The analogy is direct. Synectics is a form of searching for new ideas using analogies.

Another extraordinary way to generate ideas, along with such techniques as brainstorming and Edward De Bono's six hats method The synectics method is used. The synectics method is used to solve problems and find new ideas by using analogies and transferring the tasks you face to ready-made solutions, existing in various fields and areas. Synectics is a combination of dissimilar and sometimes even incompatible elements in the process of setting and solving problems.

To more clearly explain the essence of this method, you can refer to the example of its application by the founder of synectics, William Gordon, who used it to create Pringles chips.

Before the Kellogg Company (famous American manufacturer breakfast cereals) was faced with an impossible task - how to make and package potato chips in order to reduce the volume of air filled into the package, while making it more compact and avoiding crumbling of the product. To solve this problem, William Gordon was brought in, who in 1961 wrote his famous book, “Synectics: Developing the Creative Imagination,” and a little later created the company Synectics Inc., which teaches creative thinking and provides services for the development of innovative ideas (today the company’s clients corporations such as IBM, General Electric, Zinger and many others). As an analogy for creating new chips, Gordon chose the process of placing fallen leaves in a plastic bag. If the leaves placed in the bag are dry, certain difficulties arise - they break and fly away, but when the leaves are wet, they are soft and easily take the shape of the neighboring leaf. If you remove leaves after rain, you will need few garbage bags, because raw leaves leave much less air between them and are packed more compactly. This analogy gave rise to Pringles chips - molding and wetting dry potato flour solved the packaging problem.

Appeared in the early 50s of the last century as a result of many years of work by William Gordon on improvement brainstorming method. Important distinctive feature The method we are considering today is that the synectics method is used to solve specific problems and is not aimed at using objective patterns of development various systems. And a more or less prepared and permanent group of trained specialists should work on its application (despite this, a common person Having become familiar with the techniques of synectics, he will be able to adopt some techniques to solve some of his problems and tasks). In this sense, synectics is a professional activity, and brainstorming is just a collective initiative. It is also worth noting that, unlike brainstorming, criticism is allowed in synectics. And, of course, main feature The essence of the synectics method is the use of comparisons and analogies. Orienting their flexible minds to the problem at hand, a group of synectists use four types of analogies when discussing.

Types of analogies of the synectics method

The fact that existing analogies completely cover the experience and thoughts of people will become more understandable if this classification is explained as follows: direct and fantastic are real and unreal analogies, and subjective and symbolic are corporeal and abstract. However, we are not talking about their fundamental nature, since the regular practice of using the synectics method gradually expands the range of tools and makes it possible to develop more and more new techniques in-depth study and analysis of objects and phenomena.

Formation of a synectic team

The process of forming a group of synectors includes three phases:

1. The first is the selection of group members. Special tests are used, attention is paid to the presence of a variety of knowledge, general erudition, a sufficient level of education, experience in experimental activities and flexibility of thinking. People are chosen as sinectors different professions and preferably with two incompatible specialties, for example, a physicist, an economist-engineer or a musician-chemist.
2. The second phase of forming a group of synectors is their training. In Russia, the synectics method has not taken root (its own educational and methodological developments are absent, and existing world experience is rarely ignored), however, in the West, both small companies, so large corporations spend a lot of money on training their specialists in special institutions. For example, in the USA, the training of synectic groups lasts about a year and consists of full-time and correspondence sessions. The first ones are carried out in training centers, and then the students undergo practical training in their companies, solving theoretical and real problems.
3. The final phase is the introduction of the group into a real environment. A company that has sent its specialists for training or has ordered a ready-made team (this can be a one-time or regular collaboration) receives it under certain conditions to work on its own projects.

The history of the development of synectics shows that the application of creative thinking in enterprises and the use of special units increases the likelihood of success in the field of problem setting and problem solving, demonstrating the effect of synergy.

What are the special conditions created for the synectic procedure:

• Mandatory initial abstraction of participants from problems and tasks.
• Restraint of opinions and refusal to make final conclusions.
• Naturalness and ease in discussions, a predisposition to play out and simulate the situation.
• Manifestation of rationality in judgments.

As we see, rationality appears only in final stage synectic procedure. Before this, images, metaphors and analogies are used.

Stages of the synectics method

Like any other creative method of generating ideas, the synectics method consists of several stages, which, since its creation, have been constantly improved and modified. If we take the phases of the synectic process as they are described by William Gordon, in his book “Synectics: The Development of the Creative Imagination,” they look like this:

Currently, the stages of the synectics method are simplified and look more understandable. Although in reality this method is very difficult to use. It’s not for nothing that the training of synector groups lasts a whole year. If the owner large enterprise decides to use this method, he will somehow need to find experienced specialists who will train staff in all the intricacies of synectics. An ordinary person can use analogies to solve creative problems, which are important tool synectics method.

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Techniques of using analogies refer to methods of psychological activation of creative thinking. The most interesting method using analogies is “Synectics” - a method of solving inventive problems and searching for new business ideas by a group of specialists who widely use various types of analogies. This method was proposed by W. Gordon (USA) in 1952. It is based on the property of the human brain to establish connections between words, concepts, feelings, thoughts, impressions, that is, to establish associative connections. This leads to the fact that a single word, observation, etc. can cause in the mind a reproduction of previously experienced thoughts, perceptions, and “turn on” rich information from past experience to solve the task. Analogy is a good stimulator of associations, which in turn stimulate creativity. There are many examples of analogies, among which the following can be noted:

Direct analogy, in accordance with which a search for solutions to similar problems, business ideas, examples of similar processes in other fields of knowledge is carried out with further adaptation of these solutions to one’s own problem.

Personal analogy suggests imagining yourself as the object with which the problem is connected, and trying to talk about “your” feelings and ways to solve a technical problem or business problem.

Symbolic analogy differs in that when formulating an inventive task or business problem, images, comparisons and metaphors are used that reflect its essence. Using a symbolic analogy allows you to more clearly and concisely describe the problem at hand.

Fantastic analogy suggests entering into inventive problem or a business problem, fantastic means or characters performing what is required by the conditions of the problem. The meaning of this technique is that the mental use of fantastic means often helps to detect false or excessive restrictions that interfere with finding a solution to a problem or coming up with a new business idea.

On initial stage“Synectics” analogies are used to most clearly identify and assimilate the essence of the problem being solved by participants. Obvious solutions are abandoned. Then, in the process of a specially organized discussion, the main difficulties and contradictions that impede the solution are identified. New formulations of the problem are developed and goals are defined. In the future, with the help of special questions that evoke analogies, ideas and solutions are searched for. The resulting solutions are evaluated and verified. If necessary, the problem is returned to be discussed again and the ideas obtained earlier are developed.

To successfully use analogies in solving both technical and business problems, special training is required, as well as a person’s ability for imagination and imaginative thinking.

Synectics.

1. How can you “magically” remove the murder weapon—a bullet—in a detective novel?

2. To travel on the dark side of the Moon you need lighting lamps. What fantastic designs can you offer?

In the mid-50s. William Gordon (USA) proposed a new method for finding creative solutions - synectics. Translated from Greek, this word means “combination of heterogeneous elements.”

Synectics is based on brainstorming. But for synectics, permanent groups of people are formed (the optimal composition is 5-7 people) of various specialties with mandatory preliminary training. After training, a sinector may well bear the title of “professional generator of new ideas.”

Let's list some of the qualities of a synector: the ability to abstract, mentally separate from the subject of discussion; rich fantasy; the ability to switch, move away from obsessive ideas; the habit of finding the unusual in the ordinary and the ordinary in the unusual; associative thinking; a tolerant attitude towards ideas expressed by comrades; erudition, broad outlook.

Synectors use analogies in their work.

Analogy - similarity, correspondence of two objects (phenomena) in some properties or relationships. In mathematics, analogy is used to prove, for example, the similarity of triangles and angles; in physics, the structure of the atom is presented by analogy with the structure of the solar system; in technology, many objects are built by analogy with biological objects. The skillful use of analogies allows you to cover a huge number of objects, compare them with those being studied, find something similar and use them in solving problems.

The essence of the method— finding a solution that is close in essence by sequentially finding analogues (similarities) in various areas knowledge or study of the action (behavior) of an object in altered conditions, even fantastic ones.

Thus, synectics is brainstorming carried out using analogies. We will present the types of analogies and the actions of the synector schematically.

Direct analogy . The object (process) under consideration is compared with a similar one from another field of technology or from living nature to find a sample solution.

For example, given a task: a mixture of iron ore particles and water—pulp—moves through a pipeline. The damper that regulates this flow wears out very quickly, and to replace it you have to stop the process. How to make the damper permanent?

In its search, the synectics group will consider how plant stems, in particular tree trunks, are protected from environmental influences; how the esophaguses of animals that eat “prickly” food are structured, etc. Something similar can be used to protect the flap from friction and abrasion.

Personal analogy (empathy). The sinector imagines itself as a technical object (for example, an airplane, a lunar rover) and tries to understand how it would act in these circumstances. This is how actors “immerse” themselves in the image of their hero, living with his feelings, thoughts, and sensations.

Imagining ourselves as a screen, we would first dodge the blows, and then pick up a shield to repel the ore particles. This image contains the key to the solution. In actual practice, the valve was magnetized, and it was covered with ore particles like armor. This layer was constantly worn away by friction, but was again replaced by new particles captured magnetic field flaps.

Symbolic analogy . It is required to define the object (concept) in a paradoxical, metaphorical form, highlighting its essence. The definition must consist of two words (usually an adjective and a noun), where one word contradicts the content of the other, i.e. the connection between words must contain something unexpected, surprising (see table).

Thus, to prevent wear of the pulp valve in the process of searching for figurative characteristics of process protection, the following metaphors were proposed: living armor, invisible chain mail, growing shell. The last analogy suggested technical solution: Apply coolant to the damper to protect it with a layer of accumulating ice.

Fantastic analogy . We need to present the object being changed as we would like to see it in an ideal case, without taking into account existing limitations and possibilities (availability of energy sources, necessary conditions, physical laws, etc.). After formulating a fantastic analogy, it is necessary to find out what prevents the solution found from being transferred to real conditions and try to get around this obstacle.

Examples. The German astronomer I. Kepler, who discovered the laws of planetary motion, likened attraction celestial bodies mutual love. He compared the sun, planets and stars with various forms of God. These comparisons led Kepler to the idea of ​​introducing the concept of force (gravity) into astronomy.

In the 17th century The movement of blood in the body was compared to the ebb and flow of the sea. The English physician and physiologist W. Harvey introduced new analogy- pump - and came to the fundamental idea of ​​continuous blood circulation.

Progress in solving the synectic problem.

1. Synectors clarify and formulate the problem as it is given (PKD). The peculiarity of this stage is that no one except the leader is privy to the specific conditions of the task. It is believed that premature specific formulation of a problem makes abstraction difficult and does not allow one to escape from the usual course of thinking.

2. Synectors formulate the problem as they understand it (PKP). Consider ways to turn an unfamiliar and unusual problem into a series of more common problems. Essentially, at this stage the problem is divided into sub-problems.

3. Generation (promotion and accumulation) of ideas is underway. Excursions begin into a variety of areas of technology, nature, and psychology to identify how similar problems are solved in these areas that are far from the given task. All kinds of analogies are used.

4. Ideas identified at the generation stage are translated into PKD and PKP. At this stage, critical evaluation of ideas, consultations with experts, and experiments are carried out.

Synectics, synectors, qualities of synectors, association, analogy, direct analogy, personal analogy (empathy), symbolic analogy, fantastic analogy, PKD, PKP.

Practical work

The class is divided into groups of 4-5 people. Each group must come up with and write down within 5 minutes greatest number symbolic analogies (metaphors) for one of the objects (board, clock, book, map, window).

Within 5-7 minutes, each group must find and write down the largest number of examples of using the analogy technique.

2. Problem "Ballast".

In Siberian conditions, the railway embankment is laid on soil with permafrost, which thaws by 40-50 cm from above in the summer. During autumn rains, the embankment is completely saturated with moisture. In the European part of the country, where there is no permafrost, most of the moisture from the embankment goes into the ground, only a small part of the moisture remains in the embankment. In Siberia, the moisture has nowhere to go, and it remains in the embankment. In winter, with the onset of frost, the moisture freezes, expands in volume and swells the railway track. The normal functioning of the railway is disrupted. What should I do?

Find the answer using the “personal analogy” technique (imagine yourself as the soil of an embankment).

SYNECTICS

Synectics organizes people whose profession is generating ideas. The author of synectics, William J. Gordon, used brainstorming as a prototype. In 1961 W. Gordon's book "Synectics - the development of creative imagination" was published in the USA. The book presented an approach to organizing the creative process, rules of work and training for synectors.

A sinector is a person with a broad outlook, who, as a rule, has two specialties (for example, a mechanic doctor, a chemist-musician, etc.) under the age of 35. Synectors can work productively for 5 - 7 years, after which they are recommended to take up another type of activity.

The word "synectics" Greek origin and means the combination of incompatible concepts and elements.

The essence of synectics is to create conditions and prerequisites for groupthink. This turns out to be possible due to the fact that the set of psychological states of a person in the process of creativity turns out to be similar to different people. These states are defined as follows:

1. DETACHMENT. A feeling that the inventor describes as "being distant (from something)."

2. ENGAGEMENT. Intimacy is defined by "How would I feel if I were a spring? I can't get rid of my own springiness."

3. POSTPONEMENT. The feeling of having to stop yourself from jumping to a final conclusion.

4. SCOPE OF WORK. The awareness that the task will definitely be solved one way or another, but only after a certain amount of work has been completed.

5. REFLECTION. Repeated attempts to force the mind to act freely ("What would happen if the altimeter was just a spring?...").

6. OBJECT AUTONOMY. A feeling described by an inventor at the end of his work, when the problem itself approaches a conceptual solution ("I feel like this thing is all on its own, completely outside of me...").

Gordon's main merit lies in the fact that he was the first to consciously use the psychophysiological activation of the creative process.

It has been established that achieving a goal is preceded by two interconnected mental states. At the initial stage, this is awareness of the correctness of the path, which at the next stage turns into insight, illumination. This is accompanied by high positive emotions and elation. In synectics, such psychological states are cultivated and artificially induced in order to solve a given creative task.

The main tools or operators of synectics are the concepts of analogies. Synectors are trained in professional mastery of all known types of analogies.

Analogy means the similarity of two objects in some of their properties or relationships. Currently, there are four types of analogies.

Direct analogy.

The use of direct analogy is associated with a free associative search in the field of impressions of the external world, based on the similarity of external forms, functions and procedures performed.

One of the most common is direct functional analogy. To use it, you must first determine what functions the object of the invention should perform, and then look for who or what in the outside world performs the same or similar functions. You should look primarily in third-party branches of knowledge - biology, geology, astronomy. Biology is known as the most productive. As a result, a whole science was born - bionics.

Example. It was necessary to create a device that could detect the approach of a storm. It turned out that in nature the common jellyfish very accurately predicts a storm - 10 - 15 hours in advance. Studies have shown that jellyfish are very sensitive to infrasonic waves with a frequency of 8-13 Hz. It remains to develop a device with appropriate sensitivity, which was done.

Another common type of analogy is direct structural analogy.

Examples. Multi-tiered towers Shukhov V.G. similar in structure to plant stems; honeycomb walls and radiators - honeycombs; the drill bit is modeled after the teeth of extinct lizards.

The use of structural analogy suggests that, having found out the approximate structure of the device, they look for similar structures in the surrounding world that the best way perform assigned tasks.

Another type of analogy is direct analogy of external form, when a newly created object is made similar in appearance to an already known one whose properties it is desirable to obtain.

Example- artificial jewelry (rhinestones), synthetic fabrics.

Determine what type of analogy the following examples belong to:

the first rams accurately reproduced the foreheads of rams;

in the best excavator designs, in the middle part of the bucket there are semicircular teeth, the central pair of which are extended in relation to the others, like incisors, fangs, tusks;

modern lattice forms of floors, bridges, large roofs gyms have their analogue to the elytra of a beetle;

the first machines for underground work threw the soil back; engineer Alexander Trebelev launched a mole into a box with compacted earth and X-rayed the box. It turned out that the mole was constantly turning his head, pressing the soil into the walls of the tunnel, which was a good decision for “artificial mole”;

inventor Ignatiev A.M. scratched by a kitten, I thought: why are the claws of a cat, the teeth of a squirrel and a hare, and the beak of a woodpecker always sharp? He concluded that self-sharpening occurs due to the multi-layer structure of teeth: harder layers surrounded by softer ones. During operation, these latter experience less load than solid ones, which is why the initial sharpening angle does not change. Ignatiev embodied this principle in self-sharpening cutters.

submarines copy the configuration and quality of the skin (outer and inner, thicker and more spongy, sponge-like; inner layer changes its configuration depending on the water pressure when the dolphin moves, reduces turbulence and friction with water) in dolphins;

bats - ultrasonic location;

There are still natural phenomena that a person would willingly use if he understood:

the most durable steel inferior in specific strength to spider webs (tensile strength to weight ratio);

marine glue stuck;

the bug finds the victim, guided by the temperature difference between the end and the base of its proboscis. This corresponds to measuring temperature with an accuracy of over 1: 1000°C.

the cold light of a firefly.

polar bear skin.

The author came up with electronic beam scanning for television when he was plowing a potato field, consistently digging up long rows of beds.

Personal analogy (empathy)

Personal analogy presupposes personal identification of the inventor with the elements of the problem, which frees him from mechanical, external analysis of it. Identifying yourself with a technical object is not just calling yourself some part technical system or process. This means finding in yourself some echo of what the system is doing, understanding the difficulties and unwanted effects that arise through your difficulties. It's similar to how an actor gets into character before a performance.

Rational teaching methods crowd out empathy, and most adults lose this skill by the age of 25. For synectors, this gap is eliminated through special training.

SIMULATION USING LITTLE PEOPLE (LMH)

The practice of using empathy in solving educational and production problems shows that empathy can be not only useful, but sometimes also harmful. The fact is that by identifying himself with a particular machine (or part of it) and considering possible changes to it, the inventor unwittingly selects those that are acceptable to humans and discards those that are unacceptable to him. human body, for example, cutting, crushing, dissolving in acid. The indivisibility of the human body makes it difficult to successfully use empathy in solving many problems.

The shortcomings of empathy are eliminated in modeling using little people (LM). Its essence is to imagine an object in the form of a multitude (crowd) of little people. This model retains the virtues of empathy and does not have its inherent disadvantages.

Spontaneous cases of the use of MMC are known from history. The first is Kekule’s discovery of the structural formula of benzene (he saw a cage with monkeys, who grabbed their paws and tails and formed a ring).

The second is Maxwell’s thought experiment during his development of the dynamic theory of gases (“Maxwell’s “demons”).

For modeling it is important that small particles see, understand, and can act. It is associated with a person. By using MMC, the inventor uses empathy at the micro level, which is a powerful technique.

The technique of using MMC comes down to the following operations:

1. Select a part of the object that cannot perform the required opposite actions; imagine this part in the form of many “little people”.

2. Divide the MP into groups that act (move) according to the conditions of the task, i.e. bad, as specified.

3. Consider the resulting task model (picture with MP) and rearrange it so that conflicting actions are performed, i.e. the contradiction was resolved.

4. Go to technical answer.

Usually they make a series of drawings - “it was”, “it should be” and combine them to make it “as it should be” or “it became”.

When wiring radio elements to printed circuit boards a failure occurs: after one or two re-solderings, the copper printed conductor (contact pad) is torn off from the dielectric base. After this, the board cannot be repaired. What should I do?

Let's consider the process of thinking when making a decision.

The first question that arises is: why does the copper conductor come off, or rather, what does it take off? This only happens when heated, during the tin soldering process. How can tin tear off a printed conductor?

Let's imagine a row of copper men, they hold each other tightly. And on top are tin men, who must drag up the copper men in order to tear them off. They do this only when the thermal field of the soldering iron “orders” them to. But when melting, the tin men, on the contrary, try to get closer, tend to the center of the layer. When can they separate? When cooling. But not only tin is cooled, but also copper. The tin men shrink, and the copper men shrink. Then the tin should come off the copper, and the copper should come off the board. Why? What matters here is which of the people is more strongly connected to each other. Metals adhere to each other more strongly than metal and plastic. This means that copper and tin hold each other tightly, but behave differently. Let's try to draw this.

To the problem of applying the MMP

It turns out that the tin men, when cooling, “bend” the copper men. This is a bimetallic strip. Two metals with different coefficients of linear expansion are connected and bend when heated. The folding begins from the edges, and then the entire track is torn off.

What to do? Clearly, instead of tin, it is necessary to have solder with the same linear expansion coefficient as copper.

It is also possible to make copper tracks in grooves with the profile “ dovetail” and they will never come off.

The MMC method has not yet been fully explored; there is a lot of mystery in it. For example, in problems of measuring length, it is better to represent the selected part of an element not as a continuous line of people, but through one. It’s even better if the men are arranged in the form of a triangle. And even better - an irregular triangle (with unequal or curved sides).

Fantastic analogy

A specialist solving an inventive problem must be aware of which laws of the surrounding world are in conflict with the ideal solution to this problem. The sinector needs to temporarily distance himself from existing inconsistencies in order to prevent them from stopping the process of creative work. A fantastic analogy serves to facilitate this process.

The essence of the fantastic analogy is to use fabulous means to solve the problem (for example, with a magic wand, goldfish), defining the final result, the goal. Thus, in synectics the construction operator is implemented purely functional model desired solution. Another direction in which the apparatus of fantastic analogies is developing is the denial of physical laws that prevent one from approaching a solution or create a feeling of familiarity and ease of the problem being solved.

Example. Creating an airtight fastener for an astronaut suit.

Symbolic analogy

A symbolic analogy uses objective and impersonal images to describe a problem. At the same time, the synector forms a specific response to the problem, which should be concise, figurative, contradictory, with great emotional and heuristic meaning \\.

The purpose of symbolic analogy is to discover paradox, ambiguity, and contradiction in the familiar. Actually, a symbolic analogy is a two-word definition of an object. Each of the words is a characteristic of an object, and in general they form a contradiction, they are opposites. Other names for this analogy are “book title,” a technique for finding a metaphor.

Examples. Grinding wheel - precise roughness ** ratchet - reliable discontinuity ** flame - transparent wall, visible warmth ** marble - rainbow constancy ** strength - forced integrity ** multitude - prudent limitation ** receptivity - involuntary readiness ** atom - energetic insignificance.

There are no clear rules that allow us to formulate a symbolic analogy for a given object. There are a set of recommendations and auxiliary techniques that are given below.

First of all, it is revealed main function object, the action for which it was created. Almost all objects perform not one, but several main functions, and it is desirable to see them all.

After this, it is determined whether the object has oppositequality, whether the inverse function of one of the main ones is executed. Their combination will be the basis of the symbolic analogy.

In a broader sense, the mechanism of symbolic analogy is the representation of an object in the form of a symbol, image, sign, pictogram. This is why a symbolic analogy can also be expressed in the form of a drawing.

Note: Symbolic analogies themselves have been known for a very long time, much earlier than synectics. In linguistics, such combinations are called “oxymotrons” - they are used to make speech more expressive. For example, “Ringing silence”, “Blinding haze”, etc.

Example. Search for a valve design to regulate pulp flow. Living armor* *Invisible chain mail* *Permanent diaper* *Growing armor*. The last analogy suggested a technical solution: supply a cooling agent to the damper - it will be covered with a layer of ice, protecting it from abrasion and being restored as it is destroyed.

To form a volumetric comprehensive presentation about the object of research and to develop the skills of identifying technical objects, information about which is given in figurative form, is carried out with students practical lessons. The goal of the seminar is to identify an object from a presented list of specially selected oxymotrons (metaphors). For example, “running stillness, converging parallels, convex track, horizontal staircase, unchosen path, flat bearing, double loneliness, leaping smoothness, continuous knocking, curved straightness, rocking hardness” - this is the railway.

Object - fan

Analogies: frozen stream, air fountain, refreshing speed, solid wind, discharged pressure, tabletop draft, frozen whirlwind, annoying pleasure, electric wind, warm coolness.

Object - mirror

Living portrait, brilliant darkness, flat container, flat container, moving photograph, reflective dust collector, double unity, non-magnetic magnet, compressed distance, limited infinity, screaming muteness, universal double.

The object is the center line of the highway.

Safe barrier, flat barrier, discontinuous continuity, horizontal vertical, crooked axis, flat traffic light, twisting stillness, permeable barrier.

The object is a cloud.

Opaque nothingness, thundering weightlessness, a torrential umbrella, a changing sculpture, a snow-white eclipse, leaden lightness, a flying reservoir, disparate unity, motionless movement.

Object - method.

An intangible instrument, a dumb prompter, an armless assistant, a powerful nobody, a permissive prohibition, a fictional reality, an exact inaccuracy, a motionless guide, an intangible lever.

Psychological research shows that the two hemispheres of the human brain process information using two different strategies.

The left hemisphere processes data in a sequential, gradual manner. It operates best with logical, verbal and analytical categories. This is a direct and slow way of communication.

The right hemisphere processes information in a simultaneous, holistic manner. It operates better with images, metaphors, meanings, intuition, etc. This is indirect and quick way communications.

The hemispheres communicate with each other, they work simultaneously, but each processes its own specialized share of information.

To simplify, we can say that the left hemisphere assimilates verbal information, contained in significant quantities in technical disciplines, and the right hemisphere assimilates the meanings that the teacher consciously or unconsciously transmits. This could be, for example, motives, personal assessment, social assessment, etc. Such information can directly influence a person’s subconscious thinking and attitudes. This increases a person’s intellectual resources, because each student can process images in his own way and extract from them the meanings that correspond to his internal personal situation.

It should be noted that the psychological mechanism imaginative thinking has been used for teaching since ancient times. An example is the ancient Chinese collection of koans (small parables, stories), which is called “The Iron Flute” and contains information about behavioral strategies for all occasions.

Synectors work according to a specific program, which has been improved over time, just like the training program for the synectors themselves.

At the first stage, synectors formulate and clarify the problem as it is given (PKD). The peculiarity of this stage is that no one except the leader is privy to the specific conditions of the task, so as not to complicate abstraction and allow one to escape from the usual way of thinking.

At the second stage, the problem is formulated as it is understood (PKP). Consider ways to turn an unfamiliar and unusual problem into a series of more common problems. Each participant is required to find and formulate one of the goals of the problem posed. Essentially, at this stage the problem is divided into sub-problems.

At the third stage, ideas are generated. Are used different kinds analogies from those discussed earlier.

At the fourth stage, the ideas identified during the generation process are transferred to the PKD or PKP. An important element of this stage is the critical assessment of ideas by experts.

Part of the time, synectors study and discuss the results obtained, consult with specialists, experiment, and search the best ways implementation of solutions.

Often the final solution that synectors arrive at seems so natural that it is difficult to escape the impression that it could have been obtained without ingenious analogy procedures. However, the services of Synectic Inc. are constantly used by many well-known American companies.

EXPRESSIONS AND METAPHORS FOR TRAINING AT IMAGINATIVE THINKING SEMINARS

It’s not the weapon that shoots, it’s the consciousness that shoots (motto of the American intelligence services)

The formulated problem is solved (slogan of synectors)

A person can have whatever he wants, if he doesn’t have something, it means he doesn’t want it enough (NLP principle).

God punishes man by fulfilling his desires.

The map is not the territory (NLP postulate)

There are no defeats - there is only feedback

Magicians exist, magic does not, there are only features of human perception (NLP)

“Shotokan” - “Waves and Pines” (the name of the karate school)

Think before you think (Art. Jerzy Lec)

To answer a question correctly, you need to know half the answer (R. Sheckley)

Experience is not what happened to you, it is what you do with what happened to you. (Aldous Huxley, NLP)

An example of programming consciousness using verbal formulations.

If you are so smart, then why are you poor? Option: If you're smart, show me your money.

Proverbs reflecting various programs of consciousness.

Choosing the lesser of two evils (Russian)

There is no need to choose between two evils (French)

An example of engineering consciousness programming.

Measure seven times - cut once (Russian)

First cut, then measure (American)

Teachers win wars (German)

An example of alternative metaphors for one phenomenon

1.Freedom is the opportunity to do what is better paid for.

2.Freedom is the opportunity to do what you like, and not what you pay well for.

STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS

Creativity under conditions of sharply limited time resources.

The hierarchy of motives (according to Leontiev) is changing

Examples - artist Aubrey Beardslane - show drawings. Nadya Rusheva, 16 years old, poems and drawings.

Creativity in conditions of unlimited time resources.

“Monastery work” - gold embroidery, embroidery with beads and small river pearls, embroidered, woven carpets, icons, bedspreads, fine silk lace.

An example is the organization of work in sharashkas (invented by L. Beria), see articles and memoirs of academicians. Closed cities. Mailboxes. Not only secrecy, but also the cultivation of a “monastic creative consciousness.”

FUNCTIONAL COST ANALYSIS

Functional cost analysis (FCA) is a method of systematic research of an object (product, process, structure) aimed at increasing the efficiency of use of material and labor resources. Source – “Basic provisions of the methodology for conducting functional-cost analysis”, approved by Resolution No. 259 of the USSR State Committee for Science and Technology on June 29, 1982. (“Economic Newspaper”, 1982, No. 28, p. 19).

English economist V. Gage: “FSA is a concentrated attack on “excess” cost, primarily on that part of it that is associated with imperfect design.”

E. Miles, 1947 employee of the General Electric company, author of engineering cost analysis. He defined his method as “applied philosophy.” He believed that "cost analysis... is an organized creativity, the purpose of which is effective definition unproductive costs or costs that provide neither quality, nor usefulness, nor durability, nor appearance, nor other customer requirements."

1949-1952 Yu.M. Sobolev in the USSR created a method of element-by-element design development. The method is based on an individual approach to each structural element, dividing elements according to the principle of their functioning into main and auxiliary ones, and finding new, more profitable design and technological solutions as a result of analysis. Example. Yu.M. Sobolev used FSA on the microtelephone attachment point. He achieved a reduction in the list of parts used by 70%, material consumption by 42%, and labor intensity by 69%. As a result, the cost of the unit decreased by 1.7 times.

Form in electronic ...

Master class of Larisa Aleksandrovna Belova, Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School No. 31

(1 slide) Topic: “The synectics method as a way to activate the creative thinking of junior schoolchildren.”

(2 slide) “Children should live in a world of beauty, games, fairy tales, music, drawing, fantasy, and creativity. This world should surround the child even when we want to teach him to read and write. Yes, how a child will feel when climbing the first step of the ladder of knowledge, what he will experience, will determine his entire future path to knowledge.”

V.A. Sukhomlinsky

1. Introduction to the topic

Currently, our country needs people who can accept non-standard solutions who can think creatively.

Psychologists believe that creativity is not a natural quality of the mind,creativity can and should be learned as early as possible,otherwise it may fade away!

(3 slide) Creativity is “an activity that generates something qualitatively new and is distinguished by uniqueness, originality and cultural and historical uniqueness.”

The number one enemy of creativity is stereotyping, or psychological inertia, which manifests itself in thinking.

(4 slide) Help the teacher avoid these shortcomings when teaching schoolchildren, teach them create something new, create can various methods. One such method is the method synectics ( by William J. Gordon).

1. The synectics method is a way to activate creative thinking

(5 slide) Synectics is a system of creative thinking based on the assumption that all things, even the most dissimilar, are somehow connected to each other, physically, psychologically or symbolically.

An attempt to combine these views led Gordon to the idea of ​​“groupthink.”(6 slide) The method is based on the ability of the brain to establish associative connections and analogies that stimulate creativity.

(7 slide) The method uses four types analogies - direct, symbolic, fantastic, personal, which we very often use in Everyday life– in a normal conversation, when we want to explain things very clearly to our interlocutor. And if our analogy is successful, then the information will be instantly and firmly imprinted in the brain, thanks to the inclusion of emotional-figurative memory.

3. Exercises and games to better activate children’s creative thinking for studying, developing their personality, and improving their mood.

(8 slide) With direct analogy an object is compared with a similar object from another area in terms of some properties or relationships.

• Analogy in shape: icicle - brush, finger, pencil, beak, etc.(9 slide) circle - ???

• Structural analogy: (Environment World) “Inanimate nature in winter”, snow (snow cover) - salt, sugar, similar, cotton wool, blanket;

Wardrobe - mailbox, birdhouse, giant's bedside table, trash bin, clothes flat

• Functional: (10 slide) (Environment World) “Transport”, (movement) car - centipede, bicycle, bird, horse, ant, train;

Rooster - alarm clock, radio, sun, thunder.

• Color analogy:(11 slide) sun - dandelion, lamp, lemon, fox; leaf (summer) - cucumber, grapes, pear, bow ( The world, fine arts, literary reading)

• Analogy for various positions or states of phenomena and objects: a crowded bus - a herring in a barrel, toys in a box, things in a closet, cucumbers in a jar (The world around us, fine arts, literary reading)
• Complex direct analogy of objects: doors

A) in shape - chocolate, painting, table cover

B) by function - suitcase, mouth, eyelids, lid

C) by properties - (wooden - branch, pole, cabinet), (creaky - chair, wood), (iron - safe), (color - like a cloud, snow, ice cream, cotton wool)

formulate a phrase that literally reflects the essence of the phenomenon in a nutshell.

(12 slide) Symbolic analogyincludes generalized, abstract, verbal or graphic image of an object (signs). Is the teaching profession a symbol?

Signs "greater than", "less than".

I use verbal symbolic analogy in lessons literary reading: instead of a long text, you can make a short one (interjections). For example: “On the hill.”

(13 slide) Personal analogy ( empathy) need to get into rolesomeone or something.

Lesson about the world around us. Topic: “Where do birds winter?” You are a sparrow. You are a parrot. What did you eat, what did you do, where did you sleep?

You are a cat, a dog, a horse, a parrot.

Topic: "Pets." What did you eat, what did you do, where did you sleep? What would you like to receive from the owner?For example, what does the fish in the aquarium think about the inhabitants of the apartment?

Topic: "Home Hazards." What does he think gas stove about the residents of the apartment. Which people and things is she friends with and which ones does she not like? Why?