Section “Vocabulary and Grammar” in the Unified State Examination. Tutoring experience

Preparation for the OGE and the Unified State Exam

Average general education

English language

We analyze the Unified State Examination in English: section “Grammar”

Jalolova Svetlana Anatolyevna, English teacher of the highest qualification category. Winner of the competitive selection for the Moscow Grant in the field of education in 2010. Senior expert of the State Examination Agency Unified State Exam in English. Winner of the All-Russian Olympiad of English Language Teachers “Profi-Kray” 2015. Certificate of honor from the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation 2014, Certificate of winner of the competition for the best teachers of the Russian Federation 2007, Diploma of the winner of the competition for the Moscow Grant 2010. Work experience - 23 years.

Nedashkovskaya Natalya Mikhailovna, English teacher of the highest qualification category. Winner of the PNPO 2007. Winner of the competitive selection for the Moscow Grant in the field of education 2010. GIA OGE expert in English. Conducted a pedagogical examination of educational publications at the Russian Academy of Education 2015-2016. Certificate of Honor from the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation 2013, Certificate of the winner of the competition for the best teachers of the Russian Federation 2007, Diploma of the winner of the competition for the Moscow Grant 2010. Work experience - 35 years.
Podvigina Marina Mikhailovna, English teacher of the highest qualification category. Winner of PNPO 2008. Winner of the competitive selection for the Moscow Grant in the field of education 2010. Senior expert of the State Examination Agency Unified State Exam in English. Conducted a pedagogical examination of educational publications at the Russian Academy of Education 2015-2016. Certificate of honor from the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation 2015, Certificate of winner of the competition for the best teachers of the Russian Federation 2008, Diploma of the winner of the competition for the Moscow Grant 2010. Work experience - 23 years.

Trofimova Elena Anatolyevna, English teacher of the highest qualification category. Senior expert of the State Examination Agency Unified State Exam in English. Certificate of honor from the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation in 2013. Work experience - 15 years.

Exercise 1

Methodical hint

This task tests your knowledge of English grammar. Let's pay attention to those parts of speech that need to be transformed. It is important that when changing the form of a word, the part of speech does not change! To the right of the text any of the six parts of speech can be given. These are a noun, an adverb, a cardinal number, a personal pronoun and a verb. When completing this task, it is necessary to take into account what grammatical forms these parts of speech have. A singular noun takes a plural form (here it is necessary, in addition to the general rule for forming the plural of nouns, to remember all the exceptions and spelling features of the plural forms of nouns). The cardinal number becomes an ordinal number (note the complex cases formation and writing of some numerals). Adjectives and adverbs have comparative or superlative degrees (there are also some cases to remember here). A personal pronoun can become possessive (short or long form), objective or reflexive. As for the verb, remember that it can be in finite or impersonal form (for example, Present Participle or Past Participle). If the verb must be used in the personal form, then it is necessary to determine in what voice the verb should be (active or passive) and in what grammatical tense. To correctly determine grammatical tense, it is necessary, firstly, to determine in which existential (life) tense the sentence or situation is presented. To do this, we look at the verbs around the gap and other tense indicators to determine whether the story refers to the present, past or future. Having determined the time, we must determine the temporal form. To do this, we look for clue words or indicators of grammatical tenses in the sentence (for example, every day, usually - indicators of the Present Simple, since, for, yet - indicators of the Present Perfect. Also, a time line often helps, which clearly shows what sequence exists between actions and events.

In addition, the verb can be part of a conditional sentence (there are four, starting with zero, types of conditional sentences, each of which has verbs in certain forms) or a sentence beginning with I wish or If only.

Don’t forget to also pay attention to those words that come immediately before the gap - do not forget that there are a number of verbs, adjectives, phrases and constructions after which it is necessary to use an infinitive with or without the particle to or gerund (for example, fancy going, want to go, make symbol do smith, There"s" no point in doing smith...).

Let's get started with the test task.

Reasoning

We read the presented texts (this can be one text) in order to have a general idea of ​​what we are talking about. Next we fill in the blanks.

Number 19. The cardinal number is written as one, therefore the only possible form is the ordinal number first. Number 20. The verb is presented. We conduct a blitz analysis: liability or asset? - asset. This is a personal form, since the subject Greece does not have a predicate, which means the full form of the verb is needed. This is not a conditional sentence, since there are no corresponding words if, unless, etc. We define the existential time - past (Past), since there are words 1900 years before, had been. Now we determine the grammatical tense (tense) - look at the time in the previous sentence - was not, in the sentence with a gap there is the phrase 1900 years before - draw a time line, set the point was not in the past, determine where - to the left or to the right the point 1900 will be located years before. It's on the right. Actions go one after another in the past, which means the verb will be in the Past Perfect tense, showing that the action has already happened and ended before the verb was not. The next sentence confirms the correctness of our choice - had been at its height also before the verb was not. Therefore, we put the verb have in the form (Past Perfect - had had).
Number 21. The adjective early is used here (this is precisely an adjective, since it is a definition for the words Greek and Roman periods), and this adjective must be put in the comparative degree, since the period is compared only with the Greek and Roman periods, and not with all periods of history.
Number 22. The noun wife is written in the singular. The only possible transformation is the plural form wives(a noun ending in -f, -fe in the plural changes f to ves).
Number 23. The personal pronoun he is given. This pronoun is not a subject in the text, but is an object; accordingly, it is necessary to use an object pronoun him.
Number 24. Given verb. We use a familiar algorithm for completing the task: asset or liability? - An asset, because the subject fire can destroy the building. This is not a conditional. The subject does not have a predicate, which means it is a verb in its personal form. The existential time is past, the year indicated here is 1992. And this year also indicates that it is Past Simple (an action performed at a certain point in time in the past). Correct form destroyed.
Number 25. The verb repair is given. Active or passive? - Passive, the castle cannot be repaired by anyone, but it can be repaired. Not a conditional mood, a personal form, because it is a predicate. In the previous and subsequent sentences, the verbs are in the past tense, but in the gap sentence itself there is since then, which is an indicator of perfect tenses. To decide whether to use Present Perfect or Past Perfect, we draw a time line. We put an end to the past destroyed. Would the correct form of the verb repair appear to the right or left of the verb destroyed? - On right. So we put the verb in the Present Perfect - has been repaired.

Thus, the answers to tasks 19 to 25 look like this: 19 - first, 20 - had had, 21 - earlier, 22 - wives, 23 - him, 24 - destroyed, 25 - has been repaired.

Task 2. Read the text below. Form words with the same root from the words printed in capital letters at the end of the lines marked with numbers 26–31, so that they grammatically and lexically correspond to the content of the text. Fill in the blanks with the given words. Each gap corresponds to a separate task from group 26–31.

Methodical hint

This part tests word formation skills. The task in the specification is formulated as “tasks for filling in gaps in a connected text by forming a related word from the proposed reference word” using suffixes and prefixes. The key to success in completing this task is two factors - the correct identification of the part of speech that needs to be inserted instead of the gap, and knowledge of word-forming suffixes and prefixes. We read the text, paying attention to the words before the gaps and following it. We determine the missing part of speech, as well as whether the missing word has a negative or affirmative connotation.

Australia

Reasoning

Number 26. Only a few people came to Australia how? - an adverb that modifies the verb came. The following sentence contains an explanation of why this happened this way.
Number 27. The first settlers were .......... In this situation, the verb were can be followed by either an adjective specifying who they were, or a noun indicating who these settlers were (if this choice is correct, then the noun will be stand in the plural based on the word settlers in the plural and the word were. The following sentence does not exclude either of these options, so we leave both of these options for now.
Number 28. Moving to Australia was part of their....... We see the missing part of the phrase with the preposition of, in which there must be nouns before and after the preposition, and the gap is preceded by the short possessive pronoun their, which modifies the noun. Therefore, the missing part of speech is a noun.
Number 29. There was, however, one big...... After the construction There was there must be a noun, which is confirmed by the presence before the omission of a numeral and an adjective, defining the same part of speech. Therefore, the missing word is a singular noun (the number indicator is the word one).
Number 30. The outback was ...............any place the early settlers had ever seen. After was there can be either a participle or an adjective or a noun. Since the noun is already there (place), therefore, the missing part of speech is the adjective.
Number 31. Then gold was.........there in 1852. The situation is similar to number 30. Based on the meaning of the entire sentence, we assume that most likely this will be a past participle, determining what happened to gold in 1852.

Having noted in the margins of the KIM, next to each gap, the parts of speech we have identified, we open the words themselves on the right.

Number 26- adverb, which means you need to substitute the suffix -ly, we get the word willingly. We re-read the paragraph with the inserted word - the meaning is preserved.
Number 27- the word prison suggests that we need a noun that specifies who the first settlers were. The next sentence confirms this. Forming a noun prisoners in plural.
Number 28- we form a collective noun from the word punish punishment, which completes the sentence, making it a logical extension of the idea expressed in the previous two sentences.
Number 29- we form the noun difference from the word differ. We re-read the paragraph, the formed noun fits perfectly into it, since the paragraph talks about the difference in the development of the West in the United States and Australia.
Number 30- we are asked to replace the word like, which in itself is already an adjective. Consequently, the part of speech is already defined by itself; we must only, preserving this part of speech, add a negative prefix in order to form a new word suitable in meaning - unlike.
Number 31- we are given the word covered, which is already a participle. Therefore, as in the previous case, we need a negative prefix. In the case of covered there can be two of them: dis- and un- . Uncovered - slightly opened, removed the cover.... Discovered - discovered, discovered something new. In this context, the second meaning is appropriate. Therefore, the correct word is discovered.

Answers: 26 - willingly, 27 - prisoners, 28 - punishment, 29 - difference, 30 - unlike, 31 - discovered.

3. Task numbers 32-38, for which the maximum number of points is given -7 (1 point for each correct answer), formulated as follows:

Methodical hint

The third task (32-38) of the section offers a connected text with gaps and 4 options for filling them in (1-4), of which only one is correct. This task tests the ability to use vocabulary in a communicative context, taking into account the specifics:

• forms of one word and words that are similar in spelling and sound;
• meanings of one word and its synonyms, antonyms, homonyms;
• norms of lexical compatibility adopted in the English language, etc.

To effectively complete this task you should:
1. Look through the entire text with gaps, try to understand its content
2. Read the entire passage carefully, but pay special attention to the sentence with the missing word
3. Try to predict the missing word based on the context surrounding the missing word.
4. Study all the proposed answer options, choose the most appropriate one, taking into account the meaning and norms of lexical compatibility of the missing word. Special attention attention should be paid to synonyms (they may have different shades of meaning, they may have differences in control and compatibility with other words), as well as to consonant words or words with similar spellings (they may have different meanings).
5. Read the sentence with the gap again, make sure that the chosen word is the most correct one to fill in the gap. Determine why the other words are not appropriate.
6. If you cannot consciously choose any of the proposed options, choose the answer intuitively, and do not leave the task unanswered.

For example, given text with gaps:

Growing up with Joey

I enjoy thinking of my childhood. But when I think of my home town where I grew up, all that I 32 __________ to remember is dust. I remember the brown, crumbly dust of late summer that gets into the eyes and makes them water. It is the kind of dust that gets into the throat and between the 33 _________ of bare brown feet. I don"t know why I should remember only the dust. There must have been green laws and paved streets under leafy shady trees somewhere in town. One day returns to me clearly for some reason. I was resting under the great oak tree in the yard. I was deep in thought which I have now forgotten except that it involved some secret. Joey and a bunch of kids were bored now with the old tire hanging from an oak limb. It had 34 _______ them busy for a while. “Hey, Lizabeth,” Joey yelled. He never talked when he could yell. “He, Lizabeth, let’s go somewhere.” I came back from the thoughts of my private world. “Where at, Joey?” The truth was that we were becoming tired 35 ____ the empty summer days. “Let's go over to Miss Lottie's,” said Joey. The idea caught on at once. Annoying Miss Lottie was always fun. I was still child 3 6 ___________ to run along with the group. We went over old fences and through bushes that tore our 3 7 ________ ripped clothes, back to where Miss Lottie lived. I think now that we must have looked partly funny and partly sad. There were six of us, all different ages, dressed in only one thing 38 ________. The girls wore faded dresses that were too long or too short. The boys wore patched pants. A little cloud of dust followed our thin legs and bare feet as we tramped over the dusty ground.

32. 1) seem, 2) think, 3) look, 4) believe

Answer: 1, since the other options do not make sense.

33. 1) fingers, 2) thumbs, 3) toys, 4) pinkies

Answer: 3 , since we are talking about a foot, toes - toes.

34. 1) got, 2) preserved, 3) held, 4) kept

Answer:4 , combinability of words - keep busy.

35. 1) from, 2) for, 3) of, 4) by

Answer:3 , the verb to be tired is used in pairs with the preposition of

36. 1) yet, 2) enough, 3) so far, 4) after all

Answer:2 , option 1 is used in questions or negative sentences, option 4 usually takes place at the end of a sentence, option 3 is combined with perfect tenses.

37. 1) before, 2) already, 3) earlier, 4) sooner

Answer:2 , since already is used with something that happened earlier and has meaning at the time of speech.

38. 1) everyone, 2) anyone, 3) all, 4) each

Answer: 4, according to the meaning of the sentence, the meaning “each” is suitable - each.

Tasks B4-B10

1. Jims last name is Smith.

1. Jim's last name is Smith.
2. Bobs cat likes to sleep on the sofa
3. My teachers names are MS. Rice and M.R. Molina.
4. My mothers first name is Maria.

ADJECTIVES

happy

young

shallow

difficult

dirty

patient

comfortable

brave

friendly

ridiculous

late-later

little

1. Jill's a ________ (intelligent) person than my brother.
2. Kate was the_________ (practical) of the family.
3. Greg felt __________ (bad) yesterday than the day before.
4. This cake is the ____________ (good) I’ve ever tasted.
5. Jack was the________ (tall) of the two.
6. Jack is the__________ (clever) of the three brothers.
7. If you need any ___________ (far) information, please contact our head office.
8. The sinking of Titanic is one of _____________ (famous) shipwreck stories of all time.
9. Please, send the books back without_________ (far) delay.
10. The deposits of oil in Russia are the __________ (rich) in the world.
11. Could you come a bit _______ (early) tomorrow?
12. I like this song _________ (well) than the previous one.
13. Which of these two performances did you enjoy ________ (much)?

PRONOUNS

1. Fill in the gap with the correct object pronoun.

1. Who is that lady? - Why are you looking at __________?
2. Do you know that young handsome man? -Yes, I study with __________.
3. Please listen to _______. I want to express my point of view.
4. These puppies are so nice! Do you want to look at ______.
5. We like this house. We're going to buy _________.
6. He can't see _______ because we are sitting in the last row.
7. Where are the keys to our flat? I can't find _______.
8. Where is Ann? I want to talk to _________.
9. This snake is poisonous. I"m very afraid of _______.
10. Don"t wait for _______ for dinner. I"ll return very late at night.
11. He left Polotsk long ago. I haven't seen _______ since.
12. You can fully rely on _______. We won't let you down.

1. I am angry with __________.
2. He fell down and hurt __________.
3. Tell me more about __________.
4. She believes in __________.
5. We are sure of __________.
6. They did everything __________.
7. Did you translate the text __________.
8. I saw everything __________.
9. The knife was sharp, and she cut __________.
10. They introduced __________.
11. Can you do many things _________?
12. Does your friend Nick often talk to you about _________?
13. Did your mother buy anything for _________ last week?
14. Are you always sure of _________?
15. Do you believe in _________?
16. Did the pupils answer all the questions _________?
17. Did you make the dress ______________ .

1. This is my mum. _________ name "Jess.
2. These are my sisters. ________ names are Mary and Dina.
3. These are my parents. _________ names are Tanya and Bob
4. This is my cousin. _________ name"s Helen.
5. This is my cousin. ______ name "s Fred
6. This is my aunt. _______ name"s Pam.

Jason: Whose sunglasses are these?

Kate They"re Amy"s, I think. Yes, they"re (1) _______.

Paul: Whose baseball cap is this?

Amy: That"s (2) ______ too! Thanks.

Kate: Ugh! Whose dirty towel is this?

Jason: Ask Paul. I think it's (3) __________.

Paul: Yes, it is. Thanks. You"ve got a great T-shirt, Amy!

Kate: Thanks. I borrowed it from my big sister. So it"s (4) __________ really.

Jason: What about this umbrella?

Paul: Don't be silly, Jason! You brought it, so it must be (5) __________.

Kate: Does this beach ball belong to us?

Jason: No, it isn't (6) __________. Those kids over there were looking for a ball, so it"s (7) _________ probably.

VERBS

1. Simple Past , Simple Present , Present Continuous or Past Continuous , Present Perfect.

1. I ________ (listen) to the radio while Mary __________ (cook) dinner.
2. You __________ (buy) this book yesterday?
3. Last Friday Jill __________ (go) home early because she __________ (want) to see a film.
4. When your brother usually __________ (get) home in the evening?
5. Jane always __________ (bring) us a nice present.
6. What those people __________ (do) in the middle of the road?
7. You __________ (read) this book?
8. While Fred __________ (sleep), Judy __________ (watch) TV.
9. When I __________ (be) young, I __________ (think) Mary __________ (be) nice - but now I __________ (think) she’s fantastic.
10. Jill __________ (walk) home when she __________ (see) her husband’s car outside the cinema
11. Look there! Sue and Tim __________ (run) to school.
12. Jack’s father __________ (not work) in London - he __________ (not speak) English.
13. Joe __________ (buy) a car yesterday.
14. Their father often __________ (go) to rock concerts.
15. While you __________ (sleep), mother __________ (arrive).

1. Put the following sentences into the correct tense: Present Perfect, Past

Simple, Present Perfect Continuous.

1. Today is Thursday, and John ________ (be) late twice this week; he________ (be) late yesterday and on Monday.
2. I first________ (meet) George a month ago, and I ________ (meet) him several times since then.
3. It is October now, and we ________ (do) a lot of work this year; we ________ (do) a lot last year too.
4. She ________ (buy) a coat last winter, but she________ (not / buy) a new dress since 2008.
5. It’s only the middle of the month, and he________ (spend) (already) most of his salary; he ________ (spend) $60 yesterday,
6. I ________ (break) my leg in 1991, but I ________ (break) (never) my arm.
7. He’s over sixty, and he’s still working. He ________ (work) hard all his life. When he ________ (be) a young man, he sometimes ________ (work) all night.
8. The postman ________ (come) at eight yesterday, but it’s now half past eight and he ________ (not / come) yet.
9. Today is May 25th. Ted ________ (not / be) absent this month.
10. He ________ (feel) extremely ill when he went to hospital, but he ________ (feel) much better since he came out of hospital a month ago.

1 . It's a big factory. Five hundred people are employed (employ) there.

2. Water ___________ (cover) most of the Earth's surface.

3. Most of the Earth's surface ___________ (cover) by water.

4. The park gates ___________ (lock) at 6.30 p.m. every evening.

5. The letter __________ (post) a week ago and it ____________ (arrive) yesterday.

6. The boat ________ (sink) quickly but fortunately everyone ________________ (rescue).

7. Jacob's parents _____________ (die) when he was very young. He and his sister _________ (bring) up by their grandparents.

8. I was born in London but I __________ (grow) up in the north of England.

9. While I was on holiday, my camera ________ (steal) from my hotel room.

10. While I was on holiday, my camera _________ (disappear) from my hotel room.

11. The company is not independent. It ________________ (own) by a much larger company.

12. I saw an accident last night. Somebody __________ (call) an ambulance but nobody ___________ (injure) so the ambulance _____________ (not / need).

1. Use passive or active voice.

1. Nobody (to see) him yesterday. 2. The telegram (to receive) tomorrow. 3. He (to give) me this book next week. 4. The answer to this question can (to find) in the encyclopedia. 5. We (to show) the historical monuments of the capital to the delegation. 6. You can (to find) interesting information about the life in the USA in this book. 7. Budapest (to divide) into two parts: Buda and Pest. 8. Yuri Dolgoruki (to found) Moscow in 1147. 9. Moscow University (to found) by Lomonosov. 10. We (to call) Zhukovski the father of Russian aviation.

PARTICIPLES

1.Choose the right participle

1. interesting/interested

This exercise is ________.

2. exciting/excited

On Christmas Eve, many children are so ______ that they stay up all night.

3. annoying/annoyed

My friend has a very ______ habit.

4. tiring/tired

I had such a ______ day I went straight to bed.

5. relaxing/relaxed

We were_________ after our holidays.

6. disgusting/disgusted

Their hamburgers are ________.

7. satisfying/satisfied

I"m not __________ with my job.

8. boring/bored

George always talks about the same things, he is so __________.

9. disappointing/disappointed

I like this actor but the film was _________.

10.confusing/confused

English grammar can be________.

ANSWERS

NOUNS

1. write the plurals

1. Write the correct form of the nouns

1.matches

2.teeth

3.mice

4.leaves

5.discoveries

6.laboratories

7.wolves

8.foxes

9.deer

10.sheep

11.bushes

1. Complete the sentences with the possessive form of the nouns

1.boy's

2.boys'

3.children's

4.child's

5.woman's

6.women's

7.sister's

1. Add apostrophes to the possessive nouns

1. Jims last name is Smith.

1. Jim's last name is Smith.
2. Bob's cat likes to sleep on the sofa
3. My teachers ’ names are MS. Rice and M.R. Molina.
4. My mother's first name is Maria.

ADJECTIVES

1. Write the comparative and the superlative forms of the following adjectives.

happy – happier – the happiest

young – younger - the youngest

shallow - shallower/more shallow - shallowest/the most shallow

difficult - more difficult - the most difficult

dirty – dirtier - the dirtiest

patient - more patient - the most patient

hot – hotter - the hottest

comfortable - more comfortable - the most comfortable

brave – braver - the bravest

friendly – ​​more friendly - the most friendly

ridiculous - more ridiculous – the most ridiculous

late - later – the latest

little – less - the least

2.Complete the sentences using the correct form of the adjectives in brackets.

1. more intelligent
2. most practical
3. worse
4. best
5. tallest
6. cleverest/the most clever
7. further
8. most famous
9. further
10. richest
11. earlier
12. better
13. more

PRONOUNS

1. Fill in the gap with the correct object pronoun.

1. them
2. them

1. Complete the sentences with reflexive pronouns.

1. Myself
2. Himself
3. Youself
4. Herself
5. Ourselves
6. Themselves
7. Yourself
8. Myself
9. Herself
10. Themselves
11. Yourself
12. Himself
13. Herself
14. Yourself
15. Yourself
16. Themselves
17. yourself

1. Complete the sentences using possessive pronouns.

1. Their
2. Their

1. Insert absolute possessive pronouns.

1. Hers
2. Mine
3. Hers
4. Yours
5. Mine
6. Theirs

VERBS

1.Write four forms of the following verbs