Red fruit mite. Fruit mites in a garden plot An evolutionary tendency characteristic of insects, manifested in the displacement of the wing veins towards the costal edge, which leads to its strengthening

Damages most fruit crops, inhabits many forest species. Harmful in forest-steppe and regions with sufficient and increased moisture. In southern regions with precipitation less than 500 mm, tick damage is minimized.

The female's body is oval, 0.4 mm long. Color ranges from light to cherry red with dark spots. The dorsal setae are needle-shaped and sit on white tubercles. The male is 0.3 mm long, the body is elongated, brownish-red, tapering towards the posterior end.

The eggs overwinter on the bark of branches, in the forks of branches and at the base of fruitlets. When large in number, they are colored red and are visible to the naked eye. The hatching of larvae is observed before flowering and during flowering of the apple tree. The larvae are red in color and concentrate on young leaves, where they feed. After 2-3 weeks, adults appear. Females begin laying eggs 2-4 days after hatching. Fertility is 60-90 eggs, but the laying period is extended. In August, females appear and lay overwintering eggs until late autumn.

With the fall of leaves and the onset of frost, all mobile stages of tick development die. During the growing season, the pest develops in 4-5 generations.

Maliciousness:
Settling on the leaves, mites suck out the juices from them. In damaged leaves, the water balance is disturbed, the amount of chlorophyll decreases, and the process of photosynthesis is suspended. The plant is weakened. Fruits on trees heavily infested with mites develop small. Mites are dangerous for a tree during all periods of development - both during the period of active growth and during crop formation.

Mass reproduction of fruit mites in many cases is associated with inept selection and repeated use of organophosphorus and other drugs that cause the death of the predatory enemies of the mites. In some cases, an increase in the number of ticks is associated with an increase in their fertility under the influence of the stimulating effect of certain drugs on the pest organism and the emergence of drug-resistant populations. The brown fruit mite is not able to form populations resistant to acaricides; therefore, it is replaced by hawthorn and red fruit mites, which form populations resistant to chemicals.

Control measures:
. Cleaning the trunks from old dead bark and whitewashing them with lime mortar in the fall destroys hawthorn, red and brown fruit mites in their wintering areas.
. Substantial part wintering pests are destroyed by spraying before buds open. The treatment prevents the mass reproduction of ticks in the spring, the most harmful period. This processing does not exclude the repeated use of chemicals, but allows you to postpone spraying to a later period.
. Hatched larvae of red and brown fruit mites from overwintered eggs and hatched oviparous females of hawthorn mites from wintering areas are destroyed by treatment during the period of bud opening or bud release. If there is a delay in treatment, spraying can be carried out after flowering. But by this period, some of the females of the boletus mite have already managed to lay eggs. Treatments during bud break and before flowering or immediately after it are also effective against gall mites. During this period, they emerge from the Gauls to settle.
. If the leaves are heavily populated and damaged in summer period Treatments against other pests and diseases should be combined to kill mites.
Since some types of mites easily form populations resistant to acaricides, during chemical treatments it is necessary to provide for the alternate use of recommended acaricides. This makes it possible to delay the emergence of tick populations that are resistant to chemicals.

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30.05.2017

VR name from time to time personal plots There is such an unpleasant phenomenon as an invasion of fruit mites. These dangerous pests gardens attack primarily apple and pear trees.

In total, the number of tick species in the world is about fifty thousand species.

Popular among fruit pests are the red apple mite and the spider or common mite. In addition, pears are often affected by the so-called gall pear mite, and in Lately a variety of this insect known as the Schlechtendahl mite is widespread.

Ticks are dangerous because they have piercing-sucking mouthparts, which allow the insect to draw juices from leaves fruit trees, after which they wither and fall off, and the fruits on the affected branches gradually become smaller and wrinkled.

At severe infection garden, fruit harvest losses can reach thirty (!) percent.

Description of fruit mites

Fruit mites They do not lead a very active lifestyle and can survive even in the most extreme conditions, since evolution has provided them with high adaptability in any climatic zone.

Fruit mites are very small insects(their length is only half a millimeter). The adult has a rounded, flat body with four pairs of legs.

With the onset of spring warmth, ticks leave their wintering places en masse (insects spend the winter most often in cracks and recesses in trees at the base of the trunk, either hiding in the bark, or under carrion, or in last year’s leaves and weeds), and begin to make their way up the trunks to blossoming fruit buds. After waiting for the first leaves to appear, the mites crawl onto them. back side, where they lay eggs, often entangling them with small cobwebs. During strong gusts of wind, ticks can fly from one tree to another.

On average, the female lays about sixty eggs. This is not much, if you do not take into account the fact that one female tick is capable of reproducing up to ten (!) generations of pests during the summer season.

After some time, small larvae appear from the eggs, which begin to actively suck the juice from the leaves, causing them to wither, turn brown, and soon fall off.

Red apple mite

Red fruit or apple mite ( lat. Panonychus ultni Koch) is the most common harmful insect in the mite family, and can damage apple, pear, plum, cherry, apricot, peach, rowan, sloe and even rose bushes.

You can determine the presence of a mite on a tree by numerous light spots and dots in those places where the mite has passed through the plant. The leaves in such a place turn gray with a reddish tint, and appear as if crushed by road dust.

The red apple mite is oval in shape and, as its name suggests, is bright red, cherry or brown in color. Males are somewhat smaller than females and have more slender body contours.

Oral apparatus the fruit mite, as mentioned above, has a piercing-sucking type, therefore, this insect, despite its small size, causes great damage to garden trees.

The red apple mite overwinters in the egg stage (bright red or orange color), which are found in cracks in the bark, on the forks of branches, at the base of annual growths, in the recesses of twigs and branches. The larvae appear with the first warm weather (usually in April-May), as soon as the buds begin to bloom on the fruit trees (usually coinciding with the separation of buds in the Antonovka variety apple tree) and ends immediately with flowering.

The larvae are red in color and have three pairs of legs. As they mature, they lighten and become yellowish-brown. At first they feed on the juice of buds and flower buds, and then completely switch to leaves (living and feeding on their undersides). With age, the matured and strengthened tick larvae no longer disdain either the fruits of the tree or its juicy young shoots.

Already at the end of May, adult females of the first generation appear and are capable of reproducing offspring.

In one season, the female apple mite gives approximately four to five, and when favorable conditions and up to eight generations of pests, laying approximately forty to ninety eggs. Moreover, the female apple mite, unlike its counterparts, does not form a web. Her eggs are spherical in shape and a rich, bright red color.

First the pest colonizes inner part the crown of the tree, and then, as the food supply is destroyed, it rises higher and higher up the trunk.

If there are many clutches on a tree, they are arranged in two or even three layers, so the plant may appear red or pinkish from a distance.

When a tree is heavily infested, the total mass per unit surface area of its leaves decreases sharply, which can lead to a loss of approximately forty percent (!) of chlorophyll.

The pest begins laying eggs for wintering approximately in the second half of summer and continues until late autumn, until the temperature drops to nine degrees Celsius.

A female apple mite lays one or two, and sometimes three or four eggs per day.

Methods for controlling ticks

To prevent the appearance of pests, it is necessary to remove all fallen leaves from under the tree trunks in the fall, clean wire brush old bark in those places where it peels off, peels off and peels off, remove and burn all old branches. These simple procedures will help destroy the future wintering sites of a new generation of ticks.

As practice shows, a large number of insects fall into, so they must be treated with boiling water in a timely manner to destroy the insects.

It must be remembered that hot and dry summers are most suitable for the reproduction of pests, but coolness and moisture, on the contrary, have a negative effect on ticks.

To discover it dangerous insect, you need to carefully observe the color of the leaves on fruit trees and as soon as yellow spots and dots appear on them, this will be a signal that there may be ticks in the garden. To fully verify the availability harmful insects, it is better to arm yourself with a magnifying glass, since the size of the insect is very small.

Ticks reproduce quite quickly and under favorable conditions, from the formation of a clutch to the formation of an adult individual it can take no more than one week.

If there are only a few ticks, you can try to overcome them with folk remedies.

Traditional methods tick control

In the event that there is no desire to fight ticks using harmful pesticides, and there are not very many insects in the garden, you can use the folk way by creating a strong tobacco infusion, which is used to treat the trees. To do this you will need one kilogram of tobacco dust, but you can also use ordinary shag. The tobacco must be diluted in ten liters of water, then strain the solution and let it brew.

Then the volume of the infusion must be increased to twenty liters and a piece must be added inside laundry soap(about 50 grams to ensure the solution sticks) and you can go treat the trees. For greater efficiency, it is advisable to repeat the spraying procedure after about a week.

To combat pests, you can also use chamomile infusion. For this purpose, one kilogram of dried wildflowers is poured into a bucket of water and allowed to brew for ten hours, after which the solution must be filtered and can be used. After seven days, it is advisable to repeat the treatment of the trees.

If there is a massive and rapid proliferation of mites in the garden, putting the fruit harvest at risk, insecticides will have to be used.

Chemical methods tick control

It is necessary to spray trees in the garden with insecticides twice: immediately after the ovary appears and a month before the actual harvest.

In spring and summer, it is useful to spray with ether sulfonate (at the rate of three grams of product per liter of water) or colloidal sulfur (ten grams of sulfur per liter of water).

It must be remembered that during mass reproduction of ticks, it is necessary to exclude the treatment of the garden with pyrethroid preparations used against the codling moth.

To combat ticks, it is best to use preparations based on insectoacaricides, such as “Danadim”, “Fufanon”, “Fitoverm”, and in case of mass reproduction of tick colonies, when fruit trees are under threat of infection, use specific acaricides such as “Apollo” , “Demitan”, “Neoron”, “Nissoran” and others.

Photo. Red fruit mite - Panonychus ulmi Koch.

Systematic position.

Class Arachnida, order Acariformes, superfamily Tetranychoidea, family Tetranychidae, genus Panonychus Yokoyama.

Biological group.

Pests of fruit crops.

Morphology and biology.

During their development, ticks go through the stages of egg, larva, protonymph, deutonymph and adult. The transition between postembryonic stages occurs through a resting and molting phase. The female is broadly oval, convex above, flattened below. The body is light or cherry red with black spots on the sides. Propodosome without frontal projections. The mouthparts are piercing-sucking type. Body length 0.4 mm, width - 0.26 mm. On the dorsal side of the body there are 26 long and thin setae in 7 transverse rows on high tubercles white. The male's body is brownish or yellowish-green, slightly convex on the ventral and dorsal side and narrowed posteriorly. Body length 0.3 mm, width - 0.15 mm. There are 28 setae on its dorsal side. The egg is orange-red or yellowish-orange in color, somewhat flattened at the poles, with a protruding stalk, its surface is radially striated. Egg diameter is 0.15-0.16 mm. The larva is first round, later oval shape, with 3 pairs of legs. Color ranges from orange to yellowish or greenish-brown. Body length 0.17 mm, width 0.11 mm. The protonymph and deutonymph are broadly oval in shape, light or brownish-red in color, with 4 pairs of legs. The body length of the protonymph is 0.2 mm, width - 0.14 mm; length of deutonymph 0.27-0.34 mm, width - 0.15-0.21 mm. Arrhenotokic type of parthenogenesis. Males hatch about a day earlier than females. In her entire life, the female mates only once, usually immediately after hatching, and after 2-4 days she begins to lay eggs. The average fecundity is about 19 eggs, the maximum is up to 70.

Spreading.

Widely distributed in North America, Europe, North Africa, in the Middle East, northern India and Japan. Harmful in England, Portugal, France, northern Italy, Switzerland, Holland, Germany, Sweden, Finland, Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria. In the southern hemisphere it is found in Tasmania and New Zealand. On the territory b. USSR is found in the Baltic republics, in Belarus, Moldova, Ukraine, in the European part of Russia, in the southeast Western Siberia, in Khabarovsk and Primorsky territories, in the Caucasus, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan.

Ecology.

Mesophilic species. Most typical for the deciduous forest zone. Typically found in areas with rainfall greater than 500 mm per year. Polyphage: prefers Rosaceae, but is also found on grapes, currants, buckthorn, white acacia, mulberry, linden, elm. Overwinters at the egg stage. Overwintering eggs are laid on the rough bark on the underside of branches; on heavily infected plants they sometimes lie in 2-3 layers. Easy to carry low temperatures. For the normal completion of winter diapause of eggs, a period of about 150 days is required with an average daily temperature of no more than 6°C. The hatching of the larvae coincides with the flowering of the plum tree and the pink bud stage of the apple tree. The lower temperature threshold for the development of P. ulmi is about 8°C, and the sum of effective temperatures required for the development of one generation without additional food, is 210°. IN different parts The tick produces up to 3-10 generations within its range. The duration of development from egg to adult, including the period of additional nutrition, is 28-33 days. Predators of the red fruit mite include Anthocoris nemorum L., Blepharidopterus angulatus Fall., Stethorus punctillum Ws., Chrysopa carnea Steph., Amblyseius subsolidus Begl., Paraseiulus incognitus Wain. et Arut.

Economic importance.

Settling on the underside of the leaf, mites pierce the epidermis with chelicerae and suck out the contents of the cells. Damaged areas turn brownish, leaves wither and fall off. Plant growth slows down, the formation of flower buds weakens next year. Losses of up to 65% of the apple harvest are possible. Most damaged late-ripening varieties apple trees Protective measures. Plowing between rows in the garden favors the growth of the pest population. Reducing the number of ticks is facilitated by growing resistant varieties of apple trees and whitewashing tree trunks. In the spring, before the buds open, when there is a large number of overwintering eggs, the gardens are treated with ovicides, and during the period of bud break, acaricides are used.

© Davidyan G.E.

Latin name:

Synonyms:

Tetranychus ulmi, Paratetranychus ulmi, Metatetranychus ulmi, Tetranychus pilosus, Canestrini et Fanzago, Tetranychus mytilaspidis, Fruit tree red spider, European red mite or spider

Classifier:

Arthropods › Arachnids › Mites › Acariform mites› Spider mites

Literary sources:

Bagdasaryan A.T. Fauna of the Armenian SSR. Tetranychoid mites (superfamily Tetranychoidea). Yerevan: Publishing house. AN Arm. SSR, 1957. 163 p.
Batiashvili I.D. Pests of continental and subtropical fruit crops. Tbilisi: Publishing house. Cargo. Agricultural Institute, 1959. 455 p.
Bondarenko I.V. On the issue of the geographical distribution of red spider mites. / Notes of the Leningrad Agricultural Institute. Protection of plants from pests and diseases. T. 95. L., 1965. P. 84-89.
Pests of agricultural crops and forests. T. 1. Harmful nematodes, mollusks, arthropods. Ed. V.P. Vasiliev. Kyiv: Harvest, 1973. 496 p.
Livshits I.Z. Morphological and biological features red fruit mites (Panonychus ulmi Koch, 1836) and garden spider mites (Schizotetranychus pruni Oudemans, 1931). / Pests and diseases of fruit and ornamental plants. Works of the State Nikitsky botanical garden. T. 39. Yalta, 1967. P. 73-110.
Livshits I.Z., Mitrofanov V.I. Superfamily Spider mites - Tetranychoidea. / Key to harmful and beneficial insects and mites of fruit and berry crops in USSR. Comp. L.M. Kopaneva. L.: Kolos. 1984. 288 p.
Mitrofanov V.I., Strunkova Z.I., Livshits I.Z. Key to tetranychid mites of the fauna of the USSR and neighboring countries (Tetranychidae, Bryobiidae). Dushanbe: Donish, 1987. 224 p.
Prokofiev M.A. Protection of Siberian gardens from pests. M.: Rosselkhozizdat, 1987. 239 p.
Rekk G.F. Catalog of acarofauna of the Georgian SSR. Tbilisi: Metsniereba, 1976. 128 p.
Rekk G.F. Key to tetranych mites. Tbilisi: Publishing house. AN Cargo. SSR, 1959. 151 p.
Savkovsky P.P. Atlas of pests of fruit and berry crops. Kyiv: Harvest, 1976. 207 p.
Livshits, I.Z. & Mitrofanov, V.I. A contribution to the fauna and biology of tetranychid mites of the Crimea (Acariformes, Tetranychoidea). Proceedings of the 3rd international congress of the Acarology. Prague: Academia, 1973. P. 229-235.

Panonychus ulmi Koch - Red fruit mite.

Systematic position.

Class Arachnida, order Acariformes, superfamily Tetranychoidea, family Tetranychidae, genus Panonychus Yokoyama.

Synonyms.

Tetranychus ulmi Koch, Paratetranychus ulmi Koch, Metatetranychus ulmi Koch, Tetranychus pilosus Canestrini et Fanzago, Tetranychus mytilaspidis Ewing.

Biological group.

It mainly harms apple, pear, and plum trees, and to a lesser extent peach, cherry, cherry plum, and almonds.

Morphology and biology.

During their development, ticks go through the stages of egg, larva, protonymph, deutonymph and adult. The transition between postembryonic stages occurs through a resting and molting phase. The female is broadly oval, convex above, flattened below. The body is light or cherry red with black spots on the sides. Propodosome without frontal projections. The mouthparts are piercing-sucking type. Body length 0.4 mm, width - 0.26 mm. On the dorsal side of the body there are 26 long and thin setae in 7 transverse rows on high white tubercles. The male's body is brownish or yellowish-green, slightly convex on the ventral and dorsal side and narrowed posteriorly. Body length 0.3 mm, width - 0.15 mm. There are 28 setae on its dorsal side. The egg is orange-red or yellowish-orange in color, somewhat flattened at the poles, with a protruding stalk, its surface is radially striated. Egg diameter is 0.15-0.16 mm. The larva is first round, later oval in shape, with 3 pairs of legs. Color ranges from orange to yellowish or greenish-brown. Body length 0.17 mm, width 0.11 mm. The protonymph and deutonymph are broadly oval in shape, light or brownish-red in color, with 4 pairs of legs. The body length of the protonymph is 0.2 mm, width - 0.14 mm; length of deutonymph 0.27-0.34 mm, width - 0.15-0.21 mm. Arrhenotokic type of parthenogenesis. Males hatch about a day earlier than females. In her entire life, the female mates only once, usually immediately after hatching, and after 2-4 days she begins to lay eggs. The average fecundity of a female is about 19 eggs, the maximum is up to 70.

Spreading.

Widely distributed in North America, Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, Northern India and Japan. Harmful in England, Portugal, France, northern Italy, Switzerland, Holland, Germany, Sweden, Finland, Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria. In the southern hemisphere it is found in Tasmania and New Zealand. B b. The USSR is found in the Baltic republics, in Belarus, Moldova, Ukraine, in the European part of Russia, in the southeast of Western Siberia, in the Khabarovsk and Primorsky territories, in the Caucasus, in Tajikistan, Uzbekistan.

Ecology.

Mesophilic species. Most typical for the deciduous forest zone. Typically found in areas with rainfall greater than 500 mm per year. Polyphage: prefers Rosaceae, but is also found on grapes, currants, buckthorn, white acacia, mulberry, linden, elm. Overwinters at the egg stage. Overwintering eggs are laid on the rough bark on the underside of branches; on heavily infected plants they sometimes lie in 2-3 layers. Easily tolerate low temperatures. For the normal completion of winter diapause of eggs, a period of about 150 days is required with an average daily temperature of no more than 6°C. The hatching of the larvae coincides with the flowering of the plum tree and the pink bud stage of the apple tree. The lower temperature threshold for the development of P. ulmi is about 8°C, and the sum of effective temperatures required for the development of one generation without additional nutrition is 210°. In different parts of its range, the tick produces up to 3-10 generations. The duration of development from egg to adult, including the period of additional nutrition, is 28-33 days. Predators of the red fruit mite include Anthocoris nemorum L., Blepharidopterus angulatus Fall., Stethorus punctillum Ws., Chrysopa carnea Steph., Amblyseius subsolidus Begl., Paraseiulus incognitus Wain. et Arut.

Economic importance.

Settling on the underside of the leaf, mites pierce the epidermis with chelicerae and suck out the contents of the cells. Damaged areas turn brownish, leaves wither and fall off. Plant growth slows down, and the formation of next year's flower buds weakens. Losses of up to 65% of the apple harvest are possible. Late-ripening varieties of apple trees are most damaged. Plowing between rows in the garden favors the growth of the pest population. Reducing the number of ticks is facilitated by growing resistant varieties of apple trees and whitewashing tree trunks. In the spring, before the buds open, when there is a large number of overwintering eggs, the gardens are treated with ovicides, and during the period of bud break, acaricides are used.

Red fruit mite(European red mite or spider)

The red fruit mite damages most fruit crops and inhabits many forest species. Harmful in forest-steppe and regions with sufficient and increased moisture. In southern regions with precipitation less than 500 mm, tick damage is minimized.

The female's body is oval, 0.4 mm long. Coloration from light to cherry red with dark spots. The dorsal setae are needle-shaped and sit on white tubercles. The male is 0.3 mm long, the body is elongated, brownish-red, tapering towards the posterior end.

Control measures:

Cleaning the trunks from old dead bark and whitewashing them with lime mortar in the fall destroys hawthorn, red and brown fruit mites in their wintering areas.

A significant portion of overwintering pests are destroyed by spraying before buds open.

Hatched larvae of red and brown fruit mites from overwintered eggs and hatched oviparous females of hawthorn mites from wintering areas are destroyed by treatment during the period of bud opening or bud release.

25. The role of light and others environmental factors in the appearance of tick diapause and its reactivation.

Abiotic factors: 1) - Mites do not have a permanent body. Therefore, it affects the rate of development of the organism. With an increase in air from 21 to 35, the development time of, for example, spider mites decreases from 15-18 to 7 days. The range is specific for each species. Once outside the boundaries, the mites fall into stupor and then death. The highest cold resistance is observed in red fruit mite eggs. They overwinter openly on the shoots of fruit trees and withstand frosts of -35-(-37). Species that do not have diapause (red citrus mite, predatory mite phytoseiulus, etc.) die already at the first cold snap.

2) Humidity. Due to their small body size, large evaporating surface and delicate integument, mites depend even more than insects on a moist environment. Winter diapausing females, for example, spider mites during this period, metabolic water is used; In addition, evaporation is reduced due to the structural features of their skin, which becomes smooth (in summer, folded). At 50-60% room humidity. Diapausing females die. Therefore, in the southern regions, during the period of warm and dry autumn and early winter, individuals of hawthorn, common spider and garden spider mites die.

3) Joint action and humidity. In nature, the influence of these 2 factors is interconnected, which must be taken into account. At 60-100% humidity and at 16-23 larvae hatch up to 90-98%, with an increase to 25-30 - 50-80%. At high and low (28-33%) humidity, the number of hatching larvae is even smaller (for example, 20 -13% negative personal, 27 - 3% negative personal).

4) Light. Insects clearly respond to changes in day length. Day length is one of the regulatory seasonal development cycles. It especially affects the phenomenon of diapause. As already mentioned, diapause is an adaptation to surviving an unfavorable time of year. The signal for preparation and transition into a state of diapause in insects is light. The response to changes in day length is called the photoperiodic response.

Biotic factors: 1) Food specialization. The feeding of phytophagous mites ensures the greatest fertility and survival of the population. With a lack of food, development stops, mobility decreases - leading to the onset of diapause.

2)Natural enemies. Their natural enemies, i.e., can have a significant impact on the population size of phytophagous mites. predators. The most common are the stethorus punctilium beetle, the anthocoris nemorum bug, the common lacewing (Chrysopa carnea), the gall midge (Arthrocnodax mali) and many others.

Anthropogenic factors:1) Effect of pesticides; 2) Agrocenosis. When creating agrocenoses, a person uses a complex agrotechnical techniques: various ways tillage (plowing, harrowing, disking and others), land reclamation (in case of excessive soil moisture), sometimes artificial irrigation, sowing (planting) high-yielding varieties plants, fertilizing, weed control, pests and plant diseases.; 3) Atmospheric pollution (greenhouse effect), etc.

Reactivation is the process of returning an insect or mite to an active lifestyle. Under the influence of factors opposite to those that caused diapause, the organisms restore their previous metabolic rate, they become mobile and continue to develop.

Red fruit mite. Fruit mites in a garden plot An evolutionary tendency characteristic of insects, manifested in the displacement of the wing veins towards the costal edge, which leads to its strengthening

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