Grammatical meaning of words. Lexical and grammatical meaning of the word

Not all words have lexical meaning, that is, internal meaning, but only those that can express concepts. Such words are called full-meaning or independent. From a grammatical point of view, these include: nouns, adjectives, numerals, verbs, adverbs, pronouns.

Functional words, modal words and interjections do not designate concepts, and they are not related to objects of reality. These words special meanings: they express finding attitudes and feelings towards something: unconditionally, happily, etc. At the core lexical meaning, which only full-valued words possess, lies the concept, but there is no equality between the lexical meaning and the concept. A concept is a copy of the object of reality in our thinking. There is always one concept in a word, but there can be several meanings. For example, the concept green can have the following meanings:

Green pencil ( color characteristic);
Green fruit (degree of ripening, compare: ripe fruit);
Green face (characteristic of ill health, degree of fatigue);
Green age (degree of social maturity).

Only if the word is a term does the concept coincide with the meaning. For example: suffix, root, phoneme, etc. The main difference between concept and meaning is that concept is a copy, an exact designation, and meaning always includes emotional and expressive coloring (modality). For example: the word sun - there is a diminutive connotation here; The word grandma has a disparaging connotation. There cannot be these shades in the concept (compare: the use of the words morpheme, phoneme is illiterate).

In any word there is also grammatical meaning. Grammatical meanings complement lexical meanings and reflect the belonging of a word to a certain grammatical category. Grammatical categories are the meanings of gender, number, case, declension, voice, aspect, etc. Grammatical meanings help classify Russian vocabulary. For example, the words airplane, school, walking have nothing in common in terms of lexical meaning, that is, content, but their grammatical meanings are the same and allow them to be classified as nouns in the singular form, nominative case.

Not a single word in the Russian language remains without a grammatical meaning. Lexical meanings in all languages ​​are formed in exactly the same way (subject -> concept -> sound shell -> name). Grammatical meanings are formed differently in different languages. That's why there are 6 cases in Russian, in German- 4 cases, and in French and English languages they don't exist at all. The carrier of lexical meaning is the stem of the word. For example: tall, height. The grammatical meaning is expressed using endings, suffixes, prefixes, stress, and auxiliary words. For example, in the word side the ending -a shows that it is a feminine noun, singular, nominative case, 1st declension. When the lexical meaning changes, the grammatical meaning of the word also changes. This is especially noticeable when transitioning from one part of speech to another (on horseback, around, dining room - these words now have different grammatical meanings than before).

Thus, a word that represents the unity of form and content, that is, the unity of the sound shell and meaning, thereby represents the unity of lexical and grammatical meanings. Each word, naming this or that object or phenomenon, always communicates. For example: Pluck this flower for me. The word flower performs two functions in this sentence: it denotes a specific object that I need at this moment, and it denotes an object in general, that is, an object with some specific characteristics, thanks to which a person recognizes it among other objects. Thus, each word performs two functions in the language.

Grammatical meaning– this is a generalized, abstract linguistic meaning inherent in a number of words, word forms, syntactic structures and finding its regular (standard) expression in grammatical forms. In the field of morphology it is general values words as parts of speech (for example, the meaning of objectivity in nouns, procedurality in verbs), as well as the particular meanings of word forms and words in general. The grammatical meaning of a word is not determined by its lexical meaning.

Unlike the lexical meaning characteristic of a particular word, the grammatical meaning is not concentrated in one word, but, on the contrary, is characteristic of many words of the language. In addition, the same word can have multiple grammatical meanings, which are found when a word changes its grammatical form while maintaining its lexical meaning. For example, the word stol has a number of forms (stola, stola, tables, etc.) that express the grammatical meanings of number and case.

If lexical meaning is associated with a generalization of the properties of objects and phenomena of objective reality, their name and expression of concepts about them, then grammatical meaning arises as a generalization of the properties of words, as an abstraction from the lexical meanings of words.

For example, the words cow and bull exist to distinguish between animals based on their biological sex. Gender forms group nouns according to their grammatical properties. The shapes table, wall, window group words (and not objects, phenomena and concepts about them).

1) grammatical meanings are not universal, are less numerous, and form a closed, more clearly structured class.

2) grammatical meanings, unlike lexical ones, are expressed in a mandatory, “forced” order. For example, a Russian speaker cannot “evade” the expression of the category of number of a verb, an English speaker cannot “evade” the category of definiteness of a noun, etc.

3) lexical and grammatical meanings differ in terms of the methods and means of their formal expression.

4) grammatical meanings may not have full correspondence in the extralinguistic sphere (for example, the categories of number and tense usually correspond to reality in one way or another, while the feminine gender of a noun stool and masculine noun chair motivated only by their endings).

The grammatical meanings of words are expressed using various grammatical means. The grammatical meaning expressed using the grammatical means of the language is called a grammatical category.

All words of the Russian language are divided into certain lexical and grammatical categories, called parts of speech. Parts of speech– the main lexical and grammatical categories into which words of a language are distributed based on the following characteristics: a) semantic (generalized meaning of an object, action or state, quality, etc.), b) morphological (morphological categories of a word) and c) s and n so s i c h e s k o g o ( syntactic functions words)

. The classification of Academician Viktor Vladimirovich Vinogradov is one of the most substantiated and convincing. It divides all words into four grammatical-semantic (structural-semantic) categories of words:

1. Name words, or parts of speech;

2. Connectives, function words, or particles of speech;

3. Modal words;

4. Interjections.

1. Name words (parts of speech) denote objects, processes, qualities, characteristics, numerical connections and relationships, are members of a sentence and can be used separately from other words as sentence words. To the parts of speech of V.V. Vinogradov classifies nouns, adjectives, numerals, verbs, adverbs, words into the category of state; they are also accompanied by pronouns.

2. Function words are deprived of a nominative (nominative) function. These include connective and function words (prepositions, conjunctions, actual particles, connectives).

3. Modal words and particles also do not perform a denomination function, but are more “lexical” than function words. They express the speaker's attitude towards the content of the utterance.

4. Interjections express feelings, moods and volitional impulses, but do not name and. Interjections differ from other types of words by their lack of cognitive value, intonation features, syntactic disorganization and direct connection with facial expressions and expressive tests.

In modern Russian there are 10 parts of speech: 1) noun,

2) adjective, 3) numeral, 4) pronoun, 5) state category, 6) adverb, 7) preposition, 8) conjunction, 9) particles, 10) verb (sometimes participles and gerunds are also distinguished as independent parts of speech )[i]. The first six parts of speech are significant performing a nominative function and acting as members of a sentence. A special place among them is occupied by pronouns, including words that lack a denominative function. Prepositions, conjunctions, particles - official parts of speech that do not have a denomination function and do not act as independent members of a sentence. In addition to the named classes of words, in the modern Russian language special groups of words are distinguished: 1) modal words, expressing the attitude of the statement to reality from the point of view of the speaker ( probably, obviously, of course); 2) interjections, which serve to express feelings and expression of will ( oh, oh, chick); 3) onomatopoeic words ( quack-quack, meow-meow

Independent (nominative) parts of speech include words naming objects, their actions and signs. You can ask questions about independent words, and in a sentence significant words are members of the sentence.

The independent parts of speech in Russian include the following:

Notes

1) As already noted, in linguistics there is no single point of view on the position of participles and gerunds in the system of parts of speech. Some researchers classify them as independent parts of speech, others consider them special forms of the verb. Participle and gerund really occupy an intermediate position between independent parts speech and verb forms.

Functional parts of speech- these are words that do not name objects, actions, or signs, but express only the relationships between them.

• Functional words cannot be questioned.
• Function words are not parts of the sentence.
• Function words serve independent words, helping them connect with each other as part of phrases and sentences.
• The auxiliary parts of speech in Russian include the following:

• pretext (in, on, about, from, because of);
• union (and, but, however, because, so that, if);
• particle (would, whether, not, even, exactly, only).

6. Interjections occupy a special position among parts of speech.

• Interjections do not name objects, actions, or signs (as independent parts of speech); they do not express relationships between in independent words and do not serve to connect words (as functional parts of speech).
• Interjections convey our feelings. To express amazement, delight, fear, etc., we use interjections such as ah, oh, uh; to express the feeling of cold - br-r, to express fear or pain – Ouch etc.

Independent parts of speech have a nominative function (they name objects, their characteristics, actions, states, quantity, signs of other characteristics or indicate them), have a system of forms and are members of the sentence in a sentence.

Functional parts of speech do not have a nominative function, are unchangeable and cannot be members of a sentence. They serve to connect words and sentences and to express the speaker's attitude towards the message.

Ticket number 8

Noun

The significant part of speech, which includes words with an objective meaning that have a gender category, change according to cases and numbers and act as any member in a sentence.

MORPHOLOGY. PART I.

TOPIC 1. MORPHOLOGY AS A SECTION OF THE SCIENCE OF LANGUAGE

Subject of morphology

Morphology (from the Greek morphe - form and logos - study) is the grammatical study of words. The word is the main object of morphology. Morphology studies the grammatical properties of words, establishes what grammatical meanings certain words and classes of words have, reveals the specifics of grammatical categories of words related to different parts speech. For example, both nouns and adjectives have the categories of gender, number and case. However, for nouns these categories are independent, and for adjectives they are syntactically determined, depending on the gender, number and case of the noun with which the adjective is combined (cf.: big house, big house, big house and so on.; the big one is ours; large building; big houses and so on.).

The tasks of morphology include determining the range of words that have one or another grammatical category. Grammatical categories either cover the entire lexical base of a certain part of speech, or apply only to the main body of words belonging to it. So, nouns pluralia tantum (scissors, twilight, yeast etc.) do not have a gender category, impersonal verbs do not have “categories of persons.” One of the most important tasks of morphology is to identify and describe the specific functioning of grammatical categories in the lexicon various parts speech.

Morphology establishes the composition of the grammatical forms of various types of words, reveals the rules for changing words, and distributes words according to types of declension and conjugation.

Morphology includes the study of parts of speech. It examines the semantic and formal features of words of various categories, develops criteria and rules for classifying words by parts of speech, determines the range of words for each part of speech, establishes a system of parts of speech, studies the lexical and grammatical features of words of each part of speech, and identifies patterns of interaction between parts of speech.

Grammatical meanings of words

A word is a complex unity of lexical and grammatical meanings. For example, the word lamp means "lighting or heating device different devices" This is its lexical meaning. Into the semantic content of the word lamp also includes feminine, nominative and singular meanings. These are its grammatical meanings.

The lexical meaning of a word is an individual semantic feature that distinguishes it from other words. Even words that are close in meaning (cf.: lamp, lamp, lantern) have different lexical meanings. Lamp -“a small vessel with a wick, filled with oil and lit in front of the icons”; flashlight has three meanings: 1) “ lighting fixture in the form of a glass ball, a box with glass walls"; 2) special: “a glass skylight in the roof, as well as a glazed projection in the building”; 3) figurative: “bruise from a beating, from a contusion.”

Grammatical meanings are characteristic of a whole class of words. Thus, the meanings of the feminine gender, singular number, nominative case unite the words lamp, water, fish, room, mermaid, thought and others, which have nothing in common in their lexical meanings. Wed. also: 1) I run, I fly, I read, I lift, I write, I jump; 2) sang, drew, read, thought, danced, shot; 3) run, read, take, fly, wipe, buy. The words in the first row mean different processes, but they all express the grammatical meanings of the 1st person, singular. The words of the second row are united by the meanings of the past tense, singular, masculine. gender, words of the third row - with the meanings of the imperative mood, units. numbers. Thus, grammatical meaning is an abstract meaning, abstracted from the lexical content of a word and inherent in a whole class of words.

Grammatical meanings are not unique. One grammatical meaning necessarily presupposes the presence of another (or others), homogeneous and correlative with it. For example, the singular number implies plural (bird - birds, nagi - pasha); the meaning of the imperfect form is paired with the meaning of the perfect form (take off- remove, accept - accept); meaning to them pad. enters into relationships with all other case meanings.

Grammatical meanings are not isolated from lexical ones. They seem to be layered on the lexical (real, material) meanings of words and rely on them. Therefore, they are often called accompanying. Thus, the grammatical meanings of gender, number and -case in a noun book accompany its lexical meaning; grammatical meanings of the 3rd person, units. numbers, nes. aspect in verb draws based on its lexical meaning. A. A. Shakhmatov wrote about this: “The grammatical meaning of a linguistic form is opposed to its real meaning. The real meaning of a word depends on its correspondence as a verbal sign to one or another phenomenon of the external world. The grammatical meaning of a word is the meaning it has in relation to other words. The real meaning connects the word directly with the outside world, the grammatical meaning connects it primarily with other words."

Grammatical meanings reflect either certain features of phenomena in the external world, or the attitude of the speaker to the thought he expresses, or intralingual connections and relationships between words. They, notes A. A. Shakhmatov, “can be based (1) partly on phenomena given in the external world: for example, plural. h. birds depends on the fact that we mean the idea of ​​not one, but several birds... (2) Partially, the accompanying meanings are based on the speaker’s subjective attitude to a certain phenomenon: for example, I walked means the same action as me I'm walking but taking place, according to the speaker, in the past tense... (3) Partially, finally, the accompanying meanings are based... on the formal, external reason given in the word itself: so, the feminine gender of the word book depends only on the fact that it ends in -a.”

Grammatical meaning

(formal) meaning. A meaning that acts as an addition to the lexical meaning of a word and expresses various relationships (the relationship to other words in a phrase or sentence, the relationship to the person performing the action or other persons, the relationship of the reported fact to reality and time, the attitude of the speaker to the communicated, etc. .). Usually a word has several grammatical meanings. Thus, the word country has the meaning of feminine, nominative case, singular; the word wrote contains the grammatical meanings of the past tense, singular, masculine, perfective. Grammatical meanings find their morphological or syntactic expression in the language. They are expressed mainly by the form of the word, which is formed:

a) affixation. Book, books, book, etc. (case meanings);

b) internal inflection. Collect - collect (imperfect and perfect meanings);

c) accent. At home. (gen. fallen. singular) - at home (named. fallen. plural);

d) suppletivism. Take - take (meanings of the form). Good - better (values ​​of the degree of comparison);

f) mixed (synthetic and analytical methods). To the house (the meaning of the dative case is expressed by a preposition and a case form).

Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .

See what “grammatical meaning” is in other dictionaries:

Grammatical meaning is a meaning expressed by an inflectional morpheme (grammatical indicator). The difference between lexical and grammatical meanings (each of these rules is not absolute and has counterexamples): grammatical ... ... Wikipedia

grammatical meaning- One of the two main aspects of a grammatical unit, along with grammatical form. The grammatical meaning accompanies the word and predetermines the boundaries of its syntactic use (the book has the grammatical meaning of the noun noun).... ...

Grammatical meaning- Grammatical meaning is a generalized, abstract linguistic meaning inherent in a number of words, word forms, syntactic structures and finding its regular (standard) expression in the language. In the field of morphology, these are the general meanings of words as parts... ...

grammatical meaning- the meaning of the formal affiliation of the word, i.e. the meaning of a relationship expressed not by a separate word, but by non-independent elements, additional to the main (meaning) part of the word... Explanatory translation dictionary

grammatical meaning as opposed to lexical meaning- 1) G.z. is an intralingual meaning, because contains information about relationships, connections between linguistic units, regardless of the presence of these relationships in extra-linguistic reality; L.z. correlates a linguistic unit with an extralinguistic one... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

This term has other meanings, see Meaning(s). Meaning is an associative connection between a sign and the object of designation. Words are distinguished by their lexical meaning, the correlation of the sound shell of the word with the corresponding... ... Wikipedia

The meaning contained in a word, the content associated with the concept as a reflection in the consciousness of objects and phenomena of the objective world. The meaning is included in the structure of the word as its content ( inside), in relation to which the sound... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

This term has other meanings, see Number (meanings). Number (in grammar) grammatical category, expressing quantitative characteristics subject. The division into singular and plural is perhaps... ... Wikipedia

Meaning of the word- For the meaning of the word, see Grammatical meaning, Lexical meaning of the word... Linguistic encyclopedic Dictionary

- (derivative meaning) one of the basic concepts of word formation; a special type of word meaning that only a derived word can have. Derivative meaning is expressed using a derivational formant and... ... Wikipedia

Books

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Grammatical meaning- part of the meaning (content) of a word or sentence that receives a mandatory formal expression as part of the word or sentence.

There are two types of meanings of linguistic units in a language: lexical and grammatical. The lexical meaning of a word is the subject of vocabulary, and the grammatical meaning is the subject of grammar. Lexical meaning is the specific, objective meaning of a word. Simplifying somewhat, we can say that this is a reflection of a fragment of the surrounding world in a word (see Lexical meaning of the word).

The difference between lexical meaning and grammatical meaning lies in the greater degree of abstraction of the latter, in its obligatory and regular, fairly standard formal expression in language. The grammatical meaning is more abstract: it does not name objects, signs, actions, etc., but classifies words, combines them into groups according to certain characteristics, and connects words in syntactic constructions. Grammatical abstraction is an abstraction from a specific meaning, isolating grammatical features and relationships characterizing a whole class of words. Each part of speech is characterized by a specific set of grammatical meanings. For example, a noun has the meaning of gender, number and case, a verb has the meaning of tense, mood, etc.

Grammatical meanings are obligatory in a language: this means that they are expressed in a word or sentence without fail, regardless of the desire of the speaker. For example, when reporting an event, a Russian speaker must note whether the event is happening now, whether it happened earlier, or whether it can only happen in the future, i.e., indicate the tense of the verb. A noun must be masculine, feminine or neuter, has a number and case form, etc.

Grammatical meaning is always formally expressed in the composition of a word or sentence. The ways of expressing grammatical meaning can be different.

1. In Russian, grammatical meanings are most often expressed using endings (inflections): cat - cats (number), cat - cat (case), I go - you go (person), etc.

2. Sometimes grammatical meaning can be expressed by alternating sounds: call - name (category of aspect), run - run (category of mood).

3. Grammatical meanings can also be expressed using stress: cut - cut (meaning type).

4. Grammatical meanings can be expressed by combining forms from different bases: person - people (number category), I - me (case category).

5. The grammatical meaning can be expressed by repeating the word: kind-kind ( superlative adjective).

6. The grammatical meaning can be expressed by functional words: I will read (the meaning of the future tense), I would read (the meaning of the subjunctive mood).

7. Grammatical meaning can be expressed using the order of words in a sentence: a mother loves her daughter, a chair scratches the table (subject-object relationships are formalized by subject and object).

8. Grammatical meaning can be expressed using intonation: He came. He came?

Grammatical meaning has standard and regular means of expression, that is, in most cases, homogeneous grammatical meanings are expressed by the same (standard) morphemes. So, for example, the instrumental case of nouns of the 1st declension is represented by the ending -th(s): girl, bird, dad, young man, etc., and the instrumental case of nouns of the 2nd declension is represented by the ending -th(s): boy, hammer, field, etc. Grammatical meaning is expressed, as a rule, regularly, that is, it forms paradigms - patterns of inflection into which you can substitute any word of the same grammatical characteristic and get the correct form (see Paradigm). Therefore, the grammatical system is easily structured and can be presented in the form of tables (for example, tables of noun declension or verb conjugation).