Modern cities on the site of ancient Greek ones. Cities and resorts of Greece

Parthenon History of Greece Prehistoric Greece (before the XXX century BC) ... Wikipedia

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Astronomy of Ancient Greece astronomical knowledge and views of those people who wrote on Ancient Greek, regardless of the geographical region: Hellas itself, the Hellenized monarchies of the East, Rome or early Byzantium. Covers... ...Wikipedia

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Plato Ancient Greek philosophy philosophy, one of the two largest branches ancient philosophy, which arose in Ancient Greece in the 6th century BC. e. and existed until the very end of antiquity. Towards Ancient Greek Philosophy on Ideas, Methods and... ... Wikipedia

Homoerotic scene. Painting on a black-figure vessel, c. 540 BC In science, repeatedly ... Wikipedia

Red-figured pelica of the vase painter Polygnotus. A young man settles accounts with a heterosexual woman. OK. 430 BC uh... Wikipedia

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- (Δωρις) 1) a small (about 200 km) mountainous region in the center of central Greece, between Eta and Parnassus, bordering Aetolia, Phocis and both Locris and irrigated by the upper course of the Cephisus (now Mavroneri) and its tributary Pindus. Initially... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

Books

Bronze Age settlements on the territory of Greece and the Aegean islands, Yu. V. Andreev. This monograph is the only study in Russian science of the problem of the origin of the early Greek city. It examines in detail the types of settlements formed on…
History and culture of Ancient Greece. Encyclopedic Dictionary, I. E. Surikov, V. S. Lenskaya, E. I. Solomatina, L. I. Taruashvili. The book is the first in Russian encyclopedic Dictionary, entirely dedicated to ancient Greek civilization and covering all its components, paths and specifics of development.…

All cities and resorts in Greece for travel. List of the most famous regions, areas, cities and resorts of Greece: population, codes, distances, best descriptions and reviews from tourists.

Tours for May to Greece
Last minute tours to Greece

Athens is the capital, and that says it all. Most of tourists landing at the local international airport. Although the city itself is not suitable for a relaxing holiday - noisy, hot, hectic, it will be an excellent point for one-day excursions around Athens (to the Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion, the monastery of Daphne or the ruins of Eleusis). And, of course, for avid fans ancient greek myths and everything related to the history of this country. However, keep in mind that you can only live comfortably here after dark, somewhere in the Plaka quarter with a glass of brandy in your hand. The Athenian port of Piraeus, as in ancient times, serves as the country's main sea gate - it is an important departure point to most of the islands.

Saronic Islands - secluded between Attica and the Peloponnese, this archipelago will become excellent choice for those who do not want to swim far out to sea from Athens. However, during the high season, due to this same accessibility, the local beaches can be crowded, particularly in Aegina. In addition to the excellent coastline, this picturesque resort delights fans of antiquity with the perfectly preserved Temple of Aphaia. Next come lively Poros, the fairly expensive Hydra (car-free), and the island of Fowls Spetses with its pine forests and amazing beaches. It was this piece of land that became the prototype of that closed world of Nicholas Erfe from the writer’s famous novel “The Magus.”

The Peloponnese is special, it is unlike the rest of Greece. Its landscapes are often barren, but its historical monuments are priceless: both the citadel of Agamemnon Mycenae and the homeland Olympic Games Olympia, and the House of Helen and Menelaus Sparta, and the Palace of Nestor in Pylos, and the theater in Epidaurus, and the stadium in Nemea, and the same Corinth, where the Apostle Paul addressed the Corinthians... The small but majestic port of Nafplion is considered an ideal base for exploring nearby attractions. If we add to this list a couple of almost best beaches in Southern Europe, it will become clear that the Peloponnese is a promising place for a good holiday in Greece.

Crete is the largest of the Greek islands and needs no introduction. Let's add just a couple of touches to the established portrait of this resort: the brilliant artist El Greco was born here (and even Zeus himself, according to the residents of Crete), and the local cuisine is considered one of the most interesting in the whole country. Over the thousands of years that the vineyard has grown on the island, millions of bottles of Cretan wine have been sold around the world. They also organize first-class holidays for families with children.

The Peloponnese is special, it is unlike the rest of Greece. Its landscapes are often barren, its historical monuments are priceless: the citadel of Agamemnon Mycenae, and the birthplace of the Olympic Games Olympia, and the House of Helen and Menelaus Sparta.

The serene Cyclades - the birthplace of Apollo and his sister Artemis - are primarily associated with snow-white Mykonos and its narrow winding streets (by the way, some of the most expensive boutique hotels in Greece are located here). Paros is important transport node Cyclades, with a "gentle" landscape, good beaches and excellent windsurfing opportunities. Also attractive are patriarchal Tinos, fertile Naxos, Folegandros with its majestic castle and, of course, volcanic Santorini - the island with the most beautiful sunsets in the world.

The Dodecanese island chain is almost adjacent to the Turkish coastline, they are home to the two most popular resorts after Crete - Rhodes and Kos. Both are famous for their first-class beaches and hotels, as well as their mighty excursion scene. But small and at first glance, unremarkable Patmos will still give them a head start in terms of cultural heritage. It is here, in this “Jerusalem of the Aegean Sea,” that the Cave of the Apocalypse is located, where John the Theologian received his “Revelation.”

Central Greece is an amazing territory, stretching from the Corinth Canal to Mount Olympus and the snowy peaks of Parnassus. This place greatest battles- The Battle of Thermopylae and the Battle of Chaeronea, where Philip of Macedon defeated the Greeks in 338 BC. e. Lazy “beach-goers”, honestly, will be bored, but the rest will find in the Center the Delphic sanctuaries, the monasteries of Meteora, and the gentle slopes of Pelion, where centaurs once roamed... even though there are almost no popular resorts in Central Greece, the show rules here the story itself.

Crete is the largest of the Greek islands.

Sporades, with their crystal clean water, golden sandy beaches and emerald landscapes could become ideal place for holidays in the vicinity of Athens. If it were not for one fly in the ointment, everyone has long known about all these qualities of the main island of the Evia archipelago, because the beaches are full during the season - a sad fact that cannot be avoided. It always remains a pleasant discovery for tourists: with its traditional villages, cliffs plunging into the sea, beautiful beaches and equally wonderful wines.

Thessaloniki is the Greek Constantinople, the second largest city in modern Greece. Apart from its own base of worthy attractions, it can serve as an ideal Starting point to explore the beauties of Northern Greece and the Macedonia region. Here is the religious center of the country - the Athos Peninsula, where women are still prohibited from entering, as centuries ago.

The North Aegean Islands are the perfect fusion of East and West. Here, like nowhere else in Greece, the influence of Asia Minor and Turkey is felt, which, coupled with low popularity (compared to other Greek islands, of course) gives tourists some kind of pleasant aftertaste of a vacation in another, unusual country. Samos is the most unique among them, it is all covered with trees and vineyards. Pristine and hospitable Chios, with its isolated beaches and the ancient monastery of Nea Moni, is also attractive. This is echoed by the islands of Lesbos and Lemnos - almost unexplored by Russian tourists, but extremely colorful.

Ancient Hellas... No country in the world, either before or after it, had such a huge impact on the entire world civilization and on the formation and development of Western culture. It is to the ancient Hellenes that we owe, in in a certain sense, the unified beginning of our ideas about politics and science, philosophy and literature, architecture and art. And even more so, it seems surprising that the total population of all the ancients Greek cities was just over a million people.

Argos

The city of Argos is one of the most ancient cities peace. The age of this city is no less than seven thousand years! Argos, thanks to its extremely profitable geographical location, was always a very strategically important settlement throughout the Mycenaean period. During the classical period, the city of Argos opposed Sparta and fought for political influence in the Peloponnese. During the famous period Greco-Persian wars the city maintained neutrality, not supporting either side of this conflict, and therefore remained isolated for some time.

The greatest flowering of Argos occurred in the seventh century BC during the reign of the famous king Phidon, who managed to conquer all the cities of Argolid, after which he again entered into confrontation with Sparta for the Peloponnese peninsula, and almost for the first time in history, Argos could confront on equal terms “ city of warriors." Before the Roman conquest, Argos was a member of the Achaean League and maintained friendly relations with Athens.

Athens

Athens, a city that received its name from the goddess of wisdom and knowledge, is one of the oldest cities in the world, and is now the capital of modern Greece. This city can rightfully be considered the cradle of democracy, freedom and art. This city was allegedly founded by the Pelasgians, an ancient, pre-Indo-European people who inhabited the Balkan Peninsula. There is an opinion that in the Pelasgian language “Athena” meant “hill” or “hill,” but with the arrival of the Hellenes the name began to be associated with Athena.

In 1600-1200 BC, during the Mycenaean era, Athens was already quite famous city, but the city reached the full flowering of its shining glory during the period that historians call the “golden age” of ancient Greek culture - in the 6-5 centuries. BC. It was during this period that Athens became one of the most important cultural and political centers.

Athens was famous throughout the world, first of all, for its philosophical schools. It is to Athens that the whole world owes the brilliant thought of Aristotle and. Even after the conquest by the Romans in 146 BC, the city did not lose its power and colossal significance. Athens became a province only in the sixth century AD, during the reign of Byzantine Empire, under Emperor Justinian the First.

Delphi

In the first half of the 2nd millennium BC, Delphi already had cult significance for Ancient Hellas. Unfortunately, scientists have been unable to answer exactly when exactly this city was founded. But it is known that even in ancient times it was in Delphi that the cult of veneration of the deity of the Mother Earth developed. In the second half of the second millennium BC, the city was in decline, however, already in the middle of the first millennium BC. became significant again.

The rise of this city is directly related to the First Holy War of Delphi against the city of Chris, which ended in its destruction. Already in the seventh-sixth centuries BC, Delphi became something of a common sanctuary for all Hellenes. The oracle, that is, the local, Delphic oracle, exercised enormous influence throughout ancient Greece in religious and political affairs. Well, and, of course, we should not forget about the famous Pythian Games, which began to be held in Delphi from the beginning of the sixth century.

After the Olympic Games, this event was perhaps the second most important religious, sports and cultural event in all of Ancient Greece. Also, last but not least, the authority of Delphi was also connected with the fact that it was there that the omphalos, the sacred stone, was kept. In the first century BC, the Thracians literally devastated Delphi. Emperor Theodosius the First in 394 AD, along with the ban on the Olympic Games, also vetoed appeals to the Oracle.

Patras

The city of Patras was founded in the sixth century BC by the Achaeans of Laconia, who were pressed by the Darians on the Peloponnese peninsula. Prevgenis, the leader of the Achaeans, united three settlements: Mesati, Aroi and Anthia, thereby founding Patras. Prevgenis named the city after his son Patreos. In the 14th century BC, this city became almost the largest economic and political center in all of Attica. In the 10th century BC. there was a change in the political system. Instead of the already traditional tsarist rule, power passed to the civilian majority.

During the Persian invasion in 480, Patras was burned to the ground, but the surviving inhabitants of the city, united with other Hellenes, defeated the Persians and literally rebuilt their city from ruins and ashes. The Romans also appreciated the advantageous location of the city and, already during their reign, built a huge port in Patras. The Romans also granted Patras the privilege of minting their own coins. At the same time, a water supply system, an amphitheater and an Odeon were built in Patras.

Thessaloniki

The ancient Greek city of Thessaloniki was founded back in 315 by the Macedonian king Cassander, uniting twenty-six settlements. The city was created according to all Greek traditions, which were able to survive in it until the fifteenth century. When Thessaloniki was captured by the Romans in 146 BC, the city did not yet represent any strategically important center. But already during the Byzantine Empire its importance increased significantly. Thessaloniki found itself at the intersection of two important routes simultaneously: from Athens to the Black Sea region and from Constantinople to Rome. Thessaloniki became the second largest and most important city in the entire Byzantine Empire after the Arabs captured Antioch and Alexandria.

Cities arose before our era. They were built by representatives ancient civilization, which spread far beyond the borders of modern Greece. Where were its borders? Where were cities built and how did they change over time?

Ancient civilization

Currently, the Republic of Greece is a state in Europe located in the southern part of the Balkan Peninsula and on the adjacent islands. It is washed by five seas and covers an area of 131,957 square kilometers.

The small European country is the successor to a culture that influenced the development of science and art throughout Western civilization. The following periods are distinguished in the history of its development:

Cretan-Mycenaean (III-I millennium BC);
Homeric (XI-IX centuries BC);
archaic (VIII-VI centuries BC);
classical (V-IV centuries BC);
Hellenistic (second half of the 4th - mid-1st century BC).

By the way, Ancient Greece was not a single state with strict borders and a capital. A represented many independent cities that fought and competed with each other. Most of the cultural achievements of this civilization known to us were made during its heyday - the classical period, when the policies of the Aegean Sea united into a union led by Athens.

The first Greek cities

Three thousand years ago on the island of Crete there was a pre-Greek population with a highly developed culture. They already had religious cults, complex political and economic structure, fresco painting and even writing. All this was appropriated by the first tribes of the Greeks - the Achaeans, having conquered and assimilated the Minoans.

First they conquered the Balkan Peninsula and local agricultural tribes. Having united with the pre-Greek peoples on Crete, the Achaeans gave rise to the Cretan-Mycenaean civilization. The formation of the Greek nation begins here.

In the second millennium BC, the Mycenaeans already had their own cities (Mycenae, Athens, Tiryns, Orchomena). Like the Minoans, their centers were luxurious palaces. But, unlike the previous peaceful culture, the cities of the Mycenaeans were surrounded by powerful walls. Inside them, as a rule, there was another wall surrounding the palace and the acropolis.

The sudden appearance of barbarian tribes managed to destroy the Mycenaean civilization. Only a few local residents remained (Ionians, Aeolians). The invasion of the barbarian Dorians and related tribes pushed back the development of culture hundreds of years ago.

Wooden and clay houses replace former two-story palaces, and there are no trade relations. At the same time, hostilities, piracy and slavery intensify. In addition, the population is engaged in agriculture and cattle breeding, and greek cities rather resemble villages.

Great Colonization

Society is divided into classes. The level is growing Agriculture, crafts and military power. The city becomes an important economic, religious and political center. In the VIII-VI centuries. BC e. Shipbuilding is developing, and with it trade in products and slaves.

Metropolises begin to send colonists to explore new lands. On the shores of the Northern Black Sea region, Mediterranean Sea and Asia Minor, fortified city-states, or policies, appeared. This is how Miletus, Colophon, Olbia (Ionians), Smyrna (Aeolians), Halicarnassus, Chersonesos (Dorians) arise. Greek civilization extends from modern Rostov-on-Don all the way to Marseille.

Colonization takes place mainly peacefully. A special person, an oikist, chooses a landing site, negotiates with local tribes, conducts cleansing rituals and plans the location of the settlement.

Polis were usually located on the coast, near springs with drinking water. One of the main criteria for choosing a location was the relief. He had to provide natural protection, it is desirable that there be hills to accommodate the acropolis.

Life in policies

Colonists often subscribed to the fate ordinary workers, dissatisfied with the local tyrant aristocrats. In the colonies influence tribal traditions not so tangible, which allows not only the economy, but also culture to grow. Very soon the policies become prosperous states with rich art, architecture and an active socio-political life.

Standard Greek cities were inhabited by 5 to 10 thousand people. Their territory covered up to 200 square meters. km. The population of large policies numbered up to two hundred thousand people (Sparta, Lacedaemon). Viticulture, olive oil production, horticulture and gardening represented the basis of the economy and were sold through barter or sale. The population consisted mainly of farmers and artisans.

The poleis were democratic republics. At the heart of society was civil society. Everyone had land plot as a pledge of his obligations to the policy. With the loss of the plot, he was also deprived of his civil rights. There were up to two thousand full-fledged citizens (male warriors) taking part in politics. The remaining residents (foreigners, slaves, women and children) did not vote.

Policy layout

The first policies did not have a clear structure and layout. Ancient Greek cities were built according to the terrain. A port or harbor was created on the coast. Policies often had “ two-tier system" On a hill there was an acropolis (upper city), surrounded by powerful walls.

The acropolis contained the main temples and monuments. The lower city housed residential buildings and a market square - the agora. It served as the center of political and public life. It housed the courthouse, meetings and People's Council, deals were made and city decisions were made.

In the classical period, policies acquired a systematic layout developed by Hippodamus. Residential areas and streets form a grid with rectangular or square cells. The agora and houses are located strictly within the cells. All objects are grouped around several wide main streets. Centuries later, this plan was used as a basis by architects in New York and other cities.

Names of Greek cities

The borders of Ancient Greece affected the territories of many modern countries: Bulgaria, Ukraine, Italy and others. Prosperous colonial cities long ago turned into ruins, and their names, due to political and social reasons, changed.

Modern Greek cities have retained their former names. Athens, Corinth, Thessaloniki, and Chalkis still exist in the world. In some countries they only changed their names slightly, for example, the colony of Akragant in Italy became Agrigento, and Gela became Jeley. In the Northern Black Sea region, the modern names of Greek cities have become completely unrecognizable.

Listed below are those ancient Greek cities of the Black Sea region that changed their names. In parentheses - them modern names and location:

Panticapaeum (Kerch, Crimea);
Kerkinitida (Evpatoria, Crimea);
Dioscuria (Sukhumi, Abkhazia);
Chersonesos (near Sevastopol, Crimea);
Olvia (near Ochakov, Ukraine);
Cafe (Feodosia, Crimea).

Cities of Greece today

Today there are 65 cities in Greece. Many of them were founded before our era. What are the largest modern cities in Greece: Athens, Thessaloniki and Patras?

Athens is the capital of Greece, its main economic and cultural center. This is one of the oldest cities in Europe; the first mention of it dates back to the 16th century BC. Modern Athens is famous not only for its ancient monuments, but also for its first-class nightclubs and huge shopping centers. Today, about 4 million people live in this metropolis.

Thessaloniki is the second most populous city in the country. it's the same ancient city, in which many monuments of the ancient and Byzantine periods have been preserved. Thessaloniki is also famous for its numerous industrial enterprises: metallurgical, textile, ship repair. The second largest brewery in Greece operates here.

Patras - main city Peloponnese with a population of about 230 thousand inhabitants. It was founded in the sixth century BC. This is where he died martyrdom Andrew the First-Called, one of the twelve apostles of Christ. Modern Patras is an important cultural center Southern Europe. Every spring the famous Patras Carnival is held here.

Ancient Greece is the mother of modern European culture. In this top, Delitant.media author Alexandra Mikhailidi has collected her most important children - cities that were first among equals

Miletus is the richest ancient Greek city. It was located in Caria on the western coast of Asia Minor. Herodotus especially singled out Miletus, calling it “the pearl of Ionia (region of Asia Minor).”

The first settlements on the territory appeared in the second half of the 4th millennium BC. e. The city received its name in honor of the hero Miletus, who, according to legend, founded it after moving from Crete.

Miletus earned his wealth thanks to the tyrant rulers Thrasybulus, Thoas and Damasenor. The city had 80-90 colonies along the banks of the Pontus, among which were Cyzicus, Sinop, A bidos, Tomi and Olivia. Even in Ancient Egypt There was a Milesian colony - Navkartis. Miletus defended its independence more than once, fighting the Lydian kings and Persian rulers.

Now the ruins of Miletus are located on the territory of modern Turkey. Archaeologists found fragments of Minoan-style frescoes and Linear writing texts in it.

Herodotus called Miletus "the pearl of Ionia"

During the classical period, Corinth rivaled Athens and Thebes in trade and control of transport across the isthmus. Also until the middle of the 6th century BC. e. he was the largest supplier of black-figure pottery to other cities throughout the Greek world. However, leadership later passed to Athens.

On the city's acropolis was main temple, which is dedicated to the goddess Aphrodite. From the memories of eyewitnesses, the temple was the center of priestesses (putanas), of whom more than a thousand accumulated there. They always wore long hair and the longer the hair, the higher the demand for it. Local men believed that the hair of the priestesses of the temple of Aphrodite had magical properties: it helped its owners not to get tired and restore internal balance.

By the way, ordinary women wore long dresses that covered them from head to toe. Priestesses never wore scarves, veils or anything else that would cover their hair.

In addition, the Isthmian Games, ancient Greek games in honor of the god Poseidon, were held in Corinth: there were gymnastic, equestrian, poetic and musical competitions.

Corinth was the largest supplier of black-figure ceramics

Athens, a city named after the ancient Greek goddess of wisdom, is considered the cradle of European civilization. Athens is the birthplace of theater, philosophy and democracy.

In general, the tradition of theater in Athens was different from modern ones. Firstly, only men could become actors who did not use facial expressions during the performance, but conveyed emotions only with the help of masks and plasticity. Also, tragedies were valued more than comedies, which were generally considered entertainment for the plebeians.

IN ancient Greece Athens had the status of a city-state and was governed by national assembly, which included citizens of the policy. Executive power was vested in the Council of Five Hundred, which included representatives of the phyla (socio-professional groups) - they were selected by lot. Judicial and supervisory power was in the hands of the grand jury, also elected by lot. Thus, any citizen could become the ruler of Athens or the chief judge.

Now Athens is the economic, cultural and administrative center of Greece. In the 30s of the 20th century, the study of Athens by archaeologists began, but the systematic nature of excavations was acquired only thanks to the formation of English, French and German archaeological schools in Athens in the 70s and 80s.

In ancient Greece, Athens had the status of a city-state

Thebes is the city of seven gates. It was surrounded by a wall on all sides, and a stream flowed near the city, which may have been used instead of a moat. This stream, by the way, was sung by Virgil in his works.

Many ancient Greek myths are associated with Thebes, since the history of Thebes dates back to the heroic periods. Mention of the city can be found in the tales of Cadmus (the founder of Cadmeia), Zeta and Amphion, who are the founders of Thebes, Dionysus, the Labdacids and, of course, Hercules.

There are also known myths about Oedipus, about the origin of the seven kings against Thebes, about the campaign of the epigones. Many philologists and historians find real historical memories in the texts of ancient legends, although, of course, much of them is fiction. However, in the myths there are memories of the struggle of Sikyon and Argos with Thebes, in the legends of Hercules - memories of the prehistoric struggle of the two rival cities of Boeotia, Thebes and Orchomenus of Minius

In addition, it was Thebes that gave the world two widespread complexes - Oedipus and Electra.