What types of stoves are there for the home? Do-it-yourself brick stove for the home: practical advice for novice stove masters

Even though metal solid fuel stoves and boilers are produced today in a wide range, homeowners are trying with all their might to acquire a brick stove.

There are several reasons: firstly, the stove is capable of storing a fair amount of heat, gradually releasing it to the room; secondly, the surface of this unit is never scalding hot, so the heat it emits is soft and very comfortable.

There are several types of brick ovens, differing from each other in convection scheme and design:

Dutch. This oven is a channel oven and has a sequential gas convector. She has the most simple design, but also the lowest efficiency - 40%. It is impossible to build a hot water heat exchanger into such a furnace.
Swedish. Chamber-type heating and cooking furnace with an efficiency of 60%. Channel convector stretches from floor to ceiling and is located behind the stove. The design allows you to integrate a hot water heat exchanger into the air chamber (its role is played by the oven).
Kolpakovaya. The hood provides this stove with self-regulation: under it, the flue gases burn completely and only then enter the chimney. Due to this, efficiency can be raised above 70%. It is very difficult to manufacture and cannot have a cooking unit; it is used only for heating.
Russian. Like the English fireplace, this stove is flow-through, that is, it does not have a convector.

Strengths of the Russian stove:

Efficiency over 80%;
has no equal in terms of aesthetic merits;
can be used to prepare dishes, some of which can only be cooked in such an oven.

Unlike other stoves, which are a single unit, it consists of several parts that interact through the corners. Therefore, when laying corners, it is important to follow all the rules and constantly check the verticality with a plumb line.

Preparatory work

So, let's look in order at how to assemble a brick stove for your home with your own hands. The process of creating a furnace must begin with determining its location. In this case, the position of the chimney must also be taken into account: the distance between its walls and rafters must be at least 15 cm, and the cutting (the area crossing attic floor) must not come into contact with ceiling beams.

If the stove is built from 500 or more bricks, or has a narrow and high body, a foundation must be built under it that is not connected to the foundation of the house.

In terms of dimensions, it should exceed the stove by 100 mm - 50 mm on each side.

Thermal insulation and waterproofing coatings are laid on top of the foundation.

A novice stove maker should prepare the following tools:
spatula and trowel;
building level and plumb line;
lacing;
hammer drill or shovel;

roulette

You will also need a knitting wire and a container for preparing the solution.

Brief description of the methods and order of laying the furnace

The construction of a furnace can be carried out in several ways: Undercut masonry:
the seams are filled with mortar as much as possible, so there is no need for plastering. Masonry with empty joints:

the lower rows - the under-furnace part of the furnace - are laid out with ordinary red brick, which should not be the front one. In this case, the usual solution is also used - cement-sand. The next part - the combustion chamber - is laid with ceramic kiln brick

, and inside - fireclay. The solution is clay-sand. This solution has one feature: if it is not warmed up enough during the cold season, it will pick up moisture and gradually become limp.

Large heating and cooking stove In view of this, those parts of the furnace that do not heat up more than 200 - 250 degrees are placed using conventional cement-sand mortar

. To make it, mountain sand and Portland cement M400 are mixed. Decorative analogues cannot be used.

That part of the chimney, the temperature of which is 80 degrees or lower, like the first rows, is laid out with ordinary brick.

Any field kitchen is not complete without cooking over a fire. For convenience, you can make . Let's consider the manufacture of stationary and portable structures.

Let's talk about the advantages and disadvantages of wood-burning stoves for summer cottages.

Video on the topic

Types of furnaces There are several types of ovens. In this article we will look at these types of ovens in more detail. So the first type is once-through furnaces . They represent the most simple ovens As a result, the smoke did not enter the room, but escaped through the chimney to the street. True, along with this smoke, a significant part of the heat also went into the chimney. Also very often sparks and flames came out of the pipe. Therefore, such a furnace has the lowest coefficient useful action. In such a stove, the walls warm up over time, and only after a certain time does heat begin to appear in the room.

The second type of furnace is channel furnaces or ovens with revolutions. This type of furnace appeared immediately after direct-flow furnaces. In such a furnace, the smoke does not enter directly into the chimney, but first it passes through the channels in the furnace to the sides (maybe downwards). Then the smoke comes out into the chimney. During this time, the smoke cools significantly, and most of the heat remains in the oven itself. The efficiency of such a furnace is much higher than in the previous version. But you should be aware that such a stove is not suitable for use in a bathhouse.

The third type of furnace is bell furnaces. Bell furnaces appeared in the 20-30s. 20th century. But at the very beginning of their use they were used only in metallurgical industry. And already in the middle of the 20th century, these stoves began to be used in domestic conditions. In such a furnace, hot smoke rises to the top and fills a closed hood. After it cools down, the smoke begins to fall down, because... Hotter smoke comes from below. At the bottom of the cap there are undercuts. Through them, smoke enters the chimney or into the second hood, which is located above the first. This mechanism of action is easy to see in practice. To do this, you need to take a burning cigarette and place it under a glass turned upside down. The smoke will begin to rise, filling the entire volume of the glass. Once the smoke reaches the bottom, it will begin to move down and then out. Bell-type stoves differ from channel stoves in that in the first stoves the movement of smoke does not occur under the influence of the chimney draft, but in a free way. Therefore, these stoves are easier to light, and they also create less smoke into the room when they are lit. In channel furnaces, the source of draft is a heated pipe. Until the pipe warms up, there will be no draft. Also, the more revolutions the pipe makes, the higher the pipe itself should be. It is more difficult to warm up such a pipe. Consequently, such stoves are more difficult to light than bell-type stoves.

Therefore, when constructing channel furnaces, it is necessary to take into account the correspondence of the length and number of revolutions with the height of the pipe in order to provide the necessary draft for it. It turns out that the more revolutions, the higher the efficiency of the furnace, therefore, the more difficult it is to create normal draft in it. In bell-type furnaces, the height of the pipe should be determined only by such a factor that the side wind does not create backdraft.

It is usually accepted that all stoves are made of brick. Furnaces made of metal appeared much later. Such stoves are called potbelly stoves. Potbelly stoves warm up the room faster, but they also cool down much faster, almost immediately after the fire stops. Metal furnaces are most often direct-flow. Consequently, they have a lower efficiency than brick stoves. Their main advantage lies in the fact that metal stoves can be purchased in a store and are easy to install. Brick kilns must be built on site.

The fourth type of furnace is heating and sauna stoves. These stoves are classified into two more types - household heating and sauna stoves. So, household heating stoves include simple heating stoves, cooking ovens and Russian stoves. These ovens can be combined with each other. For example, you can build a heating and cooking stove. All these stoves are aimed at heating the room. The operating principle of sauna stoves is different. The main function of a sauna stove is to ensure heating of the stones that are located inside the stove. It is for this reason that sauna stoves, in their design, can be classified closer to metallurgical stoves than to household heating stoves. In such furnaces, much more heat is released onto the materials. Therefore, when building a sauna stove, it is necessary to take into account other features. The more the stones are heated, the better the steam in the sauna. The walls of the oven also warm up and heat the steam room.

Therefore, when building a sauna stove, it is important to achieve maximum temperature stones, then it will be possible to ensure the appropriate temperature of the outer walls of the furnace. The most common mistake when constructing sauna stoves is that the outer walls of the stove heat up too much, because the stones turn out to be colder. As a result, the steam in such a bath turns out damp and heavy. If the stove is too hot, then, naturally, it should not be heated. This situation leads to deterioration in steam quality.

The fifth type of furnace is stoves and fireplaces. Fireplaces can also be classified as heating stoves, but only formally. The design of fireplaces has few similarities with heating and sauna stoves. The common element they have in common is the blower and the pipe. As we know, heat transfer can occur in two ways, in particular, by convection and by radiation. With convective heat transfer, heat spreads due to the movement of heated air. With radiative heat transfer, heat propagates linearly from the radiation source. For example, heat from sunlight is completely radial, because There is no air and a huge distance between the Earth and the Sun. Due to the atmosphere on Earth, convective heat also arises. You can easily feel the difference between these two types of heat transfer. A simple example, go into the shadows and then stand under the straight lines Sun rays. Accordingly, in different time The feeling of warmth will be different throughout the year. The heated walls of the furnace are capable of radiating radiant heat. They warm the air, creating convective heat. In traditional heating stoves Most of the heat is convective, while fireplaces have more radiant heat. IN metal furnaces more radiant heat occurs than in brick kilns. People tolerate convective heat in large quantities better than a large number of radiant heat. In small quantities, radiant heat creates a more pleasant sensation. The higher the room temperature rises, the less radiant heat there should be. For this reason, fireplaces are often used not for heating purposes, but for decorative element premises.

IN different countries and the history of the stoves is different, although, in general, they all have something in common: a niche for fuel, a chimney, and more modern ones have an ash pan and a valve in the pipe. Furnaces are divided into three types: cooking, heating and cooking-heating. At first, the third type was used everywhere, a universal hearth - a stone stove, with a wide hearth, a spacious opening and a fairly spacious firebox, where cooking was carried out on spits and in cauldrons suspended on a hook fixed in the vault. But then noticeable changes began to occur, for example, we now have the famous Russian stove (also a cooking and heating stove), albeit without a chimney, fired “black”. In the 18th century, the “Swedish” became widespread among the European population. comfortable theme that the cooking part was located in the kitchen, and the room behind the wall was heated by a built-in heating “shield”. At the same time, Europeans began to use “Dutch stoves” (mostly for heating purposes), which eventually took root in St. Petersburg. By the way, in some places the hearths are still used today.

With each century, stoves changed more and more rapidly; they were no longer developed by craftsmen from the people, but by experienced engineers, some of whom were nobles and even had military ranks, such as General Amosov. The stove, created by the latter and named after him, heated the Winter Palace, creating quite summer temperatures there in the most severe frosts. Today, some types of stoves are almost unsuitable for home use due to their large dimensions (Amosov stove) or low efficiency (conventional hearth). However, for example, fireplace-type stoves are quite good for a summer house or small country house: large entrance doors, the lower compartment has a direct chimney channel, the upper chamber has a connection to the pipe, closed by a damper. With the doors and damper closed, you get a stove with decent heat transfer, but as soon as you open the doors and the chimney of the upper chamber, you will see brick fireplace, almost does not heat the room, but creates comfort. Another option for a similar combination is a stove-fireplace, however, this has a slightly different design, the fireplace is simply attached to the stove and can give comfort at the same time as heating the room, and if there is a cooking niche, cooking can be carried out in parallel.

Home heating stoves - it's all in the walls

The hearth is capable of maintaining an acceptable temperature in only one room; the Russian stove is designed for a house up to 25 square meters, from three or four rooms (accordingly, one or two should be walk-through). Why such difference? It's all about the walls, or more precisely, their thickness. The thinner the furnace lining, the faster it heats up, but it also cools down just as quickly.. Respectively, thin-walled furnaces you have to heat it constantly, which is quite wasteful. Let's consider those options that allow you to save at least a little on fuel; these can include heat storage stoves of the simplest design and calorifier and convection complex heating systems. Let's start with something simple. Heat storage stoves, such as Russian, “Dutch” and “Swedish” (quite an international list) are made using brick, while the masonry can be prepared in advance for plastering, thick layer which allows you to retain heat longer. Tiles and tiles are also often used for decoration.

In general, brick does an excellent job of accumulating heat, but if you put tiles on top, heat transfer will take a little longer, especially since ribbed surfaces with back side tiles significantly increase the area of heat radiation. In the past, tiles were used for the same purpose - small tiles made of fired clay, very reminiscent of modern tiles. For example, the efficiency of a Russian stove for heating a house is 68%, which is equivalent to the full efficiency of a modern thermal power plant operating on solid fuel. “Dutch” and “Swedish” work somewhat differently; in the thickness of the body there are several vertical channels connected in series, through which hot air moves in a countercurrent, in other words, first in an upward flow, then downward along the next bend, and so on.

Warming up of the walls takes a long time, followed by long-term heat release; if the thickness of the masonry is large enough, the heat is accumulated for up to 36 hours with little fuel consumption.

Furnaces of particularly complex design, only for heating

Heating stoves of the heater type have existed for a long time, creating a heating system for the Winter Palace, General Amosov received an improved model of the heater, but it is known that palaces were heated using a similar method in ancient times. The design of the furnace is quite complex; it looks like two buildings, one of which is located inside the other. Moreover, the outer one can be brick, and the inner one can be metal; there are also completely metal models covered with tiled tiles, fastened with special hinges without the use of mortars. The features of the calorific furnace are the almost absolute tightness of the firebox, as a result of which once loaded firewood during the combustion process is completely processed into something unusual for them. gas state. For this purpose, in the upper part there is a special afterburning chamber, where the product obtained from the solid fuel gas. There is no ash pan in such furnaces as it is unnecessary.

With such economical burning of wood, the firewood holder for the fireplace that decorates the interior can be filled very infrequently, as a result of which there is no need to go out into the cold for logs several times a day. The benefits of the heater are obvious and it would seem to be beyond competition, but it still has a rival, and this is a fireplace, albeit of the convection type. Inside the walls of such a fireplace there is a void, a chamber, covering the entire fireplace or its upper part. Air enters there through holes located in the lower part of the chamber, after which the heated air masses rise upward to special air ducts, distributed throughout the room in uniform flows. If you equip such a fireplace with a glass door that completely isolates the firebox from environment, you can achieve an effect similar to what happens inside a calorific stove - complete and very slow burning of wood. True, a convection fireplace still needs an ash pan; fuel is not burned in it to a gaseous state.