Solntsev city of Yuriev, Polish. City of Yuryev-Polish, Vladimir region - Yuryev - history - catalog of articles - unconditional love

The name of the city Yuryev-Polsky (or Yuryev-Polskaya) speaks of its founder and location. The city was named in honor of Prince Yuri Dolgoruky, as the Nikon Chronicle confirms to us with an entry under the year 1152: " Grand Duke Yuri Suzhdalsky created many churches and in his name founded the city of Yuryev, called Polish." Cities in Rus' were usually built on a high steep bank at the confluence of two rivers, which served as an additional defensive fortification during an attack on the city by enemies. The city of Yuryev was founded on a plain, in a field , although at the confluence of the rivers Koloksha and Gza. To distinguish it from another city of Yuryev (Yuryev-Derpt-Tartu), founded by Yaroslav the Wise and named after the name of the founder (given to him at baptism), the new Yuryev received the prefix Polsky due to its treelessness and large fields surrounding the city.

Yuriev-Polsky was built during the active construction of new fortified fortified cities to repel raids of nomads and became the stronghold center of Opole. There were no steep banks or deep ravines around the city. The only one natural protection The city became a swamp, and Yuryev was protected from enemies by fortress walls. Yuryevskaya fortress had round shape, was surrounded by a high rampart (up to seven meters high) and wooden walls. The shaft and walls opened three times, forming gates to three roads: to Vladimir, Pereyaslavl-Zalessky and Moscow. Behind the fortress there was a settlement, the inhabitants of which took refuge behind the fortress walls in the event of an enemy attack.

Yuryev-Polsky was part of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality. The short-lived prosperity of the city is associated with the name of Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich, who became the appanage prince of Yuryev in 1212. During the princely strife, the field near the city several times became the site of bloody battles. The most brutal was the battle on the Lipitsa River, in which the Vsevolodovich brothers fought to the death. The chronicle says about her: “Not 10 were killed, not 100, but thousands by thousands, and many were drowned, fleeing in the river, and some were wounded, they came in and died, and the living ones ran to Volodimer, and some to Pereyaslavl, and some to Yuryev.” Prince Svyatoslav took part in this battle on the side of the Vladimir prince Yuri. Victory in the battle went to their opponents. During the reign of Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich, the tragic year 1238 also occurred. There is information in the chronicles that Yuryev’s squad fought with the Tatars on the City River, and many warriors fell on the battlefield. In the same year, Yuryev was destroyed by the Tatars and imposed tribute.

During the reign of Ivan Kalita, Yuryev became part of the Moscow Principality, and in 1380 the Yuryevites bravely fought on the Kulikovo field under the banner of Prince Dmitry Donskoy. Yuryev Polsky was often subjected to devastating raids by the Horde. The Novgorod Chronicle preserved information about the raid on the Russian lands by the army of Khan Tokhtamysh in 1382: “The Tatar king Tokhtamysh came in great strength to the Russian land, much wasteland of the Russian lands: he took the city of Moscow and then Pereyaslavl, Kolomny, Volodymer and Yuryev.” In 1408, during the next invasion of the Golden Horde led by Edigei, the city was burned again, and many of its inhabitants were taken into captivity. From this time on, Yuryev-Polsky lost its significance as a strategic fortress and trading city. He is often given “to feed” to foreigners serving the Moscow princes. Yuriev-Polsky was owned by the Lithuanian prince Svidrigailo Olgerdovich, the Kazan Khan Abdul-Letif, and the Astrakhan prince Kaibula.

The Polish-Lithuanian invaders brought a lot of troubles to the city. Yuriev-polsky was taken by troops of False Dmitry II, who gave it to the Kasimov prince Mohammed Murat. In 1609, the townspeople, who did not want to endure humiliation, raised an uprising, led by the centurion Fyodor the Red, and liberated their city from their enemies with arms in hand. In 1612, in the ranks of the militia of Minin and Pozharsky, the military men of Yuryev-Polsky liberated Moscow from enemies.

From the middle of the 17th century, a commercial and industrial boom began in the city. The development of the city and the growth of trade were facilitated by its position on the Great Stromynskaya Road, which connected the Suzdal lands with Moscow. Trade was carried out mainly in grain and flax. Among the craft items, linen and yuft were brought to the capital.

In 1708, Yuriev became part of the Moscow province, and from 1778 he became county town Vladimir governorship (since 1796 - province). The city developed the manufacturing production of yarn and fabrics, and by the end of the 18th century the first industrial enterprises, textile and paper weaving.

IN Patriotic War In 1812, Yuryev received thousands of wounded and gave shelter to no less number of refugees. One and a half thousand militiamen, who made up half of the 5th regiment of the Vladimir militia, left the city to defend the Fatherland. The regiment was headed by Lieutenant General Prince Golitsyn, a representative of the nobility of Yuryevsky district. The merits of the Yuryev militia were noted by Emperor Alexander I, who in February 1813, in a letter to Prince Golitsyn, expressed “special favor and gratitude” to them.

In the 19th century, Yuriev-Polsky, as before, retained considerable trade importance. even during the time of Peter the Great and his successors, trade intensified in Russian cities forced the authorities to pay Special attention in urban planning plans for retail areas and guest courtyards. A new Gostiny Dvor also appeared in Yuryev-Polsky, where each type of goods had its own shopping row. On market days, the city's trading area was filled with tents, marquees, trays and carts of peasants bringing their goods here. The role of the city as an industrial center of the Vladimir province especially increased in the second half of the 19th century, when the railway passed through it.

But Yuryev-Polsky did not become a city with developed industry. By the beginning of the 20th century, several paper-weaving factories and a workshop for agricultural implements operated here. But trade flourished. The Gostiny Dvor became cramped and there were not enough trading places. Therefore, the city council decided to build new shops at the expense of the owners. This is how log shops appeared in the city for one solution under common roof, which received a strange nickname from the residents - “Warsaw Bazaar”.

Yuryev-Polsky remained a trading city. In a newspaper for 1910, in a note by a local resident, there are the following lines: “There are more than enough shops and merchants in our city. Wherever you spit, you’ll end up in a shop. Trashy little shops.”

The city received its coat of arms in early XIX century: “In the upper part of the medallion is the coat of arms of the provincial Vladimir, and in the lower part in a silver field are two golden baskets filled with ripe cherries.”

Yuryev-Polsky is a tiny town, lost in the vastness of Central Russian forests and fields. The very name of the city reflects this. Its founder was once Prince Yuri Dolgoruky - this is where the first part of the city’s name comes from, and the second part owes its appearance to its location - wide plains devoid of forest.

Arriving in Yuryev-Polsky in your own car, you free up a lot of time for a full exploration of the city. Yuryev-Polsky and its attractions are a very extensive program and it is hardly possible to fully explore everything in one day. Therefore, I advise you to be patient and at least have a free weekend. You will need to stay in a hotel unless it is summer and you are sleeping in your car. The prices there are reasonable, lower than in Suzdal and Vladimir hotels.

It’s good in Yuryev-Polsky in winter, but snow and wind spoil your holiday a little. Therefore, I advise you to go there in the summer. This will create more enthusiasm for exploring the surrounding area. Well, we begin our journey in winter.

A little history

Yuryev-Polsky – ancient city, which was founded in 1152 by Prince Yuri Dolgoruky. By princely order, an almost circular fortress was built in the city. It was surrounded by earthen ramparts, almost seven meters high, partially preserved today. Wooden walls rose on top of the ramparts.

Fortress

Since 1212, Yuryev-Polsky became the center of a large appanage principality. It was then ruled by Prince Svyatoslav, the son of Vsevolod the Big Nest. During the reign of Svyatoslav, St. George's Cathedral was erected in the fortress (1234) and the Archangel Michael Monastery was founded (it was founded in the 13th century). There is information that by 1238 the monastery already existed and was destroyed by the Mongol-Tatars.

The city was repeatedly attacked by enemy troops. The Mongol-Tatars ravaged it in 1238, 1382, 1408, and during the time of unrest, Yuryev-Polsky was burned by the Poles. In the 17th century, thanks to Stromynka, a major road connecting Suzdal and Moscow, the economy began to recover in Yuryev-Polsky. During these times, the monastery of the Archangel Michael Monastery was restored

Michael the Archangel Monastery

Now the three parts of the monastery that stand out most are the western side of the monastery fence with the gate Theological Church (1670), the Znamenskaya refectory church and the hipped bell tower. In addition, the western fence is an ancient part of the wall, preserved from the 17th century.

Bell tower

Entering the bell tower, it is as if you are bowing to its greatness, thanks to the low entrance. Then we go up the spiral staircase - we are greeted by a reconstructed monastic cell. We go up to the next floor and in front of us is an exhibition telling about the ringing of bells. Even higher, and we find ourselves at the very top of the bell tower. There is an observation deck, there are bells and a single bell. From a great height, the chopped wooden St. George Church (1718), made with only an ax, is clearly visible.

St. Michael the Archangel Cathedral

Five-domed St. Michael the Archangel Cathedral

St. Michael the Archangel Cathedral (1729) is active and is open to visits. Museum exhibitions and a temple coexist peacefully there. All his brethren are two people - a monk and an abbot. St. Michael the Archangel Cathedral is crowned with five domes.

Refectory Church

The refectory of the church now houses a museum. The most visited exhibition in it is dedicated to the war with Napoleon of 1812 and the famous Russian commander Bagration. It presents the tools with which peasants defended themselves from the French in the Patriotic War.

The museum also displays the carriage in which the wounded Bagration was brought to his relatives’ estate (the village of Sima) and the interior of the living room of the Golitsyn estate in Sima is recreated.

No matter how attractive the architecture of the Archangel Michael Monastery may be, main value St. George's Cathedral remains in the city. That's where we'll go.

St. George's Cathedral

The cathedral was founded by Prince Svyatoslav, the date of its construction is 1230-1234. In its place previously stood the more ancient wooden cathedral of Yuri Dolgoruky (1152). The life of the first cathedral was short; as they say, it existed for less than a hundred years and was destroyed by an earthquake.

Wild creature

St. George's Cathedral was richly decorated with stone bas-reliefs: drawings of birds, strange and mythical animals, people and all kinds of creatures carefully, skillfully carved from stone. Initially, all the elements of stone carving formed integral semantic pictures. Now some of the stones have been rearranged as a result of later reconstructions, but they can still be examined in detail.

If you are not particularly versed in the nuances of Old Russian church architecture (which is most likely the case), then when visiting this cathedral you should seek the services of a guide. This way you will save time, and the inspection of the cathedral will be as complete and rich as possible. We take a guide to help us and hit the road.

The cathedral itself is not remarkable at first glance, a grayish-white building with some small drawings in the stone that are not very attractive to the eye. However, it is worth learning more about the history of this place and looking at large photographs of interesting bas-reliefs (by the way, very old) prepared by your guide and I would like to start looking for the ornaments that interest us on the walls of the cathedral.

Elephant. Try to find it!

The most legendary drawing of the cathedral is that of an elephant with hare ears, clawed paws, woolly curls and a strangely shaped trunk and tusks. It is well hidden among other patterns and is not easy to find. But there is a belief that anyone who finds an elephant on their own can make a wish and it will definitely come true. I recommend that you try your luck if you have the opportunity, maybe you will get lucky! Therefore, I will not tell you its location.

In addition to the elephant, the walls depict mythical creatures- griffins and just different animals and birds. Seven stones with images of a sleeping youth used to make up a whole picture that could be read. Now these stones are scattered, one of them did not have a place at all on the walls of the cathedral, and it was placed inside, but is also accessible for inspection.

You can talk a lot, a lot about carved patterns cathedral, but it’s better to see everything for yourself once. Find all the images on the stones and, of course, an elephant!

In the 1460s, the cathedral partially collapsed. It stood on a high foundation, which may have caused the collapse. Ivan the Third ordered its urgent restoration and allocated the Moscow architect Ermolin to complete the construction of the cathedral. Ermolin tried to preserve the carved stones (since building material there were few in the surrounding area) and completed the construction of the cathedral from them. Some stone plots were restored, but the entire plot of the temple as a whole was lost. Some stones were chipped or completely divided into small particles.

Today there is a museum in St. George's Cathedral. Its exhibitions show stones with ornamental subjects that have been preserved but were not included in the walls of the cathedral. After reconstruction, the cathedral sank significantly lower and became much more stable, and since then this white stone rebus has stood and stood. Try it and figure it out!

I think that even just for the sake of this single cathedral, this huge monumental rebus and its ornaments, it’s worth coming here!

Weather and snow still played a role; you can decide to explore the city in more detail in the summer, when it is warm and the sun not only shines, but also warms. And for winter these memorable places are quite enough!

I wish you an interesting, full of impressions and an easy journey!

Be careful when choosing a route; not all roads leading to Yuryev-Polsky are convenient for travel. Especially in autumn and spring.

YURYEV (from 1030 to 1224 and from 1893 to 1919 - Yuryev, from 1224 to 1893 - Dorpat, after 1919 - Tartu), one of the oldest Russian cities in the Baltic states, 30 km from Lake Peipsi. The permanent settlement arose in the 5th century. In the “Tale of Bygone Years” Yuryev (fortified settlement) is mentioned in 1030 as the city of Yuryev, occupied and rebuilt by Yaroslav the Wise. Yuryev was of great strategic importance in the fight against the German crusader knights (1206-27). Defense of Yuryev by Estami in alliance with Prince. Koknese Vyachko from the autumn of 1223 to the summer of 1224 ended in the defeat of the Estonians and decided the future fate of mainland Estonia. Yuryev became the center of the bishopric (principality). The bishop's castle was founded, around which the city arose. Yuryev received city rights in the 1st half. XIII century From the 2nd half. XIII century to midday XVI - member of the Hanseatic League, had important in the trade of the Hansa with Pskov and Novgorod. During Livonian War the garrison of Yuryev capitulated to Russian troops in 1558; in n. 1570s destroyed. According to the Treaty of Yam-Zapolsky in 1582 it went to Poland. In the Polish-Swedish war in 1600 it was captured by Sweden, and in 1603 by Poland. In 1625 it again passed to the Swedes. In 1630, an academic gymnasium was opened in Yuryev, in 1632 it was transformed into a university, which operated intermittently until 1699 (1699-1710 - in Pärnu). During the Livonian and other wars in Yuryev there was a decline in trade and crafts. In the 17th century Yuryev had 2 thousand inhabitants. During Northern War On July 13, 1704, the Swedish garrison of Yuryev capitulated to Russian troops; in 1708 it was completely destroyed. According to the Treaty of Nystadt in 1721, it was returned to Russia. The further development of Yuryev is connected with the Russian Yuryev (Dorpt) University, founded here, which played a prominent role in the history of science and culture of Russia.

Dorpat (German Dorpat) - a city in Estonia (now Tartu, Est. Tartu) - one of ancient cities Baltic (in the 10th-11th centuries it was known as the settlement of the ancient Estonians - Tarpatu, although the permanent settlement on this site dates back to the 5th century). Located on both banks of the river. Emajõgi, 30 km from its confluence with Lake Peipsi. First mentioned. in “PVL” (1030) as the city of Yuryev, occupied and rebuilt. book Kyiv. Yaroslav the Wise (and named after his Christian name - Yuri). Until the beginning XIII century Yuryev was in close contact with nearby Pskov and Novgorod the Great. In 1215 it was captured by the Germans, but in 1223 it was liberated as a result of the general uprising of the Estonians. A detachment of 200 people arrived from Novgorod to protect the city. headed by Prince. Vyacheslav Borisovich (Vyachko). In 1224 after a long time. During the siege of Yuryev, Livonia was recaptured. knights, who renamed it D. and made it the center of Dorpat. bishopric. From the end XIII to mid. XVI centuries belonged to the Hanseatic League and played important role in his trade with Novgorod and Pskov. Under 1328 in Moscow. The chronicle notes a large fire in D.: “That same summer, the whole city of German Yuriev burned down, and the shrines and stone platas fell, and the fire in the platas of Germans was 2000 and 500 and 30, and in Rus' 4 people.” Often D. mentioned. in the Novgorod Chronicles and in discharge records from the time of the Livonian War of 1558-1583. In 1558, the Dorpat garrison capitulated to the Russians. According to the Treaty of Yam-Zapolsky (1582), the city went to Poland. In 1600 it was captured by the Swedes, and in 1603 - again by the Poles. In the summer of 1656, during the Russian-Swedish period. war, was taken by the Russians, but after an unsuccessful 2-month period. the siege of Riga, they were forced to leave Livonia, including D. Of the ancient buildings, only the ruins of the 3-nave Vyshgorod Cathedral (XIII-XV centuries) and the Ivanovo Church (XIV century) have been preserved here.