In the tubular mushroom, spores are formed in. Cap mushrooms: their structure, nutrition and reproduction

1. Mycelium(mycelium) spreads in the upper soil layer, consists of many hyphae and can extend over large areas.
2. Fruit bodies visible above the soil surface, although chanterelles, for example, cleverly hide, and honey mushrooms create dense “thickets” on living and fallen trees. The bodies usually consist of a cap and a stalk.
3. Mycorrhiza- a symbiotic union of mushroom mycelium and plant roots. Fungal hyphae are like root hairs of trees, providing the delivery of water and mineral salts. In exchange, the trees feed the fungi with organic matter.
4. Cap mushrooms are divided into lamellar(their spores are located under the cap on plates extending from the stem) and tubular(spores under the cap in narrow tubes).

Lamellar mushrooms

Hymenophore- the part of the mushroom that carries spores - in agaric mushrooms it is formed in the form of many thin plates fanning out from the stem. Among the large number of species of lamellar mushrooms, there are often poisonous mushrooms (the toadstool mushroom is deadly), and some are cleverly disguised as edible ones (the false chanterelle mushroom is not too dangerous, but can cause discomfort and even hallucinations), so only experienced mushroom pickers need to collect agaric mushrooms.

1. Russula. Belonging to the Russula family, almost all species are edible, although they are considered rustic due to their wide distribution. They grow in forests, on swampy river banks, in the tundra, in dense thickets of parks - their round bright caps can be found everywhere.
2. Milk mushrooms. Representatives of the Russula family. Real breast milk has white flesh and a subtle fruity smell. It forms mycorrhiza with birch and grows in deciduous and mixed forests.
3. Saffron milk caps. Members of the Russula family are yellowish-orange-pink in color and contain colored milky sap. The natural antibiotic lactrioviolin was found in their cells.
4. Volnushki. They also belong to the Russula family, so named because of the characteristic wave-like pattern on the cap. Pink volnushka forms mycorrhiza with birch and has a milky sap with a pungent taste.
5. Honey mushrooms. They grow in abundance on living and fallen trees and on roots. The hyphae of the honey fungus penetrate through the tree bark into the cambium, infecting it.
6. Champignon. They grow on humus, manure, and other substrates, forming so-called “witch rings” - circular structures that people have long endowed with mystical properties. Champignon bisporus has recently become mandatory in our supermarkets: a whole industry is engaged in its cultivation. You can even eat this champignon raw.
7. Morels, lines, pigs. These mushrooms are considered conditionally edible; they require special preparation methods, in particular, they need to be soaked, the water changed twice during cooking, etc.

Tubular mushrooms

Hymenophore Tubular mushrooms look like a sponge, they are all permeated with microtubules. Most species are edible; the so-called noble mushrooms (white, boletus and others) are tasty and healthy. The tubular cap is rounded, elastic, the tubular layer peels off without effort. As a rule, they live in symbiosis with trees, which is why they are not grown artificially. The ability of mushrooms to absorb and accumulate various substances leads to the fact that even the best of them become dangerous due to the proximity of highways, landfills and other man-made objects. This is why you can’t pick mushrooms growing in cities.

1. Porcini. Belongs to the boletus genus. Fleshy, sometimes there are specimens with a cap up to one and a half meters! The species living in symbiosis with spruce trees contains antibiotics.
2. Moss mushroom, boletus, boletus. They also have symbiotic relationships with certain plants. Moss fly often grows in moss, entering into symbiosis with coniferous and deciduous trees.
3. Polypores. Widely distributed, they grow on tree trunks not only in forests, but also in city parks, often reaching significant sizes. Their caps fit tightly, often in tiers, to the trunks; the mycelium destroys the wood. They feed on rotting wood debris. Most tinder fungi are inedible, but there are also conditionally edible ones, for example, sulfur-yellow. The black tinder fungus, chaga, growing on birch trees, is used in folk medicine.
4. Predatory mushrooms. This group includes about 200 species of fungi that have devices (loops, sticky drops, etc.) for catching the smallest animals. For example, Arthrobotrys hunts nematode roundworms using three-celled trapping rings measuring 0.2 millimeters in size. When a worm gets into such a loop, it swells, twists and suffocates the victim. Next, the hyphae grow into the body of the worm and suck out useful substances. Some types of fungi catch insects, cyclops crustaceans, amoebas, rotifers, etc.

Classes of fungi (part 1)

Classes of fungi (part 2)

Cap mushrooms They grow on forest soil rich in humus, in fields and meadows, and are found on rotting wood. From the threads of the mycelium of cap mushrooms, fruiting bodies develop, which serve to form spores. Many cap mushrooms form mycorrhizae with plants. Fungi spread using spores. Among the cap mushrooms there are edible and poisonous.

The body of the cap mushroom is a mycelium, which is located in the upper layer of soil (see Fig. 44). Fruiting bodies are formed from mycelial threads, and spores form on the surface or inside.

The fruiting body consists of a stem and a cap. The stem and cap are formed by bundles of hyphae tightly adjacent to each other. In the stem, all the threads are the same, but in the cap they form two layers: a dense upper, often colored, and a lower one. In the lower layer of the cap, tens of millions of tiny spores are formed on plates or tubes. In the raincoat mushroom, spores are formed inside the fruiting body and, when ripe, are thrown out (Fig. 45).

Lamellar mushrooms

In some mushrooms, the lower layer of the cap consists of numerous plates (russula, milk mushrooms, champignons, pale mushroom). These are lamellar mushrooms.

Tubular mushrooms

In the porcini mushroom, boletus, boletus, and oiler, the lower layer of the cap is represented by numerous tubes, which is why they are called tubular mushrooms.

Many cap mushrooms (ceps, boletus, boletus, saffron cap, boletus, butterfly, fly agaric, etc.) live in symbiosis with plants, forming mycorrhiza, or “mushroom root” (from the Greek mykes - mushroom and rhizos - root).

The mycelium absorbs water from the soil with minerals dissolved in it and supplies them to the roots of plants. The fungus receives ready-made organic substances from the roots of the plant. Certain fungi form mycorrhizae with certain plants, for example, boletus mushrooms with birch trees. Material from the site

About 5 thousand species of hat mushrooms are known. More than 200 species are edible. The most valuable of them are: porcini mushroom, saffron milk cap, boletus, common champignon, flywheel, russula, boletus, butterfly, real chanterelle, autumn honey fungus (Fig. 46). These mushrooms have high taste and nutritional qualities.

Fungi are a separate kingdom of organisms that combine the characteristics of both animals and plants. Most of the species presented are used in cooking and are not poisonous, but some can cause significant harm to the human body. They reproduce by spores and have their own unique root system. Currently, science knows more than one hundred thousand different species, but it is assumed that the real number of species far exceeds this figure.

Fungi are a separate kingdom of organisms that combine characteristics of both animals and plants.

The most common edible fruits are boletus, boletus, saffron milk cap, and boletus. Each species has common structural features: mycelium, fruiting body. Conventionally, capped organisms can be divided into two types - tubular and lamellar e. They differ in appearance and structure of the lower part of the mushroom cap. The plants got their name due to their appearance - the caps located on thin stems are visible to the naked eye and attract mushroom pickers.

The structure of cap mushrooms

Cap mushrooms consist of two parts - the fruiting body and the root system itself, which is called the mycelium. The exceptions are truffles, morels and stitches, since these species do not have a stump and are connected to the mycelium by the fruiting body itself.

Developed roots can be seen with the naked eye - in the place where the mushroom is collected, after cutting it off, you can slightly loosen the soil and see the threads. It is they that nourish the above-ground parts of the body and are the most important part for the normal growth of the plant. You can examine the root system in more detail under a microscope. It is noticeable that it consists of many whitish threads, peculiarly woven together. Each thread consists of oblong-shaped cells located in one row.

The cap mushroom cell has a non-standard structure - it has two nuclei instead of one and completely lacks plastids.

What mushrooms are edible (video)

What does the fruiting body of the cap mushroom consist of and its functions

The fruiting body is the above-ground part of the organism, which consists of a cap and a stump (tube). The fruits, like the roots, consist of many white threads formed by elongated cells. However, the density of cells in the cap is much higher, since they are located in two layers (unlike the roots). The top layer is colored according to the type of mushroom with pigments.

Tubular fruits differ from lamellar ones in the appearance of the lower part of the cap. In lamellar ones they are represented by soft stripes (plates) of white color, and in tubular ones they are represented by many microscopic tubes.

Features of life

Mushrooms combine the life characteristics of both plants and animals. There are several similar characteristics with herbaceous plants:

• The cell wall is developed and consists of cells stacked in several rows. This allows the mushroom to avoid mechanical damage. It is also convenient for collection and transportation.
• Mushrooms, like plants, are completely immobile and are in a vegetative state. They are connected to the soil by the root system.
• Reproduction by spores. Like some types of plants, they use them for reproduction - after the spore matures, many cells burst out into the environment, which, when released into a humid environment, form a root system.
• Adsorption. It's no secret that mushrooms are mostly liquid. Like plants, they are capable of absorbing both beneficial and harmful substances from the environment. That is why it is recommended not to collect fruits near roads and industrial facilities.

It also shares several characteristics with animals. For example, the ability to synthesize organic matter from inorganic substances (heterotphorism). The cap also contains chitin, which protects the walls from damage. The same substance is also found in the shells of some insects and the skeleton of arthropods. Fungal cells do not contain plastids and chloroplasts, which provide nutrition with sunlight. Just like animals, they can release waste products (urea) into the environment.

Eating methods

Based on the type of nutrition, mushrooms are divided into two types:

• saprotrophs;
• symbionts.

About the propagation of cap mushrooms

Fungi have two types of reproduction - sexual and asexual. Reproduction without sexual characteristics occurs due to individual parts of the mycelium (mycelium) and the cells that make up them. Also, asexual reproduction is represented by spores that are formed in special cells (sporangia). Finding conditions favorable for growth and development, the spore germinates into the soil and forms mycelium.

Sexual reproduction occurs by copulation of two cells of different sexes located at the ends of the hyphae. Moreover, in some species the appearance of organs that are not similar to gametes is observed, while in others outgrowths are formed consisting only of vegetative cells.

Examples of edible cap mushrooms

The most valuable among edible cap mushrooms are champignons, porcini mushrooms, boletus, boletus, and milk mushrooms. Moreover, in each individual species the formation of the fruiting body and root system occurs at different times of the year.

Russula

Has dense flesh and a thin, fragile stem. It has a white cap, which can change when the mushroom is cut or at the stage of fruit growth. There are several types: wavy russula, pale green and food.

Champignon

The mushroom has a white color and a medium-sized fruit body. The most common types are forest, garden, field and common champignons. It has a rounded cap with inwardly curved edges, the surface of which can be glossy. The leg can reach up to ten centimeters in length.

Oiler

Refers to the tubular type, and got its name due to the slippery surface of the cap. The cap is hemispherical, colored brown or olive. The skin of the fruit is easily separated from the pulp, and the pulp itself is juicy and yellow in color.

Inedible mushrooms (video)

What poisonous mushrooms are cap mushrooms?

Poisonous cap mushrooms can cause irreversible consequences in the human body due to intoxication. When ingested, harmful substances can lead to food poisoning, dehydration and even death. The most popular representatives of poisonous cap mushrooms are fly agaric, false mushrooms, satanic mushroom, as well as white toadstool, false chanterelle, gall mushroom and caustic russula.

Some of the poisonous fruits are conditionally edible. This means that before cooking the fruits, additional heat treatment (stewing, boiling or drying) should be carried out.

Remember that even edible mushrooms can become hazardous to health if they are collected near railroads and other sources of toxic substances.
Fruits must be collected with extreme caution, following all safety regulations. Before entering the forest, it is necessary to brief the group members on the sequence of actions, as well as wear closed clothing that will prevent insect bites.

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The message about cap mushrooms will briefly tell you a lot of useful information about these edible mushrooms, which are known to every lover of quiet hunting. Also, the information in the report will help you prepare for the lesson.

“Hat mushrooms” report

These types of mushrooms are known to every mushroom picker. Examples of cap mushrooms: boletus, saffron milk caps, russula, porcini mushrooms, champignons, fly agarics. They love to grow in shady forests, in places with high temperature and humidity.

The fruiting body of caps consists of a cap and a stump, and their mycelium is located in the soil. Intertwined, long threads of mycelium are densely located along the fruiting body and forest litter. Cap mushrooms are multicellular organisms.

Habitat of cap mushrooms and nutrition

Mushrooms do not contain chlorophyll and cannot produce it, so they do not need sunlight to grow. As for how cap mushrooms feed, these organisms are saprophytes. Their food is ready-made organic substances, which they obtain from dead plants.

Most types of cap mushrooms grow near certain types of trees. For example, boletuses grow near aspens, boletuses grow near birches, saffron milk caps grow near spruce trees, and oil cans grow near pine trees. This phenomenon is caused by the fusion of the mycelium of the fungus with the roots of the tree. But why do cap mushrooms grow next to trees? The fact is that the connection between two living organisms is mutually beneficial. From the mycelium the tree receives the required amount of moisture and minerals, and the fungus itself absorbs organic substances from the root system of its “comrade”.

Some types of cap mushrooms enter into symbiosis (cohabitation) with woody green plants. The mycelium with its threads entwines the tips of the roots of the tree like a cover. This phenomenon is called fungal root or mycorrhiza. Scientists have also proven that certain trees cannot develop normally without interaction with the mycelium of certain fungi. Therefore, when a forest belt is planted in the steppe, soil that contains mycelium is often added to the soil.

Features of cap mushrooms

Cap species of mushrooms are divided into tubular and lamellar. The cap of agaric mushrooms has a large number of thin plates on the bottom. They diverge like rays from the stump of a leg. The most common types are champignon, russula, and camelina. The cap of tubular mushrooms is pierced with small holes at the bottom. They look like narrow tubes. These include porcini mushrooms and boletus mushrooms.

Cap mushrooms form a large number of microscopic spores in the fruiting body, which mature under the cap. After ripening, they fall to the ground. When released into moist soil, the spores quickly germinate into mycelium. Several fruiting bodies emerge from it. When you pick mushrooms, carefully cut or break them off so as not to damage the mycelium.

We hope that the report on the topic “Cap mushrooms” helped you learn a lot of information about this type of living organisms, what they eat and where they live. You can add your story about cap mushrooms using the comment form below.

The kingdom of mushrooms is one of the many in its variety. In this article we will talk about the highest representatives of this kingdom - cap mushrooms. After reading the material, you will learn how representatives of this species reproduce, feed, and how they work.

From the textbook for grade 5 “Biology” we know that the structure of a cap mushroom consists of a mycelium and a fruiting body.

Mycelium is an organ found in the soil and is presented in the form of thin white threads (hyphae).

They grow in different directions from the center, while the central parts die off over time. Over the years, the mycelium turns into a dense ring.

The part that we used to call a mushroom is actually the fruiting body. The mushroom is the mycelium in the substrate, and the cap on the stalk is the organ for reproduction and dispersal.

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Rice. 1. The structure of a cap mushroom.

Types of caps

The shape of the cap is fundamental in the taxonomy of mushrooms. To determine the species, the location of the center and the features of the edge of a given organ of the fruiting body are taken into account. Examples of edges are solid, lobed, wavy, ribbed, etc.

The shape of the hat can be:

• conical;
• truncated-conical;
• campanulate;
• ovoid;
• spherical;
• convex;
• flat;
• bent;
• funnel-shaped, etc.

The surface of the cap can also be different; on top it is covered with skin, which serves for protection.

Tangles of mushroom threads form pulp, which also affects the variety. The consistency can be gelatinous, fleshy, leathery, woody, loose or cotton wool-like.

The lower part of the cap is called the hymenophore; it is of the following types:

• lamellar (champignons, russula, chanterelles);
• needle-shaped (oil can);
• tubular (boletus, porcini mushroom, boletus).

Tubular representatives (boletus, boletus) sometimes enter into symbiosis with trees, while mycelial threads entangle the root of the tree and can get inside it. Thus, mushrooms take nutrients and give back water and mineral salts in return.

Rice. 2. Types of hymenophore.

How do spores form in cap mushrooms? It is in the hymenophore that the maturation of spores occurs, with the help of which reproduction occurs. The process of sporulation begins after puberty. The spore-bearing layer (hymenium) is located on the inner surface of the tubes, the outer surface of the spines and plates. At the lower end of the tubes there is a hole (pore), through which spores spill onto the surface and are carried by the wind.

Spores can be carried over long distances; they have been found at an altitude of 3 thousand meters. It happens that the fruiting body is eaten by animals, in which case the spores are not digested, but end up in the soil along with digestive waste.

Leg structure

The organ consists of hyphae and is quite durable in its density. According to its location relative to the cap, the leg can be lateral, central or eccentric.

The shape of the leg is:

• straight;
• curved;
• flattened laterally;
• cylindrical.

In structure it can be hollow, cellular, solid, spongy. The main significance of the stem is to carry the cap (reproductive organ) as high as possible above the soil surface.

Rice. 3. Varieties of the internal structure of the leg.

general characteristics

Ambient humidity and temperature are of great importance for the growth of cap mushrooms. The optimal humidity level is 50-80%. In this case, not only the soil, but also the air must be moist.

Depending on the species, a certain type of lighting is required. Some require open space (meadows, forest edges), others require sparse forests, and some do not require lighting at all.

Soils for growth can be different: chernozem, gray and brown forest, clayey and loamy, sandy loam and sandy, calcareous.

What have we learned?

In addition to the mycelium, cap mushrooms have a fruiting body, which consists of a stem and a cap. By their shape you can recognize the type of mushroom. At the bottom of the cap there is a hymenophore in which spores are formed. With their help, these organisms reproduce. For growth, the level of humidity and ambient temperature is of great importance.

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