The main mysteries of the Russian language (8 photos). The main mysteries of the Russian language
"Word Riddles"Bratsk
2013
Goals:
Cultivating interest in learning the Russian language;
Formation of the ability to work in a group, express your thoughts in oral speech;
Development logical thinking, memory, attention, broadening one's horizons.
Progress of the event
1. Organizational moment.
Hello guys!
Today we will hold a competitive program in the Russian language, which is called “Word Riddles”.
Our goal competitive program so that each of you can show your ingenuity, ingenuity, acquire new knowledge, and expand your horizons.
Teams will compete with each other and score a certain number of points for each competition. The team that scored greatest number points will be the winner.
2.Introductory word
“We have been given possession of the richest, most accurate, powerful and truly magical Russian language,” Konstantin Paustovsky once said. And one cannot but agree with this. However, these riches are available only to those people who know how to carefully and accurately handle the Word.
Try to do this today.
3. Presentation to the jury.
4. Presentation of commands.
Each team presents its name, motto and announces the captain.
The teams take their places at the tables.
5.Competition program:
First competition: “Tell the alphabet”
One participant per team is invited, who will take turns recite the alphabet.
Whoever wins gets 3 points, who leaves the race second gets 2 points, and whoever leaves the race first gets 1 point.
Second competition: “Typesetter”
From the letters of the word transport make up as many new words as possible.
The teams are given 3 minutes, after which they read out the words one by one.
The team that gets the last word wins.
(1st place - 3 points, 2nd - 2b., 3rd - 1b.)
TRANSPORT (Sport, cake, mouth, nose, dispute, cable, grade, port, litter, growth, post, crust, ar, tone, note, trail).
Third competition: “Grammar arithmetic”.
Teams are given 2 minutes to think. For each correct answer 1 point.
HEDGEHOG – I + E + VIKA = (blackberry)
BOAR – AN + BOW = (heel)
KVA + RAK – AK + TIRA = (apartment)
SKULL – P + FLY = (cherry bird)
MEASLES – b + IDOL – L + P = (corridor)
DISPUTE + A – ROSA + AR + TA = (desk)
Fourth competition: “Rebuses”
(In presentation)
2 simple puzzles for each team.
2 each of medium difficulty.
3 complex rebus– who will answer first.
Fifth competition: “Captains Competition”
Captains draw 5 questions each. For each complete answer - 2 points.
1) Name pairs of consonants based on their voicedness and voicelessness? (d-t, b-p, g-k, z-s, v-f, w-sh) .
2) How many letters are there in the Russian language that do not represent sounds? (2-ъ,ь) .
3) How can you call both Tortilla and the slow person in one word?(turtle).
4)What proper names Can they belong to both a boy and a girl?(Sasha, Zhenya, Valya).
5) Which day of the week has a double consonant in its name?(Saturday).
6) How are people’s names and animal names written?
7) What signs are put at the end of the sentence?(.!?)
8) How to determine how many syllables a word has? (There are as many syllables in a word as there are vowels).
9) How is the word translated?(by syllables)
10) How do sounds differ from letters?(We pronounce and hear the sound, write and see the letter).
11) How are sounds indicated in writing?(In letters).
12) What letters can represent two sounds?(e, e, yu, i).
13) How many letters are in the Russian alphabet?(33).
14) How many syllables are in the word “car”?(3).
15)What rule applies when writing the word “bump”?(write shi with i).
16) How many vowels are there in the Russian language?(10).
17) How do you spell the first word in a sentence? (Capitalized).
18) A sign that is placed above one of the vowels in a word? (Accent) .
19) This is what the text consists of.(From proposals).
20) This is what the sentence consists of.(From words).
21) What letter cannot words begin with?(b,b,s)
Sixth competition: “Find the words”
The syllables got mixed up, got lost, and some strange words came out.
Try to form 2 new words from each set of syllables.
Teams are given 2 minutes to think. For each guessed set of syllables - 2 points.
SOROBAKA (magpie, dog) KOZARO (goat, rose)
KORONAVA (cow, crown) RAMAKI (crayfish, poppies)
BAKIRAN (ram, bagels) OSKOZLY (donkeys, goats)
KUTSARITSA (chicken, queen) NORAGA (leg, hole)
Seventh competition: “Make a proverb”
“You can’t live without a proverb,” people believed in the old days, and it’s hard to disagree with this. After all, these apt, laconic sayings contain the experience and wisdom of many generations. Imagine how much poorer our speech would be without proverbs and sayings. They say: “A proverb is an assistant to all matters.” It will help you too - it will decorate your speech, make it brighter.
In our task, the halves of the proverbs are mixed up, find them and connect them with an arrow.
Teams are given 3 minutes to think. For each correctly composed proverb - 1 point.
Peace builds, but war destroys
If you hurry, you will make people laugh
Don't have a hundred rubles, but have a hundred friends
Don't go into the forest if you're afraid of wolves
old friend better than the new two
Seven times measure cut once
You can't even pull a fish out of a pond without difficulty.
Eighth competition: “Anagrams”
Teams are given 5 minutes to think about the task. For each word guessed - 1 point.
NYOT-_________________ (notes)
ELOD-_________________ (case)
TMRA-_________________ (March)
OZHIVT-_________________ (stomach)
YTKAV-_________________ (pumpkin)
NIAVD -_________________ (sofa)
UDPYEL-________________ (poodle)
ZZDVAE-_________________ (star)
VAYANR- ________________ (January)
MIDOPOR - _____________ (tomato)
Reserve competition – “Rebuses”
6. Summing up. Awarding certificates.
Transport
sport cake nora it's time or
stop cable nose port ar
sleep trans nast post smallpox
dispute ladder note steam he
one hundred tone build up sweat she
variety trail wasp
dirty toast
Stan throne
moan
sling
start
mouth
company
height
report
dew
There are a lot of educational riddles for the Russian language on the Internet. The topics of these tasks are very different. There are riddles:
- about letters and the alphabet;
- about syllables and morphemes (prefix, root, suffix, etc.);
- about lexical units (antonyms, synonyms, homonyms, etc.);
- about parts of speech;
- about punctuation marks, etc.
Such tasks make lessons more interesting, thereby helping students better understand the school curriculum.
Let's give a few of these riddles with answers.
Riddles about letters
- Black, crooked,
Mute from birth.
And they will stand in a row -
They'll start talking in no time.
(Letters).
- If the vowel is hard to hear,
This vowel is very insidious,
After all, the word will be misspelled,
If the vowel is...
(Unstressed).
- The sounds stretch, sing,
They live without barriers.
They are red in color
These are sounds...
(Vowels).
- These letters are not easy to pronounce
The obstacle is teeth and tongue in their way.
There are twenty of them in the alphabet. They are all different,
And they are called...
(Consonants).
Riddles about parts of speech
- It answers the question “What to do?”
This is part of speech. For example, “found”.
Indicates the action of an item
And it is proudly called...
(Verb).
- Everything that is in the world
It means.
To the questions “Who?” So what?"
Answers clearly.
It always has
Both number and gender
So as not to be offended
People are on him.
Various cases -
As many as six at once.
For any occasion
He already has it.
(Noun).
- This artist
The whole world knows.
Color it with talent
Any subject.
Will always answer
The questions are:
“Which?”, “Which?”, “Which?”, “Which?”
(Adjective).
Riddles about punctuation marks
- The sign is simple - a hook and a dot,
I write it on the line.
If I suddenly ask something,
Then at the end I write it.
(Question mark).
- I wrote a letter to Seryozhka,
A little about business and friends.
At the end of the third leaf
I finished. I bet...
(Point).
- What a weather!
And a wonderful day!
I'll put it at the end
Another sign -...
(Exclamatory).
Other riddles about the Russian language
- His name is the winged word,
Everyone knows its meaning
The name sounds like an aphorism.
We call him...
(Phraseological units).
- We divide the word into parts.
This is great happiness.
Even a literate person can do it
Make a word from parts.
(Syllables).
- He is the sovereign of any language - our all-knowing...
(Dictionary).
- And in Russian we have
A very complex program.
We are in words from different phrases
We are looking together...
(Spelling).
"Riddles about the Russian language"
1. The black ones are all in a row,
They speak to us wisely. (Words)
2. We will insert foreign words into the text,
And we'll put them in quotation marks.
You guys know
What is in quotation marks is...(quote).
3. We divide the word into parts.
This is great happiness.
Every literate person can do it
Make a word from parts. (Syllables)
4. Black, curves,
Mute from birth.
And they will stand in a row -
They'll start talking in no time. (Letters)
5. He brings objects to life and attracts them into action. What should they do, he says. He strictly monitors everything himself. He has three tenses, and knows how to conjugate himself. Children go to school for a long time to learn...(verbs).
6. We entered the forest thicket. A growling bear roams there. There are well-trodden paths there. The hedgehog is scared and timid. There is a crawling ant and a singing nightingale. In these lines, I note, there is a special part of speech. (Participle)
7. Everything that exists, it designates. To the questions “Who?” So what?" answers clearly. It always has both a number and a gender, so that the people do not take offense at it. He already has as many as six cases for any occasion. (Noun)
I'm teaching. I look at my notebook.
I look serious.
"A", "B", "C", and in order
I repeat... (alphabet)
And in Russian we have
A very complex program.
We are in words from different phrases
We are looking together... (spelling)
Thirty-three girlfriends
Girly schoolgirls.
They will stand one after another,
All words will form. (Letters)
If we highlight a syllable
When reading it,
We denote with a stick
From above... (emphasis)
Words of the same part of speech.
But different meaning they have.
I'll say "cowardice"
You answer - “courage”
I'll say "sadness"
And you answered me - “joy”. (Antonyms)
If the vowel is hard to hear,
This vowel is very insidious,
After all, the word will be misspelled,
If the vowel is... (unstressed)
With a question of suggestion
I called them “interrogatives”.
I forgot in my excitement
Title... (“interrogative”)
It answers the question “What to do?”
This is part of speech. For example, “went.”
Indicates the action of an item
And it is proudly called... (verb)
More difficult than reading, more difficult than mathematics.
Science that can study language
It's simply called - ... (grammar)
I'm looking for the main members in a sentence.
There is no subject, it is hidden somewhere again.
It is combined with the predicate
Makes up... (grammatical basis)
The sign is: hook and dot,
I'll write it on the line.
If I ask something,
I write it at the end.
How many? Where? When? It's simple...
After those words - ... (question mark)
What a weather!
And the snow is wonderful!
I'll put it at the end
Another sign -... (exclamation)
I alone spoke
It was a monologue.
The interlocutor entered
The speech began -... (dialogue)
Part of the word known to everyone.
It may not exist at all,
It can be sound
Or maybe zero. (Ending)
It expresses the meaning of the word
And it’s called simply - ... (base)
Two brothers live next door
Words come into play every now and then.
One brother softens the sounds,
Another brother separates them. (Hard and soft signs)
I wrote a letter to Seryozhka,
A little about business and friends.
I didn't write many words
Well, five sheets came out.
At the end of the fifth leaf
I finished. I put... (period)
If we select the root,
We define the suffix
And we will find the console,
Let's circle the ending.
Our actions are not nonsense,
In terms of composition, then... (analysis)
Words explanation
The dictionary calls... ("meaning")
There are middle, female and male.
What, tell me, is it called? (Genus)
You parts of speech are a union,
Preposition, particle - remember.
You, schoolboy, wind it up,
Remember their names.
The names are not magical,
It's simpler. So:... (official)
We start every paragraph with it.
We remember it and know its name.
And any schoolboy will say correctly,
What is the indentation called... (red line)
Some of the text in the textbook is not new to us:
Maybe a paragraph, maybe half.
This is a “snippet” from the text of any
We call everything clear - ... (excerpt)
Work on mistakes
I did it all Saturday.
I've run out of patience
Ready... (corrections)
Russian language is one of the most difficult. And this is connected not only with vocabulary and syntax, but also with its history. Even for us, native speakers, much is still native language unclear and mysterious.
Message
Linguists have repeatedly noted the acrophonic principle of constructing the Old Russian alphabet and even saw in it a hidden “message to the Slavs.” Each of the letters of the Cyrillic alphabet has its own name, and if you read these names in alphabetical order, you get: “Az buki vede. The verb is good. Live well, earth, and, like people, think about our peace. Rtsy’s word is firm - uk f’at dick. Tsy, worm, shta ra yus yati.” One of the translations of this text is: “I know the letters: writing is a property. Work hard, earthlings, as you should reasonable people- comprehend the universe! Carry the word with conviction: knowledge is the gift of God! Dare, delve deeply in order to comprehend the light of existence!”
Which language is closer to the Slavic “ancestor”?
Between patriotic residents Slavic countries There has long been a debate: which language is closer to the original Slavic? Where did the differences between dialects in the territory come from? Eastern Rus'(i.e., present-day central Russia), Southern (modern Ukraine) and Western (now Belarus)? The fact is that in genesis national languages these countries involved different elements. In addition to the Slavs, Finno-Ugric tribes and Balts lived in Rus'. Nomads from the southern steppes often visited here. The Tatar-Mongol conquerors not only plundered and ravaged Rus', but also left behind many linguistic borrowings. The Swedes, Germans, Poles - European neighbors, also enriched the Russian language with new words. What Substantial part present-day Belarus was historically under the rule of Poland, and Southern Rus' was constantly subject to raids by nomads, which could not but affect the local languages. As they say, whoever you play with. But don't get too upset. The fact that our language today is so far from its progenitor is not an accident or the result of a Masonic conspiracy, but the result of the painstaking work of many talented people who created Russian literary language in the form in which it exists now. If it were not for the reforms inspired by them, we would not have the poetry of Pushkin, the prose of Tolstoy, or the drama of Chekhov. Who created the language we speak today?
The first "dismissal of letters"
In the 18th century, Peter I came to power. He began transformations in all spheres of life, and did not ignore the Russian language. But his reforms concern only outside, they do not penetrate into the very essence of the language: its syntax, vocabulary, grammar. Peter I simplifies the spelling by getting rid of the Greek letters psi, xi and omega. These letters did not represent any sounds in the Russian language, and their loss did not impoverish the language at all. Peter tried to get rid of a number of letters of the Russian alphabet: “Earth”, “Izhitsa”, “Fert”, and also removed the superscripts, but under pressure from the clergy these letters had to be returned. The alphabetic reform made life easier not only for schoolchildren of Peter the Great’s time (they had to learn fewer letters), but also for printing houses, which no longer had to print extra characters that were not pronounced when reading. Lomonosov responded about this as follows: “Under Peter the Great, not only the boyars and boyars, but also the letters, threw off their wide fur coats and dressed up in summer clothes.”
Why was the reform needed?
The real reform is taking place through the efforts of writers and poets of the 18th century: Trediakovsky, Lomonosov, Karamzin. They create the Russian literary language and “consolidate success” with their works. Before that, the Russian language, due to constant contacts with Western Europe, was in a chaotic state. In it, vernacular forms coexisted with book ones, borrowings from German, French, and Latin were used along with Russian analogues. Trediakovsky changes the very principle of Russian versification, adopting and adapting the European syllabic-tonic system - based on the regular alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables. Lomonosov divides all words of the Russian language into three groups: the first group included those rarely used, especially in colloquial speech, but understandable to literate people: “I open,” “I call.” To the second - words common to Russian and Church Slavonic language: “hand”, “now”, “read”. And to the third group he included words that have no analogues in church books, that is, Russian words, not originally Slavic: “I speak”, “stream”, “only”. Thus, Lomonosov distinguishes three “calms”, each of which was used in certain literary genres: the high calm was suitable for odes and heroic poems, the middle calm was used to write dramatic works, prose - in general, all works where it is necessary to depict living speech. Low calm was used in comedies, satire, and epigrams. Finally, Karamzin enriches the Russian language with neologisms, he abandons Church Slavonic vocabulary, and the syntax of the language in his works approaches the “lighter” French. It is to Karamzin that we owe, for example, the appearance of the words “falling in love” or “sidewalk.”
Difficult letter "Y"
Karamzin was one of the ardent “fans” of the letter “e”, but he was not its inventor at all. In 1783, one of the first meetings of the Academy of Russian Literature took place. Its founder was Ekaterina Dashkova. Together with the most famous writers of her time: Derzhavin and Fonvizin, the princess discussed the project of the Slavic-Russian dictionary. For convenience, Ekaterina Romanovna suggested replacing the sound designation “io” with one letter “e”. The innovation was approved general meeting Academy, Dashkova’s innovative idea was supported by Derzhavin, who began to use “ё” in his works. It was he who was the first to use the new letter in correspondence, and was also the first to type a surname with an “е”: Potemkin. At the same time, Ivan Dmitriev published the book “And My Trinkets”, imprinting all the necessary points in it. And finally, it became widely used after it appeared in Karamzin’s poetry collection. The new letter also had its opponents. Minister of Education Alexander Shishkov is said to have furiously leafed through the numerous volumes of his library and with his own hand crossed out two dots above the letter. There were also many conservatives among the writers. Marina Tsvetaeva, for example, fundamentally wrote the word “devil” with an “o”, and Andrei Bely, for the same reasons, “zsolty”. Printing houses also don’t like the letter, because it causes them to waste extra paint. In pre-revolutionary primers, it was banished to the very end of the alphabet, in the same company as the dying “Izhitsa” and “fita”. And these days its place is in the very corner of the keyboard. But not everywhere the letter “е” is treated with such disdain - in Ulyanovsk there is even a monument to it.
The secret of "Izhitsa"
In Lunacharsky's famous 1918 decree on changes in the Russian language, there is no mention of the letter V (“Izhitsa”), which was the last letter in the pre-revolutionary alphabet. By the time of the reform, it was extremely rare, and could be found mainly only in church texts. In the civilian language, “Izhitsa” was actually used only in the word “miro”. Many saw a sign in the Bolsheviks’ silent refusal of “izhitsa”: Soviet authority as if she was refusing one of the seven sacraments - confirmation, through which the Orthodox are given the gifts of the Holy Spirit, designed to strengthen him in spiritual life. It is curious that the undocumented removal of “Izhitsa,” the last letter in the alphabet, and the official elimination of the penultimate one, “fits,” made the final alphabetical letter- "I". The intelligentsia saw in this another malicious intent of the new authorities, who deliberately sacrificed two letters in order to put at the end the letter expressing the human personality, individuality.
The secret of Russian swearing
Almost the entire 20th century was dominated by the version that the words that we call obscene came into the Russian language from the Mongol-Tatars. However, this is a misconception. Swearing is already found in Novgorod birch bark documents dating back to the 11th century: that is, long before the birth of Genghis Khan. The very concept of “checkmate” is quite late. From time immemorial in Rus' it was called “barking obscene”. Initially swear language exclusively included the use of the word "mother" in a vulgar, sexual context. The words denoting the genital organs, which we today refer to swearing, did not refer to “swearing.” There are a dozen versions of the checkmate function. Some scientists suggest that swearing appeared at the turn of society’s transition from matriarchy to patriarchy and initially meant the authoritative assertion of a man who, having undergone the ritual of copulation with the “mother” of the clan, publicly announced this to his fellow tribesmen. There is also a hypothesis according to which “swearing” had a magical, protective function and was called “dog tongue”. In the Slavic (and Indo-European in general) tradition, dogs were considered animals of the “afterlife” and served the goddess of death Morena. There is one more word that is unfairly classified today as swearing. For the purposes of self-censorship, let’s call it the “B” word. This lexeme quietly existed in the elements of the Russian language (it can even be found in church texts and official state documents), having the meanings “fornication”, “deception”, “delusion”, “heresy”, “error”. People often used this word to refer to dissolute women. Perhaps during the time of Anna Ioannovna this word began to be used with greater frequency and, probably, in the latter context, because it was this empress who banned it.
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I'm teaching. I look at my notebook.
I look serious.
"A", "B", "C", and in order
I repeat... (alphabet)
And in Russian we have
A very complex program.
We are in words from different phrases
We are looking together... (spelling)
Thirty-three girlfriends
Girly schoolgirls.
They will stand one after another,
All words will form. (Letters)
If we highlight a syllable
When reading it,
We denote with a stick
From above... (emphasis)
Words of the same part of speech.
But they have different meanings.
I'll say "cowardice"
You answer - “courage”
I'll say "sadness"
And you answered me - “joy”. (Antonyms)
If the vowel is hard to hear,
This vowel is very insidious,
After all, the word will be misspelled,
If the vowel is... (unstressed)
With a question of suggestion
I called them “interrogatives”.
I forgot in my excitement
Title... (“interrogative”)
It answers the question “What to do?”
This is part of speech. For example, “went.”
Indicates the action of an item
And it is proudly called... (verb)
More difficult than reading, more difficult than mathematics.
Science that can study language
It's simply called - ... (grammar)
I'm looking for the main members in a sentence.
There is no subject, it is hidden somewhere again.
It is combined with the predicate
Makes up... (grammatical basis)
The sign is: hook and dot,
I'll write it on the line.
If I ask something,
I write it at the end.
How many? Where? When? It's simple...
After those words - ... (question mark)
What a weather!
And the snow is wonderful!
I'll put it at the end
Another sign -... (exclamation)
I alone spoke
It was a monologue.
The interlocutor entered
The speech began -... (dialogue)
Part of the word known to everyone.
It may not exist at all,
It can be sound
Or maybe zero. (Ending)
It expresses the meaning of the word
And it’s called simply - ... (base)
Two brothers live next door
Words come into play every now and then.
One brother softens the sounds,
Another brother separates them. (Hard and soft signs)
I wrote a letter to Seryozhka,
A little about business and friends.
I didn't write many words
Well, five sheets came out.
At the end of the fifth leaf
I finished. I put... (period)
If we select the root,
We define the suffix
And we will find the console,
Let's circle the ending.
Our actions are not nonsense,
In terms of composition, then... (analysis)
Words explanation
The dictionary calls... ("meaning")
There are middle, female and male.
What, tell me, is it called? (Genus)
You parts of speech are a union,
Preposition, particle - remember.
You, schoolboy, wind it up,
Remember their names.
The names are not magical,
It's simpler. So:... (official)
We start every paragraph with it.
We remember it and know its name.
And any schoolboy will say correctly,
What is the indentation called... (red line)
Some of the text in the textbook is not new to us:
Maybe a paragraph, maybe half.
This is a “snippet” from the text of any
We call everything clear - ... (excerpt)
Work on mistakes
I did it all Saturday.
I've run out of patience
Ready... (corrections)