeolite masses.
13. G. Lushcheykin “Polymer electrets”, M., “Chemistry”, 1986.
14. “Chemical Encyclopedia”, vol. 1, M., 1988, sections “water” (aqueous solutions and their properties)

Dudyshev Valery Dmitrievich Professor of Samara Technical University, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Academician of the Russian Ecological Academy

Unlike traditional fuels, which emit harmful exhaust gases that pollute the atmosphere and lead to climate change, hydrogen fuel is absolutely harmless to the environment.

Why don't all vehicles use hydrogen as fuel?

Until now, the environmentally friendly process for producing hydrogen required large quantity precious metals, which significantly increases the cost of hydrogen fuel, especially in comparison with traditional ones.

Through the chemical interaction of hydrogen atoms with oxygen atoms in the air, hydrogen fuel produces enough energy for a car engine, and the “exhaust” of such an engine becomes clean water. However, today almost every “clean” engine that runs on hydrogen fuel uses hydrogen produced using natural gas- a process whose environmental friendliness is in doubt.

How to get “pure” hydrogen?

Using electrical currents, water can be separated into oxygen and hydrogen atoms. This process requires large amounts of expensive metals such as platinum or iridium - they conduct electricity well and do not deteriorate when left in water for a long time.

The process of splitting a water molecule into hydrogen and oxygen atoms is called electrolysis and proceeds as follows: two electrodes are lowered into water, a current is passed through them, under the influence of which the hydrogen atoms tend to the negatively charged cathode, and the oxygen atoms to the positively charged anode.

New breakthrough

Scientists from Stanford University conducted a unique experiment, as a result of which they performed the electrolysis process using standard nickel electrodes at a record low voltage - a regular 1.5 Volt battery.

According to scientists, the design of electrodes made of nickel and its oxide allowed the process to be completed successfully at such a low voltage. No one had managed to do something like this before. New technology V industrial scale will help hydrogen fuel producers save significantly on electricity and conductors. Now scientists are working on how to increase the life of nickel conductors in water.