Use of water resources in the national economy. Water resources

Water. Anthropogenic impact on the hydrosphere.

The growth of cities, the rapid development of industry, the intensification of agriculture, a significant expansion of irrigated areas, improvement of cultural and living conditions and a number of other factors are increasingly complicating the problems of water supply.

The demand for water is enormous and increasing every year. The annual water consumption on the globe for all types of water supply is 3300-3500 km3. Moreover, 70% of all water consumption is used in agriculture.

The chemical and pulp and paper industries, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy consume a lot of water. Energy development is also leading to a sharp increase in water demand. A significant amount of water is spent for the needs of the livestock industry, as well as for the household needs of the population. Most of the water, after being used for domestic needs, is returned to rivers in the form of wastewater.

Fresh water shortage is already becoming a global problem. The ever-increasing needs of industry and agriculture for water are forcing all countries and scientists around the world to look for various means to solve this problem.

At the present stage, the following areas of rational use are being determined: water resources: more complete use and expanded reproduction of fresh water resources; development of new technological processes to prevent pollution of water bodies and minimize the consumption of fresh water. My work is dedicated to the topic of rational water use. It will discuss the main problems of rational use of water resources, pollution problems and methods of purifying water resources.

1. Water resources and their use.

The basis of Russia's water resources is river flow, which averages 4262 km3 per year, of which about 90% falls in the basins of the Arctic and Pacific oceans. The basins of the Caspian and Azov Seas, where over 80% of Russia's population lives and its main industrial and agricultural potential is concentrated, account for less than 8% of the total river flow.

Currently, the availability of water per person per day varies in different countries of the world. In a number of countries with developed economies, the threat of water shortages is imminent. The shortage of fresh water on earth is growing exponentially. However, there are promising sources of fresh water - icebergs born from the glaciers of Antarctica and Greenland.

A person cannot live without water. Water is one of the most important factors determining the location of productive forces, and very often a means of production. The increase in water consumption by industry is associated not only with its rapid development, but also with an increase in water consumption per unit of production. For example, factories spend 250 m3 of water to produce 1 ton of cotton fabric. The chemical industry requires a lot of water. Thus, the production of 1 ton of ammonia requires about 1000 m3 of water.

Modern large thermal power plants consume great amount water. Only one station with a capacity of 300 thousand kW consumes up to 120 m3/s, or more than 300 million m3 per year. Gross water consumption for these stations will increase approximately 9-10 times in the future. Avakyan A.B., Shirokov V.M.: Rational use of water resources: Textbook for geogr., biol. and builds. specialist. universities - Ekaterinburg, Victor publishing house, 1994. - 320 p.

One of the most significant water consumers is agriculture. It is the largest water consumer in the water management system. Growing 1 ton of wheat requires 1,500 m3 of water during the growing season, 1 ton of rice requires more than 7,000 m3. The high productivity of irrigated lands has stimulated a sharp increase in area worldwide - it is now equal to 200 million hectares. Constituting about 1/6 of the total crop area, irrigated lands provide approximately half of agricultural products.

A special place in the use of water resources is occupied by water consumption for the needs of the population. Household and drinking purposes in our country account for about 10% of water consumption. At the same time, uninterrupted water supply, as well as strict adherence to scientifically based sanitary and hygienic standards, are mandatory.

The use of water for economic purposes is one of the links in the water cycle in nature. But the anthropogenic link of the cycle differs from the natural one in that during the process of evaporation, part of the water used by humans returns to the atmosphere desalinated. The other part (which, for example, makes up 90% for water supply to cities and most industrial enterprises) is discharged into water bodies in the form of wastewater contaminated with industrial waste.

According to the State Water Cadastre, the total water intake from natural water bodies in 1995 it was 96.9 km3. More than 70 km3 was used for the needs of the national economy, including for:

industrial water supply - 46 km3;

irrigation - 13.1 km3;

agricultural water supply - 3.9 km3;

other needs - 7.5 km3.

Industry needs were met by 23% by drawing water from natural water bodies and by 77% by a system of recycling and re-sequential water supply.

It is of great importance to meet the needs of the population for drinking water in their places of residence through centralized or non-centralized drinking water supply systems.

In the Russian Federation, centralized water supply systems operate in 1,052 cities (99% of the total number of cities) and 1,785 urban-type settlements (81%). However, in many cities there is a lack of water supply capacity. In Russia as a whole, the shortage of water supply capacity exceeds 10 million m3/day, or 10% of the installed capacity.

The sources of centralized water supply are surface water, the share of which in the total volume of water intake is 68%, and groundwater - 32%.

Almost all surface water supplies in last years are exposed to harmful anthropogenic pollution, especially rivers such as the Volga, Don, Northern Dvina, Ufa, Tobol, Tom and other rivers of Siberia and Far East. 70% of surface waters and 30% of underground waters have lost their drinking value and moved into the categories of pollution - “conditionally clean” and “dirty”. Almost 70% of the population of the Russian Federation consume water that does not comply with GOST “Drinking water”.

Over the past 10 years, the volume of financing for water management activities in Russia has been reduced 11 times. As a result, the conditions of water supply to the population worsened.

The processes of degradation of surface water bodies are increasing due to the discharge of contaminated wastewater into them by enterprises and housing facilities. utilities, petrochemical, oil, gas, coal, meat, forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries, as well as ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, collection of collector and drainage water from irrigated lands contaminated with toxic chemicals and pesticides.

The depletion of river water resources continues under the influence of economic activities. The possibilities of irreversible water withdrawal in the basins of the Kuban, Don, Terek, Ural, Iset, Miass and a number of other rivers have been practically exhausted.

The condition of small rivers is unfavorable, especially in the areas of large industrial centers. Significant damage to small rivers is caused in rural areas due to violation of the special regime of economic activity in water protection zones and coastal protective strips, leading to river pollution, as well as soil loss as a result of water erosion.

Pollution of groundwater used for water supply is increasing. About 1,200 sources of groundwater pollution have been identified in the Russian Federation, of which 86% are located in the European part. Deterioration in water quality was noted in 76 cities and towns, at 175 water intakes. Many underground sources, especially those supplying large cities in the Central, Central Black Earth, North Caucasus and other regions, are severely depleted, as evidenced by a decrease in the sanitary water level, in some places reaching tens of meters.

The total consumption of contaminated water at water intakes is 5-6% of the total amount of groundwater used for domestic and drinking water supply.

About 500 areas have been discovered in Russia where groundwater is contaminated with sulfates, chlorides, compounds of nitrogen, copper, zinc, lead, cadmium, and mercury, the levels of which are tens of times higher than the maximum permissible concentration.

Due to increased pollution of water sources, traditionally used water treatment technologies are in most cases insufficiently effective. The efficiency of water treatment is negatively affected by the shortage of reagents and the low level of equipment of water stations, automation and control devices. The situation is aggravated by the fact that 40% of the internal surfaces of pipelines are corroded and covered with rust, therefore, during transportation, the quality of water further deteriorates.

State control and supervision in the field of drinking water supply is carried out by bodies and institutions of the state sanitary and epidemiological service in interaction with state environmental control bodies and state bodies for managing the use and protection of the water fund. Accounting for the amount of water consumed from centralized drinking water supply systems is carried out by housing and communal services authorities.

Drinking water supply development programs are an integral part of the socio-economic development plans of the territories. The design, construction and reconstruction of centralized and non-centralized drinking water supply systems are carried out with the calculated indicators of master plans for the development of territories, building codes and rules, state standards, sanitary rules and norms. At the same time, the requirements for ensuring the reliability of these systems when exposed to destabilizing factors of natural (landslides, flooding, aquifer depletion, etc.) and man-made origin must be taken into account.

Intensive development of industry and agricultural production, an increase in the level of improvement of cities and towns, and significant population growth have led to a shortage and sharp deterioration in the quality of water resources in almost all regions of Russia in recent decades.

One of the main ways to meet society's needs for water is the engineering reproduction of water resources, i.e. their restoration and increase not only quantitatively, but also qualitatively.

The prospects for rational reproduction of technological water consumption are associated with the creation of re-sequential, recycling and closed water supply systems at enterprises. They are based on amazing property water, allowing it not to change its physical essence after participating in production processes.

Russian industry is characterized by a high level of development of recycling water supply systems, due to which the saving of fresh water spent on production needs averages 78%. The best indicators of using circulating systems are in the gas (97%), oil refining (95%) industries, ferrous metallurgy (94%), chemical and petrochemical (91%) industries, and mechanical engineering (85%).

Maximum water consumption in circulating and re-sequential water supply systems is typical for the Ural, Central, Volga and West Siberian economic regions. In Russia as a whole, the ratio of the volumes of fresh and recycled water use is 35.5 and 64.5%, respectively.

The widespread introduction of advanced water circulation systems (even closed ones) can not only solve the problem of water supply to consumers, but also preserve natural water sources in an environmentally friendly state.

Use of water resources

In recent years, due to economic destabilization, which led to a drop in industrial output, a decrease in agricultural productivity and a reduction in irrigated areas, there has been a decrease in water consumption in Russia (for 1991-1995, fresh water - by 20.6%, sea water - by 13.4%). The structure of fresh water use has also changed: water consumption for industrial needs decreased by 4% (from 53% in 1991 to 49% in 1995), for irrigation and water supply - by 3% (from 19 to 16%), at the same time the share of domestic drinking water supply increased by 4% (from 16 to 20%).

By 1997, the volume of fresh water use in Russia amounted to 75780.4 million m3/year, sea water - 4975.9 million m3/year.

Municipal water supply

Russia's public utilities supply the water needs of the urban population, municipal, transport and other non-industrial enterprises, as well as water consumption for the improvement of populated areas, watering streets and extinguishing fires.

A distinctive feature of public utilities is the consistency of water consumption and strict requirements for water quality.

The main volume (84-86%) of consumed water is used for household and drinking needs of the population; on average in Russia, specific water consumption per city resident is 367-369 l/day.

About 99% of cities, 82% of urban settlements, 19.5% of settlements in rural areas are provided with centralized water supply. The improvement of urban housing stock on average across the country is characterized by the following indicators: security central water supply- 83.8%, sewerage - 81.4%, central heating - 84.7%, baths and showers - 76.7%, hot water supply - 70.8% (data for 1996).

In superficial water bodies Industry enterprises discharge about 13 km 3/year of wastewater; for various reasons, insufficiently purified water predominates in the structure of discharged water. In the whole country, about 70% of all supplied water is pre-passed through treatment systems.

Due to the unfavorable state of drinking water supply sources and the imperfection of the water treatment system, the problem of water quality continues to be acute. Standard treatment facilities including two-stage scheme lightening, bleaching and disinfection are unable to cope with the increasing loads of new pollutants ( heavy metals; pesticides, halogen-containing compounds, phenols, formaldehydes). Chlorination of water containing organic substances that accumulate in water sources leads to secondary pollution and the formation of carcinogenic organochlorine compounds.

About 70% of industrial enterprises discharge wastewater into public sewers, which, in particular, contains salts of heavy metals and toxic substances. The sludge formed during the treatment of such wastewater cannot be used in agriculture, which creates problems with its disposal.

Industrial water supply

Industrial water supply, which ensures the functioning of technological processes, is the leading area of ​​water use. Industrial water supply systems include hydraulic structures for intake process water and delivery to all enterprises, as well as water treatment systems.

The industrial potential of each economic region of the Russian Federation is represented by almost all major industries. There are also areas where very specific industries are predominantly concentrated. For example, 46% of light industry production is concentrated in the Central Economic Region, the Ural Economic Region accounts for about 70% of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy products, and the West Siberian Region accounts for 46% of the fuel industry.

The volume of water consumption depends on the structure of industrial enterprises, the level of technology, and the measures taken to save water. The most water-intensive industries are thermal power engineering, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, petrochemical and wood processing industries. The most water-intensive industry, the electric power industry, accounts for about 68% of the total consumption of fresh water and 51% of recycled water.

Since most industrial facilities are concentrated in major cities, in Russia, integrated industrial-municipal water supply systems have gained priority, which, in turn, leads to unreasonably high costs for industrial needs of drinking quality water (up to 30-40% of the daily supply of city water supply systems).

Industrial enterprises are the main source of surface water pollution, annually discharging large amounts of waste water (35.5 km’ in 1996). Particularly diverse in their properties and chemical composition wastewater from the chemical, petrochemical, oil refining, pulp and paper and coal industries. Despite sufficient power treatment facilities, only 83-85% of discharged wastewater meets regulatory requirements. In the structure of discharged waters containing pollutants above the standard level, discharge without treatment currently amounts to 23% (28% in 1991); the remaining waters are discharged insufficiently purified.

Agricultural water supply

In rural areas, water supply is carried out mainly through local systems and through individual provision of water users. Local water supply systems are very dependent on the quality of water in the sources and, if necessary, are equipped with special structures. In areas with high rural population density, group systems are used.

For the needs of the industry, about 28% of the total volume of water withdrawn is taken from natural water sources.

Among agricultural sectors, the main consumer of fresh water and a major polluter of surface water bodies, discharging untreated wastewater through the collector and drainage network, is irrigated agriculture. A serious danger to surface water bodies is the removal of fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural fields.

Another large consumer of water and a powerful source of pollution of surface and groundwater are livestock complexes for raising cattle, pigs, and poultry. Purification of livestock wastewater is associated with great difficulties, since it must be long time keep in storage ponds.

Water transport

Water transport is perhaps the most ancient water user. Along the inland waterways of Russia (rivers, lakes, reservoirs, canals) with total length over 400 thousand km, up to 50 million tons of cargo are transported.

When using rivers and other water bodies for navigation, it is necessary to maintain guaranteed depths, flow regimes and other conditions that ensure uninterrupted operation water transport during the navigation period.

In a number of cases, the interests of water transport conflict with the interests of other water users and water consumers, such as water supply, irrigation, and hydropower. For example, hydraulic construction, on the one hand, makes it possible to increase the depth and width of the waterway, eliminate rapids, and on the other hand, it introduces serious complications into the operation of water transport by reducing the duration of the navigation period, sharp daily and weekly fluctuations in flow rates and water levels in the downstream of hydroelectric power stations. .

Water transport, without placing high demands on water quality, is one of the significant sources of pollution of water bodies with oil products and suspended substances.

Timber rafting has a very adverse effect on the ecological state of water bodies, changing the natural state of riverbeds, clogging water bodies with submerged wood, and destroying spawning areas.

Fisheries

Fisheries are directly related to the use of water resources and place very high demands on their regime, quantity and quality. For successful reproduction and normal development of fish, it is necessary pure water with a sufficient amount of dissolved oxygen and the absence of harmful impurities, appropriate temperature and food supply. Water quality standards for fisheries are more stringent than for drinking water supplies.

In Russia, about 30% of catches in inland seas and reservoirs are freshwater fish (pike, bream, pike perch, roach, perch, carp, whitefish, stellate sturgeon, beluga, salmon, chum salmon, pink salmon). In recent years, there has been a decline in catches, which is due to a decrease in the productivity of fisheries as a result of intense anthropogenic impact.

The increase in fish reproduction is carried out through artificial fish breeding in fish hatcheries, spawning and nursery farms, and fish hatcheries. A very promising direction is the cultivation of fish in cooling ponds of thermal power plants.

Recreation

Water bodies are a favorite place for recreation, sports, and people’s health. Almost all recreational institutions and structures are located either on the banks of water bodies or near them. In recent years, the scale recreational activities on water bodies are constantly growing, which is facilitated by an increase in the urban population and improved transport communications.

In the Russian Federation, about 60% of all sanatoriums and over 80% of recreational facilities are located on the banks of reservoirs. 60% of tourist centers and 90% of recreational facilities for the largest suburban holiday in the country.

Water resources (table of contents)
State of the World's Water Resources >>

USE OF WATER RESOURCES

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studopedia.org - Studopedia.Org - 2014-2018 (0.002 s)…

Abiotic, biotic and anthropogenic environmental factors

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One of the main properties of water as a component of the geographical environment is its irreplaceability. Of the numerous types of mineral resources, most are interchangeable.

In the fuel and energy cycle coal is replaced by oil, oil by gas, many types of non-ferrous metals are also interchangeable in some cases, for example, nickel by chromium, copper by aluminum, etc.

Water resources are of exceptional economic importance. Water resources are considered inexhaustible, but in their distribution they are directly and indirectly influenced by other components natural complex. As a result, they are characterized by great variability and uneven distribution.

The uniqueness of water resources is determined mainly by the continuous mobility of water participating in the cycle. In accordance with the place in this cycle, the waters on Earth appear in various forms, having unequal value from the point of view of satisfying human needs, i.e.

e. as resources.

In accordance with the water balance equations (according to the method of M.I. Lvovich), the volume of water brought to land by precipitation breaks down into two parts - total river flow and evaporation. River flow, in turn, includes surface (flood) and underground flow.

It is these components of the water balance that serve as water resources, since rivers and groundwater are technically the most convenient and economically most effective sources of satisfying domestic and economic needs for water.

Many lakes are suitable for water supply, although they require a special regime of use. The same applies to deep underground waters, especially to their centuries-old reserves, completely or partially isolated from the modern water cycle.

Thus, at the current level of technology, the main, and in most areas the only source of water resources is surface (primarily river) and underground runoff. Since runoff formation occurs under the influence of a complex system of geographically differentiated natural factors, a natural system of territorial differences in the runoff regime (water balance structure) and, consequently, in the distribution of water resources develops.

This creates the need for economic analysis and assessment of water resources from the positions that underlie the concept developed in this work.

Water resources are characterized by strong regime variability in time, ranging from daily to secular fluctuations in the water abundance of each source. Due to the characteristics and nutritional regime in different areas, there are large differences in the seasonal flow regime, which have a relatively stable, regular character. At the same time, the complex interaction of many factors gives runoff fluctuations the character of a random process.

Therefore, calculations related to water resources inevitably take on a probabilistic, statistical nature. It is important to note that the regime of runoff variability itself is geographically differentiated.

The higher the runoff variability, the greater the volume of work and, therefore, the cost of regulatory measures.

Therefore, we can talk about natural territorial differences in the unit costs of maintaining a flow regime favorable to consumers, which are to some extent zonal in nature. They are superimposed on local differences in the natural conditions of the construction of specific water-regulating objects (seismicity, karst formation, valley topography, the nature of solid runoff, etc.).

P.). These factors determine differences in the methods of construction (the amount of capital costs) and operation (the amount of current costs) of water regulating facilities and, therefore, create naturally occurring differences in unit costs per unit of regulating capacity (for example, per unit of useful volume of reservoirs).

Water resources differ greatly complexity of territorial forms.

The main sources of water used - rivers - are linear. At the same time, hydropower resources, although they are theoretically distributed along the entire length of the watercourse, can practically be used at certain points (sections). The latter, unlike mineral deposits, are not given by nature, but are the result of choice. However, such a choice, determined by technical and economic criteria, is largely based on taking into account natural factors (longitudinal and transverse profiles of the valley in different areas, engineering and geological conditions of construction, etc.).

P.). Groundwater resources are characterized by distribution over vast areas, although water intakes are point-based (in this respect they are similar to oil and gas resources).

Due to the close connection of runoff with a complex of natural components, we can talk about the provision of water resources to entire more or less extensive areas ( quantitative characteristics indicators of runoff modules related to the entire area of ​​river basins or their parts can serve).

This approach, however, is conditional, since the use of water resources practically requires their certain concentration in watercourses.

Many features of water resources follow from the unique ways of using them.

With rare exceptions, water is not used directly to create any materials with transformation into another substance and irreversible withdrawal from the natural cycle, as happens with mineral or forest resources.

On the contrary, during use, water resources either remain in natural drainage channels (water transport, hydropower, fisheries, recreation) or are returned to the water cycle (irrigation, all types of domestic and domestic water supply).

Therefore, in principle, the use of water resources does not lead to their depletion.

However, in practice the situation is more complicated. The use of water for dissolving and transporting useful substances or waste, cooling fuel-generating units, or as a coolant leads to qualitative changes (pollution, heating) of waste water and (when discharged) the water supply sources themselves.

When water is used for irrigation, it is only partially (and often in a changed qualitative state) returned to local drainage channels, and mainly as a result of transpiration and evaporation from the soil it goes into the atmosphere, being included in the ground phase of the cycle in others, usually very remote areas.

The inexhaustibility of water resources and the peculiarities of their use are associated with their specific place in the system of economic relations.

Until recently, the comparative abundance of water and the ability, in most cases, to satisfy all needs for it, excluded water, like air, from the system of economic relations. The exception was arid areas, where there is a shortage of water and the need for large material and labor costs the organization of water supply has long made water an object of complex economic and legal relations.

Due to the rapid increase in water consumption as water shortages arise in all more areas the situation began to change.

There is a need for a mechanism for regulating the use of limited water resources and distributing them among consumers - economic or administrative.

Water is an indispensable condition for the existence and development of most types (sectors) of human activity. However, the water requirements of different industries are very different.

With a cost approach, it follows that some industries (with low specific water requirements, i.e., non-water-intensive) are relatively little sensitive to the level of water supply costs, while others (water-intensive) should experience a noticeable influence of differences in the level of these costs.

On the other hand, we can talk about unequal efficiency of water use in different industries. Thus, based on the impossibility of carrying out a particular type of activity without obtaining a certain volume of water, it is possible (albeit with a high degree of convention) to determine the cost effect of using, say, 1 m3 of water in different water consuming industries.

Such indicators, to some extent, can characterize the inverse value - the economic damage from not receiving a unit of water in different water-consuming industries. This makes it possible to create an economically sound system of priorities in the use of limited water resources in the most water-scarce areas and those suffering from tension in the water balance of the region.

Characterized by the possibility of multi-purpose use of water resources, carried out by many industries that have specific requirements for both quantity and quality. Since in most cases the same water sources serve to satisfy different needs, certain water-economic combinations (complexes) are formed in river basins (spontaneously or systematically), including all consumers and users of a given basin.

Some types of water resource use are associated with the withdrawal of certain volumes of water from the source and irreversible (within a given basin) losses or qualitative changes in the returned flow.

The largest water consumer is irrigated agriculture. By withdrawing significant volumes of water from sources of surface or underground water resources, it essentially turns them into agricultural resources, artificially replenishing the water consumption for transpiration that is insufficient for the normal development of cultivated plants.

The next type of water consumption is water supply, covering a wide range of different ways of using water resources.

A common property for them is the high proportion of irrecoverable losses. The differences are determined by the specific requirements of water-consuming industries.

The discharge of sewage and industrial wastewater is directly related to municipal and industrial water supply. Their volume is proportional to the scale of water consumption.

Depending on the role of water in the technological process Substantial part accounts for contaminated wastewater. This creates a problem of qualitative depletion of water resources that is becoming more and more aggravated as the scale of production grows.

In this problem, two aspects can be distinguished: the actual qualitative (deterioration of water as a result of the introduction of mineral and organic impurities into it, making it difficult or impossible to use the source below the discharge point) and quantitative (the need for a certain, usually much a larger amount of fresh water than the volume of drainage to dilute the polluted water to a standard level).

In the economic aspect, this is expressed either in additional costs that are necessary to process water and bring it to the required conditions by other consumers, or in losses resulting from the inability to use this source of water resources due to its pollution.

One of the types of water consumption is often considered watering.

However, in essence, the specific measures included in this concept actually represent water supply, as a rule, to waterless or low-water areas. The latter circumstance is associated with the allocation of water supply to a special water management task, usually attributed to a certain area, although in fact it means the provision of water to specific points - centers of water consumption.

Water-using industries change the water balance of the sources they use relatively little.

Hydropower uses the hydraulic energy of surface runoff, i.e.

i.e. ultimately an inexhaustible flow solar energy, driving the water cycle mechanism. Since the magnitude of this energy is proportional to the volume of flow and the height of the fall, the territorial distribution of hydropower resources reflects the joint influence of the geographical features of river flow and topography.

Hydropower imposes its own specific quality requirements on water resources. In addition to water content, which determines the total energy potential, the water flow regime—the change in water flow over time—is of great importance.

The creation of hydroelectric power stations does not make significant changes to the volume of water resources of the source used (except for the increase in losses due to evaporation from the surface of the reservoir), but due to the creation of large regulating tanks it can greatly affect the water flow regime.

Specific form of energy use - development of underground thermal water resources, serving to some extent as fuel, but one that must be consumed immediately, at the place of its extraction from the bowels.

Water transport has virtually no effect on other types of water resource use (except for relatively weak and easily removable pollution and the impact of waves raised by ships on the shores).

One type of water transport, timber rafting, has a greater impact on the quality of water bodies. Significant losses of wood during rafting pollute the water and worsen the condition of the bottom and banks.

Fisheries uses water resources as a means of subsistence for another type of natural resource - biological.

In this it is similar to irrigated agriculture, but unlike the latter it is not associated with the withdrawal of water from natural sources.

The requirements for the qualitative condition and flow regime in the sources are quite differentiated depending on the predominant fish species with different environmental requirements. In general, especially for the most valuable fish species, these requirements are quite stringent in terms of flow regime and water purity.

Finally, it should be noted the use of water resources for rest and treatment.

This function is now acquiring growing importance, although neither its technical requirements nor the economic basis have yet been defined. The most studied and clearest question is the use of sources of underground mineral waters with certain medicinal and taste properties. In the conditions of a river basin, the differences between water consumers and water users become relative.

1. Water resources and their use.

Thus, the normal functioning of hydropower facilities, water transport, and fisheries in the lower sections of the waterway requires a certain volume of transit costs, which for the overlying sections should be taken into account in the balance along with water consumption.

As a rule, each water management complex includes different types use and consumption of water resources. However, the set of types of use and their quantitative ratio vary widely.

It follows from this multivariance organization of water management complexes. Differences in the structure of individual options are determined by natural features each basin and the economic structure of the corresponding region.

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Applications 9
2.1 Reuse of wastewater for technical (non-drinking) purposes 9
2.2 Reuse of wastewater for general purposes 11
2.3 Recycled water in agriculture 12
2.4 Rainwater regeneration 14
Conclusion 15
Literature 18

Introduction
The reuse of building wastewater after appropriate treatment can successfully help solve crisis situations that exist in regions with insufficient water resources.
In many regions of our country there are serious problems with water supply due to insufficient water resources, and, as a consequence, water-saving technologies are becoming extremely important here.
Measures that could help save natural resources and make a significant contribution to solving the problem, or at least reducing its severity, are the following:
– stimulation of consumption reduction;
– water regeneration (if possible);
– reuse of wastewater and rainwater (usually requires additional treatment).
In particular, recycling of already used water reduces the level of pollution of natural areas receiving wastewater.

Collecting rainwater in bathtubs or catch basins and then using it regularly prevents overloading sewer network in case of intense precipitation. In addition, if domestic wastewater and sewage are discharged into one sewer channel, this allows the sewage to not be diluted as much, which would otherwise disrupt the biological phase of treatment.

Regarding the reuse of such water to protect public health, certain requirements are established regarding sanitary, hygienic and chemical parameters.

Depending on the required quality of the final product, cleaning can be more or less complex.
In this regard, the recycling of household wastewater is important.
Purpose: to identify the features of the recycling of household wastewater.

Tasks:
1) determine methods for treating domestic wastewater;
2) characterize the areas of application of domestic wastewater for recycling.

1. Methods of wastewater treatment. Normative base.
1. 1. Cleaning methods
The wastewater treatment method in each specific case, depending on the required final quality of the product, may include the following types of treatment:
– pre-cleaning: includes passing through a sieve (removing large solid particles), removing sand (through sedimentation baths), preliminary aeration, extracting oil particles (air blowing to the surface drives most of oils and fats), sifting (removal of suspended particles using rotating sieves);
– primary cleaning is carried out by sedimentation: in the sedimentation bath, a significant part of the settling solid particles is separated by mechanical decantation.

The process can be accelerated by the use of chemical additives (flocculants): in flocculation clarification baths, the precipitation of solid particles, as well as the precipitation of non-sedimentable suspended particles, increases;
– secondary treatment using aerobic bacteria that ensure biological destruction of organic load, thus carrying out biological oxidation of suspended biologically degradable material organic matter, dissolved in wastewater.

Treatment methods may include suspended biomass processes (reactive mud), where the mud is kept in a state of constant mixing with the sewage, and adhesive biomass processes (providing a percolator base or rotating biodisc bed), in which disinfecting bacteria are attached to a fixed base;
– third level purification is used after primary and secondary purification in the case when, in accordance with the quality requirements for purified water, it must be removed nutrients(nitrates and phosphates);
– nitrification, denitritification, dephosphorization: treatment processes that respectively ensure the conversion of organic nitrogen into nitrates, the decomposition of nitrates with the formation of gaseous nitrogen, and the removal of soluble phosphorus salts from wastewater;
– final disinfection is used when it is necessary to ensure complete sanitary and hygienic safety of wastewater.

The technique involves the use of chlorine-based reagents or ozonation or treatment with ultraviolet irradiation. In addition to the above methods, there are two more technologies for natural wastewater treatment, which can well be used as second or third level treatment. This is phytopurification and biological sedimentation (or lagooning).

Both technologies are used primarily in small wastewater treatment plants or in areas where large areas can be used. The essence of phytopurification is that waste water is gradually poured into baths or channels, where the surface (water depth 40–60 cm) is directly under open air, and the bottom, which is always under water, serves as the basis for the roots of a special type of plant.

The task of plants is to contribute to the creation of a microenvironment suitable for the proliferation of microbial flora that carries out biological treatment. After passing through the cleaning bath, the water is slowly sent for further use in a volume equal to the volume of water poured in.
For biological sedimentation, large pools (lagoons) are required, into which waste fecal water is periodically poured. There is a gradual biological decomposition of pollution by microbial colonies living in the pool (due to aerobic or anaerobic metabolism) or algae.

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Water is one of the irreplaceable sources of existence of any living creature on Earth. With development latest technologies the need for it is growing every day.

Water resources of the Earth: general characteristics

The world's water resources (hydrosphere) are the totality of all possible sources of water on planet Earth. It is no secret that any sphere of life requires water components. Statistics show that the volume of the hydrosphere is quite large - 1.3 billion km. However, this figure does not reflect the sufficiency of water in the world, since fresh drinking water plays a strategic role, and its amount ranges from 2 to 2.6%.

The world's water resources (fresh) include ice blocks in Antarctica and the Arctic, natural lakes and mountain rivers. However, it is unfortunately impossible to gain full access to these sources.

Problems of world water resources

On this moment Only a few countries in the world are sufficiently supplied with water, and according to statistical data, about 89 countries generally suffer from water deficiency. The role of water is difficult to overestimate, and its poor quality is the cause of 31% of diseases on Earth. The problems of the world's water resources should not be ignored by any state in the world, but should be resolved promptly and collectively.

Every year the demand for water increases, this is directly related to population growth and economic development. Many states are now introducing new methods for obtaining water, purifying it, and enriching it with minerals. Unfortunately, water accumulates very slowly, and therefore belongs to the group of non-renewable resources.

World water use

Water resources on planet Earth are distributed extremely unevenly. If the equatorial regions (Brazil, Peru, Indonesia) and the northern temperate zones are provided with water above the norm, then all tropical regions (accounting for 63% of the total area of ​​the globe) experience an acute shortage of water.

Global water use is generally stable. The largest percentage of water comes from agriculture and heavy industry (metallurgy, oil refining, automotive, chemical and woodworking industries). Modern thermal power plants are no less competitive with these sources of use. Despite their cheapness, obtaining energy by this method not only significantly reduces the amount of target water, but also pollutes and makes water in nearby bodies of water unsuitable for consumption.

The World Water Council was founded in 1996 with the support of 50 countries and 300 international organizations. This is a universal international platform whose main goal is to solve global water problems. To attract the attention of the international community, the Council periodically holds the World Water Forum. Once every three years (May 22), members of this organization nominate competent specialists and professors who propose new methods for solving present and future problems, demonstrate existing indicators and other information about water resources.

The world's water resources come from a variety of sources: mountains, oceans, rivers, glaciers. The vast majority of them offer low quality water due to natural and anthropogenic factors:

• drainage of used (polluted) waters into rivers and seas;
• use of fresh water for domestic needs (washing cars in reservoirs);
• entry of petroleum products and chemicals into water bodies;
• imperfect water purification system;
• inaction of environmental protection authorities;
• lack of financial resources.

Only 4% of the world's water resources are polluted from natural sources. This is usually the release of aluminum from the earth's crust.

Contaminated water is a source of infectious diseases

Clean fresh water resources of the countries of the world currently exist in nature in practically inaccessible sources (glaciers, mountain lakes), and therefore people more often resort to purifying simple river water. However, if it is poorly processed, then the risk of getting infectious disease extremely large. Dirty water is a source of severe, intractable diseases, such as typhus, tuberculosis, cholera, dysentery, glanders, etc. During the 18th and 19th centuries, most terrible pandemics began with the consumption of dirty water.

The statistics on this issue are quite disappointing, since about half of humanity suffers from bad water. Residents of Africa and Central Asia not only do not have access to fresh water, but also do not have the ability to purify the available water.

World Water Day

World Water Day was introduced by the UN in 1993 and is celebrated annually on May 22. In honor of this day, the UN Secretary-General holds various forums, meetings, round tables, and meetings on global water problems. Also on May 22, UN statistics show new data on the increase or decrease in the level of water resources in various countries of the world (geography of world water resources).

Each year, a new topic is chosen that is of most concern to international consumers. These include questions about the amount of water in modern water basins, water diseases, water natural disasters, water resource shortages, fresh water sources, and water supply problems in cities.

Ways to overcome deficit

The characteristics of the world's water resources show that this resource is non-renewable, therefore most civilized countries of the world are trying to use water rationally in various ways. Ways to overcome water deficit include:

1. Installation of meters that will correctly and accurately calculate the amount of water used.

2. Creation of a strong information base, dissemination of information about water shortages in society through the media, journalism, etc.

3. Improvement of the sewer system.

4. Savings. Simple rules Saving water by the population can help significantly reduce its consumption for more useful purposes.

5. Creation of fresh water reservoirs.

6. Introduction of sanctions for violation of water legislation.

7. Desalination or detoxification chemicals dirty water. If previously aggressive chemicals were used to destroy microbes, now, as a rule, harmless compounds of iodine or chlorine are common.

Water resources play a significant role in the life of modern society. Its quality, quantity, physical condition, temperature and other characteristics directly affect the life activity of all living things on planet Earth. However, modern society has abandoned this valuable resource, and therefore topical issue is to create an effective mechanism for purification and rational use of water.

Water resources consist of many sources, but they all make up the hydrosphere. Its unsatisfactory condition can lead to the extinction of people, animal populations, the disappearance of plants, and the spread of infectious diseases.

The problem of water in the world is urgent and requires prompt intervention. If the international community ignores such issues, then there is a threat of a complete shortage of water resources on the planet.

Looking at our planet from the heights of outer space, a comparison immediately arises with a blue ball, which is completely covered with water. At this time, the continents seem to be small islands in this endless ocean. This is quite natural, because water occupies 79.8% of the entire surface, and 29.2% falls on land. The water shell of the Earth is called the hydrosphere; its volume is 1.4 billion m3.

Water resources and their purpose

Water resources- These are waters from rivers, lakes, canals, reservoirs, seas and oceans that are suitable for use in agriculture. This also includes groundwater, soil moisture, swamps, glaciers, and atmospheric water vapor.

Water appeared on the planet about 3.5 billion years ago and initially it was in the form of vapors that were released during the degassing of the mantle. Today, water is the most important element in the Earth's biosphere, because nothing can replace it. However, recently, water resources have ceased to be considered limited, because scientists have managed desalinate salt water.

Purpose of water resources- support the vital activity of all life on Earth (humans, plants and animals). Water is the basis of all living things and the main supplier of oxygen in the process of photosynthesis. Water also takes part in climate formation - absorbing heat from the atmosphere in order to release it in the future, thereby regulating climate processes.

It would be worth remembering that water sources play an honorable role in the modification of our planet. People have always settled near reservoirs or water sources. Thus, water promotes communication. There is a hypothesis among scientists that if there were no water on Earth, the discovery of America would have been postponed for several centuries. And Australia would still be unknown today.

Types of water resources

As already said water resources- these are all the water reserves on the planet. But on the other hand, water is the most common and most specific compound on Earth, because only it can exist in three states (liquid, gaseous and solid).

The Earth's water resources consist of:

• surface water(oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, swamps) are the most valuable source of fresh water, but the thing is that these objects are distributed quite unevenly over the Earth’s surface. Thus, in the equatorial zone, as well as in the northern part of the temperate zone, water is in excess (25 thousand m 3 per year per person). And the tropical continents, which consist of 1/3 of the land, are very acutely aware of the shortage of water reserves. Based on this situation, their agriculture develops only under the condition of artificial irrigation;
• groundwater;
• reservoirs created artificially by man;
• glaciers and snowfields (frozen water from glaciers in Antarctica, the Arctic and snowy mountain peaks). This is where most of the fresh water is found. However, these reserves are practically unavailable for use. If all the glaciers are distributed over the Earth, then this ice will cover the earth with a ball 53 cm high, and by melting it, we thereby raise the level of the World Ocean by 64 meters;
• moisture what is found in plants and animals;
• vapor state of the atmosphere.

Water consumption

The total volume of the hydrosphere is amazing in its quantity, however, only 2% of this figure is fresh water, moreover, only 0.3% is available for use. Scientists have calculated the freshwater resources that are necessary for all humanity, animals and plants. It turns out that the supply of water resources on the planet is only 2.5% of the required volume of water.

Around the world, about 5 thousand m3 are consumed annually, while more than half of the consumed water is lost irrevocably. In percentage terms, the consumption of water resources will have the following characteristics:

• agriculture - 63%;

• industrial water consumption - 27% of the total;

• municipal needs take 6%;
• reservoirs consume 4%.

Few people know that in order to grow 1 ton of cotton, 10 thousand tons of water are required, 1 ton of wheat requires 1500 tons of water, the production of 1 ton of steel requires 250 tons of water, and 1 ton of paper requires at least 236 thousand tons of water.

A person should consume at least 2.5 liters of water per day, but on average this same person spends at least 360 liters per day in a large city, since this figure includes all possible uses of water, including watering streets, washing vehicles and even firefighting.

But the consumption of water resources does not end there. This is evidenced, for example, by water transport or the process of breeding both marine and fresh fish. Moreover, for breeding fish you need exclusively clean water, saturated with oxygen and free of harmful impurities.

A great example of the use of water resources is recreational areas. There is no such person who would not like to relax by a pond, relax, and swim. In the world, almost 90% of recreational areas are located near bodies of water.

The need to protect water resources

Considering the current situation, we can conclude that water requires a protective attitude towards itself. Currently, there are two ways to conserve water resources:

• reduce fresh water consumption;
• creation of modern high quality collectors.

Storing water in reservoirs limits its flow into the world's oceans. Storing water underground helps prevent its evaporation. The construction of canals can easily solve the issue of delivering water without penetrating into the ground. Humanity also thinks about the latest ways irrigation of agricultural land, allowing the territory to be moistened using wastewater.

But each of the above methods actually affects the biosphere. The reservoir system, for example, does not allow the formation of fertile silt deposits; canals prevent replenishment groundwater. Therefore, today is one of the most effective ways conserving water resources is wastewater treatment. Science does not stand still in this regard, and various methods can neutralize or remove up to 96% harmful substances.

Water pollution problem

Population growth, the rise of production and agriculture... These factors contributed to the shortage of fresh water. In addition, the share of polluted water resources is also growing.

Main sources of pollution:

• industrial waste;
• municipal wastewater;
• plums from the fields (meaning when they are oversaturated with chemicals and fertilizers;
• burial of radioactive substances near a body of water;
• wastewater coming from livestock complexes (water is characterized by an excess of biogenic organic matter);
• shipping.

Nature provides for self-purification of water bodies. This happens due to the presence of plankton in the water, ultraviolet rays entering the water, and the sedimentation of insoluble particles. But unfortunately there is much more pollution and nature on its own is not able to cope with such a mass of harmful substances that man and his activities provide to water resources.

Unusual sources of drinking water

Recently, humanity has been thinking about how to use unconventional sources of water resources. Here are the main ones:

• tow icebergs from the Arctic or Antarctica;
• carry out desalination of sea waters (actively used at the moment);
• condense atmospheric water.

In order to obtain fresh water by desalinating salt water, desalination stations are installed on sea vessels. There are already about hundreds of such units in the whole world. The world's largest producer of such water is Kuwait.

Fresh water lately has acquired the status of a global commodity; it is transported in tankers using long-distance water pipelines. This scheme works successfully in the following areas:

• the Netherlands gets water from Norway;
• Saudi Arabia receives resource from Philippines;
• Singapore imports from Malaysia;
• water is pumped from Greenland and Antarctica to Europe;
• Amazon transports drinking water to Africa.

One of the latest achievements is installations with the help of which the heat of nuclear reactors is used simultaneously for desalination of sea water and production of electricity. At the same time, the price of one liter of water costs little, since the productivity of such installations is quite high. It is recommended to use water that has passed through this route for irrigation.

Reservoirs can also help overcome freshwater shortages by regulating river flow. In total, more than 30 thousand reservoirs have been built in the world. In most countries, there are projects for the redistribution of river flow through its transfer. But most of these programs have been rejected due to environmental concerns.

Water resources of the Russian Federation

Our country has a unique water resource potential. However, their main drawback is their extremely uneven distribution. So, if we compare the Southern and Far Eastern federal districts of Russia, then in terms of the size of local water resources they differ from each other by 30 times, and in terms of water supply - by 100 times.

Rivers of Russia

When thinking about the water resources of Russia, first of all, we should note the rivers. Their volume is 4,270 km 3 . There are 4 water basins on the territory of Russia:

• the seas of the Northern and Arctic Oceans, as well as the large rivers flowing into them (Northern Dvina, Pechora, Ob, Yenisei, Lena, Kolyma);
• seas Pacific Ocean(Amur and Anadyr);
• seas Atlantic Ocean(Don, Kuban, Neva);
• the internal basin of the Caspian Sea and the flowing Volga and Ural.

Since in the central regions the population density is greater than, for example, in Siberia, this leads to the disappearance of small rivers and water pollution in general.

Lakes and swamps of Russia

Half of all fresh water in the country comes from lakes. Their number in the country is approximately 2 million. Of these, the largest ones are:

• Baikal;
• Ladoga;
• Onega;
• Taimyr;
• Khanka;
• Vats;
• Ilmen;
• White.

A special place should be given to Lake Baikal, because 90% of our fresh water reserves are concentrated in it. In addition to the fact that this lake is the deepest on earth, it is also characterized by a unique ecosystem. Baikal is also included in the UNESCO natural heritage list.

Lakes of the Russian Federation are used for irrigation and as sources for water supply. Some of the listed lakes have a decent supply of medicinal mud and therefore are used for recreational purposes. Just like rivers, lakes are characterized by their uneven distribution. They are mainly concentrated in the Northwestern part of the country (Kola Peninsula and the Republic of Karelia), the Ural region, Siberia and Transbaikalia.

The swamps of Russia also play an important role, although many people treat them with disrespect by draining them. Such actions lead to the death of entire huge ecosystems, and as a result, rivers do not have the opportunity to cleanse themselves naturally. Swamps also feed rivers and act as their controlled object during floods and floods. And of course, swamps are a source of peat reserves.

These elements of water resources are widespread in the North-West and North-Central part of Siberia; the total area of ​​swamps in Russia is 1.4 million km 2.

As we see, Russia has great water resource potential, but we should not forget about the balanced use of this resource and treat it with care, because anthropogenic factors and huge consumption lead to pollution and depletion of water resources.

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If you look at our planet from space, the Earth appears as a blue ball completely covered with water. And the continents are like small islands in this endless ocean. This is understandable. Water occupies 70.8% of the planet's surface, leaving only 29.2% of land. Water shell our planet is called the hydrosphere. Its volume is 1.4 billion cubic meters.

Water appeared on our planet about 3.5 billion years ago in the form of vapor that was formed as a result of degassing of the mantle. Currently, water is the most important element in the Earth's biosphere, since it cannot be replaced by anything. Fortunately, water resources are considered inexhaustible because scientists have come up with a way to desalinate salt water.

The main purpose of water as a natural resource is to support the life of all living things - plants, animals and humans. It is the basis of all life on our planet, the main supplier of oxygen in the most important process on Earth - photosynthesis.

Water - most important factor climate formation. By absorbing heat from the atmosphere and releasing it back, water regulates climate processes.

It is impossible not to note the role of water sources in the modification of our planet. From time immemorial, people have settled near reservoirs and water sources. Water serves as one of the main means of communication. There is an opinion among scientists that if our planet were entirely dry land, then, for example, the discovery of America would be delayed for several centuries. And we would hardly have learned about Australia for another 300 years.

Types of Earth's water resources

The water resources of our planet are the reserves of all water. But water is one of the most common and most unique compounds on Earth, since it is present in three states at once: liquid, solid and gaseous. Therefore, the Earth's water resources are:

. Surface water(oceans, lakes, rivers, seas, swamps)

. The groundwater.

. Artificial reservoirs.

. Glaciers and snowfields (frozen water from glaciers in Antarctica, the Arctic and highlands).

. Water contained in plants and animals.

. Atmospheric vapors.

The last 3 points relate to potential resources, because humanity has not yet learned to use them.

Fresh water is the most valuable; it is used much more widely than sea, salt water. Of the total water reserves in the world, 97% of water comes from seas and oceans. 2% of fresh water is contained in glaciers, and only 1% is fresh water reserves in lakes and rivers.

Use of water resources

Water resources - essential component and human life. People use water in industry and at home.

According to statistics, most water resources are used in agriculture (about 66% of all fresh water reserves). About 25% is used by industry and only 9% goes to meet the needs of utilities and households.

For example, to grow 1 ton of cotton, about 10 thousand tons of water are needed, for 1 ton of wheat - 1,500 tons of water. To produce 1 ton of steel, 250 tons of water are required, and to produce 1 ton of paper, at least 236 thousand tons of water are needed.

A person needs to drink at least 2.5 liters of water per day. However, on average, 1 person in large cities spends at least 360 liters per day. This includes the use of water in sewers, water supply, for watering streets and extinguishing fires, for washing vehicles, etc., etc.

Another option for using water resources is water transport. Every year, over 50 million tons of cargo are transported across Russian waters alone.

Don't forget about fisheries. Breeding marine and freshwater fish plays an important role in the economies of countries. Moreover, fish farming requires clean water, saturated with oxygen and free of harmful impurities.

An example of the use of water resources is also recreation. Who among us doesn’t like to relax by the sea, barbecue on the river bank or swim in the lake? In the world, 90% of recreational facilities are located near water bodies.

Water conservation

Today there are only two ways to preserve water resources:

1. Preservation of existing fresh water reserves.

2. Creation of more advanced collectors.

The accumulation of water in reservoirs prevents its flow into the world's oceans. And storing water, for example, in underground cavities, allows you to protect water from evaporation. The construction of canals allows us to solve the issue of delivering water without it seeping into the ground. New methods of irrigating agricultural land are also being developed that make it possible to use wastewater.

But each of these methods has an impact on the biosphere. Thus, the reservoir system prevents the formation of fertile silt deposits. The canals impede the replenishment of groundwater. And water filtration in canals and dams is the main risk factor for swamps, which leads to disturbances in the planet’s ecosystem.

Today, the most effective measure for protecting water resources is the wastewater treatment method. Various methods can remove up to 96% of harmful substances from water. But this is often not enough, and the construction of more advanced treatment facilities often turns out to be economically unprofitable.

Water pollution problems

Population growth, development of production and agriculture - these factors have led to a shortage of fresh water for humanity. The share of polluted water resources is growing every year.

Main sources of pollution:

. Industrial wastewater;

. Wastewater utility routes;

. Drains from fields (when the water is oversaturated with chemicals and fertilizers);

. Disposal of radioactive substances in water bodies;

. Drains from livestock complexes (such water contains a lot of biogenic organic matter);

. Shipping.

Nature provides for the self-purification of reservoirs, which occurs due to the water cycle in nature, due to the life activity of plankton, irradiation with ultraviolet rays, and the sedimentation of insoluble particles. But all these processes can no longer cope with the mass of pollution that human activity brings to the planet’s water resources.