Impact of water transport on the environment. The impact of various types of transport on the environment and the disclosure of ways and methods of preventing negative phenomena

Plan:

Introduction.

Impact of transport on the environment. Greenhouse effect.

Ways to solve environmental problems:

a) creation of new engines;

b) development of means of protecting the atmosphere and hydrosphere (obtaining additives that promote more complete combustion of fuel, creating effective filters, etc.).

Conclusion.

Introduction

The problem of preventing degradative changes in the human environment, rational use and conservation of nature affects not only developed industrial countries. This problem concerns developing countries no less. There is no doubt that the scale of industrial and agricultural production, the degree of use of natural resources and, accordingly, the nature of degradation changes in the human environment in these countries differ significantly from the former. However, the existing modification of the historically established ecological, thermodynamic and biogeochemical structure of the biosphere is becoming a real fact for developing countries.

The problem of the “man-nature” relationship is one of the concrete expressions of the main question of philosophy about the status of being and thinking, about the interaction of the material and the spiritual.

The genesis of the “man-nature” relationship corresponds to the era of the separation of man from the animal world. In the early stages of his history, man recognized himself not as a special phenomenon of nature, but only as one of its many manifestations. This can be considered as a spiritual expression of a certain level of development of primitive society, which was at the stage of gathering, i.e., absolute dependence on the external environment.

“Nature used to frighten man, but now man frightens nature.”

Jean Yves Cousteau.

Impact of transport on the environment. Greenhouse effect.

The main toxic emissions from a car include: exhaust gases, crankcase gases and fuel fumes. Exhaust gases emitted by the engine contain carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (CxHy), nitrogen oxides (NOx), benzopyrene, aldehydes and soot. The distribution of the main emission components of a carburetor engine is as follows: exhaust gases contain 95% CO, 55% CxHy and 98% NOx, crankcase gases contain 5% CxHy, 2% NOx, and fuel vapors contain up to 40% CxHy.

The main toxic substances - products of incomplete combustion - are soot, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and aldehydes.

Harmful toxic emissions can be divided into two types: regulated and unregulated. They act on the human body in different ways.

The main air pollutant lead in the Russian Federation is currently vehicles using leaded gasoline: from 70 to 87% of total lead emissions according to various estimates. PbO (lead oxides)- occur in the exhaust gases of carburetor engines when leaded gasoline is used to increase the octane number to reduce detonation (this is a very fast, explosive combustion of individual sections of the working mixture in the engine cylinders with a flame propagation speed of up to 3000 m/s, accompanied by a significant increase in gas pressure). When one ton of leaded gasoline is burned, approximately 0.5...0.85 kg of lead oxides are released into the atmosphere. According to preliminary data, the problem of lead pollution from vehicle emissions is becoming significant in cities with a population of over 100,000 people and for local areas along heavily trafficked highways. A radical method of combating lead pollution from vehicle emissions is to stop using leaded gasoline. According to 1995 data. 9 out of 25 oil refineries in Russia switched to the production of unleaded gasoline. In 1997, the share of unleaded gasoline in total production was 68%. However, due to financial and organizational difficulties, the complete abandonment of the production of leaded gasoline in the country is delayed.

Protection of the natural environment and rational use of natural resources is one of the pressing global problems of our time. Its solution is inextricably linked with the struggle for peace on Earth, for the prevention of nuclear disaster, disarmament, peaceful coexistence and mutually beneficial cooperation of states.
In recent decades, we have all observed a sharp increase in temperature, when in winter instead of negative temperatures, we observe thaws of up to 5–8 degrees Celsius for months, and in the summer months there are droughts and hot winds that dry out the soil of the earth and lead to its erosion. Why is this happening?

Scientists claim that the cause is, first of all, the destructive activities of mankind, leading to global climate change on the Earth. The combustion of fuel in power plants, a sharp increase in the amount of waste from human production activities, an increase in motor transport and, as a consequence, an increase in carbon dioxide emissions into the Earth's atmosphere with a sharp reduction in the forested area, led to the emergence of the so-called greenhouse effect of the Earth.

Long-term observations show that as a result of economic activities, the gas composition and dust content of the lower layers of the atmosphere changes. Millions of tons of soil particles rise into the air from plowed lands during dust storms. When mining minerals, when producing cement, when applying fertilizers and the friction of car tires on the road, when burning fuel and disposing of waste. industrial production A large number of suspended particles of various gases enter the atmosphere. Determinations of air composition show that there is now 25% more carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere than 200 years ago. This is, of course, the result of human economic activity, as well as deforestation, the green leaves of which absorb carbon dioxide. An increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air is associated with the greenhouse effect, which manifests itself in the heating of the inner layers of the Earth's atmosphere. This happens because the atmosphere transmits most of the sun's radiation. Some of the rays are absorbed and heat the earth's surface, which heats the atmosphere. Another part of the rays is reflected from the surface of the Planet and this radiation is absorbed by carbon dioxide molecules, which contributes to an increase in the average temperature of the Planet. The effect of the greenhouse effect is similar to the effect of glass in a greenhouse or greenhouse (this is where the name "greenhouse effect" comes from).

One of the gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect is natural gas.

Natural gas.

Natural gas used in the energy sector is a non-renewable energy resource, but at the same time it is the most environmentally friendly type of traditional energy fuel. Natural gas is 98% methane, the remaining 2% is ethane, propane, butane and some other substances. When gas is burned, the only truly dangerous air pollutant is a mixture of nitrogen oxides.

At thermal power plants and heating boiler houses that use natural gas, carbon dioxide emissions, which contribute to the greenhouse effect, are half as much as at coal-fired power plants that produce the same amount of energy. The use of liquefied and compressed natural gas in road transport makes it possible to significantly reduce environmental pollution and improve air quality in cities, that is, to “slow down” the greenhouse effect. Compared to oil, natural gas does not produce as much environmental pollution during production and transportation to the point of consumption.

World natural gas reserves reach 70 trillion cubic meters. If current production volumes continue, they will last for more than 100 years. Gas deposits are found both separately and in combination with oil, water, and also in the solid state (so-called gas hydrate accumulations). Most natural gas fields are located in inaccessible and environmentally sensitive areas of the Arctic tundra.

Although natural gas does not cause a greenhouse effect, it can be classified as a “greenhouse” gas because its use releases carbon dioxide, which contributes to the greenhouse effect.

In addition, the development of the greenhouse effect is facilitated by: carbon dioxide and chlorofluorine-containing gases.

Carbon dioxide.

Carbon dioxide - carbon dioxide, is constantly formed in nature during the oxidation of organic substances: decay of plant and animal residues, respiration, combustion of fuel. The greenhouse effect occurs due to human disruption of the carbon dioxide cycle in nature. Industry burns huge amounts of fuel - oil, coal, gas. All these substances consist mainly of carbon and hydrogen. Therefore, they are also called organic hydrocarbon fuels.

During combustion, as is known, oxygen is absorbed and carbon dioxide is released. As a result of this process, every year humanity emits 7 billion tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere! It’s hard to even imagine this magnitude. At the same time, forests on Earth are being cut down - one of the most important consumers of carbon dioxide, and they are being cut down at a rate of 12 hectares per minute!!! So it turns out that more and more carbon dioxide enters the atmosphere, but less and less is consumed by plants.

The carbon dioxide cycle on Earth is disrupted, so in recent years the content of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has been increasing, albeit slowly but surely. And the more it is, the stronger the greenhouse effect.

Chlorofluorinated gases.

Halogens or chlorofluorinated gases are widely used in the chemical industry. Fluorine is used to produce some valuable secondary derivatives, for example, lubricants that can withstand high temperatures, plastics that are resistant to chemical reagents (Teflon), and liquids for refrigeration machines (freons or freons). Freon is also released by aerosols and refrigeration machines. Freon is also believed to destroy the ozone layer in the atmosphere.

One of the most common freons is difluorodichloroethane (Freon-12) - a gas that is non-toxic, does not react with metals, is colorless and odorless. Under pressure it easily liquefies and turns into a liquid with a boiling point of 30 degrees Celsius. It is used in refrigeration units and as a solvent for the formation of aerosols. Chlorine is used to prepare numerous organic and inorganic compounds. It is used in the production of hydrochloric acid, bleach, hypochlorites and chlorates, etc. Large amounts of chlorine are used to bleach fabrics and cellulose used to make paper.

Chlorine is also used to sterilize drinking water and disinfect wastewater. In non-ferrous metallurgy, it is used for chlorination of ores, which is one of the stages in the production of certain metals. Certain organochlorine products have recently become especially important. For example, chlorine-containing organic solvents—dichloroethane, carbon tetrachloride—are widely used for fat extraction and metal degreasing. Some organochlorine products are effective in controlling crop pests. Various plastics, synthetic fibers, rubbers, and leather substitutes (pavinol) are made from organochlorine products. Since chlorofluorinated gases are widely used in industry, their production is constantly growing, and, therefore, emissions of these gases into the atmosphere are also growing.

Chlorofluorinated gases are “greenhouse gases”, therefore, due to an increase in their concentration in the atmosphere, the greenhouse effect process occurs faster. In addition, freons, which are classified as chlorofluorinated gases, destroy the ozone layer in the atmosphere. These gases are used to make pesticides, which, although they fight agricultural pests, also upset the ecological balance.

Ozone levels in the stratosphere also affect climate. Ozone's absorption of ultraviolet radiation causes certain layers of air high in the stratosphere to warm. These layers do not allow gaseous impurities to penetrate into the stratosphere. The thermal “cap” is an important factor in the formation of tropospheric air, and therefore the Earth’s climate. Therefore, any type of human activity that leads to a decrease in the average ozone content in the stratosphere can have very serious long-term consequences for the climate, human health, and the state of all living nature./

Consequences of the greenhouse effect.

If Earth's temperature continues to rise, it will have a dramatic impact on the global climate.

The tropics will experience more precipitation as the extra heat increases the amount of water vapor in the air.

In dry areas, rain will become even less frequent and they will turn into deserts, as a result of which people and animals will have to leave them.

Sea temperatures will also rise, leading to flooding of low-lying coastal areas and an increase in the number of severe storms.

Rising temperatures on Earth can cause sea levels to rise because:
a) water, when heated, becomes less dense and expands; the expansion of sea water will lead to a general rise in sea level;

b) rising temperatures could melt some of the perennial ice covering some land areas, such as Antarctica or high mountain ranges.
The resulting water will eventually flow into the seas, raising their levels. It should be noted, however, that melting ice floating in the seas will not cause sea levels to rise. The Arctic ice cover is a huge layer of floating ice. Like Antarctica, the Arctic is also surrounded by many icebergs.
Climatologists have calculated that if the Greenland and Antarctic glaciers melt, the level of the World Ocean will rise by 70-80 m.

Residential land will be reduced.

The water-salt balance of the oceans will be disrupted.

The trajectories of cyclones and anticyclones will change.

If temperatures on Earth rise, many animals will not be able to adapt to climate change. Many plants will die from lack of moisture and animals will have to move to other places in search of food and water. If rising temperatures lead to the death of many plants, then many species of animals will also die out.

In addition to the negative consequences of global warming, there are several positive ones. At first glance, a warmer climate seems to be a blessing, since heating bills may decrease and the growing season will increase in the middle and high latitudes. Increasing carbon dioxide concentrations can speed up photosynthesis.

However, potential yield gains may be offset by disease damage caused by pests, as rising temperatures will speed up their reproduction. Soils in some areas will be unsuitable for growing staple crops. Global warming would likely accelerate the decomposition of organic matter in soils, resulting in additional carbon dioxide and methane entering the atmosphere and accelerating the greenhouse effect. What awaits us in the future?

Environmental forecasting

Various measures are currently being discussed that could prevent the growing “anthropogenic overheating” of the Earth. There is a proposal to extract excess CO2 from the air, liquefy it and inject it into the deep ocean using its natural circulation. Another proposal is to disperse tiny droplets of sulfuric acid in the stratosphere and thereby reduce the arrival of solar radiation on the earth's surface.

The enormous scale of anthropogenic reduction of the biosphere already gives reason to believe that the solution to the CO2 problem should be carried out by “treating” the biosphere itself, i.e. restoration of soil and vegetation cover with maximum reserves of organic matter wherever possible. At the same time, the search should be intensified, aimed at replacing fossil fuels with other energy sources, primarily environmentally harmless, not requiring oxygen consumption, wider use of water, wind energy, and for the future - the energy of the reaction of matter and antimatter.

It is known that every cloud has a silver lining, and it turns out that the current industrial decline in the country has turned out to be beneficial - environmentally. Production volumes have decreased. and, accordingly, the amount of harmful emissions into the atmosphere of cities has decreased.

The solution to the problem of clean air is very real. The first is the fight against the reduction of the Earth's vegetation cover, a systematic increase in its composition of specially selected species that cleanse the air of harmful impurities. The Institute of Plant Biochemistry has experimentally proven that many plants are capable of absorbing from the atmosphere components harmful to humans, such as alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons, as well as carbonyl compounds, acids, alcohols, essential oils and others.

A big place in the fight against air pollution belongs to the irrigation of deserts and the organization of cultivated farming here, and the creation of powerful forest shelterbelts. A huge amount of work remains to be done to reduce and completely stop the emission of smoke and other combustion products into the atmosphere. The search for technology for “pipeless” industrial enterprises operating according to a closed technological scheme - using all production waste - is becoming increasingly urgent.

Human activity is so grandiose in scope that it has already acquired a global nature-forming scale. Until now, we have mainly been looking to take as much as possible from nature. And the search in this direction will continue. But the time is coming to work just as purposefully on how to give back to nature what we take from it. There is no doubt that the genius of mankind is capable of solving this enormous task.

Ways to reduce the impact of the greenhouse effect on the Earth's climate

The main measure to prevent global warming can be formulated as follows: find a new type of fuel or change the technology for using current types of fuel. This means that it is necessary:

reduce fossil fuel consumption. Dramatically reduce the use of coal and oil, which emit 60% more carbon dioxide per unit of energy produced than any other fossil fuel overall;

use substances (filters, catalysts) to remove carbon dioxide from emissions chimneys coal-burning power plants and factory furnaces, as well as automobile exhausts;

increase energy efficiency;

require new homes to use more efficient heating and cooling systems;

increase the use of solar, wind and geothermal energy;

significantly slow down the deforestation and degradation of forests;

remove reservoirs for storing hazardous substances from coastal areas;

expand the area of existing reserves and parks;

create laws to prevent global warming;

identify the causes of global warming, monitor them and eliminate their consequences.

The greenhouse effect cannot be completely eliminated. It is believed that if not for the greenhouse effect, the average temperature on the earth's surface would be -15 degrees Celsius.

Ways to solve environmental problems .

But no matter how the design of the car is improved - layout, engine, increased speed, etc., environmental problems remain acute. The process that sets a car in motion is based on the combustion of fuel, which is impossible without atmospheric oxygen. On average, one passenger car annually absorbs about 5 tons of oxygen from the atmosphere, while emitting more than 1 ton of carbon monoxide and other harmful substances with exhaust gases. If you multiply this by the number of cars in the world, you can imagine the extent of the threat posed by excessive automation. Moreover, in addition to cars, starting from the end of the 19th century. Motorcycles were also produced that also ran on internal combustion engines. Therefore, strict environmental requirements are imposed on the car. For example, the use of catalysts that decompose harmful substances in exhaust gases into harmless ones. Use of high quality fuel. Air pollution is directly related to fuel consumption and engine operating mode (in low gears and frequent stops near traffic lights). All pollution can be divided into the following: air pollution, soil pollution, adverse effects on flora and fauna and noise pollution. Since every third person in the world has a car (taking into account all ages and those people who have never seen a car in their lives), the issue of ecology is acute. How to replace internal combustion engines or create new ones? According to experts, all known oil reserves on Earth will last humanity no more than fifty years. Gasoline is becoming more expensive, and today they are trying to replace it with everything. And liquefied natural gas, and all kinds of synthesized gases and liquids, in particular alcohol, which is distilled from a wide variety of raw materials: from cane to orange peels. Almost all of these types of fuel are less hazardous to the environment than gasoline, but car exhaust still does not make it harmless. The Rossiyskaya Gazeta dated February 25, 2006 published an article “Mercedes with seeds,” which talks about a Kuban craftsman who invented an engine that runs on sunflower oil. “...Retired captain Nikolai Toskin from the village of Akhtyrsky, Abinsk region, solved a technical problem that American and German inventors had struggled with before him: he came up with an engine that could run on a variety of fuels, including vegetable oil.

He nurtured his idea for twenty years. And he began by visiting libraries, sifting through technical literature, and it turned out that his idea was not crazy; research institutes in the USA, England and Germany had been working on it for several decades. He came up with the idea of using the “detonation process”, because... According to his calculations, it turned out that in this case the rate of combustion would increase hundreds of times and then almost everything could burn. In 1995, he went to Moscow and presented his calculations and ideas to the research institute, his application was accepted. 3 years later, after a thorough examination, he received a patent. He brought his idea to life only a number of years later. So, from the T-34 tractor bought together and its engine, they began to construct new type engine, to make sure that the engine can actually operate “explosively”. This engine does not have injectors or elbows. shaft, fuel equipment. The mixture is prepared outside the cylinder. The ratio of air volumes to fuel is 50: 1 (in the old ones - 15: 1). “..The engine started up immediately, its speed was such that we thought the tractor would fly apart, but then we drove it along a rural street. Then alcohol, acetone, solvent, etc. were poured into the engine, the machine worked.” Now at the Sedin plant they have begun manufacturing parts for a new version of the engine - a turbine type, disk-shaped, in which there are no elbows. shaft and connecting rods... “It must be nice when instead of exhaust gases it smells like pies.

An electric car could radically solve the problem of air pollution from transport. Almost two hundred years ago, in 1800, the Italian physicist A. Volt discovered the first source of current - a galvanic element. Three decades later eng. physicist M. Faraday - the law of electromagnetic induction. These important discoveries became the prerequisites for the construction of carts driven by electric current. In 1853, the American T. Doorport built an electric wheelchair. It can perhaps be considered the very first electric car. And just three years later, the Englishman R. Davidson amazed the residents of his native Aberdeen with an outlandish car: 4.8 m long and 1.8 m wide, standing on 4 wheels with a meter diameter. A significant part of the cart was occupied by a battery of galvanic cells, along with an impressively sized electric motor. The entire five-ton vehicle moved at walking speed. In 1859, Fr. physicist R. Plante created an electric battery with lead plates. The French are considered pioneers in the serial production of electric wheelchairs. In 1881, Raffard built 12 2-seater strollers with an electric motor. In 1904, Krieger's company produced a luxury carriage equipped with two electric motors. It developed a speed of 40 km/h and had enough energy reserves for 50 km. Then the British became interested in this type of transport. The most interesting design was proposed in 1897 by W. Bercy. His carriage had a 40 W battery and a 3.5 hp electric motor. The design turned out to be successful and worked as hired taxi cabs in London, Paris, even in St. Petersburg and Moscow. Some of its models had a range of up to 100 km and a speed of 40 km/h. The Americans, as always, took it on a grand scale and released a whole series of closed-type electric vehicles with more powerful batteries, which made it possible to drive at a speed of 90 km/h, but only for 1-1.5 hours. Despite the high cost of such cars, their noiselessness and cleanliness captivated aristocrats, and even “ladies’” cars appeared. Work on vehicles with an electric motor was also carried out in Russia. Back in 1888, Russian electrical engineer P.N. Yablochkin received the privilege to invent a carriage with an electric motor, but its descriptions have not survived to this day. Practical designs were developed by the inventor and experimenter I.V. Romanov. His first electric car appeared in 1899 and was intended for use as a hired carriage. The two-seater carriage had front driving and rear steering wheels. The passengers were located in front, behind there was a compartment with batteries, and above them, “on the goats,” the driver sat. The speed reached 35 versts per hour and was enough for 65 km of travel. Two years later, he created the first Russian electric omnibus, which could accommodate 17 passengers, with dimensions of 3.5 x 2.0 x 2.7 m, which accelerated to 11 km/h and had a range of 60 km. In 1901, city authorities gave permission to operate 80 such machines on routes in St. Petersburg, but there was not enough money to create them. Electric cars took part in auto racing in Paris; in 1898, such a car designed by C. Jeantot was the first in the world to set a record, overtaking carriages with steam engines. The race for speed led to the fact that already in 1899 the speed of such crews reached 105.88 km/h. But under the pressure of a rapidly increasing fleet of cars with internal combustion engines, electric vehicles began to lose ground. By 1905 their share had decreased to 0.1%. The last production electric car from Detroit Electronic rolled off the assembly line in 1942. At the end of the 20th century. the oil crisis, toxic emissions into the atmosphere, deteriorating environmental conditions, especially in large cities, all this forced designers to remember electric cars. By this time, battery designs had also improved. In Germany, in the early 90s of the last century, thanks to the developed design of a sodium-sulfur battery, it was possible to achieve a speed of 90 km/h at 160 km. The American corporation General Motors presented a sports car with an electric motor that accelerates to 120 km/h with a range of 200 km. After replacing lead-acid batteries with nickel-metal hydride batteries, the performance of electric vehicles has improved significantly. The magazine “Behind the wheel” writes: “...the advantages include the almost doubled range before the next recharge, even a record of up to 600 km was recorded; the second advantage is the speed of recharging - 10 minutes; such batteries can withstand up to 80,000 charge-discharge cycles, which corresponds to 160,000 km.” Similar cars are produced by Toyota. You can buy an electric car “Peugeot 106 Electronic”, the list is extensive. There are cars with a hybrid circuit - a combination of a conventional internal combustion engine and an electric motor, as well as cars with fuel cells. In the United States, in order to stimulate the auto industry to actively search for new solutions, a law was passed requiring each company to have at least one electric vehicle model in its program. Otherwise - a ban on trade. Maybe in our country, besides Nikolai Toskin, there will be other inventors who will create cars that run on an environmentally friendly engine. Who knows, maybe it will be one of us.

People started talking about environmentally friendly cars back in the seventies. But the thorny path from an idea to a real prototype began much later and continues to this day. The vehicle contains hydrogen and oxygen cylinders. In a special electrochemical generator, a chemical reaction occurs between hydrogen and oxygen at a temperature of about 100 degrees, resulting in the production of electricity and the formation of water as an “exhaust”. This is the basic principle of the power plant. Hydrogen, which determines the car's mileage, is under pressure of 290 atmospheres, and the car can travel 250 kilometers. For the first time in our country, such a generator was created for space purposes, in particular for the “lunar” program and for “Buran”. It should be noted that the internal combustion engine has a coefficient useful action about 30 percent, and the new fuel cell power plant is twice as much. That is, if we translate it into any standard fuel, it turns out that this power plant is absolutely environmentally friendly and consumes half as much fuel. But, the content of oxygen and hydrogen together is dangerous. No more dangerous than gasoline vapor mixed with air. When gasoline-powered cars first appeared, they were also afraid that the cars would start exploding. But this doesn't happen. And manufacturers plan to switch from oxygen to air in the future. There are also difficulties here: the air contains only 20 percent oxygen, and to get the same effect as with pure oxygen, you need five times more air. In this case, you will need to install a compressor that will pump air into the power plant. But even if you switch from oxygen to air and leave only pure hydrogen on board the car, another question arises. Where can I get hydrogen for refueling? Apparently, at first it will be necessary to install a generator directly on board that will produce hydrogen from gasoline. In the late seventies, they began to think seriously about environmentally friendly cars - the idea arose to convert cars to electric traction. Rechargeable batteries were needed, but it turned out that the world could not create batteries that could have a sufficiently high specific energy intensity. And it takes several hours to charge the batteries, unlike filling the tank with gasoline. Then you would have to charge at night, but if everyone started charging at night, there wouldn’t be enough power stations. There were a lot of problems, and enthusiasm began to gradually fade away. It was only in the nineties that this idea was revived and work on fuel batteries began. Now the task was to learn how to generate electricity from already known types of fuel. How close hydrogen cars have come to real life can be judged by the BMW 745h. The letter h is the chemical symbol for hydrogen. The BMW 745h is equipped with an eight-cylinder hydrogen engine. Like its predecessor, the 745hL, it can run on both gasoline and hydrogen. The 4.4-liter engine develops 135 kW (184 hp) and a top speed of 215 km/h. The supply of hydrogen fuel is enough to cover 300 kilometers; if we add to this the 650 kilometers that can be covered by filling a full tank of gasoline, we get almost 1000 kilometers - a very decent figure. BMW has unveiled a new experimental 750hL sedan with a hydrogen fuel engine. This type of fuel (hydrogen + oxygen) is usually used to fuel rockets. The developers were attracted by the environmental friendliness of the engine - it emits only water vapor. According to experts, it was possible to do important step to the transition to “gasoline-free” engines. Hydrogen engines are not only environmentally friendly, but also very economical. Meanwhile, some experts are skeptical about equipping a car with such an explosive addition. In addition, today there is no cheap and reliable technology for producing hydrogen, which will affect the consumer attractiveness of the car. The main task is to create the necessary infrastructure and invent a reliable method for storing such fuel “on board”. Hydrogen can be produced from water by electrolysis or obtained from associated oil gas. In any case, this fuel will still cost significantly more than gasoline. Other automakers are also trying to use hydrogen. General Motors uses it in fuel cells to generate electricity. Honda and Toyota have developed hybrid models that combine hydrogen engines with electric ones.

Increasing fuel efficiency and reducing CO2 emissions is becoming the most pressing issue for automakers due to the constant rise in gasoline prices and the threat of global warming. Many leading companies are developing cars with fuel consumption of 3 l/100 km and even 1 l/100 km. In this regard, a significant reduction in the weight of vehicles and an increase in the efficiency of their engines and transmissions are expected in the near future. All systems and assemblies of new cars will be developed taking into account minimizing energy consumption. There is every reason to believe that thanks to the use of new advanced technologies, the fuel efficiency of cars will increase by 20-30% over the next 10-15 years.

Over the past 100 years, the average air temperature at the earth's surface has increased by 0.3-0.6°C. According to some scientists, global warming of the earth's climate is the result of increased emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere associated with human activity. The increased content of CO2 in the atmosphere enhances the “greenhouse effect”, trapping more solar heat than necessary. If no action is taken to limit CO2 emissions, temperatures could rise by 3-4°C over the next 100 years. This could result in a global catastrophe for our planet, causing an increase in natural disasters (storms, hurricanes, floods, forest fires) and rising ocean levels. The last circumstance is the most dangerous, because its result will be the disappearance of the territories of many countries, including industrialized ones.

According to research by the International Organization for Economic Cooperation (OECD), the total CO2 emissions on our planet are 800 billion tons per year. Of these, 770 billion tons (or 96%) come from various natural sources, and 30 billion tons (or 4%) are emissions caused by human activities.

Currently, there are no international requirements for fuel consumption and CO2 emission standards for passenger cars. However, due to the importance of the problem of preserving the environment, the governments of several countries, in particular Germany, have decided: by 2005, all types of transport must reduce fuel consumption and CO2 emissions by 25% compared to the same values in 1990.

The main ways to improve fuel efficiency of cars

To understand how much fuel efficiency can be improved, you need to look at the car as a whole, as a single system. Dynamic properties, ease of control, safety, comfort, reliability, capacity and load capacity, dimensions, design, price - this is a list of the main properties of a car that are important for the consumer and at the same time affect fuel efficiency.

The car must also meet all legal standards and requirements (for example, requirements for the level of passive safety), because All of these requirements greatly influence the design of the vehicle, the technology used and, ultimately, fuel efficiency. Manufacturers must find the optimal compromise between these conflicting requirements in order to produce cars that are attractive to consumers in terms of both price and performance.

There are two main concepts for reducing fuel consumption: increasing the overall efficiency of components and assemblies (engine, transmission, drive...) to provide more useful work at a certain fuel consumption, or reducing the vehicle's energy consumption to overcome movement resistance (inertia, aerodynamic drag, rolling resistance), as well as on the functioning of additional energy consumers. The main factors affecting the fuel consumption of cars are shown in the figure. Almost all modern cars use engines running on gasoline or diesel fuel. About 2/3 of the energy obtained from fuel combustion is spent in the exhaust system, cooling system and overcoming friction forces. In theory, gasoline and diesel engines can convert all fuel energy into useful work. In fact, due to thermal and mechanical losses, energy consumption for the operation of various equipment, engine efficiency does not exceed 40-50% for the best diesel engines. In this case, a certain part of the useful work of the engine is spent on overcoming friction forces in the transmission and other drive units. As a result, only 12-20% of the initial energy goes to overcome the resistance to vehicle movement,

While the car is driving around the city, the engine operating mode is constantly changing, which directly affects fuel consumption. When driving in the urban cycle, about 80% of the energy is spent on overcoming inertia and rolling resistance forces, which depend directly on the weight of the car. Thus, the weight of the vehicle has a significant impact on fuel consumption, especially when driving in the city. That's why weight reduction is a key focus in well-known research projects such as the Ultra Lightweight Body Vehicle (ULSAB-AVC), the Partnership for Next Generation Vehicle (PNGV) and others.

Obviously, in order to reduce fuel consumption, it is necessary to reduce the weight of the car, reduce rolling resistance and aerodynamic drag. However, the greatest reserves lie in the engine. Studying the latest achievements of the global automotive industry makes it possible to identify the most significant technologies and methods for reducing fuel consumption for each vehicle system.

Conclusion

As can be seen from the above studies, there are currently different types of transport used for movement: pipeline, railway, sea, river, road, air transport. Each has its own advantages for use and challenges from an environmental perspective. Therefore, many scientists are working on reducing emissions or switching to alternative modes of transportation.

Oil and petroleum products are the main source of trouble for the earth's ecosystems. Transportation disasters, spent fuel emissions, exhaust gases. Without noticing it, we are destroying and changing our nature beyond recognition. Various species of animals are disappearing, ecosystems are being destroyed, mutations are appearing, all this will soon affect us. Therefore, the development of various alternative types of fuel and modes of transport and their implementation are required.

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Environmental impact assessment and environmental expertise. Textbook / SPbSUAP. St. Petersburg, 2004.

Kuzmina Anna

Problems of environmental safety of road transport are an integral part of environmental safety. Environmental problems associated with the use of traditional motor fuel in vehicle engines are relevant not only for Russia, but also for all countries of the world. Motor transport, generating noise and polluting the air, is one of the main sources of environmental pollution in large cities and towns, and also poses a threat to human life. Therefore, I became interested in the impact of road transport on the environment and human health.

Goal of the work

To find out the role of internal combustion engines in human life, to reveal the essence of the environmental problems associated with them and to try to outline a way out of the current difficult environmental situation in the world associated with their use.

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ALL-RUSSIAN COMPETITION OF SCIENTIFIC AND INNOVATION PROJECTS OF THE SIEMENS COMPANY in RUSSIA
(2012 - 2013)

Abstract research work

“The influence of road transport on the environment and human life.”

Direction: infrastructure and cities

The work was completed by Anna Kuzmina

Student of class 10A, MBOU "Gymnasium No. 1"

G. Kurchatov, Kursk region

Head: Ilchuk Irina Anatolyevna,

Physics teacher, MBOU "Gymnasium No. 1"

Kurchatov, 2012

1. Justification for choice. 3

2. Purpose of the work. 3

3. Project objectives. 3

4. Hypothesis. 3

5. Problematic question. 4

6. Relevance of the problem. 4

7. Introduction. 4
8. Problems of ecology of road transport. 5

9. Ways to reduce harmful effects on the environment.

The problem of toxicity of exhaust gases from cars. 6

Environmentally friendly car - reality or fantasy? 8

10. Conducting observations. 11

12. Conclusion. 16

13. Literature. 17

Applications. 18

1. Justification for choice

2. Purpose of the work

3. Project objectives.

Get to know how car engines work.
Find out how air pollution depends on the intensity of vehicle traffic?
Conduct a study confirming the impact of transport on the environment.
Find out how to minimize this impact.
Evaluate ways to solve environmental problems.

4. Hypothesis.

During the operation of numerous heat engines, heat losses, which ultimately lead to an increase in the internal energy of the atmosphere, i.e., to an increase in its temperature. This could lead to the melting of glaciers and a catastrophic rise in sea levels, and at the same time to a global change in natural conditions. During the operation of thermal installations and engines, oxides of nitrogen, carbon and sulfur are released into the atmosphere, which are harmful to humans, animals and plants.

5. Problematic question.

If emissions of toxic substances are inevitable in the operation of motor vehicles, how can they be reduced?
Is it possible to create an environmentally friendly car?

6. Relevance of the problem.

The relevance of this topic is due to the increasing number of road transport and solving the problem of its impact on the quality of the urban environment and public health.

Introduction.

Modern human life is impossible without the use of a wide variety of machines that make his life easier. With the help of machines, people cultivate the land, extract oil, ore, and other minerals, move around, etc. The main property of machines is their ability to do work.

The main contribution to air pollution comes from cars running on gasoline, followed by airplanes, cars with diesel engines, tractors and other agricultural machines, railway and water transport. The main air pollutants emitted by mobile sources ( total number There are more than 40 such substances), including carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides. Carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides enter the atmosphere only with exhaust gases, while incompletely burned hydrocarbons enter both with exhaust gases (which is approximately 60% of the total mass of hydrocarbons emitted) and from the crankcase (about 20%) , fuel tank (about 10%) and carburetor (about 10%); solid impurities come mainly from exhaust gases (90%) and from the crankcase (10%).

Main part.

Problems of ecology of road transport.

Problems of environmental safety of road transport are an integral part of the country's environmental security. The significance and severity of this problem is growing every year. It is alarming that emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere from motor vehicles are increasing annually by an average of 3.1%. As a result, the amount of annual environmental damage from the functioning of the Russian transport complex amounts to more than 75 billion rubles and continues to grow.

One car annually absorbs an average of more than 4 tons of oxygen from the atmosphere, while emitting approximately 800 kg of carbon monoxide, 40 kg of nitrogen oxides and almost 200 kg of various carbons with exhaust gases. As a result, in Russia, a huge amount of only carcinogenic substances enter the atmosphere from motor transport per year: 27 thousand tons of benzene, 17.5 thousand tons of formaldehyde, 1.5 tons of benz(a)pylene and 5 thousand tons of lead. In general, the total amount of harmful substances emitted annually by cars exceeds 20 million tons.

In terms of environmental damage, motor transport leads in all types of negative impacts: air pollution - 95%, noise - 49.5%, climate impact - 68%.

Cars in Russia today are the main cause of air pollution in cities. Now there are more than half a billion of them in the world. In Russia, every tenth resident has a car, and in large cities - every fifth. Emissions from cars in cities are especially dangerous because they pollute the air mainly at a level of 60-90 cm from the surface of the earth and, especially on sections of highways where there are traffic lights. Cars emit carbon dioxide and monoxide, nitrogen oxides, formaldehyde, benzene, benzopyrene, soot into the atmosphere (about 300 different toxic substances in total). When car tires rub against asphalt, the atmosphere becomes polluted with rubber dust, which is harmful to human health. The car consumes a huge amount of oxygen. In one week, on average, a passenger car burns as much oxygen as its four passengers spend breathing in a year. As the number of cars increases, the area occupied by vegetation, which provides oxygen and clears the atmosphere of dust and gas, decreases; parking lots, garages and highways take up more and more space. Worn tires and rusty bodies accumulate in landfills. However, old car bodies can be seen in courtyards and vacant lots. Cars pollute the soil. One ton of gasoline, when burned, emits 500-800 kg. harmful substances. If the car engine runs on gasoline with the addition of lead, then they pollute the soil with this heavy metal along the road in a strip 50-100 m wide, and if the road goes up and the engine runs under load, the polluted strip is up to 400 m wide! Lead, which pollutes the soil, accumulates in plants that animals eat. With milk and meat, the metal enters the human body and can cause serious illnesses.

Ways to reduce harmful effects on the environment.

The problem of toxicity of exhaust gases from cars.

Using internal energy means doing useful work using it, that is, converting internal energy into mechanical energy. In the simplest experiment, which consists of pouring some water into a test tube and bringing it to a boil (the test tube is initially closed with a stopper), the stopper, under the pressure of the resulting steam, rises up and pops out. In other words, the energy of the fuel is converted into the internal energy of steam, and the steam, expanding, does work, knocking out the plug. This is how the internal energy of the steam is converted into the kinetic energy of the plug.

If the test tube is replaced with a strong metal cylinder, and the plug with a piston that fits tightly to the walls of the cylinder and is able to move freely along them, then you will get the simplest heat engine.

Man has been using the internal combustion engine for a long time, not knowing about its negative effects on humans, animals and plants. Only recently have they noticed this negative impact and begun to fight it. The main air pollutants are cars, especially trucks. The quantity and concentration of harmful substances in exhaust depend on the type and quality of fuel. These are mainly substances such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hexene, pentene, cadmium, sulfuric anhydride, sulfur dioxide, lead, chlorine and some of its compounds. These substances negatively affect humans, animals, plants and cause global changes in the biosphere.

Now let's look specifically at their impact. Carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, and nitrogen oxides are “greenhouse” gases, that is, they cause a greenhouse effect, which is expressed in an increase in temperature at the Earth’s surface. Its mechanism is the formation of a special layer in the atmosphere, which reflects heat rays coming from the Earth, preventing them from escaping into outer space. This could lead to melting of ice in the polar regions and, as a result, rising sea levels. But it must be said that the thermal effect is almost compensated by the glacial effect. The latter is caused by a layer of dust particles that reflect heat rays coming from the Sun back into space.

2.5-10 tons of CO are generated per year, 7 million tons of CO 2 . Carbon monoxide is toxic; it forms a strong compound with hemoglobin in the blood - carboxyhemoglobin, which prevents the intake of a sufficient amount of oxygen 2 into the brain and, as a result, increases the incidence of mental illness. SO 2 , NO are mutagens, teratogens, form smog and acid rain with fog or rain. Sulfur oxides with water form sulfuric acid, and nitrogen oxide forms nitric and nitrous acids. In humans they cause skin lesions, obstructive rickets, and pulmonary edema. Animals also experience dysfunction and even death. In plants, the leaves are first affected, and then the entire plant dies. Thus, in Scandinavia there is a massive loss of forests for this reason. These rains also cause corrosion of metals and destruction of buildings. In addition, nitrogen oxides contribute to the destruction of the ozone layer.

Cadmium has a negative effect on the skeletal and reproductive systems, adrenal cortex, teeth, and disrupts carbon metabolism. At high concentrations, it causes the itai-itai disease.

Lead is a teratogen, causing damage to the central nervous system, skeletal system, hearing, vision in infants and subsequently death. In adults it causes problems circulatory system, impotence.

ICEs also absorb oxygen, reducing its concentration in the atmosphere. Let's consider a special case - a car. Yes, people now cannot imagine their existence without motor transport, but if you look at this convenience from a different point of view, the amount of combustion products emitted by a car makes you horrified.

One passenger car annually absorbs more than 4 tons of oxygen from the atmosphere 2 , emits about 800 kg of CO, 40 kg of nitrogen oxides, 200 kg of various hydrocarbons with exhaust gases.

Car exhaust gases are a mixture of approximately 200 substances. They contain hydrocarbons - unburned or incompletely burned fuel components (only 15% of it is spent on driving the car, and 85% “flies to the wind”), among which unsaturated hydrocarbons of the ethylene series, especially hexene and pentene, occupy a large place. Their share increases 10 times when the engine is running at low speeds or when the speed increases, that is, during traffic jams or at a red traffic light. CO 2 and most other emissions are heavier than air, so they accumulate near the surface of the earth. Carbon monoxide (I) combines with hemoglobin in the blood and prevents it from carrying oxygen to the body's tissues. Nitrogen oxides play a large role in the formation of hydrocarbon transformation products in atmospheric air. Due to incomplete combustion of fuel in a car engine, some of the hydrocarbons turn into soot containing resinous substances. 1 liter of gasoline may contain 1 g of tetraethyl lead, which is destroyed and released into the atmosphere in the form of a lead compound. Lead is one of the main pollutants external environment, it is supplied mainly by modern engines with high degree compressions produced by the automotive industry.

Environmentally friendly car - reality or fantasy?

The internal combustion engine remains the main driving force of the car. In this regard, the only way to solve the energy problem of road transport is the creation of alternative fuels. The new fuel must satisfy many requirements: have the necessary raw materials, low cost, not impair engine performance, emit as little harmful substances as possible, be combined, if possible, with the existing fuel supply system, etc.

On a much larger scale, oil substitutes will be used as fuel for cars: methanol and ethanol, synthetic fuels obtained from coal. Their use will help to significantly reduce the toxicity and negative impact of the car on the environment.

Among alternative fuels, the first to be noted are alcohols, in particular methanol and ethanol, which can be used not only as an additive to gasoline, but also in their pure form. Their main advantages are high detonation resistance and good operating efficiency; the disadvantage is their reduced calorific value, which reduces the mileage between refills and increases fuel consumption by 1.5-2 times compared to gasoline. In addition, due to the poor volatility of methanol and ethanol, starting the engine is difficult.

The use of alcohols as automobile fuel requires minor modifications to the engine. For example, to operate on methanol, it is enough to readjust the carburetor, install a device to stabilize engine starting, and replace some corroding materials with more resistant ones. Given the toxicity of pure methanol, it is necessary to carefully seal the vehicle's fuel supply system.

It is not difficult to make the engine “clean”. You just need to convert it from gasoline to compressed air. But this idea did not stand up to criticism when it comes to car engines: you can’t go far with such “fuel.” And American experts proposed replacing compressed air with liquid nitrogen. They even developed a car design in which nitrogen, expanding as it evaporates, would push the three pistons of the engine. And to make the evaporation process more active, it is proposed to inject nitrogen into a special heating chamber, where a small amount of diesel fuel is burned. Such a scheme, with sufficient power, will provide a range of up to 500 km. Coal is the most common non-renewable energy source. Back in the 30s, the production of synthetic automobile fuel from coal was established in Germany. There was even a period when it satisfied about 50% of the country’s need for gasoline and diesel fuel. Currently, interest in synthetic fuel from coal is manifested in many countries.

The environmental benefits of hydrogen have been proven in various tests.

In what form can hydrogen be used? Gaseous, even highly compressed hydrogen is unprofitable, since its storage requires large cylinders.

The EU has decided to switch 10% of vehicles to biofuels by 2020. The European Union has set a target of converting 10% of its cars to biofuels by 2020. This decision was approved at a meeting in Brussels by the energy ministers of 27 EU countries. “By 2020, at least 10% of the automobile fuel consumed in each EU country should be fuel of biological origin,” says the resolution of the EU Energy and Transport Council. We are talking about such types of fuel as alcohols and methane produced from biomass. The resolution emphasizes the need for pan-European action to improve the efficiency of technologies for producing this fuel and improve its commercial opportunities. Currently, biofuel produced in Europe is on average 15-20 times more expensive than traditional fuel.

Some car models, including the Saab 9-5 and Ford Focus, are suitable for use fuel mixture, which contains 80% biofuel.

Biodiesel is a fuel obtained from vegetable oil through its chemical transformation by the so-called transesterification process. In Europe it is made from sunflower and canola oil, in the United States it is made from soybean oil or a variety of canola oil. A chemical reaction occurs between the oil and alcohol, mainly methyl alcohol, to reduce the viscosity and purify the oil. This chemical process produces a homogeneous, stable and quality product: EMVH (Methyl ester of vegetable oils), its properties are close to diesel oils. Benefits of biodiesel:

Biodiesel is a source of renewable energy, the solution of the future to replace the use of oil

The use of biodiesel does not require changing the kinematic chain; only, depending on the model and age of the car, a fuel filter is installed. Biodiesel helps prevent warming on our planet caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide and sulfur in the atmosphere: unlike combustible engines, it does not increase the percentage of CO2 in the atmosphere. Valid for life cycle the plant must absorb an amount of carbon dioxide equivalent to the amount of emissions during engine operation.

Recently, the idea of using pure hydrogen as a fuel has become widespread. alternative fuel. Interest in hydrogen fuel is explained by the fact that, unlike others, it is the most common element in nature.

Hydrogen is one of the main contenders for the title of fuel of the future. To produce hydrogen, various thermochemical, electrochemical and biochemical methods can be used using solar energy, nuclear and hydraulic power plants, etc.

The environmental benefits of hydrogen have been proven in various tests. In what form can hydrogen be used? Gaseous, even highly compressed hydrogen is unprofitable, since its storage requires large cylinders.

A more realistic option is to use liquid hydrogen. However, in this case it is necessary to install expensive cryogenic tanks with special thermal insulation.

The only exception would be an electric car engine. Work on its creation is being carried out by the largest automobile manufacturing companies in the world, primarily Japan.

The source of current in electric vehicles is currently lead batteries. Without recharging, such vehicles provide a range of up to 50-60 km (maximum speed 70 km/h, carrying capacity 500 kg), which allows them to be used as a taxi or for technological transportation of small consignments within the city. Serial production and use of electric vehicles will require the creation of battery charging stations that meet all the necessary technical and economic requirements.

Experts believe that the most energy-saving and highly efficient source of energy for electric vehicles is fuel cell batteries. Such elements have many advantages, first of all, high efficiency, reaching 60-70% in real installations; They do not need to be charged, like batteries; it is enough to replenish the supply of reagents. The most promising is the hydrogen-air electrochemical generator (ECG), in which the reaction product during the generation of electrical energy is chemically pure water. The main disadvantage of ECH today is its high cost.

Humanity is too slowly, but still approaching the understanding that it is necessary to put material consumption in its rightful place among other sources of personal identity, such non-material values as family, friendship, communication with other people, the development of one’s own personality; that one should finally live in accordance with the possibilities of the Earth. The solution to this particular problem primarily determines whether we will preserve the Earth's biosphere.

Conducting observations.

My gymnasium is surrounded by three roads, two of which local significance with average traffic intensity, and the third is a regional road with high traffic intensity.

To date, according to the traffic police, 22,125 vehicles have been registered in the city of Kurchatov and the Kurchatovsky district. In recent years, its number has increased significantly.

	2008	2009	2010	2011
"A" (motorcycles)	1596	1775	1789	1875
"IN" ( cars)	12110	13944	15380	18239
"C" (trucks)
"D" (buses)
"E" (cargo trailers)
Total number of automatic telephone exchanges	15488	17601	19088	22125

The increase in the number of vehicles is associated with an increase in the standard of living of the population, but at the same time, more and more harm is caused to the environment.

I conducted a survey of the population of the gymnasium microdistrict. All respondents associate their health problem with the state of the environment and one of the factors of its pollution is the exhaust gases of motor vehicles.

I checked how the increase in cars affects environmental pollution. For comparison, I conducted research to count the number of cars passing along Svoboda Square, Naberezhnaya Street and past the traffic police post. The counting was carried out for an hour at the same time. As a result, it was found that Freedom Square and the traffic police post are the busiest places, and the largest concentration of vehicles is observed from 17°°-18°°.

Street name	ATS	Number of automatic telephone exchanges
		7°°-8°°	13°°-14°°	17°°-18°°
Freedom Square	Total			1137
	Buses
	Cars
	Trucks
St. Embankment	Total
	Buses
	Cars
	Trucks
Traffic police post	Total			1644
	Buses
	Cars			1067
	Trucks

The length of our city from west to east is 4.5 km, from north to south - 800 meters. Our gymnasium is located near Freedom Square. I calculated the amount of harmful substances contained in car exhaust gases. For ease of calculation, only cars passing from 13°°-14°° were taken, at the moment when students were walking home from the gymnasium. BA 1000 liter gasoline engine emits 200 kg of carbon monoxide, 20 kg of nitrogen oxide, 25 kg of hydrocarbons, 1 kg of soot, 1 kg of sulfur compounds. A passenger car requires 10 liters of gasoline per 100 km.

I carried out calculations and found that when traveling 1 km and burning 0.1 liters of gasoline:

Street name	Carbon monoxide	Nitric oxide	Hydrocarbons	soot	Sulphurous connections
Freedom Square	10.16 kg	1.02 kg	1.52 kg	0.05 kg	0.05 kg
St. Embankment	5.02 kg	0.5 kg	0.75 kg	0.03 kg	0.03 kg
Traffic police post	12.3 kg	1.23 kg	1.85 kg	0.06 kg	0.06 kg

The data in the table is for 1374 cars that drove 1 km along the city in one hour, and if you remember that there are more than a billion cars on Earth, then what an impressive figure this will be.

To determine the lead content, I took snow samples at a distance of 30, 60, 120, 240 m. from the road to see how far the pollution spreads.

Another environmental problem is spontaneous car washes. There are 6 officially registered car washes in our city, but they do not satisfy all the needs of the population. The growth of unauthorized car washes continues.

Conclusions: - having studied the statistical data on the growth in the number of vehicles in the city of Kurchatov and the Kurchatovsky district, I came to the conclusion that at such a rate of increase in vehicles, in 5 years there will be traffic jams on the streets of our city similar to those now in Moscow, and courtyard areas will turn into parking lots for cars;

Having conducted a survey among residents of the gymnasium microdistrict, I found out that one of the sources of environmental pollution, and therefore a factor worsening their health, is vehicle exhaust gases;

After studying the technical literature, I came to the conclusion that the environment can be improved by using more environmentally friendly modes of transport. For example, a bicycle, as is done in the city of Dubna, Moscow region and Geneva (CERN).

The traffic volume is enormous everywhere. It produces such air pollution that it cannot even be compared with emissions from industrial facilities. Transport creates 45-50% of all pollution.

So, there are two ways to reduce air pollution from road vehicles. The first is to reduce the amount of harmful substances emitted into the atmosphere by each car. The second is to use as much as possible those vehicles that consume less fuel and, therefore, pollute the atmosphere less.

Stricter comprehensive controls on road vehicles are needed to stop pollution. An example is the following initiative: from 1 January 1993, all new cars intended for sale in the European Community must be equipped with catalytic contactors. This small device eliminates most of the hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen and carbon that are harmful to the human body. And as I already said, their presence in the atmosphere in large quantities creates a greenhouse effect, which threatens global warming on the planet. Another problem is lead, which is added to gasoline to make the engine more efficient. It is very poisonous and dangerous, especially for the body of young children. Therefore, the use of leaded gasoline is currently prohibited in our country. Studies have shown that engine exhaust gases are most toxic in the first five minutes of operation, when the engine is still cold. The original way One woman proposed a solution to this problem: this air is collected in a sealed bag located under back seat car, and when the engine warms up, it enters the cylinders and burns out.

Car owners themselves could greatly help in the fight against air pollution if they began to use public transport more often or drive at low speeds, because this would reduce the emission of toxic compounds. Also, one of the ways to solve this problem is to use small cars in cities. It is not for nothing that environmentalists are concerned about the increase in the number of powerful jeeps on city streets, the use of which in the city is not justified. A recent survey of car owners showed that their personal vehicles are the main culprit of air pollution; they do not want to drive slowly or, especially, give up their personal vehicles. In order for such a desire to appear, it is necessary to thoroughly improve the functioning of public transport. And since it is still far from perfect, it is not surprising that private cars are flooding city streets.

Nowadays, when a car with a gasoline engine has become one of the significant factors leading to environmental pollution, experts are increasingly turning to the idea of creating a “clean” car - an electric car. In some countries their mass production begins. In order to stimulate the production of electric vehicles, the state obliges each automobile plant to produce at least one electric vehicle model.

Five brands of electric vehicles are produced in our country. The electric car of the Ulyanovsk Automobile Plant (UAZ-451-MI) differs from other models in its AC electric propulsion system and built-in charger. Charger equipped with a current converter allowing application of lung and a low-speed traction motor. Cars of this brand are already used in Moscow to deliver groceries to stores and schools.

In the interests of environmental protection, it is considered advisable to gradually convert vehicles to electric power, especially in large cities. It is proposed, using existing types of current sources, with a certain improvement, to create and put into operation electric vehicles that can economically and technically compete with conventional cars. The forecast is as follows: if in 2010 there were 5% of electric vehicles out of the total number of cars, then in 2025 their number is expected to increase to 15%.

As mentioned, the main source of air pollution is exhaust gases. But this problem can be solved if the internal combustion engine is replaced with electric motors used in electric vehicles, and alternative sources nutrition listed above.

But what about public transport? And here there is a way out. You just need to replace buses and minibuses with trolleybuses and trams. And, paradoxically, use a bicycle as an individual transport. Of course, a car is much more comfortable and convenient, but imagine having to choose between a bicycle and the harm that exhaust fumes cause to our health. I think most will choose a bicycle.

Every year, more than 250 thousand Russians die from environmental immunodeficiency, and hundreds of thousands get sick. The reason is the direct impact of toxicants, allergens, mutagens under unfavorable environmental conditions. In recent years, the country's mortality rate has doubled the birth rate.

What needs to be done so that our hometown became clean and beautiful?

1. Greening the city. Plants absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen.

2. Carry out vehicle inspections 2 times a year, since the amount of harmful substances emitted by a car into the atmosphere depends on the condition of the engine.

Make car repairs more affordable.
Tighten sanctions against violators.

Conclusion.

From my work I concluded that with the invention of heat engines, man's power over nature increased. But man is a part of nature, therefore, in order to live on Earth without fear for our future, for our health, to admire the beauty of nature, we need to take care of our home, otherwise we can die.

Nowadays, people who make responsible technical decisions must master the basics of natural science, be environmentally literate, be aware of their responsibility for their actions and understand the harm they can cause to the environment. In my opinion, the car in life and activity modern civilization simply necessary. But any shortcomings of scientific and technological progress must be eliminated in a timely manner in order to keep the environment clean. A person must understand that life on Earth depends on his relationship to nature, on the harmony between them.

Literature:

Printed publications:

1.Physics: Non-standard classes, extracurricular activities. 7-11 grades. M.A. Petrukhina, Volgograd: Teacher, 2007.

2) V.A. Popova, Physics grades 8-9: collection of elective course programs. - Volgograd: Teacher 2007

3) Polyansky SE. Lesson developments in physics: 8th grade, 2nd edition, M: VAKO, 2004

Electronic editions:

2) http://www.pollockpress.com/transport.php

Application.

Questioning.

I conducted a survey among my classmates. Here are the results:

1. Does your family have a car?

Yes - 20 No - 4

2. How often does your family use the car?

Every day - 14 On weekends and less often - 6

4. Where do you leave your car overnight?

Near entrance-11 In the parking lot, in the garage-9

Where do you wash your car?

Near a pond, near the house - 6 On special. car washes-14

6. Do you believe that road transport in the future can be environmentally friendly?

Yes-11 No-13

This study shows that using a car is becoming an integral part of life. modern man, but the environmental problems associated with this are not of concern to every car owner.

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Introduction

3. Impact of air transport

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

The vegetation cover of European Russia today is undergoing intense anthropogenic transformation, as a result of which the composition of local floras is changing. One of the most important routes for the dispersal of species is transport routes, where a contradictory and at the same time unique complex of plant species is formed

Transport is one of essential components public and economic development, which consumes a significant amount of resources and has a serious impact on the environment. Transport services play important role in the economy and people's daily lives. The use of almost all types of transport on all continents is increasing in terms of the volume of goods transported, the number of ton-kilometers, and the number of passengers transported.

The role of transport in pollution is significant water bodies. In addition, transport is one of the main sources of noise in cities and makes a significant contribution to thermal pollution of the environment.

Despite the importance of the transport and road complex as an integral element of the economy, it is necessary to take into account its very significant negative impact on natural ecological systems. It is known that these impacts are felt especially sharply in large cities, increasing as population density increases. This pattern is also true for urban passenger transport, which in most cases is concentrated around the so-called points of gravity - where passenger flows originate, unite, disperse and are absorbed.

Nowadays, the impact of transport but the environment is the most pressing and pressing problem of modern society. The consequences of this impact not only affect our generation, but can also affect future generations if we do not take serious measures to reduce and even eliminate the consequences of exposure and the impact itself.

During the operation of vehicles, harmful substances enter the air with exhaust gases, fumes from fuel systems, and also during refueling of the vehicle. Emissions of carbon oxides (carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide) are also affected by the topography of the road and the mode and speed of the vehicle.

Toxic substances disrupt the growth and development of plants, contributing to a decrease in yields, losses in livestock production, and the gradual death of trees. Plants and animals accumulate various toxic harmful substances, which leads to loss of health, gene mutations, decreased fertility in animals and plant extinction.

In addition to emissions and noise, the operation of cars is associated with other negative impacts - for example, the exclusion of more and more new territories for the expansion of traffic lanes, the organization of parking lots, the placement of garages, an increase in the number of gas stations and service enterprises, littering of territories with abandoned old cars, the organization of spontaneous parking on land plots occupied by green spaces, etc.

Motor transport has a huge impact on people. Today, the deterioration of public health from an environmental point of view is primarily a consequence of air pollution.

The main source of air pollution in cities is road transport. As a result, many harmful substances enter the atmosphere, for example, benzo(a)pyrene, soot, lead, gasoline vapors, copper and others. In addition to dysfunction various systems body, chronic diseases internal organs Some substances are dangerous as carcinogens. Unlike other factors affecting health, human exposure to anthropogenic emissions cannot be controlled. Due to the fact that the consequences of such exposure can be realized years and decades later, a long-term forecast of the risk of cancer in the population due to exposure to carcinogenic substances from vehicle exhaust gases becomes an urgent task.

The main ways to reduce environmental damage from transport are as follows:

optimization of urban transport;

payment by car owners of the costs incurred by society from the movement of vehicles through transport taxes:

For cars (additional tax when purchasing a car, transport tax);

To travel by car (toll for travel on roads where there are congestion;

Toll for driving on roads in a certain area;

City entry fee;

Permission fee road network for a certain time;

Electronic payment systems depending on the location of movement and distance traveled;

For car storage (parking fee);

For automobile fuels;

development of alternative energy sources;

afterburning and purification of organic fuel;

creation (modification) of engines using alternative fuels;

noise protection;

economic initiatives for vehicle fleet and traffic management (tax on cars, fuel, roads, car renewal initiatives).

1. Impact of road transport

The main sources of environmental pollution and consumers of energy resources include road transport and the infrastructure of the road transport complex.

With the development of cities and the growth of urban agglomerations, timely and high-quality transport services for the population, as well as environmental protection from the negative impact of urban, especially road transport, are becoming increasingly important. Cars burn huge amounts of valuable petroleum products, causing significant harm to the environment, mainly the atmosphere. Since the bulk of cars are concentrated in large and major cities, the air in these cities is not only depleted of oxygen, but also polluted with harmful components of exhaust gases.

In the conditions of a large industrial city, plants experience high technogenic pressure. In areas of increased gas pollution with significant concentrations of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen and carbon oxides, hydrogen sulfide and ammonia, dustiness and overheating of the atmospheric air, widespread damage to trees and shrubs was revealed. Many of these compounds, when dissolved in water, form acids harmful to plants. Long-term exposure leads to disruption of many functions plant organism, and often to his death. Therefore, to improve the health of urban landscapes, landscapers widely use sustainable tree and shrub species. However, in theory and practice, not enough attention is paid to creating tolerant compositions in the city. herbaceous plants.

2. Fighting ice on roads

The chemical method of removing snow and ice from road surfaces using chloride compounds has a harmful effect on green spaces, both as a result of direct contact and through the soil. Direct contact is possible when removing salted snow from the roadsides and dividing strip where plantings are located. Soil salinization, which occurs as a result of brine seepage into shrub areas. The likelihood of trees dying is significantly reduced if they are planted no closer than 9 m from the edge of the roadway. Damage to vegetation is less on fertile soils, especially soils rich in phosphates.

Chlorides used as deicing salts have a less inhibitory effect on plants planted in light sandy and sandy loam soils. This is facilitated by the peculiarities of the physical and chemical properties of light soils: high porosity, good water permeability and air supply.

On roads with loamy soils at the same traffic intensity, the content of chlorine ions is 2 - 3 times higher than in sandy loam soils. Therefore, when landscaping near the roadway in clayey and loamy soils, additional sand should be brought in to fill the planting holes. The damage caused to vegetation is especially noticeable near large populated areas, in places where water stagnates on the surface. With good drainage, the harmful effects of chlorides are minimized.

The strong harmful effect of salts is manifested in the corrosion of the metal of cars, road vehicles and elements of road sign posts and fences. A sodium chloride solution is more aggressive than a calcium chloride solution of the same concentration.

3. Impact of air transport

In Russia, with its vast distances, air transport plays a special role. First of all, it is developing as a passenger transport and takes second place (after railway) in the passenger turnover of all types of transport in intercity traffic. Every year new air lines are developed, new ones are put into operation and existing airports are reconstructed. The share of air transport in freight traffic is small. But among the goods transported by this type of transport, the main place is occupied by various machines and mechanisms, measuring instruments, electrical and radio equipment, equipment, especially valuable, as well as perishable goods.

Large airports have their own water supply and wastewater systems. But in many regions of the country (in the Rostov, Astrakhan, Voronezh, Orenburg regions and others), such systems meet the regulatory demand for drinking water by less than 70%. The volume of recycled clean water used at airports for technical needs is decreasing due to deterioration in the quality of its treatment at their own treatment facilities.

The soil around airports is contaminated with salts heavy metals and organic compounds within a radius of up to 2 - 2.5 km. In the autumn-winter and spring periods, aircraft are de-iced and snow and ice deposits are removed from the artificial surface of airfields. In this case, active deicing preparations and reagents containing urea, ammonium nitrate, and surfactants are used, which also enter the soil.

4. Impact of rail transport

The activities of railway transport have an impact on the natural environment of all climatic zones and geographical zones of our country.

But compared to road transport, the adverse impact of rail transport on the environment is significantly less. This is primarily due to the fact that railways are the most economical mode of transport in terms of energy consumption per unit of work. However, railway transport faces serious challenges in reducing and preventing environmental pollution.

Every year, up to 200 m3 of wastewater containing pathogenic microorganisms is poured from passenger cars for every kilometer of track, and up to 12 tons of dry waste are thrown out. This leads to pollution of the railway track and the surrounding natural environment. In addition, clearing tracks of debris is associated with significant material costs. The problem can be solved by using storage tanks in passenger cars to collect waste and waste or by installing special treatment facilities in them.

When washing rolling stock, synthetic surfactants, petroleum products, phenols, hexavalent chromium, acids, alkalis, organic and inorganic suspended substances pass into the soil and water bodies along with wastewater. Content of petroleum products in wastewater when washing locomotives, phenols when washing oil tanks exceed the maximum permissible concentrations

5. Adaptive capabilities of plants

An equally important area is the study of the adaptive properties of herbaceous plant species of the regional flora in the city.

An assessment of its vitality was used as the main indicator characterizing the adaptive qualities of a plant. The term “vitality” (from the French “vitalite”) was introduced into the scientific literature by V.V. Alekhine. Often used without translation - “vitality”. The first mention of the concept of “life state” can be found in the works of L. G. Ramensky.

The criteria for vitality are: the ability of individuals of a species to undergo a full development cycle under given conditions, the timing of maturation of the reproductive organs, the amount of growth, the optimal number of individuals, etc. Vitality is usually assessed using point scales. In geobotanical studies, vitality is usually understood as the degree of development or suppression of individuals in a phytocenosis (which takes into account such indicators as the development of an individual (habitus), the degree of deviation during the passage of development stages and the presence or absence of fruiting). In this case, to determine the vitality of herbaceous plants, the scale proposed by A.G. Voronov is used. It was used for wild plants, since this scale assesses the degree of development of a species in a phytocenosis. For cultivated plants, an analysis of the phenological states and habitus of individuals was carried out at each experimental site. Based on these data, it becomes possible to determine some adaptation mechanisms of plants in urban environments. The ability of plants to change their life state (within the framework of the concept of polyvariance of ontogenesis) helps the organism to survive in a situation unfavorable for development. The main characteristic The vitality of an individual at any age is the power of the plant, its habit. To assess the power, the following parameters were used: the height of shoots and their number, the number and size of leaves, the number and size of flowers, inflorescences, fruits, seeds, the diameter of the turf, caudex or root. When conducting research, we used a three-point scale based on a visual assessment of vitality. Plants were assigned to one or another condition category based on a set of characteristics.

The scientific and methodological approach to identifying plants of the natural flora that are resistant to anthropogenic pollution is based on the study of the ecological and biological characteristics of plants, ecological and phytocenotic affiliation, biogeographical aspects of the presence of species in different parts of the range, as well as data on the landscape and ecological situation of the study areas. The latter include physical-geographical and meteorological factors that create favorable (unfavorable) conditions for the dispersion of pollutants. All this determines the nature of anthropogenic impact, the rate of plant reaction and the adaptive capabilities of the species.

The correct criterion for assessing the sustainability of plants in urban conditions is the indicators of seed productivity and seed renewal. It is not always possible to assess the seed productivity of plants in urban conditions, especially in roadside and courtyard areas that are constantly mowed.

Identification of wild plant species resistant to urban environmental conditions was carried out using route and stationary methods with the establishment of test plots measuring 1 m2. All of them are in one way or another tied to industrial, residential, transport and forest parks. functional areas. A total of 255 route descriptions were carried out. Field methods provide the most reliable results because the material is assessed at natural conditions by direct signs.

Sustainability was assessed using a three-point vitality scale. A group of wild perennial herbaceous plants has been identified that exhibit high resistance according to the criteria of normal vitality of cenopopulation individuals in different landscape-functional zones of the urban district of Voronezh. Note that plant resistance can negatively correlate with economically valuable traits. For example, in an urban environment, highly resistant herbaceous plants are annual and biennial plants (monocarpics), most of which are adventitious weed species. Our observations affect plants that have value in green building and land reclamation.

In industrial and transport zones, open ecotopes (wastelands, roadside strips, lawns) are populated by resistant species that have xeromorphic characteristics (storage organs in succulents, reduced leaves, pubescence, narrow leaf blades, waxy coating). Here is a short list of such species: ground reedgrass (Calamagrostis epigeios (L.) Roth.), Wallis fescue (Festuca vallesiaca Gaud. s.l.), saxifrage (Pimpinella saxifraga L.), flat-leaved eryngium (Eryngium planum L.), cutthroat gillyweed ( Seseli libanotis (L.) Koch), Austrian wormwood (Artemisia austriaca Jacq.), paniculata (Gypsophila paniculata L.), silver cinquefoil (Potentilla argentea L.), rough cornflower (Centaurea scaboisa L.), hairy hawkweed ( Hieracium pilosella L.), elecampane (Inula hirta L.), gray-green hickory grass (Berteroa incana (L.) DC.), chickweed (Stellaria graminea L.), sedum acre L., mountain clover (Trifolium montanum L.) and others.

Conclusion

It becomes clear that transport is a very important unfavorable factor in the state of the environment. Almost all types of transport pollute the environment, especially air, but also water, and cause significant noise and vibration. Absorbed a lot land resources for transport infrastructure - automobile and railways, sea and river ports, pipelines, airports, etc. and associated warehouses, stations, berths, etc. Transport infrastructure creates large-area technogenic landscapes. A significant amount of natural resources is spent on the production of cars and the construction of elements of transport infrastructure. All types of transport pose a serious danger to the life, health and property of people.

It follows from this that it is necessary to strive to implement the following areas:

Consumption of fossil fuels for transport must be reduced.

Global air emission standards based on advanced technology must be established for all modes of transport.

Each country should develop and implement a program to control emissions from all sources and modes of transport.

Improve and develop a reliable and accessible public transport system.

When planning the development of transport systems, use systems approach, aimed at comprehensive solutions to environmental problems. Eliminate the causes, not the consequences, of geo-ecological problems in transport.

The overall goal in systemic transportation management is to find optimal ratio between meeting the needs of society and reducing environmental pollution. Management strategies will depend on local situations and will therefore differ for specific countries, regions and cities.

Green spaces in urbanized areas reduce the negative anthropogenic impact on the environment and improve the sanitary and hygienic conditions of human life. A significant degree of exposure to negative factors, which is more characteristic of urbanized areas, causes weakening of vegetation, a decrease in its productivity, leads to premature aging, damage to green spaces by various diseases, pests and, ultimately, to the death of plantings.

This negative impact of technogenic pressure, characteristic of urban ecosystems, is most clearly manifested in the roadside area. The green spaces of this strip are in a depressed state, their physiological activity is reduced, and they cannot fully fulfill their ecological functions. This phenomenon is especially pronounced in large industrial cities, where the intensity of traffic flow reaches its maximum values.

Substances that enter the atmospheric air with exhaust gases then settle on the soil. Soils have the ability to retain and retain both atmospheric and groundwater, enriching the soil chemical compounds and thereby influencing the formation of one or another type of soil.

Soils, being components of very finely balanced natural ecosystems, are in dynamic equilibrium with all other components of the biosphere. However, when used in various economic activities, soils often lose their natural fertility or are even completely destroyed. It has been established that the areas of land contaminated with lead, zinc and cadmium in Russia are 519, 326 and 184 thousand hectares, respectively.

When 1 liter of leaded gasoline is burned, 200 to 500 mg of lead is released. This highly active, dispersed lead enriches the soil along roads. It enters plants from the soil and partly from the air. There is evidence that if 1 kg of hay contains 0.1 g of lead, it can cause the death of cattle.

Lead pollution of the natural environment negatively affects the growth and development of plants. Experiments carried out near a highway with a traffic intensity of 25 thousand vehicles per day showed that the height of corn plants planted in pots by the end of the growing season was: at a distance of 186 to 42 m from the highway - about 125 cm, at a distance of 12 m - 120 cm, 2 m - 100 cm.

anthropogenic plant transport ecological

Bibliography

1) Biogeographical patterns of formation of the flora of the Voronezh urban district. Lepeshkina, Liliya Aleksandrovna 2007.

2) ABOUT SYNATHROPIC FLORA OF TRANSPORT ROUTES OF THE RYAZAN REGION 2012 T.A. Palkin Ryazan State Agrotechnological University named after. P.A. Kostycheva [email protected] Received by the editor 08/13/2012

4) Stability of herbaceous plants of regional flora in an urban environment. L. A. Lepeshkina, M. A. Mikheeva

5) Antipov V. G. Stability woody plants to industrial gases / V. G. Antipov. - Minsk: Science and Technology, 1979. - 216 p.

6) Burda R.I. Criteria for adaptation of regional flora to anthropogenic influence / R.I. Burda // Study of biological diversity using comparative floristry methods. - St. Petersburg. : St. Petersburg Publishing House. state Univ., 1998. - pp. 260-272.

7) A.I. Fedorova // Geoecological problems of sustainable development of the urban environment. - Voronezh: Square, 1996. - P. 212-213.

Khripyakova V. Ya. Some results of studying the soils of Voronezh / V. Ya. Khripyakova, N. G. Reshetov // Questions of regional ecology: abstract. report 2nd region scientific-technical conf. - Tambov, 1995. - pp. 59-60.

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5. 1 Protection of seas and oceans

Intense pollution of the World Ocean has prompted many countries to begin developing and implementing measures to prevent pollution of water basins. In modern conditions, international agreements banning the discharge of polluted water and garbage into the open seas and oceans are becoming very important. In 1958, the Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization was created, the main purpose of which at the beginning was limited to monitoring compliance with the provisions of the Convention. Russian environmental legislation provides for strict liability measures for sea pollution with substances harmful to human health or living marine resources. Those responsible for this pollution may be subject to criminal prosecution with penalties such as imprisonment, correctional labor or a fine. Currently, all new transport ships have separation units for cleaning bilge water, and tankers have devices that allow tanks to be washed without draining residual oil into the sea. To clean the surface of port waters from debris and spilled oil products, serial production and equipping of trade and fishing ports with floating oil waste collectors has begun. Ship separators are produced to purify water removed overboard, contaminated after washing the cargo compartments of tankers, as well as the holds of dry cargo ships. Onshore facilities for receiving from tankers and purifying polluted ballast water have been built and are being successfully operated.

Impact of water transport on the environment. The impact of various types of transport on the environment and the disclosure of ways and methods of preventing negative phenomena

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5. 1 Protection of seas and oceans

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