Literature of the 2nd half of the 19th century review presentation. Presentation on the topic: "Culture and literature of the second half of the 19th century

Political In Russia, literature has always been in alliance with the liberation movement. The helplessness of the oppressed and downtrodden peasant masses increased interest in them on the part of the most enlightened and humane representatives of the educated layer, awakening their sympathy and compassion. Inevitable clashes and ideological conflicts were hidden in the very essence of Russian life, and a writer who penetrated into this essence could not help but notice them. social cultural The main questions of the era Who is to blame? What to do? The protagonist of Russian literature - both realistic and romantic - is looking for a form of practical activity worthy of human purpose.

Main historical events of the 19th century 1812 – war with Napoleon 1821 – formation of the Northern and Southern Decembrist Society December 14, 1825 – uprising on Senate Square 1853 – 1856 – Crimean War, defeat of Russia February 19, 1861 – abolition of serfdom 1861 – reforms of Alexander II (zemstvo, city, judicial, military, etc.) .d.) 1877 – 1878 – Russian-Turkish War March 1, 1881 – assassination of Alexander II by populists

LiteratureLiterature I half of the 19th century.. Literature of the 1st half of the 19th century is distinguished by the extraordinary capacity and versatility of the artistic images it created. At this time, the foundations of Russian literary classics were laid. This literature is short, but promising in its further development of artistic formulas, containing powerful figurative energy, still compressed in them, not yet unfolded. It is no coincidence that many of them will become proverbs and become a fact of our everyday language. In the literature of this period, a large place is occupied by the problem of artistic form, brevity and accuracy of the linguistic design of the poetic image. Hence the genre universalism of Russian writers of the first half of the 19th century (Pushkin). The works are small in volume, but significant in terms of the figurative power that they contain.

I half of the 19th century - the golden age of Russian literature A. S. Pushkin N. V. Gogol K. N. Batyushkov A. N. Maikov A. A. Grigoriev E. A. Baratynsky P. A. Vyazemsky K. F. Ryleev A V. Koltsov I. A. Krylov V. A. Zhukovsky M. Yu. Lermontov The heyday of Russian poetry A. S. Griboyedov

ScienceScience The greatest successes have been achieved by Russian science, especially natural science. The works of professor-physiologist I.M. Sechenov gained worldwide fame. Doctors S.P. Botkin and N.I. Pirogov said a new word in medicine with their works. The works of great scientists left an indelible mark on the history of science: chemists N.N. Zinin and A.M. Butlerov, mathematician P.L. Chebyshev, travel explorers N.M. Przhevalsky and N.N. Miklouho-Maclay. In the 60s, the first women doctors and scientists began to appear. S. V. Kovalevskaya is a famous mathematician, professor at Stockholm University and others. In the 60s, such outstanding scientists as the later famous D.I. Mendeleev, I.I. Mechnikov, K.A. Timiryazev, I.P. Pavlov developed an interest in the natural sciences.

TheaterTheater I half of the 19th century Fonvizin “The Minor”; Griboyedov “Woe from Wit”; Gogol “The Inspector General”, “Marriage”; Shakespeare, Molière Melodramas, vaudeville 60% A. N. Ostrovsky (1823 – 1886) – founder of the Russian national theater “Bankrupt”, “Don’t Get in Your Own Sleigh”, “Poverty is not a Vice”, “Thunderstorm”, “Wolves and Sheep” ", "Profitable place", "Dowry", "Snow Maiden" ... II half of the 19th century

MusicMusic M. I. Glinka (1804 – 1857) the founder of the classical Russian music school. His work influenced all Russian composers of the 19th century. Operas: “Ivan Susanin”, “Ruslan and Lyudmila”, “Symphony on two Russian themes”, overtures, romances, arias, songs. A. S. Dargomyzhsky (1813 - 1869) In 1835 he met Glinka, and this acquaintance played a decisive role in the fate of Dargomyzhsky. From that moment on, the composer devoted himself to creating operas and romances. Operas “Rusalka”, “Esmeralda”, opera-ballet “The Triumph of Bacchus”, “The Stone Guest”, plays for piano, romances and songs based on words by Pushkin, Lermontov, Koltsov. P.I. Tchaikovsky Operas “The Queen of Spades”, “Eugene Onegin”, “The Maid of Orleans”, “The Enchantress”, “Iolanta”, “Mazeppa”, “Cherevichki” Ballets “The Nutcracker”, “Sleeping Beauty”, “Swan Lake”, “Vespers” vigil", symphony 6, romances, etc.

“The Mighty Handful” M. A. Balakirev () organizer and inspirer of the “Mighty Handful”. Main works: “Cantata in Memory of Glinka”, 2 symphonies, overtures, suites, choral works, romances. M. P. Mussorgsky () A. P. Borodin () N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov () Graduated from the school of guard ensigns, since 1858 in the civil service, at the same time working on musical works. Main works: Operas: “Salammbo”, “Marriage”, “Boris Godunov”, “Khovanshchina”, “Sorochinskaya Fair”, works for orchestra, songs, romances, arrangements of Russian folk songs. He considered chemistry to be his profession. In 1877 he received the title of academician. Main works: operas: “Prince Igor”, “Bogatyrs”, opera-ballet “Mlada”, three symphonies, piano pieces, romances. Close connection with Russian folklore. He wrote his first symphony at the age of 19. He served in the navy and was engaged in creative activities. Main works: operas “Sadko”, “Snow Maiden”. "The Golden Cockerel", three symphonies, songs, choral and chamber works. All creativity is imbued with the “Russian spirit”. Ts. A. Cui () Military engineer. Main works: operas “Prisoner of the Caucasus”, “William Ratcliffe”, “Saracen”, “Feast in Time of Plague”, more than 300 romances.

PaintingPainting V. G. Perov () “Troika”, “The arrival of the chief for the investigation”, “Sermon in a rural church”, “Tea drinking in Mytishchi”, “Drowned woman”, “Seeing off the dead man”, “Bird catcher”, “The last tavern at the outpost ", "Old people - parents at the grave of their son" (Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"), psychological "A. N. Ostrovsky", "F. M. Dostoevsky" portraits. The main task is to make the situation clear, to convey your story to the viewer.

I. N. Kramskoy (1837 - 1887) “Forester”, “Unknown”, “Beekeeper”, “Mermaid”, “Christ in the Desert”, portraits of L. Tolstoy, N. Nekrasov, M. Saltykov-Shchedrin, I. Shishkin . “Art must tell the truth about life... art must be national... The artist is a critic of social phenomena... Only the feeling of society gives strength to the artist and increases his strength tenfold... Without an idea there is no art, but at the same time, and even moreover, without painting, there is no living and striking, there are no pictures, but only good intentions and nothing more!” In 1863, 14 rebels led by I. N. Kramskoy left the Academy of Arts and organized the “Artel of Free Artists,” which lasted until 1870, the “Association of Traveling Exhibitions.”

K. A. Savitsky () “Repair work on the railway”, “Meeting of the icon” V. I. Jacobi () “Halt of the prisoners” G. G. Myasoedov () “Healer”, “Zemstvo is having lunch”

V. E. Makovsky () “Visiting his son”, “On the Boulevard” N. V. Nevrev () “Bargaining. Scene from serf life" V.V. Pukirev () "Unequal marriage"

A. K. Savrasov (“The Rooks Have Arrived”, “Country Road”, “Winter Road”, “Courtyard. Winter”, “Elk Island in Sokolniki”, “Rural View”. N. N. Ge () Reformer of the historical genre, friend and follower of L. Tolstoy

I. E. Repin I. E. Repin () Repin revealed the contradictions of reality. In historical paintings he revealed tragic conflicts and created vivid freedom-loving images. In portraits of his contemporaries, he revealed personality in psychological and social terms.

V. D. Polenov (“Moscow courtyard”, “Overgrown pond”, “Grandmother’s garden”

Peredvizhniki artists 48 exhibitions over fifty-three years. This is the impressive result of the activities of the Association of Traveling Art Exhibitions - the most numerous, active and influential artistic organization in the history of Russian art. For many years - from 1870 to 1923 - it united the best creative forces of the country. The Peredvizhniki managed to introduce their art to a huge number of spectators. According to the established order, exhibitions began in the first week of Lent, at the end of February - beginning of March, in St. Petersburg, then by Easter the exhibition moved to Moscow, and from there it went on wanderings around Russia. Peredvizhniki artists: G.G. Myasoedov, K. A. Savitsky, V. D. Polenov, E. E. Volkov, V.I. Surikov, I.I. Shishkin, N. A. Yaroshenko, P. A. Bryullov, N. V. Nevrev, V. E. Makovsky, I. M. Pryanishnikov, N. E. Makovsky, I. E. Repin, I. N. Kramskoy and other Itinerant Artists truthfully reproduced reality; explained reality; pronounced judgment on reality; taught to live, think, fight. V. M. Maksimov Everything is in the past.

JournalismJournalism "Sovremennik" "Russian Word" "Kolokol" "Iskra" A magazine close to "Sovremennik" was founded in 1859. Pisarev's talented articles brought the magazine wide fame among democratic readers and the hatred of reactionaries. The magazine was closed in 1866. The newspaper began publishing on July 1, 1857, first once a month, then twice a month, and in other years - weekly. "The Bell" gained enormous influence, playing an exceptional role in the revolutionary history of Russia. A lot of different materials were sent to Herzen from all over the country, exposing the ulcers and ugliness of Russian life. The inspired articles of Herzen, who fought for the victory of the people over tsarism and called for revolution, powerfully captivated readers. Circulation – 2500 copies. It was published for ten years, during which time 245 issues of the newspaper were published. “Library for Reading” “Russian Messenger” Critic A. Druzhinin presented a program of “pure art”, not related to real life. The magazine was not successful among wide circles of society in the 60s. Katkov's magazine (published since 1856). It was the center of attraction for many liberal and conservative writers.

Sovremennik magazine Sovremennik magazine was created by Pushkin and began publishing in 1836. In 1838, Professor P. A. Pletnev, rector of St. Petersburg University, became its editor. In 1847, the magazine was rented by Panaev and Nekrasov, who managed to group around it all the best literary forces of that time: the critical department was led by Belinsky, Herzen, Ogarev, Turgenev, Grigorovich, Dostoevsky, L. Tolstoy, Fet and others collaborated in the magazine. The death of Belinsky and the rampant reaction lowered the public level of the magazine. But a new time was approaching, and soon Chernyshevsky and Dobrolyubov entered the editorial office of Sovremennik and made the magazine a revolutionary platform. At the same time, irreconcilable differences emerged among employees. The noble writers - Turgenev, Goncharov, Tolstoy, Grigorovich, Druzhinin, supporters of slow and gradual reforms, were alien to the “peasant democracy” of Chernyshevsky and Dobrolyubov, supporters of the peasant revolution. A split in the editorial board was becoming inevitable. The reason for it was written by Dobrolyubov in 1860. Article “When will the real day come?” (about Turgenev’s novel “On the Eve”). Turgenev left the magazine, even earlier Druzhinin, L. Tolstoy, Goncharov, Grigorovich, Fet and Maikov. But talented young people came. The magazine called for struggle and revolution. On June 15, 1862, Sovremennik was closed for eight months, and a week later, the ideological leader and inspirer of the magazine, N. G. Chernyshevsky, was arrested, imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress, and then exiled to Siberia. Silence lasted for 8 months, but when the first (double) issue of the magazine appeared in 1863, the reading public was convinced that the magazine remained faithful to the traditions of Chernyshevsky and Dobrolyubov. In June 1866, Sovremennik was closed again, and this time forever.

Iskra magazine The Iskra magazine was founded in 1859 by the poet V.S. Kurochkin and artist N.A. Stepanov. Dobrolyubov willingly collaborated in Iskra; in turn, Kurochkin shared the views of Dobrolyubov, Saltykov - Shchedrin and Chernyshevsky. Iskra existed until 1873. The popularity of Iskra was especially great in the first half of the 60s, when its circulation reached an unprecedented figure for that time of ten thousand copies. Issues of the magazine were published at first weekly, and then even twice a week. There was no question that Iskra did not touch upon. All the major and sometimes minor outrages of Russian life at that time found an immediate response in her in poetry, feuilletons, parodies, and caricatures. Enemies hated Iskra and were afraid of it; it became a thunderstorm for everyone who had a bad conscience. To get into Iskra, to get into Iskra - the most common expressions in life in the 60s.

“The beautiful is life” Chernyshevsky “It was an amazing time,” wrote a contemporary, “a time when everyone wanted to think, read, study... The impulse was strong and the tasks were enormous... This tempting work attracted all... gifted and capable people and brought forward a lot publicists, writers, scientists, artists, musicians...” In the atmosphere of the 60s, three main social groups were clearly defined: conservatives, liberals, revolutionary democrats. The second half of the 19th century is a new period in the historical development of Russian fiction. Literature is becoming more and more social in its issues and much more democratic in its ideological orientation and forms. In it, the realistic principle of reflecting life is further developed and the main social conflicts of Russian reality are more actively and critically realized. The direction of critical realism is developing. The genre of social and everyday novels and stories appears, psychological in their depiction of the characters’ characters (L. Tolstoy, Turgenev, Dostoevsky), the problem novel, the genre of artistic essays and entire cycles of essays (Nekrasov, Turgenev, G. Uspensky), political novels on issues and conflicts (Chernyshevsky, Sleptsov).

Social movements Slavophiles are supporters of the original Russian path. They opposed both serfdom and the forms of Western European parliamentary democracy, and advocated for the restoration of the former old Russian foundations. (S. Aksakov) Westerners are supporters of the European path of development of Russia. Two camps: revolutionary-democratic (N.G. Chernyshevsky, N.A. Dobrolyubov, D.I. Pisarev) and liberal (A. Kraevsky, A. Druzhinin, M. Katkov)

Social and literary movements Revolutionary-democratic N.A. Dobrolyubov M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin N.A. Nekrasov “Civil” literature” Literature is a direct reproduction of reality. journalism; documentary; new hero.

Literature of the second half of the 19th century, continuing the traditions laid by A.S. Pushkin and N.V. Gogol, is distinguished by its originality and refusal to imitate; the presence of opposing currents, closely related to the current historical situation. Features of the literature of the new period:

The mission of Russian literature It concentrates the mental life of the people The duty of literature is to be a textbook of life It is the basis of the spiritual existence of the nation For a writer, literature is service The spiritual and practical purpose of Russian literature is especially manifested in criticism

Critical literature was very popular: people read it like novels; was analytical; carried tall. The educational charge posed philosophical questions. Different views, the whole range of contradictory critical assessments of the work by contemporaries make its perception objective and historical.

The variety of critical trends Westerners Soilists Slavophiles The beginning of the development of Russia is the era of Peter I. The Russian path of development is Western European. Russian national character, national spirit - worldwide responsiveness. Russia has its own road. Orthodox Russia. Harmony of Greek and Byzantine culture. The main thing is moral improvement. Europeanization is a threat to the nation. See next slide Magazines “Time” and “Epoch” Magazine “Russian Conversation” A.I. Herzen I.S. Turgenev F.M. Dostoevsky A.A. Grigoriev N.N. Strakhov K.S. Aksakov A.S .Khomyakov P.V.Annenkov

Westerners liberals Hope for transformation from above “aesthetic criticism” “Domestic notes” A. Kraevsky “Library for reading” A. Druzhinin “Russian Messenger” M. Katkov Revolutionary democrats Ideas of Western revolutionary socialists “real criticism” program of nihilists “Sovremennik” N. Dobrolyubov, A. Nekrasov “Russian Word” D. Pisarev, V. Zaitsev

Homework Prepare reports on the textbook: 1) “aesthetic criticism” (page), 2) “real criticism” (page), 3) program of the nihilists (page), 4) criticism of the Slavophiles (page), 5) criticism of the Pochvenniks (page) . Plan 1. Social and literary position. 2. Who did you fight with? 3. What did they fight against and for? 4. Literary and social discoveries.

Slide 2

Russian literature of the second half of the 19th century. “THE GREAT CHAIN ​​HAS BROKEN...”