Construction and installation of a wooden rafter system. Wooden roof structures - features Roof structure made of wooden elements

As a rule, softwood lumber is used.

For various elements and parts of a wooden rafter system, wood of a certain type and grade is used. When using lumber in a rafter-beam system, the following properties and indicators of wood must be taken into account: bending strength, compression, chipping, wood density and moisture content.

Wooden rafter structures must necessarily comply with the special degree of fire resistance of the room. They must be treated with special fire retardants and...

There is a huge variety of options and elements for constructing wooden rafter structures. Exist the following types rafter structures: layered or hanging rafters, combined, with ties, etc. The most popular rafter structures are layered and hanging.

To avoid sagging of the entire structure, a horizontal tie is attached to the lower end of the beam using strip steel clamps to support the beams of the entire attic floor. If the span is up to 12 m, then struts are introduced into the rafter structure, which reduce the estimated length of all rafter legs.

Hanging wooden rafters work in both compression and bending.

Below we consider the types of rafter structures:

1. ordinary hanging rafters
2. double hanging rafters

It is not uncommon to increase the entire area of ​​the attic space in a system of wooden hanging rafters without using tie-downs, but using struts.

Roof Mauerlat

In this case rafter legs They dig into the Mauerlat itself. The lower plane should lie on the wall, and in the upper one you need to make certain cuts for proper connection with the rafter legs.

All struts rest against the end of the wooden one. In this case, the loads that would be compensated by the tightening are directly transferred to all walls. As a result, this solution for a wooden rafter system is only possible if there is a special massive structure.

Hanging rafters- these are parts and elements of rafter structures that are located in one vertical plane and are connected to each other using notches, bolts, nails, clamps and staples.

There is a combined rafter system - this is the installation of both a layered and a hanging rafter structure, which alternate in turns. Where there are no intermediate supports, hanging rafter systems are used, and where they are present, layered rafter systems are used.

Rafters with tie

Used for spans up to 15 m. Spans of this length require certain intermediate struts, i.e. in special puffs. They are mounted at the height of the building between two rafters and tied together. And longitudinal struts will prevent lateral bending.

Tightening the roof rafters

All structures with supporting wooden beams must be assembled in the form of rafter structures reinforced with special supports, which will rest on cross beams and all load-bearing walls, as well as in the form of truss systems. The concept of sprengel is structural element according to the type of open triangular rod system, which is attached to the main truss load-bearing structures.

The structural rigidity of this roof is provided by a longitudinal strut or strut. The use of struts reduces the overall load on the entire structure. Vertical struts are usually attached to either racks using notches, trunnions, or steel plates.

Truss hanging timber trusses systems

Sprengel

The entire load from the rafter legs goes to the racks, which transfer it further to the load-bearing main ones. With this design, the load will be distributed between all load-bearing walls. The racks are mounted at the ends of the main load-bearing walls. The lower ends of all racks are secured using hanging pins.

Truss beams are made from solid solid wood or laminated boards. Usually they are small in height. Good and high-quality load-bearing capacity of truss beams is achieved using a truss system and wooden beams supporting it.

Shrengel beams can cover huge spans. Sometimes they are equipped with steel belts.

Complex rafter system designs

They are produced according to the type of roof trusses. Lattice trusses are divided into types according to the shape of their openings: triangular, trapezoidal or parallel belts. Typically, lattice trusses are made symmetrical, but other options are possible, for example,. A common lattice truss includes top and bottom chords, posts and braces.

Reliable and high-quality connection of load-bearing wooden structures with central supports into one common system called a frame. The racks and beams connected into the frame are necessarily fastened or included in each other. Today there are two main types of frames - double-hinge and three-hinge. Double-hinged frames are equipped with a crossbar that runs across the entire width of the finished frame. These frames are best suited for structures with a small angle of inclination. Tri-hinged frames consist of two equal halves, which support each other in the area of ​​the roof ridge. Three-hinge frames are used where a more significant angle of inclination is required.

Trust the calculations of rafter structures and the final selection of their elements and parts to specialists. Huge loads are applied. In addition to its own weight, it is affected by wind loads, heavy rains, hail, snow and ice. The roof quite often undergoes various

The main requirements for the roof of a house are reliability and tightness. A wooden house imposes additional restrictions on its structure, which are associated with the special behavior of the structure of the building. Constant seasonal movements of the frame necessitate the installation of a movable roofing system. For this purpose, special fastenings of rafter legs are used.

Features of roofing for a wooden house

In Rus', wood has always been considered the main building material. Princely mansions, churches, and houses of the common people were built from it. What is so attractive about this building material? There are several defining points here:

1. Thermal insulating properties. A 35 cm thick wood wall retains heat as well as brick thick 1.5 m.
2. Ecological cleanliness. Natural material does not emit any harmful substances into environment. Moreover, wood evaporates phytoncides that are beneficial to humans into the atmosphere.
3. Unique pattern of treated wooden surfaces.
4. High strength of wooden buildings. It is not uncommon for buildings to withstand up to 100 years of use with periodic repairs.
   

Photo gallery: examples of design of wooden houses and their roofs

Log cabins last 100 years or more, requiring only regular care And cosmetic repairs
Wooden houses convey the traditions of ancient architecture like no other
Modern roofing materials are harmoniously combined with wooden buildings and provide their reliable protection from the influence of the external environment
Soft roof looks elegant on a wooden log house and does not create a large load on its frame and foundation

Specifics of wood structures

The peculiarities of wooden buildings lie in the properties of the material itself. The fact is that houses built from wood are unstable. They, albeit to a small extent, are able to change their size during operation, absorbing or releasing moisture depending on the time of year. Because of this, for example, modern metal fasteners (in particular, self-tapping screws) are used to a limited extent in the construction of wooden houses. The porous structure of wood determines its low thermal conductivity. But it is also the reason for increased hygroscopicity compared to other materials, which is why seasonal deformations of the building occur.

Wood has a porous structure, which is the reason for its low thermal conductivity and high hygroscopicity. building material

How does the rafter system of a wooden house work?

The roof of a house, regardless of the frame material, is its most important element, ensuring comfortable living and long service life. However, if for most structures the principle of the roofing system is the same, then for wooden buildings there are features that are unique to them.

Wooden houses can have a different design of the frame of the rafter system, but in any case it must be strong and reliable, capable of withstanding all the loads that arise.

Types of rafter systems

Rafter systems can be:

Application of sliding rafters

As already noted, a wooden building can be subject to deformation depending on operating conditions. In this case, in the case of a strong fastening of the rafter leg, pushing or contracting forces arise both on the walls and on roof trusses. As a result, long-term alternating loads loosen the connections of building elements.

To avoid this phenomenon, sliding joints are installed at the attachment points of the rafter legs. Design metal fastenings allows the truss to move only in the longitudinal direction. It is securely held in a vertical plane by a bracket. This is not an idle remark, because with a hurricane wind, loads appear on the leeward side, directed upward and reaching a value of 630 kg/m 2.

It should be noted that lumber is able to natural humidity can change their size by up to 6–8%. Obviously, such movements can generate significant forces. Therefore, before installation, materials must be dried to a moisture content of about 18% (the so-called construction humidity). At this moisture content, the maximum change in size will occur within 2–3%.

Photo gallery: structural features of the rafter system of a wooden house

Sliding fastening is used only for rafter systems of wooden buildings
Sliding fastening compensates for seasonal deformations of the log house
The hinge on the rafters of a wooden house allows you to avoid stress in this part when the frame is deformed
Installing additional fastening elements in the form of metal plates and brackets strengthens the rafter system

The rafter systems of wooden buildings are, in fact, “floating” and are held on the building frame only by their own weight. This is sufficient under normal weather conditions. In extreme weather, the retaining sliding mounts come into play.

The following materials are used for the manufacture of roofing system elements:

1. To construct a rafter system, in most cases, timber with a cross-section of 50x150 mm made of coniferous wood is used. Traditionally, pine or spruce lumber is purchased, but for structural and strength characteristics it is better to use larch. It is more expensive, but this material is more durable and healthier.
2. For small buildings, a gable rafter system can be built from a 50x100 mm bar, slightly increasing the number of struts and racks.
3. An indispensable attribute of the rafter system is the sheathing. Its dimensions and installation pitch directly depend on the nature of the roofing finish. So, for small-format coverings (all types of tiles) you will need a continuous sheathing, for which 25x100 mm boards are often used, installed in increments of no more than 5 cm. Currently, instead of them, sheet materials are often laid - chipboards, DSP, OSB and others like that. The pitch of the sheathing from boards for corrugated sheets and metal tiles can be from 30 cm to one and a half meters, depending on the size of the finishing coating and the slope of the slope. Please note that it is undesirable to use a board wider than 120 mm - if it warps, it can deform the roof.
4. The counter-lattice for creating a ventilation cavity in the roofing pie is usually made from a 25x50, 40x50 or 50x50 mm bar.

All lumber used in the rafter system must be treated with antibacterial and fire-resistant impregnations.

Video: sliding rafter fastening

How to calculate and build a roofing system

Any serious construction requires the preliminary preparation of a work plan. It is needed primarily to calculate the amount of materials and the costs required for its installation. This statement fully applies to the roof structure.

The cost of making a roof depends on the task, which may differ depending on the nature of the use of the house:

1. Build a “cold” roof, designed only to protect the roof space and the entire house from the vicissitudes of the weather. It should be noted that heat loss through such a roof amounts to 25% of heating costs. In areas with long heating periods, this can amount to a significant amount.
2. Create an insulated roof that will avoid extra expenses for heating, so the savings on energy costs will quickly pay for all the costs of creating roofing pie.
3. Arrange an attic space in the under-roof space. This decision will be a logical step after insulating the roof. The costs here are considerable, but the gain in usable space and living comfort is obvious.

Of course, all of the above options need to be calculated in advance, because each of them will require materials, the weight of which must be taken into account at the foundation design stage.

Calculation of roof area

By calculating the roof area, you can determine the need for roofing material. In this case, there is no need to scrupulously calculate the area of ​​smoke and ventilation pipes. It is enough to take into account the length of the slopes with overhangs of at least 40 centimeters on all sides of the roof, which are needed to protect the walls of the building from flowing water. The length of the slopes directly depends on the angle of inclination of their planes - the smaller the angle of convergence of the rafters, the greater the length of the slope. Having decided on the angle of inclination, the length of the slope can be calculated in two ways:

To determine the area of ​​the slope, it is necessary to multiply its length by its width: S = L ∙ C, where C is the length of the ridge taking into account the overhangs, S is the area of ​​the slope.

The required amount of roofing material can be calculated using the formula N = S / S el, where N is the required number of material elements, S el - effective area one such element. The calculation of vapor and waterproofing films is carried out similarly (as S el, you need to take the area of ​​the roll, taking into account overlaps) and insulation (here the value of S el will be equal to the area of ​​one slab).

Calculation of the number and pitch of rafters

The traditional material for making rafter legs is timber with a cross-section of 50x150 mm. In addition to constant loads from the roofing pie, the rafters are also affected by variable loads from wind and snow. To take into account the permanent component, you need to immediately decide on the finishing coating material. Let's assume that this will be ceramic tiles, the weight of which is up to 40–42 kg/m2. It should be noted that the maximum permissible load the value is considered to be 50 kg/m2.

The pitch of the rafter legs is selected within the range of 60–150 cm. To calculate it, a certain sequence of actions is used, which we will consider using the example of a ridge with a length of 11 m:

1. We select the preliminary distance between the rafters. Let's say it's 65 cm.
2. We count the number of farms: N f = 1100 / 65 = 16.92. Since this number must be an integer, we round it to 17.
3. We calculate the actual distance between the axes of the rafters N f = 1100 / 17 = 64.7 (cm).

It should be remembered that this distance is not between the rafter legs, but between their axes.

The pitch between the rafters is selected depending on the roofing material

Determining the weight of the roofing cake

A modern roofing pie is formed from the following components:

1. Finishing roofing. The easiest - bulk or soft roll roofing or soft tiles, the heaviest are ceramic tiles.
2. Lathing for installing the finishing coating.
3. Counter grille that forms the necessary ventilation gap.
4. Waterproofing film or outer membrane.
5. The insulation is roll or slab.
6. Vapor barrier membrane.

For any of the listed materials, the weight per square meter is indicated as the main characteristic in the technical documentation.

Assuming that a continuous sheathing is made from a 25X100 mm board (one of the most common options), the figure used for calculation is 21.5 kg/m2. This value is valid for a material moisture content of 18%.

When using bitumen shingles, the specific weight of which is about 3 kg/m2, we end up with a value of the main load from the roofing pie equal to the sum of 21.5 + 3 = 24.5 kg/m2. The weight of the remaining components of the roofing pie is insignificant and can be taken into account as part of the safety margin, which is usually taken equal to 20%. Thus, the value of the load from the roof can be taken as 24.5 ∙ 1.2 = 29.4 kg/m2.

Roofing pie composition for wooden roof depends on the type of finishing coating only in terms of the sheathing device

Video: roof installation - insulation, ventilation, board selection

Assembly and installation of rafter system trusses

The installation of the roof frame must be carried out in calm, dry weather. The first operation should be the construction of a temporary platform on the ceiling beams to ensure the safety of the work.

The order of operations is as follows:

During operation, each installed truss is fixed with temporary jibs to the adjacent rafter legs and to the mauerlat. After installing the last truss, it is necessary to lay the purlins and wind stops.

The lower ends of the trusses of a wooden house are secured using sliding stops. Wind stops are installed from the upper corner of the gable trusses to the crossbars of the neighboring ones.

The sliding fastening of the rafters to the mauerlat leaves them with little freedom of movement during seasonal deformations of the building

Video: simple installation of rafters for a gable metal roof

Further actions are:

1. Lay the waterproofing film over the surface of the rafter legs with a slight sag (2–4 cm) and secure it with a construction stapler.

   The waterproofing film is laid on the rafter joists, secured with a stapler, and then finally fixed with counter-lattice bars

2. Stuff counter-lattice bars along the rafters, which are necessary to ensure ventilation of the under-roof space.
3. Install a sheathing for fastening the finishing covering from 25x100 mm boards. If the nature of the finishing coating (bitumen shingles, corrugated sheets or ondulin at small angles of inclination, etc.) requires a solid base, it can be laid from plywood, OSB or chipboard sheets. The sheathing material must be treated with an antiseptic and fire-retardant compound.
4. If the project includes a warm roof or attic, the roofing pie can be formed on top before installing the sheathing. However, it is easier to install insulation from the inside, since in this case you can quickly cover the roof with a coating and avoid the consequences of unexpected precipitation.
   

   It is easier to insulate the roof from the inside after installing the roof covering

5. Lay the roof covering. Installation is carried out from below from any of the corners. The cornice line is maintained along a stretched cord. The installation of the covering is completed with the installation of skates.
6. Assemble and install drainage system and seal the overhangs. It is advisable to install soffits on them to ensure ventilation of the under-roof space.

   Soffits have perforations that provide ventilation of the under-roof space

Each element of the roofing system must be thought out and appropriate in the design. Therefore, upon completion of the project, you need to show it to a qualified specialist and take into account all his comments.

Choosing a roofing covering

Importance correct selection house coverings are difficult to overestimate. Several factors play a role here at the same time:

1. Local traditions. Historically, they are determined by the availability of materials in the construction region. In some places it is wood, and in others it is ceramic tiles or other coverings. A house covered with a material unusual for this area may not be in harmony with the overall picture of the landscape.
2. Compliance with the general exterior of the site, including the type of roofs of other buildings and even the color of the fence.
3. Financial opportunities. Sometimes you have to take this factor into account when selecting material based on the price-quality ratio.
4. Roof shape. On roofs of complex configurations, sheet materials are usually not used due to the large amount of waste. In such cases, small-format coatings are used in the form of bitumen or ceramic tiles.

In short, a roof for a house is like a headdress for a person. Even an expensive and beautifully crafted top hat can look downright ridiculous these days.

What is taken into account when choosing roofing material

The possibilities for using this or that coating are currently very limited - the construction market offers many options. In this case, you need to be guided by the following considerations:

1. The force effect of the material on the rafter system. In addition to the weight of the roofing pie itself, the roof must withstand snow and wind loads.
2. Durability of the material. Re-roofing every few years is both troublesome and expensive.
3. The choice of material depends on the shape of the roof - not every coating is suitable for complex roofs.
4. Character of the structure. For a residential building, the determining factor is reliability and durability, and for a barn or summer kitchen- technological effectiveness and low cost.
5. Price. This indicator consists of the cost of the material and the cost of its installation.
6. Aesthetics - the roof should harmoniously fit into the exterior of the site.

The most commonly used roofing coverings

Sheet roofing coverings are the most technologically advanced and in most cases are used for roofs of simple shapes. Among them:

1. Metal tiles. These are profiled galvanized sheets with protective coating made of plastic or painted. The relief of the sheets resembles a roof made of ceramic tiles. The material is universal; it can even be installed on top of an old roof. The limiting parameter is that the angle at the base of the slope should be more than 12–14 o. When installed correctly, the service life of such coating is at least 12 years. The average price of metal tiles is about 300 rubles per square meter.

   You can create a beautiful and reliable roof from metal tiles, the main thing is that the slope angle is more than 14 degrees

2. Slate. It is a traditional and long-used roofing covering. It can be wavy or flat, colored in various colors or gray. Used on roofs with a slope of at least 12 o. The price per square meter is about 150 rubles. Release form - sheets measuring 1500x1000 mm.

   Slate is often used on the roofs of residential buildings and outbuildings, but it requires a strong rafter system.

3. Ondulin. It is a corrugated sheet material made of cellulose fibers impregnated with polymer-bitumen compositions. The front side is painted in a wide range of colors, so you can choose the material to suit any design of the site. Due to its properties, ondulin is usually used to cover auxiliary buildings. The sheets are installed over the sheathing or over the old covering. It is used on slopes from 6 o and can last up to 20 years. The advantages of ondulin include light weight and a wide selection of colors. Disadvantage: fading of the surface when exposed to ultraviolet radiation. The cost per square meter is up to 250 rubles.

   By using ondulin sheets of different colors you can make an original roof for a wooden house

4. Profiled sheeting. Corrugated sheets of galvanized steel, often with additional protection made of plastic or paint. Very easy to install. The disadvantages include low sound insulation, which, however, can be improved by laying additional layers of insulation, and not the most presentable appearance. The cost per square meter is up to 200 rubles.

   Corrugated sheeting is a reliable roofing material that lasts a long time and is quite easy to install, but it does not look very presentable and makes a lot of noise when it rains.

5. Seam covering. It is made of galvanized sheets, connected without the use of nails with special metal fasteners. Working with seam roofing requires the participation of highly qualified specialists. Such a roof is durable, reliable and does not allow water to pass through. Disadvantages include noise and high thermal conductivity. The cost per square meter reaches 300 rubles.

   The most reliable roofing - seam roofing - is made from sheet metal with protective coating

Currently, piece roofing coverings are increasingly used, such as:

1. Ceramic tiles. It is made from clay mortar molding and subsequent annealing at high temperature. As a result, products are obtained high strength with a service life of up to 150 years. This material is very durable, has low thermal conductivity, is not flammable, and has noise-proof properties. Besides, he is very handsome. Disadvantages include heavy weight and high cost - up to 1000 rubles per square meter. The rafter system for the tiles must be very powerful.

   Natural tiles are an elite roofing material with a long service life, but you need to build a very powerful rafter system for it

2. Cement-sand tiles are very similar to ceramic tiles in all respects, but are made from a solution without the use of annealing. It weighs about the same and looks about the same when adding the appropriate dyes to the solution. The price is also quite high - up to 600 rubles per square meter. The minimum slope angle for both types of tiles is 20 o.

   Cement-sand tiles look almost the same as ceramic tiles, but cost almost half as much

3. Slate tiles. This is a very popular roofing material in Europe, which today is used as an elite one. There are known buildings that are still functioning today and are over 200 years old. This coating can be used on any roof shape. The cost of the material is very high - from 200 rubles for one tile less than 40 centimeters in size.

   Slate roofing looks prestigious and very beautiful, but is expensive

4. Composite tiles. Made from steel sheet with zinc or aluminum-silicon coating, on outside which a marble or basalt decorative layer is applied in the form of crumbs. This gives the coating a presentable appearance, and the small format of the individual elements allows it to be used on roofs of any shape. Manufacturers declare the life cycle of such coating to be 100 years, although this statement will not be verified soon, since the material began to be produced relatively recently. Cost per square meter composite tiles ranges from 500 to 700 rubles.

   Composite tiles are among the best modern materials for constructing an elite roof for a country house.

5. Soft bitumen tiles. These are small-format products made of fiberglass, coated on both sides with a polymer-bitumen composition. On the outside, basalt chips are applied to them, giving the coating an elegant look. This material covers roofs of any degree of complexity with a minimum slope of 12 o. Laid overlapping, the individual plates are sintered into a monolithic canvas, which guarantees high tightness of the roofing material. The installation technology is simple and does not require the use of special equipment. The material is laid on a continuous sheathing and has a mass positive qualities, such as minimal waste, light weight, excellent heat and sound insulation, resistance to atmospheric influences, including acid rain, and immunity to fungi and bacteria. In terms of decorative characteristics, such tiles are not inferior to their ceramic counterparts. The disadvantages include the need to strictly comply with technological requirements during sintering, as well as difficulties when it is necessary to perform local repairs. The cost per square meter of a roof made of soft bitumen tiles is about 250 rubles.

   Gaunts soft tiles after installation, they are sintered into a durable monolithic coating that lasts for several decades

Key parameters when choosing a roofing finish

Based on the above, the following conclusions can be drawn:

1. Pitched roofs can be covered with any of the above materials. The only differences are in the requirements for the angles of inclination of the slopes. An exception can be considered bitumen shingles, which is installed on surfaces from 6 to 90 o.
2. The most expensive materials are ceramic and slate tiles. However, their cost is justified by their long service life. As they say, I did it and forgot it.
3. Coatings such as ondulin and galvanized corrugated sheets can be considered budget-friendly. They are most often used to cover the roofs of auxiliary buildings - garages or sheds.
4. For residential buildings the most suitable coatings are metal tiles or single-layer bitumen roofing.
5. Aesthetics is a subjective concept, but it can be argued that roofs made of any material except corrugated sheets and slate can be considered as such.
6. If you want to get a beautiful roof on an average budget, you can opt for bitumen or composite shingles.

Video: types of roofing materials

The design of a sliding rafter system is not associated with any structural difficulties. Methods for its installation and adaptation for this have long been developed and successfully used. Moreover, they do not depend on the material of the finishing coatings and the characteristics of the roofing pie - the rafter system works successfully with any of their types.

Roof installation is a complex multi-step process. To independently assemble and install a rafter system, you need to carefully study the methods of connecting elements, calculate the length of the rafters and the slope angle, and select the appropriate materials. If you don’t have the necessary experience, you shouldn’t take on complex designs. The best option for a residential building small sizes– do-it-yourself gable roof.

A standard roof of this type consists of the following elements:

Mauerlat is a timber laid on top of the walls along the perimeter of the building. It is secured using threaded steel rods embedded in the wall or anchor bolts. The timber must be made of coniferous wood and have square section 100x100 mm or 150x150 mm. The Mauerlat takes on the load from the rafters and transfers it to the external walls.

Rafter legs- these are long boards with a cross section of 50x150 mm or 100x150 mm. They are attached to each other at an angle and give the roof a triangular shape. The structure of their two rafter legs is called a truss. The number of trusses depends on the length of the house and the type of roofing. Minimum distance between them is 60 cm, the maximum is 120 cm. When calculating the pitch of the rafter legs, you should take into account not only the weight of the covering, but also the wind load, as well as the amount of snow in winter.

It is located at the highest point of the roof and most often represents a longitudinal beam connecting both slopes. The beam is supported from below by vertical posts, and the ends of the rafters are attached to the sides. Sometimes the ridge consists of two boards that are nailed to the top of the rafters on both sides and connected at a certain angle.

Racks are vertical beams with a cross section of 100x100 mm, located inside each truss and used to transfer the load from the ridge run to the load-bearing walls inside the house.

The struts are made from scraps of timber and installed at an angle between the posts and rafters. Strengthened with struts side faces trusses, the load-bearing capacity of the structure increases.

Tie - a beam connecting the lower parts of the rafters, the base of the truss triangle. Together with the struts, such a beam serves to strengthen the truss and increase its resistance to loads.

A log is a long beam with a cross-section of 100x100 mm, laid along the central load-bearing wall, on which vertical posts rest. Lezhen is used when installing layered rafters when the run between the outer walls is more than 10 m.

The sheathing consists of boards or timber placed on the rafters. The sheathing can be continuous or with gaps, depending on the type of roof. It is always attached perpendicular to the direction of the rafters, most often horizontally.

If there is no more than 10 m between the external walls and there is no load-bearing wall in the middle, arrange hanging rafter system. With this system, the upper ends of adjacent rafters are sawn at an angle and connected to each other using nails, excluding the installation of racks and ridge beams. The lower ends of the rafter legs rest on the external walls. Due to the absence of racks, the attic space can be used for arranging an attic. Very often, the function of tightening is performed by floor beams. To strengthen the structure, it is recommended to install the top tie at a distance of 50 cm from the ridge.

If there is a central supporting wall, the arrangement is more justified layered rafter system. A bench is laid on the wall, support posts are attached to it, and a ridge beam is nailed to the posts. This installation method is quite economical and easier to implement. If ceilings in interior spaces are designed at different levels, the racks are replaced brick wall, dividing the attic into two halves.

The roof installation process includes several stages: attaching the Mauerlat to the walls, assembling the trusses, installing the rafters on the floors, installing the ridge, and attaching the sheathing. Before assembly, all wooden elements are carefully treated with any antiseptic composition and dried in air.

To work you will need:

• timber 100x10 mm and 150x150 mm;
• boards 50x150 mm;
• boards 30 mm thick for lathing;
• roofing felt;
• metal studs;
• jigsaw and hacksaw;
• hammer;
• nails and screws;
• square and building level.

In wooden houses The functions of the mauerlat are performed by the logs of the last row, which significantly simplifies the work process. To install the rafters, it is enough to cut grooves of the appropriate size on the inside of the logs.

IN brick houses or buildings made of blocks, installation of the Mauerlat occurs as follows:

The mauerlat bars must form a regular rectangle and be in the same horizontal plane. This will facilitate further installation of the roof and provide the structure with the necessary stability. Finally, markings are made on the beams for the rafters and grooves are cut along the thickness of the beam.

When choosing a hanging rafter system, it is necessary to assemble the trusses on the ground and then install them above the floors. First you need to draw up a drawing and calculate the length of the rafter legs and the angle of their connection. Typically, the roof slope is 35-40 degrees, but in open, heavily blown areas it is reduced to 15-20 degrees. To find out at what angle to connect the rafters, you should multiply the angle of the roof by 2.

Knowing the length of the run between external walls and the angle of connection of the rafters, you can calculate the length of the rafter legs. Most often it is 4-6 m, taking into account the eaves overhang 50-60 cm wide.

The upper ends of the rafters can be fastened in several ways: overlapping, end-to-end and “into the paw”, that is, with grooves cut out. Metal plates or bolts are used for fixation. Next, the lower and upper ties are installed, and then the finished trusses are lifted up and installed above the floors.

The outer trusses are attached first: using a plumb line, the rafters are aligned vertically, the length of the overhang is adjusted and attached to the mauerlat with bolts or steel plates. To prevent the truss from moving during installation, it is reinforced with temporary beams made of timber. After installing the outer rafters, the rest are set, keeping the same distance between them. When all the trusses are secured, take a board with a cross-section of 50x150 mm, the length of which is 20-30 cm longer than the length of the cornice, and nail it along the upper edge of the slope. The same is done on the other side of the roof.

The first option: a rectangular groove is cut out on the rafter leg at the point where it touches the mauerlat, 1/3 of the width of the beam. Stepping back 15 cm from the top of the box, a steel spike is driven into the wall. The rafter is leveled, the grooves are aligned, then a wire clamp is placed on top and the beam is pulled close to the wall. The ends of the wire are securely fastened to the crutch. The lower edges of the rafters are carefully cut with a circular saw, leaving an overhang of 50 cm.

Second option: the upper rows of walls are laid out with a stepped cornice of bricks, and the mauerlat is placed flush with the inner surface of the wall and a groove is cut out in it for the rafter. The edge of the rafter leg is cut to the level of the upper corner of the cornice. This method is simpler than others, but the overhang is too narrow.

Third option: ceiling beams extend beyond the edge outer wall by 40-50 cm, and the trusses are installed on the beams. The ends of the rafter legs are cut at an angle and rest against the beams, secured with metal plates and bolts. This method allows you to slightly increase the width of the attic space.

Installation of layered rafters

Figure 1 shows the cutting of rafter struts into a beam laid on intermediate supports, and Fig. 2 - resting the rafter leg on the mauerlat

The procedure for installing a layered rafter system:

When the main elements are fixed, the surface of the rafters is treated with fire retardants. Now you can start making the sheathing.

For the sheathing, timber 50x50 mm is suitable, as well as boards 3-4 cm thick and 12 cm wide. Waterproofing material is usually laid under the sheathing to protect the rafter system from getting wet. The waterproofing film is laid in horizontal strips from the eaves to the roof ridge. The material is spread with an overlap of 10-15 cm, after which the joints are secured with tape. The lower edges of the film should completely cover the ends of the rafters.

It is necessary to leave a ventilation gap between the boards and the film, so first stuff them onto the film. wooden slats 3-4 cm thick, placing them along the rafters.

The next stage is covering the rafter system with boards; they are stuffed perpendicular to the slats, starting from the roof eaves. The pitch of the sheathing is influenced not only by the type of roofing, but also by the angle of inclination of the slopes: the greater the angle, the greater the distance between the boards.

After completing the installation of the sheathing, they begin cladding the gables and overhangs. You can cover the gables with boards, plastic panels, clapboard, waterproof plywood or corrugated sheeting - it all depends on financial capabilities and personal preferences. The sheathing is attached to the side of the rafters; nails or screws are used as fasteners. Overhangs are also hemmed with various materials - from wood to siding.

Video - DIY gable roof

For a house made of any building material, the roof truss system is mounted from wood. Wooden rafters equally good for any type of roof. In addition, the tree is suitable for creating any roof shape: single- and double-slope, half-hip or hip, etc. What is the structure of the roof of a wooden house, types and shapes can be found out by reading this article.

The roof frame for building a house made of timber depends on the chosen shape. The complexity of the rafter system, the design, the material for it and the calculation of loads depend on the shape.

How to choose a roof shape

The choice of the shape of the future roof for wooden houses is influenced by a number of factors:

1. How much precipitation falls in the region where construction is taking place. For regions with heavy rainfall, choose a device with a large slope, high, pointed. For minimal, a flatter and lower option is suitable.
2. Type of roof. The slope of the roof depends on what the roof will be like; a certain material has its own slope during installation.

If the shape of the roof is conceived individually, then you need to calculate the frame for the loads and provide for what material will be used as the roof.

Types and shapes of roofs

All wooden roofs can be divided into:

1. Flat
2. Pitched

Flat roofs have a slope angle of less than 10°C; more are pitched roofs. All these types are divided into forms.

The shape of the roof of a wooden house can have the following structure:

• Single-pitch. Tilt on one side only.
• Gable. Triangular, with two edges.
• Flat.
• Attic.
• Multi-pincer.
• Hip.
• Tent. (Like the hip variety but with slopes of the same size).
• Half-hip.
• Four-slope semi-hip.

Roof slopes and shape affect performance. The simplest designs are gable and flat wooden.

Single-pitch

This is the simplest flat roof design. Its plane is inclined to one side and rests on the load-bearing walls of the house. On one side the frame is lower, and on the other it is higher. Due to the simplicity of the design, it is used for outbuildings.

Gable roof

Advantages of a gable simple wooden roof:

But it fits gable roof only for detached buildings, for example, for the construction of a house made of laminated veneer lumber.

Flat roof construction is not suitable for regions with high rainfall. This happens due to the flatness of the slope. Flat roof used for small buildings in the southern regions. The remaining options are suitable for any latitude of Russia.

A flat roof is shaped like the roof of a high-rise building. This is the most economical option, since a massive rafter system is not required. It consists of:

1. Monolithic base made of boards.
2. Vapor barriers and insulation.
3. Waterproofing

hip

This roof option has 2 more triangular slopes in the gable areas. These triangular parts are called hips. The design of a hip roof is complex and it is impossible to assemble a rafter system on your own without experience. A viewing window is made at the top of the hips.

Half-hip

These wooden roofs are placed between gable and hip roofs in design. The shape of the ends of the pediments of this structure is tropezoidal. On top of the gables there are half-hips, small triangular slopes. You can easily place a full-fledged window in the ronton, and wind resistance and additional decorativeness are provided by the half-hips.

A frame with a slope covering the lower part of the pediment is also a variant of a half-hip roof. In this option, the rest of the pediment is triangular and a viewing window is mounted in it. The half-hip has the shape of a trapezoid. This is a new and interesting solution in roof design for the construction of a house made of profiled timber.

Hip-tent

This shape resembles a tent made of triangular slopes, which are connected at the top by one point. The frame has no ridge and the roof is symmetrical on all sides. This design is convenient for houses of regular shape (square, polygon).

For example, imagine a regular gazebo with an evenly shaped roof made of triangles. There can be three or more. This design withstands wind loads well, and snow does not linger on it.

Multi-pincer form

The frame of a multi-roof has many ridges, ribs and valleys. In terms of its design, this is a unique structure, designed individually for a specific construction. You should not do such a roof yourself, but rather entrust it to professionals.

Attic form

Mansard roof

Professionals also call this roof shape a broken roof. This design is used when installing an attic roof. The angle of inclination has a kink, which allows maximum use of the attic space. The shape of the frame has two slopes turning almost vertical. The window opening in the attic roof can be of any size. And you can make it any height.

Dome

This roof shape is extremely rare. These types are also called conical. It has a cone shape, round without corners. In large cottages, the structure is used as a separate element, for example a turret or a veranda. Covering a building entirely with this structure is labor-intensive and expensive.

Combined option

This is the most complex design, which can combine several previous types at once. Suitable for massive buildings with more than one level, with verandas and balconies, with a large number of dormer and ceiling windows. Design combined type always individual. Such a design is expensive, and it is impossible to install the frame without specialists.

It is important to understand what simpler design roof, the fewer kinks and bends it has, the more reliable it is. Any enclosure, pipe apron or gutter will collect snow in winter, increasing the likelihood of leaks and damage.

For construction reliable design You need to use only high-quality roofing, insulation and waterproofing. And assemble the rafter system from dried wood.

Main structural components

The entire roof structure consists of units that have their own structure and design:

1. Rafter.
2. Lathing.
3. Counter sheathing.
4. Cornice strip.
5. Horse.
6. Roof.
7. Insulation and ridge cap.
8. Valley (external and internal)
9. Wind board.
10. Gutter system.
11. Snow barrier.
12. Stingrays. These parts of the structure have different angle tilt
13. Skates. The longitudinal parts, with their help, the slopes of the roof are connected, have the shape of ribs.
14. Ribs. This is a connecting device for two slopes.
15. Gable. This is the hanging part of the roof that protrudes above the frame. Has a size of 200 mm.
16. Pipe. It is done in any private homes and is used for boilers and ventilation systems.
17. Apron (pipe holder).

The most important parts, the frame and load-bearing parts of any roof are considered to be: the rafter system, sheathing, and Mauerlat. There are additional elements that are fastening (racks, struts, crossbars, spacers, etc.). Fasteners are responsible for the rigidity of the structure.

Mauerlat

Gable roof rafter system

The frame of any roof is the rafter system. Its design and components by one or another element are directly related to the shape and size of the structure that needs to be covered. The location of load-bearing internal walls and supports is also important. For production, timber, boards or logs are used. The types of its connection depend on what the material is like.

A wooden rafter system can have the following design:

1. Layered.
2. Hanging.

The layered rafter system consists of intermediate support beams (one or more). They are located on the load-bearing wall of the house or on its partitions.

The hanging structure rests on the load-bearing walls of the house without affecting the partitions. This system resembles wall spacers. To prevent greater pressure on the load-bearing walls of the log house, jumpers are made at the ends of the rafters. They restrain the pushing force on the walls.

For example, consider the frame of a simple gable roof. A distance that is considered differently, since there may be several options for this rafter system.

1. If the distance between the load-bearing walls is less than 6 m, the rafters rest on a beam, which is mounted along the entire perimeter of the walls of the log house (mauerlat). The rigidity of such a structure will withstand any roof, and the material consumption will be small.
2. The span between load-bearing walls is more than 6 m, but less than 8 m. The structure consists of connected opposite rafters using a crossbar.
3. The distance between load-bearing walls is more than 8 m and less than 12 m, in rare cases 16 m. The structure has a laid rafter system, but with its own characteristics. The intermediate racks will rest on the interior walls. One such support makes it possible to cover about 12 m with a roof. If about 16 m, then there are two supports.

If there are no internal load-bearing walls, and the gap between the main ones is the same 12 m, it is advisable to use hanging system. In this case, the rafters will rest on the tie, and the tie will rest on the Mauerlat. The tightening is made continuous, but if this is not possible, you can use a composite one.

The outermost stops are installed first. The raging plane of the roof depends on them. They are the main ones in the rafter system. Intermediate rafters are installed depending on the selected material for insulation.

Lathing

The frequency of sheathing is directly related to the roof. For a soft roll, you can make a solid one. It is made from plywood or OSB. For ceramic or metal roofing materials, lathing with a pitch of 50-60 cm is suitable. The strength and appearance of the roof depends on what material is chosen for the roof.

Roofing materials

When ordering a turnkey service or building a house with your own hands, the question arises, which roof to choose? Various types of materials are suitable for the roof of a wooden house:

• Roll roofing.
• Bitumen coatings.
• Metal tiles.
• Ceramic tiles.
• Slate.
• Ondulin.

For low-rise buildings, such as one-story house would be better suited light roofing (corrugated sheeting, metal tiles, ondulin). Roof repairs made from these materials are quick and easy to install. These roofing coverings cost: corrugated sheeting - from 210 rubles, ondulin - from 270 rubles, tiles from 320 rubles. The material is produced by both domestic and foreign manufacturers. Ondulin has advantages during precipitation. It is soft and noise insulation will be higher. Metal tiles look more beautiful and do not hold back snowdrifts. Corrugated sheeting is economical. All have a wide range of colors. They sell corrugated sheets unpainted and cost from 170 rubles.

For massive houses and cottages, both light and heavy roofing materials (ceramic tiles) are suitable. Installation of such a roof is more difficult, and the price starts from 430 rubles. But snow and water do not accumulate on the roof, sound insulation is increased, the roof is durable and can withstand heavy loads.

For a country house, you can use the most economical options (roofing felt, slate). These materials do not look very attractive, but the price for slate is from 70 rubles, roofing felt from 90 rubles.

What nuances need to be taken into account when planning a roof frame?

The shrinkage coefficient of different types of wood differs:

• Timber and logs of natural humidity - shrinkage 10%,
• Profiled and edged timber chamber drying- no more than 3-5%
• Glued laminated timber - no more than 2-3%.

When planning, it is important to duplicate the roof marks before and after shrinkage. If this is not done, repairs will need to be done after the first year.

This must be taken into account when choosing material for the frame of the rafter system. For a roof to last for a long time it is necessary:

1. The structure of the rafter system is calculated.
2. A house made of wood with natural moisture must withstand at least 1 year before installing the roof.
3. Choose high-quality roofing material without saving.

After assembly, a wooden roof must be constantly monitored and checked; all minor damage must be repaired immediately. Otherwise, major repairs will be required, and this will be extra material costs.

A wooden house today is very popular among numerous developers. And this is despite the fact that the cost of such buildings can far exceed the price of a house made of modern materials, and comparison of advantages is not always on the side of wooden buildings. One of the disadvantages is that wooden houses give natural shrinkage, and this increases the overall execution time construction work. The fact is that some architectural structures can only be built on stable load-bearing supports, and facade walls made of timber change their size for about a year, this rule also applies to the roof.

The list of its structural elements depends on the type of rafter system. What rafter systems are recommended for a wooden house?

Wooden houses rarely have big sizes and number of storeys. Another feature of such buildings is that they constantly slightly change linear parameters due to fluctuations in the moisture content of the lumber. As a result, increased reliability requirements are imposed on rafter systems; they must compensate for possible fluctuations.

The more complex the roof, the more additional elements it has, and this together reduces its strength and reliability. Conclusion - it is not recommended to choose complex multi-pitched roofs for wooden houses.

Type of rafter system for a wooden house	Performance characteristics and technical parameters
	It occurs very rarely and only in small-sized houses. The only noteworthy advantage is the simplicity of the design. But not everything is so simple. The area of ​​a pitched roof is always much more area one of the slopes, and the angle of inclination is less. This means that the loads on the elements of the truss system of a pitched roof significantly exceed the loads on the slopes of a gable or hip roof. As a result, to make a rafter system you need to take stronger and more expensive lumber, but often this is not enough; to increase the strength of such a roof, you need to install additional stops or purlins. The more roof elements, the more complex it is, regardless of name and type, the only advantage disappears.
	The most commonly used roof design option for wooden houses. In all respects, the traditional roof structure of wooden buildings occupies one of the leading positions.
	The technical structure is somewhat more complicated than an ordinary gable. The advantage is that the size of the attic space increases. Often this design is used for attic spaces.
	A complex roof structure, used on houses with large foundation areas. It has several varieties, but they are used only on exclusive individual complex projects. It is impossible to build such rafter systems on your own, you need to do accurate calculations and have extensive practical experience in performing similar work. It is advisable to trust such roofs to professional construction companies.

All types of roofs can be warm or cold. Let us consider in more detail what individual elements the roof structure consists of.

General requirements for rafter systems

The roof of any house, regardless of its design features, must meet the requirements of building codes and regulations.

Resistance to permanent and temporary loads

During the design of the structure, the existing snow and wind loads in the regions, the weight of roofing materials, diagrams of the distribution of forces among the nodes, etc. are taken into account. In this case, architects must use a safety factor; for the roofs of wooden houses it is set at least 1.4. This is due to the fact that not all materials can meet the calculated strength indicators, certain deviations from the technology are possible, etc. In addition, wooden houses have fluctuations in linear dimensions, truss structure should compensate for them by increasing stability.

Minimum possible weight

The less the load on the foundation, the more reliable the structure. The roof on a wooden house must withstand dynamic and static forces and at the same time have a minimum weight. During the design calculation, the optimal cross-section is determined load-bearing elements. In order to reduce weight, the cross-section of the rafter legs can be reduced (it is they that mainly affect the weight of the structure) due to the installation of various stops and spacers. Reducing the weight of the roof structure simultaneously leads to a decrease in its estimated cost.

Lumber quality

For the manufacture of the roof truss system, it is necessary to use lumber of at least first grade. Wood is a unique living material; it is impossible to find two boards of the same type with exactly the same technical parameters. Each has its own number and location of knots, defects in natural development, minor cracks and size deviations. The selection of boards and beams for the roof must be approached very carefully, and an inspection of the lumber must be done before using them. All rejected materials can be used for the construction of non-critical or unloaded structures of a wooden house.

Prices for various types of timber

What elements does the roof structure of a wooden house consist of?

There is a wide variety of standard rafter systems, but each master makes his own changes taking into account the specific features of the building and the availability of lumber assortment.

It is used as a supporting structure for the heels of the rafter legs, made from 100×100 mm timber. If there is no timber, then double boards 50 mm thick can be used for the Mauerlat. They are not used in log houses; the function of the mauerlat is performed by the upper crown. To increase stability it is fixed to lower crowns metal dowels. In frame wooden houses, this structural element of the rafter system is installed, it allows you to evenly distribute point loads along the entire perimeter of the load-bearing walls and prevents deflection of the fragile top chord.

The main element of the roof structure forms its geometry and appearance. The rafter legs bear all the loads, including the weight of the roofing coverings. Most often they are made from boards 50x150 mm; the pitch of the rafter legs is calculated individually or can be standard. The standard step is used in cases where it is planned to build a warm roof. This is done to simplify and speed up the installation process of the roofing pie. The fact is that all insulation, regardless of the material of manufacture, has a width of 60 cm. The standard pitch of rafter legs is within 57–58 cm, which allows you to immediately install insulation in niches without preliminary adjustment of dimensions.

For rafters you only need to choose quality boards, if the length is not enough, then they are allowed to be increased.

Depending on the length of the rafters, the type of roofing system and the climatic zone of the building's location, options and installation locations for purlins, stops and braces are selected. The heels of the rafter legs can be fixed to the mauerlat or upper crown either rigidly or using special connections that allow reciprocating/forwarding movements during shrinkage and changes in the linear parameters of a wooden house.

Runs

They serve as a point of emphasis for long rafter legs and do not allow the rafter system to sag under the influence of various forces. Very often used in mansard roofs, due to them it is possible to significantly increase the height of residential premises.

The purlins are made of timber, the vertical legs rest against the supporting structures of the house. Depending on the installation location, they can be side or ridge.

Run - wooden beam, with the purpose of supporting the rafters (preventing them from bending)

Puffs

Special beams are installed specifically to support the rafter legs in the absence of a mauerlat. The puffs simultaneously serve ceiling beams ceilings They are made from timber 100×100 mm or boards 50×100 mm. They remove bursting loads from the walls of a wooden house and are recommended for use during major repairs of old buildings. Tightenings significantly increase the stability of the roof structure; the lower parts of the vertical supports can be additionally fixed to them.

Mounted in a vertical position, they take on bending loads on the rafters. The number and distance between posts is calculated individually for each roof structure. The elements are made of 100×100 mm timber; an oblique cut is made in the upper part so that the stop is across the entire surface. To prevent slipping, use special methods fixation or thrust boards are packed.

They can work independently or in pairs with racks, resting on the rafter legs at a right angle. The appropriateness of installing struts is determined by an experienced roofer. If you plan to use attic spaces under the attic, then struts are not made - they significantly reduce the free space. They support relatively small loads and can be made from the same boards as rafter legs.

Stretch marks

They connect two rafter legs into a single truss and counteract the bursting forces. Stretch bars work in tension, which makes it possible to use thin boards for them. The fact is that boards work much better in tension than in compression.

Sill

Longitudinal beam in the middle of the frame of a wooden house. It is recommended to install in cases where the design of the rafter system requires a run under the ridge. The element can be solid or extended; the material of manufacture is 100×100 mm timber. The bench must be located above the load-bearing partitions of the wooden house; the lower parts of the vertical posts of the ridge girder rest against it.

Lathing

Prices for OSB (oriented strand boards)

OSB (oriented strand board)

The type depends on the roofing materials. Under soft coverings For wooden houses, only continuous sheathing is made from OSB boards or plywood; there are options for making continuous sheathing for them edged boards. But they are used very rarely - they are expensive, time-consuming and difficult.

For metal or piece roofing materials, the sheathing is made from unedged or edged boards and slats. The sheathing pitch is selected taking into account the technical parameters of the coatings.

Counter-lattice

This structural element of the rafter system is installed only for warm roofs with insulation from mineral wool. The purpose of the counter-lattice is to provide effective natural ventilation of the under-roof space.

Mineral wool has a very negative attitude towards an increase in relative humidity, its thermal conductivity increases significantly, and the efficiency of insulation decreases significantly. In addition, prolonged contact of wet mineral wool with wooden structures of the rafter system causes putrefactive processes with all the negative consequences. None of the most modern vapor barriers can completely eliminate the penetration of steam into cotton wool. Ventilation is required for removal, but it is impossible not to cover the insulation, the cold wind blows warm air, which also reduces heat saving performance. To solve the problem, a special wind protection is used, which allows moisture to evaporate and protect the mineral wool from the wind. Moisture must be constantly removed; this is why the counter-lattice is made. There are vents between windbreaks and roofing materials, a process natural ventilation effectively removes moisture evaporated from mineral wool.

Prices for windproof membranes

Windproof membrane

Used to economically increase the length of rafter legs. Thin boards are nailed to thick boards; they do not carry significant loads. By lengthening the rafters it is possible to increase protection façade walls wooden house, adjust the parameters of the eaves overhang.

Layered and hanging roofs of wooden houses

Only used for small houses. The peculiarity of such structures is that the rafter legs rest only on the upper crown or mauerlat, and in the ridge they rest against each other. The fact is that the house does not have internal load-bearing walls that allow the installation of reliable vertical supports or horizontal purlins. To prevent expansion, the rafters are secured with ties.

In some cases, ceiling beams can serve as a support. But this should be done very carefully and only if the strength of the beams allows them to withstand additional loads.

Diagram - rafters with sliding support and cuts

Practical advice. If there is an urgent need to do vertical supports on puffs, then they must be made from several thin boards fastened together, mounted on an edge. Such structures have significantly greater bending resistance than timber of the same width.

Mounted on large buildings, additional rigidity of the rafter system is provided by struts or horizontal girders installed on the beam.

Connecting elements for rafter systems

Previously, structures were assembled using ordinary nails and staples, and individual elements were joined together to form a joint. This is quite labor-intensive work and requires practical skills. Nowadays it is rare to find craftsmen using old technologies; the industry produces big choice metal fasteners that simplify and facilitate the roof construction process.

Name of the connecting element	Purpose
Rafter leg holder	Designed for attaching the rafter leg to the upper crown or mauerlat. Depending on the design features, it provides a rigid or floating connection. The floating connection allows the rafter legs to slide during the shrinkage of the house, and unforeseen stresses do not appear in the nodes of the rafter system; it retains all its original parameters. A rigid rafter leg holder is used in cases where the likelihood of shrinkage of a wooden house is minimal.
Beam support	The element makes it possible to connect two beams at right angles, without the need to make a half-tree connection. It must be remembered that all connections of this type significantly reduce load-bearing capacity elements. The more you saw them, the thinner the beam or board becomes, and accordingly, the cut off part does not work.
Mounting angles	They can be equilateral and versatile, ordinary and reinforced. The most commonly used fasteners for universal use. They can be used as independent elements or in addition to other fixation methods.
Corner connector	Fixes the position of two adjacent planes of the structure and works against tension.

In addition to these standard connecting elements, pins can be used to connect the upper part of the rafter legs. This connection has one degree of freedom, which makes it possible to compensate for fluctuations in the size of a wooden house.

Practical advice. If you correctly connect the load-bearing structures of the roof, then ordinary nails are in no way inferior in reliability to modern elements. In addition, driving in several nails is much easier and faster than screwing 5-8 screws into each beam or board.

And one more nuance. The number of screws should be within reasonable limits. If there are a lot of them, then the strength of the lumber will noticeably decrease; they can split even with relatively little effort.

Prices for various types of fasteners for rafters

Rafter fasteners

Every wooden frame may have its own problems, we will give some tips on how to eliminate them.

How to align the plane of the rafter legs along the uneven crown of a log house

Such situations arise when building a house from ordinary, rather than rounded, logs. An ordinary log has different diameters along its length, which does not allow the plane of the upper crown to be perfectly horizontal. And all rafter legs must lie strictly in the same plane; this is an axiom for the construction of any roof. Alignment should be done in the following sequence:

1. On the upper crown of the wall and on the ridge log, mark the installation locations of the rafters, taking into account their pitch. Make sure that the rafters are parallel to each other, constantly check the dimensions. Keep in mind that seats The top rim of the logs needs to be sawed off, after which it will not be possible to move them a few centimeters to correct errors when marking.

   

2. Drive nails into the edges of the logs and stretch a thread between them. The thread must be pulled level, it indicates the plane of the rafters. The distance between the thread and the upper crown and ridge log should be as wide as possible, but not exceed the width of the rafter boards.

   

3. Against each mark indicating the position of the rafter, measure the distance to the thread. Write it down in pencil directly on the logs.

   

4. Remove the thread and measure the width of the first rafter board. Calculate the difference between the width of the board and the sag of the thread in a specific place, the difference is the depth of the cut in the log. The same steps should be repeated for each rafter. The cutting jaw will be different, but all the legs will be strictly in the same plane.

   

To quickly measure cutting depth chain saw, make marks on the tire every centimeter. This will allow you to control the work simultaneously with sawing, and not take out the saw each time to take measurements.

How to fix a pediment

It has to be corrected by careless log house builders. If they do not secure the element properly, then over time it will definitely tilt in one direction or another. It is impossible to build a rafter system on such a house; the defect must be corrected.

1. Nail the jib over the installed rafters; it should hold together at least 4-5 elements of the rafter system. This is necessary to ensure the necessary rigidity.
2. Remove the jib that previously fixed the position of the pediment.
3. Place a thick board on the back of the gable and use large clamps to press it against the rafter.

Work carefully, periodically tap the gable beams with the butt of an ax or a sledgehammer, so they will fall into place more easily. With practical experience, you can completely level the gables.

Video - Aligning rafters