Which countries are the largest exporters of mechanical engineering. World engineering complex

Export of machinery, equipment and Vehicle(according to the methods of Rosstat and the Federal Customs Service of Russia) in 2017 amounted to $28.1 billion, showing an increase of 14.6% or $3.57 billion. This was the second result in Russian history, slightly lower than in 2013 ($28.8 billion). At the same time, supplies to non-CIS countries reached $19.8 billion, which became the absolute maximum, and if in 2013 the non-CIS and CIS export ratios were 58:42, then in 2017 the ratio became 70:30.

Russian export of mechanical engineering products has its own specifics. Large export contracts are not common for most industries, and therefore supplies can fluctuate greatly from year to year. For this reason, in most cases we talk about achievements in relation to the period since 1996, for which there is quite a detailed statistics, although with a high probability it can be expanded for the entire period of independent Russia (since 1992). Comparison with Soviet era complicated by fundamentally different approaches to the formation of groups of engineering products in foreign trade statistics and its general scarcity; however, for a number of goods we had reason to claim historical maximums.

It's no secret that a significant part Russian exports mechanical engineering products are associated with the military-industrial complex and the nuclear complex. This is our specificity, and we did not try to avoid it in the analysis; if there is a record for a product, then there is a record, regardless of the purpose of the product. By the way, Europe, America and many other countries also count the export of military products along with similar civilian goods.

Both re-export operations and sales of used equipment are represented in Russian deliveries (for example, various ships are very active). This is typical for many countries, there is nothing special about it. But having reason to believe this is the nature of the record, we did not talk about it - after all, this is not an achievement in the “Made by Us” category. The fact that imported components are actively used in the production of our products and their share can sometimes be large has nothing to do with the essence of the matter - this is how the entire world mechanical engineering works.

In the analysis, we tried to simplify the official long and complex names of product items without losing their essence. Products were identified according to 4 or 6 HS codes.

Energy and power equipment

Export turbo jet engines in 2017 grew by 28% to $1,547 million. This second result in history, slightly lower than the maximum of 2013 ($1,603 million). At the same time, in quantitative terms, the record was updated - 447 pieces. In addition, exports of parts of turbojet and turboprop engines amounted to $246 million - this is the third result in history after the peak of 2009-2010. Russia is one of the five leading world exporters of turbojet engines (excluding re-export operations).

Export jet engines in 2017 grew by 40% to $292 million. This is a new absolute record! At the same time, the $100 million mark was first surpassed only in 2011, and $200 million in 2015. Russia is the world’s largest exporter of jet engines.

Export nuclear reactors and their parts increased in 2017 by 2.7 times to $283 million. This became best result V modern history Russia, the previous record was $243 million in 2010. According to available international foreign trade statistics, Russia should take first place in the world in 2017, but it is possible that part of the supplies foreign countries may be classified.

Export boilers central heating in 2017 grew by 37% to $31 million. This best result in the modern history of Russia, and quite possibly in Russian history in general, because in the mid-90s, exports averaged only $2 million per year. The previous record was $25.9 million in 2010.

Export auxiliary equipment for boilers in 2017 grew 2.9 times to $99 million. This best result since 1996, the previous record was $96 million in 1998. According to our estimates, in 2017 Russia ranked seventh in the world in exports of boiler auxiliary equipment.

Export electric batteries in 2017 grew by 18% to $77 million. This second result since 1996, second only to the maximum of 2004 ($106 million), when there was a strange jump in supplies to Belarus.

Industry and universal equipment

Export thermal equipment grew 2.5 times in 2017 to $518 million. This is a new absolute record, the previous Russian achievement was $381 million in 2015. The record is ensured by a threefold increase in the supply of heat exchangers, which accounted for more than 80% of exports of the products in question ($419 million). Also included in thermal equipment are industrial water heaters, dryers, sterilizers, distillation and rectification apparatus, cooling towers, etc., as well as parts.

Export liquid pumps(including parts) in 2017 grew by 32% to $361 million. This third result in the modern history of Russia, after the figures of 2008 ($569 million, a very large supply to Kazakhstan) and 2013 ($382 million).

Export filter equipment in 2017 grew by 37% to $212 million. This best result in the modern history of Russia, the previous record was $211 million in 2013.

Export refrigeration equipment(except household refrigerators) in 2017 grew by 49% to $141 million. This best result in the modern history of Russia, the previous record was $127 million in 2013. Nai most supplies form refrigerated display cases($78 million), which showed significant growth for the third year in a row.

Export mechanical sprayers in 2017 grew by 92% to $73 million. This is a new absolute record! Last year's record result was almost doubled.

Export tillage machines(seeders, planters, rippers, harrows, etc., including parts) in 2017 grew by 62% to $58 million. This best result in the modern history of Russia, the previous record was $37 million in 2014.

Export air conditioners(including parts) in 2017 grew by 28% to $47 million. This best result in the modern history of Russia, the previous record was $41 million in 2000. Exports have been growing for the seventh year in a row!

Export poultry farming equipment in 2017 grew 2.6 times to $35.1 million. This is a new absolute record! In the current indicator, however, there is a possibility of error for Kazakhstan, but even its adjustment to the average statistical level will give a total figure of more than $20 million, which will also be a record. For a long time There was practically no export of these products; Russia surpassed the $5 million mark for the first time in 2013.

Devices

Export lasers and special optics(including parts) in 2017 grew by 84% to $490 million. This is another update historical maximum! Exports are growing for the fourth year in a row, the previous peak of 2012 has already been exceeded by 3.1 times.

Export automatic control devices in 2017 grew by 18.7% to $242 million. This second result in the modern history of Russia, second only to the maximum of 2013 ($277 million).

Export measuring instruments for electrical quantities and radiation in 2017 increased by 36% to $119 million. Since the mid-90s, only exports in 2001 ($151 million) and 2008 ($122 million) were more significant.

Export demo devices and models in 2017 grew by 5.1% to $105 million. This second result in the modern history of Russia, second only to the maximum of 2013 ($125 million). Russia is one of the world's top ten exporters of these products.

Export medical devices and instruments(except for X-ray equipment) in 2017 grew by 16.9% to $75 million. This became best result in the modern history of Russia, the previous record was $66 million in 2011 and 2013. In addition, another $9.5 million (+26%) was the export of devices for mechanotherapy and respiratory equipment, $22.3 million (+52%) - orthopedic devices and artificial body parts; both figures are only slightly below the 2008 high.

Export equipment for physical or chemical analysis in 2017 increased by 28% to $62 million. Since the mid-90s, only exports in 2001 ($66 million) were more significant. The most notable export product is gas and smoke analyzers, which accounted for half of the increase.

Cars and components

Export passenger cars in 2017 amounted to 84.4 thousand units (+23%) for $1,320 million (+19.4%). In quantitative terms, the overall result is modest, but in monetary terms, this is the third result in history, second only to the peak of 2013-2014. (approximately $1.5 billion each). At the same time, for the third year in a row, significant growth has been shown in the export of passenger cars to non-CIS countries - in 2017 it reached 32.4 thousand units (+42%), which was the maximum since 2006.

Export trailers in 2017 it grew by 29% to 8 thousand units. This second result since the mid-90s, slightly lower than the peak of 2007 (approximately 8.4 thousand units). In value terms, exports amounted to $141 million (+21%), this is the second result in recent history, second only to 2008 ($152 million).

Export auto parts(the main nomenclature classified in the HS position 8708) in 2017 increased by 44% to $518 million. Since the mid-90s, only exports were more significant in 2007-2008 and 2012-2013. At the same time, in 2017, supplies of individual components, such as bumpers, brakes, mufflers and exhaust pipes, clutches, became the maximum for the entire period under review, and the export of gearboxes was second only to the 2012 figure.

Export car bodies in 2017 amounted to 36 thousand pieces for $108 million. In quantity, supplies increased by 4.2 times, in value by 2.7 times. Over the past 20 years, exports were more extensive only in the mid-2000s, when the Lada was assembled in Ukraine: peak figures in 2006 amounted to $141 million and about 58 thousand units. Now Russian exports are once again dominated by car bodies, only now it is Renault to Algeria.

Export automotive lighting devices in 2017 grew by 64% to $31.9 million. This second result in the modern history of Russia, second only to the record of 2013 ($36.7 million).

Railway technology

Export freight cars in 2017 it grew by 43% to 9943 units. This practically repeats second result in history 2015 (9947 units), exports were larger only in 2012 (11-12 thousand units, adjusted for Kazakhstan). In the USSR, the export of freight cars was small: for example, in the 1970s - the first half of the 1980s. deliveries of their most widespread type, gondola cars, amounted to just over 500 units at the peak. In value terms, Russia's export of freight cars in 2017 amounted to $250 million (+58%), which is much lower than the peak in 2012 ($693 million) due to changes commodity structure supplies in favor of cheap gondola cars and a general decline in prices for cars in the post-Soviet space. Of the total export volume in 2017, 5,989 were gondola cars, 2,563 were self-unloading cars, 304 were covered cars, 248 were tanks, 839 were other types. For the last three years, Russia has been among the top three world exporters of freight cars in quantitative terms and among the top five in value terms.

Export passenger cars in 2017 amounted to $53 million. This second result since 1996, second only to the 2008 record ($79 million). Compared to the previous year, exports increased 3.8 times, but this product is characterized by strong fluctuations in supplies from year to year. In quantitative terms, 61 wagons were exported - this is far from a record, because... This position takes into account not only mainline railway cars, but also tram, mine, etc.

Prepared based on analysis of data from the Federal Customs Service of Russia.

Mechanical engineering is one of the most capacious branches of Russian industry. It includes the production of all kinds of machines, equipment and devices. Modern mechanical engineering consists of more than 200 sub-sectors and industries. In total, more than 80 million people are employed in mechanical engineering in the world, and the number of individual products produced reaches 3 million. Russian Federation More than 3.5 million people work in the mechanical engineering sector.

Mechanical engineering is the main branch of world industry. On the world machine-building complex accounts for about 35% of the cost of all products produced in the world. The main centers of mechanical engineering are the USA, China, Japan and Western European countries.

In the Russian Federation, the volume of output of mechanical engineering enterprises in 2014 amounted to more than 5.74 trillion. rubles This is 5.2% less than in 2013. But even despite this drop, the result of 2014 is one of the best in the engineering industry. Mechanical engineering accounts for about 20% of the output of the entire Russian manufacturing industry.

Enterprises of the Russian mechanical engineering complex are located mainly in the European part of the country. About 78% of all products are produced in three Federal Districts. The leader is Central Federal District, whose enterprises produce about 1/3 of all mechanical engineering products. In percentage terms, the share of each of the Federal Districts is as follows:

Central Federal District – 31%
Volga Federal District – 26%
Northwestern Federal District – 21%
Ural Federal District – 8%
Siberian Federal District – 7%
Southern Federal District – 4%
Far Eastern Federal District – 2%
North Caucasus Federal District – 1%

The industry structure of Russian mechanical engineering consists of three main sectors:

Production of machinery and equipment;
Production of electrical equipment;
Production of vehicles.

The largest share in production volume in 2014 was accounted for by the production of vehicles - just under 51%, which in monetary terms is 2,925 billion rubles. The share of production of electrical equipment, electronic and optical equipment accounted for 28% or 1,611 billion rubles, and the share of production of machinery and equipment amounted to 21% or 1,202 billion rubles.

All CU countries in 2007-2012 remained net importers of mechanical engineering products. In Russia, Belarus, and Kazakhstan, dependence on imports of engineering products increased over the period under review. Thus, Russian engineering exports from 2006 to 2012 increased by 29%, and imports by 123%. In the Republic of Belarus, the growth rate of exports was 85%, imports 96%. In Kazakhstan, exports increased by 4%, while imports by 30%.

Most of the exports of engineering products from the countries of the region in 2012 went to Russia, $16.6 billion. Belarus exported engineering products worth $6.8 billion, and Kazakhstan, worth $0.7 billion. The exports of Armenia, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan are almost invisible against the background of the total engineering exports of the CU republics.

The shares of exports of mechanical engineering products in total exports of goods in all countries of the region, except Belarus, are small and do not exceed 5%. In the Republic of Belarus, such products accounted for 16.9% of goods exports in 2012. On the contrary, the shares of imports of engineering products in imports of goods are significant in all the subjects under consideration: the smallest share was in Belarus and Armenia - 18.8%, the largest in Russia - 49.9%, where engineering products are the largest item of import of goods.

Russia
In 2012, the net export of engineering products of the Russian Federation amounted to -$135.8 billion. In other words, Russia imported much more machinery and equipment than it exported. At the same time, it was a net importer of all species under consideration. economic activity varying degrees of disaggregation. Moreover, for almost all types of activities, imports were many times higher than exports. As for Russian exports of engineering products, of $16.6 billion, 21.1% were equipment, 31.3% were electrical equipment and 47.6% were vehicles. The largest exports were aircraft $3.1 billion, electronic components and equipment for radio, television and communications $2 billion, and electrical machinery and equipment $1.7 billion.

Of the $152.4 billion in Russian imports of mechanical engineering products, 35.2% each fell on the production of equipment and the production of vehicles, the share of electrical equipment was 31.3%. The largest import items were steel cars$18.7 billion, electronic components and equipment for radio, television and communications $18.2 billion, electrical equipment $11 billion, equipment for mining and construction $6.3 billion, aircraft $5.8 billion, equipment for Agriculture$5.6 billion

The Russian Federation has significant potential for import substitution. This is due to the significant demand for engineering products, which is now largely satisfied through imports. And that's all last years The frequency of purchases of imported equipment by Russian enterprises grew, exceeding in 2012 the frequency of purchases of machinery and equipment produced in the Russian Federation.

In the short and medium term, we can expect that the growth in domestic demand for automotive products and durable goods will continue, since the saturation of markets for these products is still far from the indicators characteristic of the most developed countries. In addition, achieving maximum utilization of available capacities in almost all industries in the mid-2000s increased the demand for machine tool products; this is another potential direction for growth of the Russian mechanical engineering industry.

True, in many respects the growing demand for engineering products is satisfied almost entirely through foreign supplies. Therefore, the realization of the existing import substitution potential depends on how quickly the process of updating machine-building equipment proceeds. The example of some industries, in particular the automotive industry, shows that the modernization of production, provided there is stable effective demand and the creation of relatively small preferences for investors, can occur in quite a while. short term. The main source of financing investments in fixed capital of mechanical engineering can be the resources accumulated during the period of economic growth. The latter, however, will require special efforts on the part of the state to facilitate and reduce the cost of access to sources of financing.

The potential for increasing exports of Russian engineering products is limited. Firstly, growing domestic demand, both consumer and investment, will absorb most of the increase in the output of goods and will not allow a significant increase in export supplies. Secondly, given the existing technological lag behind developed countries, it is difficult to predict a significant increase in demand for Russian engineering products on the world market. Now, in almost all product groups, imports are many times greater than exports. This indicates a weak demand for Russian products on the world market, and quickly gaining positions on it even with an increase in the quality of goods is hardly possible.

Belarus
Belarus' net exports in 2012 were -$1.8 billion, and the value of imports is comparable to the value of exports. Belarus is a net importer of equipment. For most items, although imports exceeded exports, their values were comparable, and in the “production of machinery and equipment for agriculture” exports exceeded imports by almost four times. In the production of vehicles, the country is a net exporter of products, and here the excess of exports over imports is achieved mainly due to net exports of trucks. By engines internal combustion, passenger cars and railway rolling stock, Belarusian imports exceed exports.

Of the $6.8 billion in mechanical engineering exports of the Republic of Belarus, 47.1% were equipment, 17.6% were electrical equipment and 35.3% were vehicles. Largest export groups: machinery and equipment for agriculture $1.8 billion, trucks$1.4 billion and electrical equipment $0.6 billion. The largest import positions in the country in 2012 were electrical equipment $1 billion, electronic components and equipment for radio, television and communications $0.8 billion, passenger cars $0.6 billion, internal combustion engines for cars and machinery and equipment for agriculture farms for $0.5 billion.

Belarus depends on foreign supplies of a very wide range of engineering products. In 2012, the negative balance in foreign trade exchange of such goods de facto reduced the potential GDP of the republic by 17.6%, which is the highest figure in the countries of the region.

Kazakhstan
The trade balance of mechanical engineering products of the Republic of Kazakhstan in 2012 amounted to $13.2 billion. Kazakhstan, like Russia, is a net importer of these products for all types of economic activity under consideration. Exports of mechanical engineering products of the republic were equal to $0.7 billion, of which $0.35 billion was the cost of exported equipment, $0.29 billion of electrical equipment, $0.06 billion of vehicles. The largest import items of the Republic of Kazakhstan in 2012 were electronic components, equipment for radio, television and communications ($1.8 billion), electrical machines and electrical equipment and railway rolling stock ($1.5 billion).

The economy of the republic in the coming years, according to forecasts, will develop dynamically. Consequently, the demand for engineering products will increase. But the output volumes of Kazakhstani mechanical engineering are now relatively small, and in any case they are not able to satisfy the demand of local consumers. Therefore, mass import substitution in the context of a growing economy in Kazakhstan is unlikely and, moreover, in many respects it is inappropriate, since to create new engineering industries huge resources are required.

Exports of mechanical engineering products of the Republic of Kazakhstan are small in 2012, they were equal to 0.4% of GDP, the lowest figure in the SES countries and are focused on Russian market. It is difficult to expect a manifold increase, but for some product groups, bearings, electrical equipment, taking into account the creation of the Common Economic Space, a certain increase in export flows can be predicted.

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The main task of mechanical engineering is to provide society with new, increasingly modern machines. MAIN TASK
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING – PROVIDE
SOCIETY NEW, EVER MORE
MODERN MACHINES.

The role and significance of mechanical engineering.

ROLE AND SIGNIFICANCE
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING.
It accounts for 36%
enterprises, 40% employed, 20%
gross industrial output
Russia.
Mechanical engineering products
used everywhere: in
industry, agriculture,
everyday life, in transport, in armed
strength.
Determines the pace of scientific and technical
revolution.

Groups of mechanical engineering industries
Heavy
Equipment for
metallurgy;
mining,
energy,
lifting and transport.
General and
average
Machine tool industry,
transport,
Transport
equipment for
new
light and food
industry
Accurate
Electronics.
Instrumentation
Production
office equipment,
household and
robotics.

Heavy engineering provides equipment for the energy, metallurgy, chemical, and mining industries.

HEAVY ENGINEERING
PROVIDES

Background Information

Mechanical engineering is the most
dynamic industry
industry which
reflects the level of development of countries
(in the industrial structure
developed countries share
mechanical engineering – 34%).
It is especially characteristic of her
deepening specialization
production and expansion
scale.
How the industry emerged 200 years ago
back during industrial
revolution in England.
Nowadays, according to the number of employed (80
million people), and by number
the cost of production it
ranks first among
industries of the world
industry.
INFORMATION
INTELLIGENCE

Composition of the mechanical engineering complex

COMPOUND
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
COMPLEX
Industries,
Industries,
General
defining defining scientific and technological progress in mechanical engineering
NTP in everything
himself
farm
mechanical engineering
Electrical Engineering Machine Tools and
Zheleznodorozhnoe
industry
instrumental
mechanical engineering
industry
Instrumentation
Radio engineering
Electronics

Automotive
industry
Aviation
industry
Tractor and
agricultural
mechanical engineering

Heavy
mechanical engineering
Manufacturing of machines for
metallurgy and
mining
industry
Shipbuilding
Lifting and transport
mechanical engineering
Mechanical Engineering for Chemical and Petroleum
light and food
mechanical engineering
industry

Stroitelnodorozhnoe and
communal
mechanical engineering
Industry
metal
designs and products

Industry groups

INDUSTRY GROUPS

Level of development of mechanical engineering in regions and countries of the world

STATE OF THE ART
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING IN THE REGIONS AND
COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD
High
Foreign
Europe,
USA,
Canada,
Japan,
Russia
Average
Australia, China,
India, NIS Asia,
Kazakhstan,
Portugal,
Norway,
Finland,
South Africa, Brazil,
Argentina,
Mexico
Weak
Indonesia, Mongolia,
Türkiye,
Iran, Afghanistan,
Pakistan,
DR Congo,
Algeria,
Morocco,
Egypt,
Venezuela,
Colombia,
Peru, Chile
Absent
Saudi
Arabia, countries
Tropical
Africa
Central
America

Geography of mechanical engineering

GEOGRAPHY
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Engineering centers of the world

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
CENTERS OF THE WORLD
North America, where almost all types are produced
engineering products, from the highest to medium and
low degree of complexity.
Foreign Europe, which produces mainly
mass engineering products, but also retains its own
positions in some of the newest industries.
East and Southeast Asia, in which Japan is the leader,
also combining mass engineering products with
products itself high technology; it also includes “Asian
Tigers", specializing primarily in the production of household goods
electronics; and China.
CIS, for most countries of which mechanical engineering is one of the
main branches of international specialization.

Main exporters and importers of cars

MAIN EXPORTERS AND
AUTO IMPORTERS

Compilation of EGC of a sector of the economy

COMPILATION OF EGH INDUSTRY
FARMS
1.
The importance of the industry in the world economy, its sectoral composition,
influence of scientific and technological revolution on its development.
2.
Raw materials and fuel resources of the industry and their placement.
3.
Product production volumes with distribution by
main geographical regions.
4.
Main producing countries.
5.
Main areas and centers of production; factors,
which determined the location of the industry in these areas.
6.
Environmental and ecological problems, arising in
connection with the development of the industry.
7.
Main countries (regions) for exporting products. Main
countries (regions) of import of products. The most important cargo flows.
8.
Prospects for the development and location of the industry.