How to fasten wooden parts without nails, glue or screws. Methods of joining wooden parts Methods of joining wooden parts with nails

In any carpentry or furniture, the most important component is the corner joints. They provide quality and durability wooden products. Compared to dowel fastening, classic way- tenon joints with glue have greater durability and rigidity. Such connections are used in cases where the assembled frame must have a groove or fold for inserting a panel or glass.

In practice, they are presented in several options: two grooves and a tenon inserted into them, one-sided or two-sided “mustache” connection and with a double tenon. But most simple option For home handyman What remains is the use of an inserted (“foreign”) spike. Such a connection is nothing more than a tongue-and-groove connection.

The quality of the connection depends entirely on the exact fit of the groove and tenon, which is achieved only by choosing a measuring tool and a well-sharpened saw and chisel.

When making an angular connection with one tenon, the thickness of the block is divided into three equal parts (on a block less than 25 mm, the tenon should be slightly thicker than the cheek of the groove).

When marking, first transfer the width of the frame to the inner edge of the opposite part. The marks are applied using a square with an awl. Since the wood around the tenon is selected, its marking is done from either side. For the groove, markings are made only on its narrow side. The parts are then marked. IN vertical elements It is customary to make grooves in frames, and tenons in horizontal ones. The grooves are marked with a thicknesser. A tenon bow saw is used to saw along the falling part (for a groove to the base, for a tenon - to the ledge). Then the groove is hollowed out with a chisel. To do this, the sawn part is mounted on a workbench. The chisel is placed with the sharpening edge to the part to be separated and driven with a mallet exactly into the mark with light blows. First, a wedge-shaped hole is hollowed out. The separated part of the wood is left in place so that when working with reverse side there was emphasis. The tenon is cut at a right angle using a miter saw.

The width of the frame is transferred to the opposite part, maintaining perpendicularity. Add 2-3 mm to the cutting width.

Mark the groove and tenon using a thickness planer. This is the simplest and most accurate marking method.

Always saw from the side of the part to be separated in the middle of the marking. A tenon bow saw is designed specifically for such work.

An auxiliary stop template, made independently, will help you make precise cuts and circular saw. Please be safe when doing so.

The grooves are hollowed out with a chisel. To do this, the connection parts are tightened with a clamp or fixed on a workbench. The chisel is hit weakly with a mallet.

A miter saw with a lockable angle adjustment will allow you to precisely lay the tenon. This work can also be done on a circular saw.

Special corner connection options

Special forms of grooves and tenons - double tenon and “mustache” grooves. Double tenons are used in products subject to heavy loads and thick frames. If the frame structure is profiled at the end, then a mustache connection is made. There are one-sided and two-sided grooves on the “must” (due to the insufficient area of ​​​​the contact surfaces, they are less durable).

The groove should be located in the middle third of the thickness of the part. The excavation around the tenon is made less than the depth of the groove, otherwise there will be a gap in the joint. After assembly, the remaining cheeks of the groove are sawed off along the entire length. The reverse is also possible.

The fold on the frame must be consistent with the division into three parts. This will save reworking time on the tenon. The width of the fold must be taken into account when marking, otherwise, during milling, gaps will appear here too.

After sanding the inner and outer surfaces of the mortise and tenon, the frame is glued together. In this case it is necessary to compress gusset in two planes through gaskets. The ends of the groove and tenon should be open for inspection and adjustment during assembly. The protruding glue is removed. When gluing, control the right angle of the frame.

After the glue has dried, the clamps are removed and the protruding parts of the tenon or groove cheeks are ground off from the flanks to the level with outside products.

Tenon joint with “mustache”: one-sided and two-sided. The choice is determined by the design requirements for the product or its appearance.
A double tenon is made for particularly loaded corners and thick frames. In this case, the thickness of the bar is divided into five equal parts.
When cutting out a longitudinal groove in frame parts, the tenon is not affected. Otherwise, when gluing the assembly, a hole will appear in its end.
Even when marking, the fold must have a corresponding increase, otherwise there will be gaps. The depth is determined by dividing into three parts.
The tenons and cheeks of the grooves protrude further. When compressing them, spacers will be required. After this, the increase is sawed off.

They say about the coolest joiners and carpenters that they are able to build a house without a single nail. Japanese artisans, even amateurs, are one of those.

Several years ago, a young automotive industry worker, passionate about woodworking, came across a book describing traditional Japanese woodworking techniques. He was very fascinated by the descriptions of connecting parts without using nails, screws or glue. He wanted to learn how to do the same. But there were no diagrams for making fasteners in the book. Then the guy decided to draw them himself.

He used the free Fusion-360 service to model and animate parts. The Japanese translated the resulting result into gifs and posted it on a Twitter account called The Joinery. In almost a year, the young carpenter visualized 85 in various ways detachable connections.

The variety of mounts is truly amazing. With their help, you can make basically anything - a stool, a sofa, a table, and so on. The main thing is to have straight hands and a good, preferably electric, tool.

But even if manual labor doesn't excite you at all, you'll probably enjoy watching GIFs. The grace with which the details fit together is mesmerizing.

The pieces of joinery are connected to each other by a tenon joint, consisting of two elements - a tenon and a socket or eye. Tenon - a protrusion at the end of the bar, included in the corresponding

Rice. 42. Types of spikes:

A- single, b- double, V- multiple, G- round, d- “swallowtail”, e- one-sided dovetail, g, h- toothed, And- nest, k, l- eyes, m- dull thorn, n- thorn in the dark, O- thorn in

half-dark

a socket or eyelet of another block. The spikes can be single (Fig. 42,a), double (Fig. 42,6), multiple (Fig. 42,c), i.e. more than two.

A solid tenon is a tenon that is integral with the bar. An insert tenon is a tenon made separately from the bar. A tenon with a cross-section in the form of a circle is called round (Fig. 42, G).

The dovetail tenon (Fig. 42.5) has a profile in the form of an equilateral trapezoid with a large base on the end face of the tenon, a one-sided dovetail tenon is in the form of a rectangular trapezoid with a large base on the end face of the tenon (Fig. 42, e).

The toothed tenon has a profile in the form of a triangle or trapezoid, the smaller base of which is the end face of the tenon (Fig. 42, h), double-oblique toothed spike (Fig. 42, g) - an isosceles triangle.

Single and double tenons are used in the manufacture of windows, frame doors, and furniture; dovetail spike - in the manufacture of drawers and boxes; jagged tenons - for adhesive joining of parts (splicing) along the length.

In addition, round insert tenons are used when connecting plots (blanks) across the width. Thorns in the dark and semi-dark (Fig. 42, But), used in the manufacture of frames, me-

Rice. 43. Shape of processed bars:

A- chamfer, b- headquarters (headquarters), V- rounding of the rib, G- fillet, d- quarter fold, e- kalevka, and- thorn, h- eyelet, And- edge with profile processing, To- block, l - socket, m- layout, n- platik, O- overhang; / - shoulders, 2 - side edge of the tenon, 3 - end face of the tenon, 4 - panel, 5 - edge, b- end, 7 - face; / - spike length, b- width of the spike, s - thickness of the spike

leucorrhoea, etc. In addition, sockets and eyes, a blind spike, are used, shown in Fig. 42, i, k, l, m.

The tenon is made in the dark not only at the end connection, but also in cases where it is required that the edges of the nest are invisible, since it is not always possible to obtain smooth edges of the nest. To hide this defect, the darkness is cut out from the tenon, that is, part of the tenon is removed along the width of one or both sides.

In order to form a tenon, an eye, processed bars, i.e. planed on four sides to the required size, -f- pre-marked.

Structural parts and elements of joinery. Joinery products have the following main structural parts and elements.

Bar- the simplest detail; comes in different sizes, sections and shapes (Fig. 43). The narrow longitudinal side of the bar is called the edge, and the wide longitudinal side is called the face, the line of intersection of the face with the edge is called the edge. The end transverse side of the bar, formed by trimming at a right angle, is called the end.

In the manufacture of window and door blocks, bars of small sections (vertical, horizontal sash sockets)

they are filled with solid wood, and large cross-section bars (boxes) are made of glued laminated veneers.

Layouts are called bars intended for fastening glass in sashes, doors or panels in door leaves frame design.

Panels They are a rectangular shield made from wood, particleboard or fiberboard. The shape of the panels is flat, with beveled edges and with profiled edge processing. The panel within the doors is installed in a groove, rebate and secured with layouts or placed on bars and secured with screws.

Seam called a rectangular recess in a block. If the notch has equal sides of an angle, then it forms a quarter.

Platik- a ledge formed to hide the gap; used in cases where fitting the part flush is difficult. The use of plate simplifies the assembly of products. It is used in the manufacture of furniture.

Overhang- protrusion beyond the base. Used in the manufacture of furniture.

Galtel called a semicircular recess on the edge or face of a part.

Frame consists of four bars forming a square or rectangle. In addition, individual frames have internal middle bars (frame doors, window sashes with slabs).

The frames are assembled using a tenon joint. Small-sized frames are assembled onto a single open through tenon or a tenon with semi-darkness or darkness. In the manufacture of carpentry, predominantly rectangular frames are used, very rarely (for unique buildings) - polygonal or round. A window sash, a window, a transom, a frame - all these are frames.

All connections in window blocks are made with spikes. The strength of a tenon joint is determined by its size and the area of ​​the bonded surfaces. To increase strength, the studs are made double (in windows).

Shields They are made massive (plank) or with voids. To avoid warping, massive panels should be assembled from narrow slats (parts) with a width of no more than 1.5 times the thickness, with a selection of fibers, and a moisture content of up to (10±2)%.

When gluing parts along the width, the like (sapwood) faces of the joined slats should face in opposite directions, and the like edges should face each other.

Joining slats along the length is allowed if the joints are spaced apart and the distance between them in adjacent slats is at least 150 mm. In panels intended for load-bearing structures, the slats do not meet along the length. Wall panels, vestibules, etc. are made from panels.

To avoid warping, the panels are made with dowels

Rice. 44. Types of shields:

A- with dowels, b- with tips in groove (tongue) and tongue, V- with a strip glued into the end, G- with glued triangular strip, d- with a glued triangular strip, e-

multilayer

(rice. 44,a), with tips (Fig. 44.6), with glued and glued slats (Fig. 44, c, d,d). The keys in the panels are made flush with the plane or protruding. At least two dowels are placed on each shield. Panels with keys are intended for doors of temporary buildings, etc.

a) S) V)

Rice. 45. Methods of connecting shields:

A- for a smooth fugue, b- on the rail, V- at a quarter, G- in groove and tongue, d- in the groove and triangular ridge, e- dovetail

Rice. 46. ​​Adhesive joints of bars, boards along the length:

A- end, b- on the “mustache”, V- on a stepped “mustache”, G- on a stepped “mustache” with bluntness, d- toothed, e- vertical gear, w - horizontal gear, h- jagged on the “mustache”, And- stepped; c - bevel angle, L- length of the “mustache” of the spike, t- connection pitch, 6 - bluntness, 5 - gap, IN- thickness, i- tenon angle

In addition to planks, multilayer boards are made, glued together from three or five single-layer boards with mutually perpendicular fiber directions (Fig. 44, e).

Massive panels are glued onto a smooth fugue (Fig. 45, a), onto a rail (Fig. 45, 6), into a quarter (Fig. 45, c), into a groove and tongue (Fig. 45, d, e) willow "dovetail" (Fig. 45, e).

Connecting wood parts. Splicing of segments along the length can be end-to-end, miter splicing, serrated, stepped (GOST 17161-79).

End adhesive connection(Fig. 46, A)- This is an adhesive connection with end gluing surfaces. The end adhesive joint on the “whisker” (Fig. 46.6) is understood as an adhesive joint with flat gluing surfaces located at an acute angle to the longitudinal axis of the workpieces. Adhesive connectionon a stepped "mustache"(Fig. 46, c) is a connection in which the gluing surfaces have a protrusion that prevents the workpieces from moving in the longitudinal direction when stretched. A connection in which the beveled ends of the workpieces have a bluntness that prevents the workpieces from moving in the longitudinal direction during tension and compression is called a stepped “muscle” connection with bluntness (Fig. 46, G).

Serrated adhesive joint(Fig. 46, d)- this is a connection with profiled surfaces in the form of jagged tenons, twirladhesive bond(Fig. 46, e)- connection with the tenon profile exiting the workpiece face. In a horizontal gear connection (Fig. 46, g), the profile of the tenons extends to the edge of the workpiece.

Serrated adhesive joint on the “mustache”(Fig. 46, h)- connection

on the "mustache" with profiled gluing surfaces in the form of jagged spikes.

Step adhesive connection(Fig. 46, And)- end connection with profiled gluing surfaces in the form of a step, the height of which is equal to half the thickness of the workpiece.

The most durable is adhesive connection on a toothed tenon. This type of connection is used for splicing bars of sashes, transoms, window and door frames and other building elements.

Serrated adhesive joint(see Fig. 46, d) manufactured in accordance with GOST 19414-90. The workpieces to be glued together should not differ in humidity by more than 6 %. Knots larger than 5 mm are not allowed in the workpiece joining area. Roughness parameter of bonding surfaces of toothed tenons Rmmax according to GOST 7016-82 should not exceed 200 microns.

The dimensions of the tenon joints are given in table. 1.

TableI. Dimensions of tenon joints

Bonding consists of joining bars, boards, and sections along the width of the edge into panels or layers into blocks. Each workpiece connected into a shield is called plot.

In accordance with GOST 9330-76, it is recommended that edge connections, depending on the purpose of the products, be made on a rail, in a quarter, in a rectangular and trapezoidal groove and ridge, and on a smooth reveal.

When making connections to the K-1 rail (Fig. 47, a) it should be done at / equal to 20...30 mm 1\ 2...3 mm more; S\ taken equal to 0.4 So for slats made of wood and 0.25 5 0 - for slats made of plywood. Size S\ should be equal to the nearest dimensions of the slotted disc cutter, i.e. 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16 and 20 mm. Single- and double-sided chamfers are allowed on the edges.

For connection type K-2 along a quarter edge (Fig. 47, b):ho= 0.5 So - 0.5 mm, b depends on S 0 :

S 0 , mm I2...15 15...20 20...30 30

b, mm 6 8 10 16

Rice. 47. Schemes for connecting boards (plots) along the edge:

A- along the edge onto the K-1 rail, b- in a quarter along the edge of K-2, V- into a rectangular groove and ridge along the edge K-3, G- into the trapezoidal groove and ridge along the edge of K-5, d- on a smooth reveal K-6 (along the edge), e- along the edge into a rectangular groove and ridge K-4

For connection type K-3 in groove and tongue (Fig. 47, V) radius of curvature G make 1...2 mm, and the size 1\ -by 1...2 mm larger size/ (Table 2). Single- and double-sided chamfers are allowed on the edges.

Table 2.Connection dimensions K-3, mm

S,

Dimensions of connections K-4 (Fig. 47, e) are given in table. 3. Table 3.Connection dimensions K-4, mm

Sa

b

The dimensions of the grooves and ridges of the K-5 connection (Fig. 47, d) are determined from the table. 4.

Table4. Connection dimensions K-5, mm

St

I

The seam formed when joining plots is called fugue Plots from which the board is glued onto a smooth fugue of type K-6 (Fig. 47, d) must have smooth and even edges that form a right angle with the plane (face) along the entire length. If there are no gaps when connecting the plots, then their jointing (fitting) is done efficiently. The boards are glued together using clamps, clamps, and presses.

In addition to gluing, shields can be assembled from plots onto round insert tenons, with the diameter of the tenon should be 0.5 of the thickness of the plot, and the length should be 8... 10 diameters. The spikes are installed in increments of 100... 150 mm.

The connection into a groove and a ridge, as well as into a quarter, is made by selecting along the entire length of the edge (section) on one side of the groove or quarter, and on the other - the ridge or quarter. This compound is used in the manufacture of panels, laying plank floors, arranging carpentry partitions, and lining ceilings. A smooth joint is more economical than a quarter or tongue and groove joint.

When connecting to a rail, grooves are selected along the edges of the plots into which wooden or plywood slats are inserted.

Timber products such as beams, boards or slats are mainly produced in a specific size, but often during construction you may need material that has longer length, width or thickness. For this reason, to achieve the required size, several types of connections are used using notches made specialized equipment or manually using markings.

Width connections

After fastening boards with a small width, a shield with the dimensions required for production is obtained. There are several methods for docking:

1)Docking on a smooth fugue;

In this method of joining, each board or lath is called a plot, and the formed seam is called a fugue. Jointing can be considered high-quality only when there are no gaps between the joints of the edges of adjacent boards.

2)Rail fastening;
Grooves are selected along the edges of the plot and slats are inserted into them, fastening the boards together. The thickness of the slats and the width of the groove itself cannot exceed 1/3 of the thickness of the timber used

3) Quarter fastening;

in joined plots, quarters are selected completely along the entire length. With this method, quarters cannot exceed 50% of the thickness of the plot itself.

4) Tongue and groove type joining (rectangular and triangular);
This type of joining provides for the presence of a groove on one edge of the plot, and a ridge on the opposite edge, the shape of which can be either rectangular or triangular. However, the latter is used infrequently, due to its lower strength level. This kind of joining is quite in demand and is often used in the manufacture of parquet. Lack of fastening – lower economic efficiency due to the use of more boards

5) Dovetail fastening;
this type of joining is somewhat similar to the previous version, but only the crest here has a trapezoidal shape, similar to the tail of swallows. Hence the name of the fastening method.

Connecting boards into panels: a - into a smooth reveal, b - into a quarter, c - into a batten, d - into a groove and a rectangular ridge, e - into a groove and a triangular ridge, f - into a dovetail.

Also, in the production of wood panels, dowels, a comb with glued into the end strip and tips in the groove are often used. The slats for gluing may have rectangular shape or triangular. When using dowels, it is better to prefer a dovetail groove. All this is necessary for the production of high-quality wood panels.

Boards: a - with keys, 6 - with a tip in the groove and tongue, c - with a glued strip in the end, d - with a glued triangular strip, d - with a glued triangular strip.

Length connection

The most popular methods of joining along the length are: close, tongue-and-groove type, miter-type fastening, jagged type of adhesive fastening, quarter-joint, as well as rail fastening. The gear type joining is most actively used, due to its extremely high level of strength.

Connection of bars along the length: a - end-to-end, b - in a groove and tongue, c - on a miter, d, e - on a toothed adhesive joint, f - in a quarter, g - on a rail.

Also, boards can be joined using the splicing method, when segments of timber are joined together in length. This is done in several ways. For example, in half a tree or with an oblique type of cut, an oblique and straight lock, close to each other, as well as a tension lock like direct type, and oblique. When splicing using the half-tree method, the required length must be 2-2.5 times the thickness of the bar. To increase the level of reliability, dowels are used. For example, a similar option can be observed when building cottages from timber.

When using an oblique type cut with cutting the ends, the size should be equal to 2.5-3 times the thickness of the bar. It is also secured with dowels.

Fastening using an oblique or straight type lock is used in those structures where there is a tensile force. A direct type rim lock is placed directly on the support itself, and an oblique type lock can be placed at the support.

If you have decided to use an oblique cut with cutting the ends, then the fastening must be 2.5-3 times the thickness of the bar. In such situations, dowels can also be used.

When fastening using an oblique or straight type tension lock, it is achieved high level strength. But at the same time, such a joining is difficult to manufacture, and the wedges become somewhat weakened as the wood dries out. For these reasons, this fastening method is not suitable for structures bearing high loads.

Splicing back-to-back involves moving both ends of the beam onto a support and then fastening it together with staples.

Splicing: a - half-tree, b - oblique cut, c - straight patch lock, d - oblique patch lock, e - straight tension lock, f - oblique tension lock, g - end-to-end.

The fastening of logs or beams can be observed during the construction of walls frame houses, in the upper or lower part of the harness. The key types of fastenings are: half-wood, corner frying pan, tenon type and half-foot.

Joining half a tree - direct cutting or cutting off 50% of the thickness at the edges of the bars, as well as their subsequent fastening at right angles.

A half-foot joint is formed by cutting inclined planes at the edges of the beams, resulting in a tight connection of the beams. The amount of slope must be determined using a special formula.

Cutting using a corner frying pan is extremely similar to cutting using the half-tree method, but differs from it in that when this type After fastening, one of the bars loses a little in width.

Connection of beams at an angle: a - half-tree, b - half-foot, c - tenon, d - angular.

Height connection

Cross-shaped fastening of bars is often observed during the construction of bridge structures. With this option, you can use joining in half a tree, in thirds and quarters, and also in notching only one of the bars.

Cross-shaped connection of beams: a - half a tree, b - a third of a tree, c - a quarter of a tree, d - with a notch of one beam.

The method of increasing boards or bars in height is called fastening materials in height, which is very actively used in the construction of pillars or masts.

Extension is divided into the following types:

  1. Close with a hidden type spike.
  2. Closely with a through-type comb.
  3. Half-wood with bolted fastening.
  4. Half-wood with fastening on clamps.
  5. Half-wood with fastening with a steel strip.
  6. An oblique cut-off with fastening on clamps.
  7. Close with overlays.
  8. Fastening with bolts.

The length of the joints themselves, as a rule, is equal to 2/3 of the thickness of the joined bars or 2/3 of the diameter of the logs.

Connection of logs when building up: a - end-to-end with a hidden tenon, b - end-to-end with a through ridge, c - half-tree with fastening with bolts, d - half-tree with fastening with strip steel, d - half-tree with fastening with clamps, f - oblique cut with fastening with clamps, g - end-to-end with linings and fastening with bolts.

Tenon connection

When fastening beams with tenons, a direct tenon is cut on one of them, and an eye or a socket is made on the other. Knitting beams using the tenon method is actively used in the production of joinery products such as doors, windows or transoms. Each fastening is based on glue. It is allowed to use not only one spike, but also several. How larger number spikes are planned to be made, the correspondingly larger the gluing area will be.

This type of joining is divided into: corner end type, corner middle type and corner box type.

When corner fastening of the end type, unclosed through tenons (no more than three), tenons with darkness of the through and non-through type, as well as an insert dowel are used. A mid-type corner connection is quite common on doors. For corner fastenings of the middle and end type, you can additionally use screws, nails or bolts.

Angular middle connections on the tenon: a - non-through type US-1, b through US-2, c - through double US-3, d - non-through in the groove and tongue US-4, e - non-through in the groove US-5, f - non-through on round dowels US-6.

That's all the key information about the existing types of connections. This does not include connections made with nails, screws or bolts. Pure wood and a little glue. 🙂

Making furniture with your own hands is becoming increasingly popular due to its high cost. finished products, and thanks a large number source materials that appear in the public domain. At home, with a minimum set of appropriate tools, it is possible to assemble viable furniture that will serve well and delight you with its appearance. One of the most popular joining methods is gluing, which makes it possible to obtain durable, monolithic parts. Bonding can be used as an independent fastener or as a backup when used external elements, such as dowels, dowels or screws.

DIY laminated wood

Before gluing, the parts are processed; this is done not only to clean the surface, but also to open the wood pores. When applied, the adhesive composition penetrates through the pores into the wood structure, into the intercellular space, and when hardened, it forms many thin threads (webs) that reliably “stitch” the workpieces together. The strength of a correctly executed seam exceeds the strength of the wood itself; when testing for fracture, the part breaks not at the gluing site, but along the whole wood.

Gluing wood allows you to obtain products with better parameters than solid ones. During the gluing process, elements that are suitable in texture and shade are selected, damaged, cracked and knotty areas are rejected. As a result, the glued parts have greater strength than ordinary ones, and by gluing the finest veneer to the front surfaces, the products are given the appearance the most valuable breeds. Wood glued according to all the rules is much less likely to warp, crack and dry out than solid wood.

How to glue wood. Technology

There are several ways to connect parts when gluing.

  • Gluing wood into a smooth fugue - joining smooth parts without increasing the penetration area.
  • Microthorn gluing – increasing the penetration area by 2.5 – 5 mm by creating a toothed relief on the part (using a milling cutter).

  • Gluing to a serrated tenon – increasing the penetration area by 10 mm by creating a serrated tenon.

  • Tongue and tongue gluing (tongue and groove, dovetail, oblique tenon) - additional adhesion due to the groove connection.

Although in certain situations where it is expected special conditions applications, grooved and tenon joints, in most cases, the parts are glued together into a smooth fugue. Modern adhesive compositions penetrate deep into the structure and create a strong seam without additional wood removal.

How to glue boards together. Options

The wood to be glued must have a moisture content in the range of 8–12%, maximum 18%. If there is a need to glue wet parts, a special compound is used; during the hardening process, it draws moisture from the wood. When gluing blanks with different humidity levels, a difference of more than 2% is not allowed to avoid internal tension in the adhesive seam due to deformation of the wetter part. The temperature of the workpieces to be glued varies between 15 - 20⁰С, so the work is carried out in warm rooms(18 - 22⁰С). In the cold, most compounds crystallize, which leads to deterioration in the quality of gluing and complicates the process.

Final preparation of wood (planing, jointing, sanding) is carried out immediately before gluing in order to increase the permeability of the glue and avoid warping. It is important not only to select parts according to dimensions, structure and external data, but also to arrange them correctly.

  • When gluing along the length, planks of only one type of sawing are used - tangential or radial;
  • When gluing both along the length and width, alternation is not allowed different parts wood - the core is stacked with the core, sapwood (young, outer part) with sapwood;
  • The annual rings of adjacent blanks made from boards or bars should be directed towards different sides or at an angle to each other from 15⁰.

The standard thickness of furniture panels is 2 cm, but to glue wooden boards at home, when choosing boards for a board, the expected waste during processing is taken into account, so the workpiece is selected with a thickness of up to 2.5 cm. The excess will be removed during the initial processing, when eliminating defects, and after gluing, when sanding the board. If you dissolve for furniture board board 5 cm thick, you get two blanks with the same texture and shade, which increases the decorativeness of the product. For panels, boards of wood of the same species, up to 120 mm wide, are selected, so that it is possible to properly process the edges of the panel; the length of the blanks must have a margin (2 - 5 cm).

Adhesives

The adhesives used to make laminated wood are divided into two main groups.

Synthetic - obtained on the basis of resins or polyvinyl acetate dispersions (PVA). They are characterized by increased strength of the resulting connection, moisture resistance, and biostability. Disadvantages include the presence harmful substances, which can stand out in environment during operation and further operation. Compositions based on phenol-formaldehyde resins are “famous” for this. Modern PVA dispersions and their derivatives are non-toxic and are usually used in the domestic sphere and are considered universal for wood. The bulk of synthetic mixtures are ready for use. Epoxy glue needs finishing; to work with it, the hardener included in the kit is mixed with epoxy resin.

Natural mixtures - animal, plant, mineral. They are safe, provide a strong connection, but are produced in the form of semi-finished products that are prepared before use. How to glue wood with them: when preparing, you must strictly follow the instructions and observe the dosages, otherwise the quality of the glue will not allow you to obtain a strong connection. To prepare the glue, you usually need to dilute the powder concentrate with water to the desired consistency (it may require a certain period of swelling) or melt the solid particles. Direct exposure to fire is not allowed, “ water bath", on which the mass with the addition of water after swelling melts to a homogeneous consistency.

How to glue wood

When gluing wooden surfaces glue is applied to both parts in an even layer. The thickness of the layer depends on the type of glue, its consistency and the type of surfaces being glued - the thinner the wood, the thinner layer. The glue should wet the part, but not excessively; when connecting the elements, an even bead should emerge outward. Glue drips are removed from the surface as soon as they set a little, using a scraper or spatula. Cured excess glue greatly spoils the appearance of the parts and complicates their further processing.

How to glue a piece of wood.

After applying the glue, the parts are kept for a certain period of time, this allows the composition to penetrate deeper, at the same time excess moisture evaporates, and the concentration of adhesives increases. During exposure, the seam should not be exposed to wind or become dusty. Some varieties natural glue(bone, flesh) must be applied hot, instantly fastening the parts without aging, since as the composition cools, the composition loses its properties.

Wood gluing tool

To get the maximum strong connection When gluing, the wood is pressed - subjected to compression using special presses. At home, improvised tools and means are used for these purposes - vices, clamps, cam devices, frames made of metal corner with clamping mechanisms. The pressure when pressing wood is maintained in the range from 0.2 to 1.2 MPa. In production, large values ​​are possible; at home, such indicators are enough for the structural parts to stick together.

Do-it-yourself laminated wood.

If the gluing technology is followed, the adhesive seam is strong and reliable, and, unlike the method of joining parts with metal fasteners, it does not spoil the appearance.

For those who like to create household items on their own, a topic is open on FORUMHOUSE. How to organize comfortable corner for working with wood, you can find out in the article. The video about wooden elements in a country house shows interesting products made by users of the portal.