What is the speed of fire spread in residential buildings. Determination of the linear speed of combustion propagation

fire chemical combat control

The rate of growth of the fire area is the increase in the fire area over a period of time and depends on the speed of combustion spread, the shape of the fire area and the effectiveness of combat operations. It is determined by the formula:

Where: V sn- growth rate of fire area, m 2 /min; DS n is the difference between subsequent and previous values ​​of the fire area, m 2 ; Df - time interval, min.

333 m 2 /min

2000 m 2 /min

2222 m 2 /min

Fig 2.

Conclusion from the graph: The graph shows that a very high rate of fire development occurred in the initial period of time, this is explained by the properties of the burning material (flammable liquid-acetone). The spilled acetone quickly reached the premises and the fire development was limited fire walls. The reduction in the rate of fire development was facilitated by the rapid introduction of powerful water trunks and correct actions site personnel (the emergency drain was activated and the fire extinguishing system was started, but it did not work automatically, the supply ventilation was turned off).

Determination of the linear speed of combustion propagation

When studying fires, the linear speed of propagation of the flame front is determined in all cases, since it is used to obtain data on the average speed of combustion propagation at typical objects. The spread of combustion from the initial point of origin in different directions can occur at different speeds. Maximum speed combustion propagation is usually observed: when the flame front moves towards the openings through which gas exchange occurs; by fire load

This speed depends on the fire situation, the intensity of the supply of fire extinguishing agents, etc.

The linear speed of combustion propagation, both during the free development of a fire and during its localization, is determined from the relationship:

where: L is the distance traveled by the combustion front in the time period under study, m;

f 2 - f 1 - time period in which the distance traveled by the combustion front was measured, min.

Calculations of forces and means are performed in the following cases:

• when determining the required amount of forces and means to extinguish a fire;
• during operational-tactical study of an object;
• when developing fire extinguishing plans;
• in the preparation of fire-tactical exercises and classes;
• when carrying out experimental work to determine the effectiveness of extinguishing agents;
• in the process of investigating a fire to assess the actions of the RTP and units.

Calculation of forces and means for extinguishing fires of solid flammable substances and materials with water (spreading fire)

• • characteristics of the object (geometric dimensions, nature of the fire load and its placement at the object, location of water sources relative to the object);
  • time from the moment a fire occurs until it is reported (depends on the availability of the type of security equipment, communication and alarm equipment at the facility, the correctness of the actions of the persons who discovered the fire, etc.);
  • linear speed of fire spread Vl;
  • forces and means provided for by the schedule of departures and the time of their concentration;
  • intensity of fire extinguishing agent supply Itr.

1) Determination of the time of fire development at various points in time.

The following stages of fire development are distinguished:

• 1, 2 stages free development of fire, and at stage 1 ( t up to 10 minutes) the linear speed of propagation is taken equal to 50% of its maximum value (tabular), characteristic of a given category of objects, and from a time of more than 10 minutes it is taken equal to the maximum value;
• Stage 3 is characterized by the beginning of the introduction of the first trunks to extinguish the fire, as a result of which the linear speed of fire propagation decreases, therefore, in the period of time from the moment the first trunks are introduced until the moment of limiting the spread of the fire (the moment of localization), its value is taken equal to 0,5 V l . When localization conditions are met V l = 0 .
• Stage 4 – fire extinguishing.

t St. = t update + t report + t Sat + t sl + t br (min.), where

• tSt.– time of free development of the fire at the time of arrival of the unit;
• tupdate – time of fire development from the moment of its occurrence to the moment of its detection ( 2 minutes.– in the presence of APS or AUPT, 2-5 min.– with 24-hour duty, 5 minutes.– in all other cases);
• treport– time of reporting a fire to the fire brigade ( 1 min.– if the telephone is located in the duty officer’s premises, 2 minutes.– if the telephone is in another room);
• tSat= 1 min.– collection time personnel on alarm;
• tsl– travel time of the fire department ( 2 minutes. on 1 km of way);
• tbr– combat deployment time (3 minutes when feeding the 1st barrel, 5 minutes in other cases).

2) Distance determination R traversed by the combustion front during the time t .

at tSt.≤ 10 min:R = 0,5 ·Vl · tSt.(m);

at tbb> 10 min:R = 0,5 ·Vl · 10 + Vl · (tbb – 10)= 5 ·Vl + Vl· (tbb – 10) (m);

at tbb < t* ≤ tlok : R = 5 ·Vl + Vl· (tbb – 10) + 0,5 ·Vl· (t* – tbb) (m).

• Where t St. – time of free development,
• t bb – time at the moment of introduction of the first trunks for extinguishing,
• t lok – time at the time of localization of the fire,
• t * – the time between the moments of localization of the fire and the introduction of the first trunks for extinguishing.

3) Determination of the fire area.

Fire area S p – this is the area of ​​​​the projection of the combustion zone onto a horizontal or (less often) vertical plane. When burning on several floors, the total fire area on each floor is taken as the fire area.

Fire perimeter R p – this is the perimeter of the fire area.

Fire front F p – this is part of the fire perimeter in the direction(s) of combustion propagation.

To determine the shape of the fire area, you should draw a scale diagram of the object and plot the distance from the location of the fire on a scale R traversed by fire in all possible directions.

In this case, it is customary to distinguish three options for the shape of the fire area:

• circular (Fig. 2);
• corner (Fig. 3, 4);
• rectangular (Fig. 5).

When predicting the development of a fire, it should be taken into account that the shape of the fire area may change. Thus, when the flame front reaches the enclosing structure or the edge of the site, it is generally accepted that the fire front straightens and the shape of the fire area changes (Fig. 6).

a) The area of ​​the fire with a circular form of fire development.

SP= k · p · R 2 (m2),

• Where k = 1 – with a circular form of fire development (Fig. 2),
• k = 0,5 – with a semicircular shape of fire development (Fig. 4),
• k = 0,25 – with an angular form of fire development (Fig. 3).

b) Fire area at rectangular shape fire development.

SP= n b · R (m2),

• Where n– number of directions of fire development,
• b– width of the room.

c) Fire area with a combined form of fire development (Figure 7)

SP = S 1 + S 2 (m2)

a) The area of ​​fire extinguishing along the perimeter with a circular form of fire development.

S t = kp· (R 2 – r 2) = k ·p··h t · (2·R – h t) (m 2),

• Where r = R – h T ,
• h T – depth of extinguishing trunks (for hand trunks – 5 m, for fire monitors – 10 m).

b) Fire extinguishing area around the perimeter for a rectangular fire development.

ST= 2 hT· (a + b – 2 hT) (m2) – along the entire perimeter of the fire ,

Where A And b are the length and width of the fire front, respectively.

ST = n·b·hT (m 2) – along the front of the spreading fire ,

Where b And n – respectively, the width of the room and the number of directions for feeding the barrels.

5) Determination of the required water flow to extinguish the fire.

QTtr = SP · Itr – atS p ≤S t (l/s) orQTtr = ST · Itr – atS p >S t (l/s)

Intensity of supply of fire extinguishing agents I tr – this is the amount of fire extinguishing agent supplied per unit of time per unit of design parameter.

Distinguish the following types intensity:

Linear – when a linear parameter is taken as a calculated parameter: for example, front or perimeter. Units of measurement – ​​l/s∙m. Linear intensity is used, for example, when determining the number of shafts for cooling burning tanks and oil tanks adjacent to the burning one.

Superficial – when the fire extinguishing area is taken as a design parameter. Units of measurement – ​​l/s∙m2. Surface intensity is used most often in fire extinguishing practice, since in most cases water is used to extinguish fires, which extinguishes the fire along the surface of burning materials.

Volumetric – when the extinguishing volume is taken as a design parameter. Units of measurement – ​​l/s∙m3. Volumetric intensity is used primarily for volumetric fire extinguishing, for example, with inert gases.

Required I tr – the amount of fire extinguishing agent that must be supplied per unit of time per unit of the calculated extinguishing parameter. The required intensity is determined based on calculations, experiments, statistical data based on the results of extinguishing real fires, etc.

Actual I f – the amount of fire extinguishing agent that is actually supplied per unit of time per unit of the calculated extinguishing parameter.

6) Determining the required number of guns for extinguishing.

A)NTst = QTtr / qTst– according to the required water flow,

b)NTst= R p / R st– along the perimeter of the fire,

R p - part of the perimeter for extinguishing which guns are inserted

R st =qst / Itr ∙ hT- part of the fire perimeter that is extinguished with one barrel. P = 2 · p L (circumference), P = 2 · a + 2 b (rectangle)

V) NTst = n (m + A) – in warehouses with rack storage (Fig. 11) ,

• Where n – number of directions of fire development (introduction of trunks),
• m – number of passages between burning racks,
• A – the number of passages between the burning and adjacent non-burning racks.

7) Determining the required number of compartments for supplying barrels for extinguishing.

NTdepartment = NTst / nst department ,

Where n st department – the number of barrels that one compartment can supply.

8) Determination of the required water flow for the protection of structures.

Qhtr = Sh · Ihtr(l/s),

• Where S h – protected area (floors, coverings, walls, partitions, equipment, etc.),
• I h tr = (0,3-0,5) ·I tr – intensity of water supply to protection.

9) The water yield of a ring water supply network is calculated using the formula:

Q to the network = ((D/25) V in) 2 [l/s], (40) where,

• D – diameter of the water supply network, [mm];
• 25 is a conversion number from millimeters to inches;
• V in is the speed of movement of water in the water supply system, which is equal to:
• – at water supply pressure Hв =1.5 [m/s];
• – with water supply pressure H>30 m water column. –V in =2 [m/s].

The water yield of a dead-end water supply network is calculated using the formula:

Q t network = 0.5 Q to network, [l/s].

10) Determination of the required number of trunks to protect structures.

Nhst = Qhtr / qhst ,

Also, the number of barrels is often determined without analytical calculation for tactical reasons, based on the location of the barrels and the number of protected objects, for example, one fire monitor for each farm, and one RS-50 barrel for each adjacent room.

11) Determination of the required number of compartments for supplying trunks to protect structures.

Nhdepartment = Nhst / nst department

12) Determining the required number of compartments to perform other work (evacuation of people, material valuables, opening and dismantling of structures).

Nldepartment = Nl / nl department , NMCdepartment = NMC / nMC department , NSundepartment = SSun / SSun dept.

13) Determination of the total required number of branches.

Ngenerallydepartment = NTst + Nhst + Nldepartment + NMCdepartment + NSundepartment

Based on the results obtained, the RTP concludes that the forces and means involved in extinguishing the fire are sufficient. If the forces and means are not enough, then the RTP makes a new calculation at the time of arrival of the last unit at the next increased number (rank) of the fire.

14) Comparison of actual water consumption Q f for extinguishing, protection and drainage of the network Q water fire water supply

Qf = NTst· qTst+ Nhst· qhst ≤ Qwater

15) Determination of the number of ACs installed on water sources to supply the calculated water flow.

Not all the equipment that arrives at a fire is installed at water sources, but only the amount that would ensure the supply of the calculated flow rate, i.e.

N AC = Q tr / 0,8 Q n ,

Where Q n – pump flow, l/s

This optimal flow rate is checked according to accepted combat deployment schemes, taking into account the length of the hose lines and the estimated number of barrels. In any of these cases, if conditions permit (in particular, the pump-hose system), combat crews of arriving units should be used to operate from vehicles already installed at water sources.

This will not only ensure the use of equipment at full capacity, but will also speed up the deployment of forces and means to extinguish the fire.

Depending on the fire situation, the required consumption of fire extinguishing agent is determined for the entire fire area or for the fire extinguishing area. Based on the results obtained, the RTP can conclude that the forces and means involved in extinguishing the fire are sufficient.

Calculation of forces and means for extinguishing fires with air-mechanical foam in an area

(fires that do not spread or conditionally lead to them)

Initial data for calculating forces and means:

• fire area;
• intensity of supply of foaming agent solution;
• intensity of water supply for cooling;
• estimated extinguishing time.

In case of fires in tank farms, the design parameter is taken to be the area of ​​the liquid surface of the tank or the largest possible area of ​​flammable liquid spillage during fires on aircraft.

At the first stage of combat operations, the burning and neighboring tanks are cooled.

1) The required number of barrels to cool a burning tank.

N zg stv = Q zg tr / q stv = n ∙ π ∙ D mountains ∙ I zg tr / q stv , but not less than 3 trunks,

Izgtr= 0.8 l/s ∙ m – required intensity for cooling a burning tank,

Izgtr= 1.2 l/s ∙ m – required intensity for cooling a burning tank during a fire in ,

Tank cooling W res ≥ 5000 m 3 and it is more expedient to carry out fire monitors.

2) The required number of barrels for cooling the adjacent non-burning tank.

N zs stv = Q zs tr / q stv = n ∙ 0,5 ∙ π ∙ D SOS ∙ I zs tr / q stv , but not less than 2 trunks,

Izstr = 0.3 l/s ∙ m is the required intensity for cooling the adjacent non-burning tank,

n– the number of burning or neighboring tanks, respectively,

Dmountains, DSOS– diameter of the burning or adjacent tank, respectively (m),

qstv– productivity of one (l/s),

Qzgtr, Qzstr– required water flow for cooling (l/s).

3) Required number of GPS N gps to extinguish a burning tank.

N gps = S P ∙ I r-or tr / q r-or gps (PC.),

SP– fire area (m2),

Ir-ortr– required intensity of supply of foam agent solution for extinguishing (l/s∙m2). At t vsp ≤ 28 o C I r-or tr = 0.08 l/s∙m 2, at t vsp > 28 o C I r-or tr = 0.05 l/s∙m 2 (see Appendix No. 9)

qr-orgps – GPS productivity for foaming agent solution (l/s).

4) Required amount of foaming agent W By to extinguish the tank.

W By = N gps ∙ q By gps ∙ 60 ∙ τ R ∙ K z (l),

τ R= 15 minutes – estimated extinguishing time when applying high-frequency MP from above,

τ R= 10 minutes – estimated extinguishing time when applying high-frequency MP under the fuel layer,

K z= 3 – safety factor (for three foam attacks),

qBygps– capacity of the gas station for foaming agent (l/s).

5) Required amount of water W V T to extinguish the tank.

W V T = N gps ∙ q V gps ∙ 60 ∙ τ R ∙ K z (l),

qVgps– GPS productivity for water (l/s).

6) Required amount of water W V h for cooling tanks.

W V h = N h stv ∙ q stv ∙ τ R ∙ 3600 (l),

Nhstv – total trunks for cooling tanks,

qstv– productivity of one fire nozzle (l/s),

τ R= 6 hours – estimated cooling time for ground tanks from mobile fire fighting equipment (SNiP 2.11.03-93),

τ R= 3 hours – estimated cooling time for underground tanks from mobile fire fighting equipment (SNiP 2.11.03-93).

7) The total required amount of water for cooling and extinguishing tanks.

WVgenerally = WVT + WVh(l)

8) Approximate time of possible release T of petroleum products from a burning tank.

T = ( H – h ) / ( W + u + V ) (h), where

H – initial height of the flammable liquid layer in the tank, m;

h – height of the bottom (commercial) water layer, m;

W – linear speed of heating of the flammable liquid, m/h (tabular value);

u – linear burnout rate of flammable liquid, m/h (tabular value);

V – linear speed of level decrease due to pumping, m/h (if pumping is not performed, then V = 0 ).

Extinguishing fires in premises with air-mechanical foam by volume

In case of fires in premises, they sometimes resort to extinguishing the fire using a volumetric method, i.e. fill the entire volume with air-mechanical foam of medium expansion (ship holds, cable tunnels, basements, etc.).

When supplying HFMP to the volume of the room there must be at least two openings. VMF is supplied through one opening, and through the other, smoke and excess air pressure are displaced, which contributes to better promotion VMP indoors.

1) Determination of the required amount of GPS for volumetric extinguishing.

N gps = W pom ·K r/ q gps ∙ t n , Where

W pom – volume of the room (m 3);

K p = 3 – coefficient taking into account the destruction and loss of foam;

q gps – foam consumption from GPS (m 3 /min.);

t n = 10 min – standard fire extinguishing time.

2) Determining the required amount of foaming agent W By for volumetric extinguishing.

WBy = Ngps ∙ qBygps ∙ 60 ∙ τ R∙ K z(l),

Hose capacity

Appendix No. 1

Capacity of one rubberized hose 20 meters long depending on diameter

Throughput, l/s	Sleeve diameter, mm
	51	66	77	89	110	150
	10,2	17,1	23,3	40,0	–	–

Application № 2

Resistance values ​​of one pressure hose 20 m long

Sleeve type	Sleeve diameter, mm
	51	66	77	89	110	150
Rubberized	0,15	0,035	0,015	0,004	0,002	0,00046
Non-rubberized	0,3	0,077	0,03	–	–	–

Application № 3

Volume of one sleeve 20 m long

Appendix No. 4

Geometric characteristics of the main types steel vertical tanks (RVS).

No.	Tank type	Tank height, m	Tank diameter, m	Fuel surface area, m2	Tank perimeter, m
1	RVS-1000	9	12	120	39
2	RVS-2000	12	15	181	48
3	RVS-3000	12	19	283	60
4	RVS-5000	12	23	408	72
5	RVS-5000	15	21	344	65
6	RVS-10000	12	34	918	107
7	RVS-10000	18	29	637	89
8	RVS-15000	12	40	1250	126
9	RVS-15000	18	34	918	107
10	RVS-20000	12	46	1632	143
11	RVS-20000	18	40	1250	125
12	RVS-30000	18	46	1632	143
13	RVS-50000	18	61	2892	190
14	RVS-100000	18	85,3	5715	268
15	RVS-120000	18	92,3	6691	290

Appendix No. 5

Linear velocities of combustion propagation during fires at facilities.

Object name	Linear speed of combustion propagation, m/min
Administrative buildings	1,0…1,5
Libraries, archives, book depositories	0,5…1,0
Residential buildings	0,5…0,8
Corridors and galleries	4,0…5,0
Cable structures (cable burning)	0,8…1,1
Museums and exhibitions	1,0…1,5
Printing houses	0,5…0,8
Theaters and Palaces of Culture (stages)	1,0…3,0
Combustible workshop coatings large area	1,7…3,2
Combustible roof and attic structures	1,5…2,0
Refrigerators	0,5…0,7
Woodworking enterprises:
Sawmill shops (buildings I, II, III SO)	1,0…3,0
The same, buildings of IV and V degrees of fire resistance	2,0…5,0
Dryers	2,0…2,5
Procurement shops	1,0…1,5
Plywood production	0,8…1,5
Premises of other workshops	0,8…1,0
Forest areas (wind speed 7...10 m/s, humidity 40%)
Pine forest	up to 1.4
Elnik	up to 4.2
Schools, medical institutions:
Buildings of I and II degrees of fire resistance	0,6…1,0
Buildings of III and IV degrees of fire resistance	2,0…3,0
Transport facilities:
Garages, tram and trolleybus depots	0,5…1,0
Hangar repair halls	1,0…1,5
Warehouses:
Textile products	0,3…0,4
Paper in rolls	0,2…0,3
Rubber products in buildings	0,4…1,0
The same in stacks in an open area	1,0…1,2
Rubber	0,6…1,0
Inventory assets	0,5…1,2
Round timber in stacks	0,4…1,0
Lumber (boards) in stacks at a humidity of 16...18%	2,3
Peat in stacks	0,8…1,0
Flax fiber	3,0…5,6
Rural settlements:
Residential area with dense buildings of fire resistance class V, dry weather	2,0…2,5
Thatched roofs of buildings	2,0…4,0
Litter in livestock buildings	1,5…4,0

Appendix No. 6

Intensity of water supply when extinguishing fires, l/(m 2 .s)

1. Buildings and structures
Administrative buildings:
I-III degree of fire resistance	0.06
IV degree of fire resistance	0.10
V degree of fire resistance	0.15
basements	0.10
attic spaces	0.10
Hospitals	0.10
2. Residential buildings and outbuildings:
I-III degree of fire resistance	0.06
IV degree of fire resistance	0.10
V degree of fire resistance	0.15
basements	0.15
attic spaces	0.15
3.Livestock buildings:
I-III degree of fire resistance	0.15
IV degree of fire resistance	0.15
V degree of fire resistance	0.20
4.Cultural and entertainment institutions (theatres, cinemas, clubs, palaces of culture):
scene	0.20
auditorium	0.15
utility rooms	0.15
Mills and elevators	0.14
Hangars, garages, workshops	0.20
locomotive, carriage, tram and trolleybus depots	0.20
5.Industrial buildings areas and workshops:
I-II degree of fire resistance	0.15
III-IV degree of fire resistance	0.20
V degree of fire resistance	0.25
paint shops	0.20
basements	0.30
attic spaces	0.15
6. Combustible coatings of large areas
when extinguishing from below inside a building	0.15
when extinguishing from outside from the coating side	0.08
when extinguishing from outside when a fire has developed	0.15
Buildings under construction	0.10
Trade enterprises and warehouses	0.20
Refrigerators	0.10
7. Power plants and substations:
cable tunnels and mezzanines	0.20
machine rooms and boiler rooms	0.20
fuel supply galleries	0.10
transformers, reactors, oil circuit breakers*	0.10
8. Hard materials
Paper loosened	0.30
Wood:
balance at humidity, %:
40-50	0.20
less than 40	0.50
lumber in stacks within one group at humidity, %:
8-14	0.45
20-30	0.30
over 30	0.20
round timber in stacks within one group	0.35
wood chips in piles with a moisture content of 30-50%	0.10
Rubber, rubber and rubber products	0.30
Plastics:
thermoplastics	0.14
thermosets	0.10
polymer materials	0.20
textolite, carbolite, plastic waste, triacetate film	0.30
Cotton and other fiber materials:
open warehouses	0.20
closed warehouses	0.30
Celluloid and products made from it	0.40
Pesticides and fertilizers	0.20

* Supply of finely sprayed water.

Tactical and technical indicators of foam supply devices

Foam supply device	Pressure at the device, m	Concentration of solution, %	Consumption, l/s			Foam ratio	Foam production, m cubic/min (l/s)	Foam supply range, m
			water	BY	software solution
PLSK-20 P	40-60	6	18,8	1,2	20	10	12	50
PLSK-20 S	40-60	6	21,62	1,38	23	10	14	50
PLSK-60 S	40-60	6	47,0	3,0	50	10	30	50
SVP	40-60	6	5,64	0,36	6	8	3	28
SVP(E)-2	40-60	6	3,76	0,24	4	8	2	15
SVP(E)-4	40-60	6	7,52	0,48	8	8	4	18
SVP-8(E)	40-60	6	15,04	0,96	16	8	8	20
GPS-200	40-60	6	1,88	0,12	2	80-100	12 (200)	6-8
GPS-600	40-60	6	5,64	0,36	6	80-100	36 (600)	10
GPS-2000	40-60	6	18,8	1,2	20	80-100	120 (2000)	12

Linear rate of burnout and heating of hydrocarbon liquids

Name of flammable liquid	Linear burnout rate, m/h	Linear speed of fuel heating, m/h
Petrol	Up to 0.30	Up to 0.10
Kerosene	Up to 0.25	Up to 0.10
Gas condensate	Up to 0.30	Up to 0.30
Diesel fuel from gas condensate	Up to 0.25	Up to 0.15
A mixture of oil and gas condensate	Up to 0.20	Up to 0.40
Diesel fuel	Up to 0.20	Up to 0.08
Oil	Up to 0.15	Up to 0.40
Fuel oil	Up to 0.10	Up to 0.30

Note: with an increase in wind speed to 8-10 m/s, the rate of burnout of flammable liquid increases by 30-50%. Crude oil and fuel oil containing emulsified water may burn out at a higher rate than indicated in the table.

Changes and additions to the Guidelines for extinguishing oil and oil products in tanks and tank farms

(information letter of the GUGPS dated May 19, 2000 No. 20/2.3/1863)

Table 2.1. Standard rates of supply of medium expansion foam for extinguishing fires of oil and petroleum products in tanks

Note: For oil with impurities of gas condensate, as well as for oil products obtained from gas condensate, it is necessary to determine the standard intensity in accordance with current methods.

Table 2.2. Standard intensity of low expansion foam supply for extinguishing oil and oil products in tanks*

No.	Type of petroleum product	Standard intensity of supply of foaming agent solution, l m 2 s’
		Fluorine-containing foaming agents are “non-film-forming”		Fluorosynthetic “film-forming” foaming agents		Fluoroprotein “film-forming” foaming agents
		to the surface	per layer	to the surface	per layer	to the surface	per layer
1	Oil and petroleum products with a temperature of 28° C and below	0,08	–	0,07	0,10	0,07	0,10
2	Oil and petroleum products with a temperature of more than 28 °C	0,06	–	0,05	0,08	0,05	0,08
3	Stable gas condensate	0,12	–	0,10	0,14	0,10	0,14

Main indicators characterizing the tactical capabilities of fire departments

The firefighting manager must not only know the capabilities of the units, but also be able to determine the main tactical indicators:

;
• possible extinguishing area with air-mechanical foam;
• possible volume of extinguishing with medium expansion foam, taking into account the available foam concentrate on the vehicle;
• maximum distance for supplying fire extinguishing agents.

Calculations are given in accordance with the Fire Fighting Manager's Handbook (RFC). Ivannikov V.P., Klyus P.P., 1987

Determining the tactical capabilities of a unit without installing a fire truck at a water source

1) Definition formula for operating time of water trunks from a tanker:

tslave= (V c –N p V p) /N st ·Q st ·60(min.),

N p =k· L/ 20 = 1.2·L / 20 (PC.),

• Where: tslave– operating time of the barrels, min.;
• V c– volume of water in the tank, l;
• N r– number of hoses in the main and working lines, pcs.;
• V r– volume of water in one sleeve, l (see appendix);
• N st– number of water trunks, pcs.;
• Q st– water consumption from the trunks, l/s (see appendix);
• k– coefficient taking into account terrain unevenness ( k= 1.2 – standard value),
• L– distance from the fire site to the fire truck (m).

Additionally, we draw your attention to the fact that in the RTP directory there are Tactical capabilities of fire departments. Terebnev V.V., 2004 in section 17.1 provides exactly the same formula but with a coefficient of 0.9: Twork = (0.9Vc – Np Vp) / Nst Qst 60 (min.)

2) Definition formula for possible extinguishing area with water STfrom a tanker:

ST= (V c –N p V p) / J trtcalculation· 60(m2),

• Where: J tr– required intensity of water supply for extinguishing, l/s m 2 (see appendix);
• tcalculation= 10 min. – estimated extinguishing time.

3) Definition formula for operating time of foam supply devices from a tanker:

tslave= (V solution –N p V p) /N gps Q gps 60 (min.),

• Where: V solution– volume of aqueous solution of foaming agent obtained from the filling tanks of the fire truck, l;
• N gps– number of GPS (SVP), pcs;
• Q gps– consumption of foaming agent solution from GPS (SVP), l/s (see appendix).

To determine the volume of an aqueous solution of a foaming agent, you need to know how much water and foaming agent will be consumed.

KV = 100–C / C = 100–6 / 6 = 94 / 6 = 15.7– the amount of water (l) per 1 liter of foaming agent to prepare a 6% solution (to obtain 100 liters of a 6% solution, 6 liters of foaming agent and 94 liters of water are required).

Then the actual amount of water per 1 liter of foaming agent is:

K f = V c / V by ,

• Where V c– volume of water in the fire truck tank, l;
• V by– volume of foam agent in the tank, l.

if K f< К в, то V р-ра = V ц / К в + V ц (l) – the water is completely consumed, but part of the foaming agent remains.

if K f > K in, then V solution = V in ·K in + V in(l) – the foaming agent is completely consumed, and some of the water remains.

4) Determination of possible formula for the area of ​​extinguishing flammable liquids and gases air-mechanical foam:

S t = (V solution –N p V p) / J trtcalculation· 60(m2),

• Where: S t– extinguishing area, m2;
• J tr– required intensity of supply of PO solution for extinguishing, l/s·m2;

At t vsp ≤ 28 o C – J tr = 0.08 l/s∙m 2, at t vsp > 28 o C – J tr = 0.05 l/s∙m2.

tcalculation= 10 min. – estimated extinguishing time.

5) Definition formula for the volume of air-mechanical foam, received from the AC:

V p = V solution K(l),

• Where: V p– volume of foam, l;
• TO– foam ratio;

6) Defining what is possible air-mechanical extinguishing volume foam:

V t = V p / K z(l, m 3),

• Where: V t– volume of fire extinguishing;
• K z = 2,5–3,5 – foam safety factor, taking into account the destruction of high-frequency MP due to the impact high temperature and other factors.

Examples of problem solving

Example No. 1. Determine the operating time of two shafts B with a nozzle diameter of 13 mm at a head of 40 meters, if one hose d 77 mm is laid before the branching, and the working lines consist of two hoses d 51 mm from AC-40(131)137A.

Solution:

t= (V c –N r V r) /N st Q st 60 = 2400 – (1 90 + 4 40) / 2 3.5 60 = 4.8 min.

Example No. 2. Determine the operating time of the GPS-600, if the head of the GPS-600 is 60 m, and the working line consists of two hoses with a diameter of 77 mm from the AC-40 (130) 63B.

Solution:

K f = V c / V po = 2350/170 = 13.8.

Kf = 13.8< К в = 15,7 for a 6% solution

V solution = V c / K in + V c = 2350/15.7 + 2350» 2500 l.

t= (V solution –N p V p) /N gps ·Q gps ·60 = (2500 – 2 90)/1 6 60 = 6.4 min.

Example No. 3. Determine the possible extinguishing area of ​​medium expansion VMP gasoline from AC-4-40 (Ural-23202).

Solution:

1) Determine the volume of the aqueous solution of the foaming agent:

K f = V c / V po = 4000/200 = 20.

Kf = 20 > Kv = 15.7 for a 6% solution,

V solution = V in ·K in + V in = 200·15.7 + 200 = 3140 + 200 = 3340 l.

2) Determine the possible extinguishing area:

S t = V solution / J trtcalculation·60 = 3340/0.08 ·10 ·60 = 69.6 m2.

Example No. 4. Determine the possible volume of fire extinguishing (localization) with medium expansion foam (K=100) from AC-40(130)63b (see example No. 2).

Solution:

VP = Vsolution· K = 2500 · 100 = 250000 l = 250 m 3.

Then the volume of extinguishing (localization):

VT = VP/K z = 250/3 = 83 m 3.

Determining the tactical capabilities of a unit with the installation of a fire truck at a water source

Rice. 1. Scheme of water supply for pumping

Distance in sleeves (pieces)	Distance in meters
1) Determination of the maximum distance from the fire site to the lead fire truck N Goal ( L Goal ).
N mm ( L mm ), working in pumping (length of the pumping stage).
N st
4) Determination of the total number of fire engines for pumping N auto
5) Determination of the actual distance from the fire site to the lead fire truck N f Goal ( L f Goal ).

• H n = 90÷100 m – pressure at the AC pump,
• H development = 10 m – pressure loss in branching and working hose lines,
• H st = 35÷40 m – pressure in front of the barrel,
• H input ≥ 10 m – pressure at the inlet to the pump of the next pumping stage,
• Z m – the greatest height of ascent (+) or descent (–) of the terrain (m),
• Z st – maximum height of ascent (+) or descent (–) of trunks (m),
• S – resistance of one fire hose,
• Q – total water consumption in one of the two busiest main hose lines (l/s),
• L – distance from the water source to the fire site (m),
• N hands – distance from the water source to the fire in the hoses (pcs.).

Example: To extinguish the fire, it is necessary to supply three trunks B with a nozzle diameter of 13 mm, the maximum height of the rise of the trunks is 10 m. The nearest water source is a pond located at a distance of 1.5 km from the place of the fire, the rise of the terrain is uniform and amounts to 12 m. Determine the number of AC tank trucks 40(130) for pumping water to extinguish a fire.

Solution:

1) We accept the method of pumping from pump to pump along one main line.

2) We determine the maximum distance from the fire site to the lead fire truck in the hoses.

N GOAL = / SQ 2 = / 0.015 10.5 2 = 21.1 = 21.

3) We determine the maximum distance between fire trucks working in pumping in the hoses.

NMR = / SQ 2 = / 0.015 10.5 2 = 41.1 = 41.

4) Determine the distance from the water source to the fire site, taking into account the terrain.

N P = 1.2 · L/20 = 1.2 · 1500 / 20 = 90 sleeves.

5) Determine the number of pumping stages

N STUP = (N P − N GOL) / N MP = (90 − 21) / 41 = 2 steps

6) Determine the number of fire trucks for pumping.

N AC = N STUP + 1 = 2 + 1 = 3 tank trucks

7) We determine the actual distance to the lead fire truck, taking into account its installation closer to the fire site.

N GOL f = N R − N STUP · N MP = 90 − 2 · 41 = 8 sleeves.

Consequently, the lead vehicle can be brought closer to the fire site.

Methodology for calculating the required number of fire trucks to transport water to the fire extinguishing site

If the building is combustible, and the water sources are located at a very large distance, then the time spent on laying hose lines will be too long, and the fire will be fleeting. In this case, it is better to transport water by tanker trucks with parallel pumping. In each specific case, it is necessary to solve a tactical problem, taking into account the possible scale and duration of the fire, the distance to water sources, the concentration speed of fire trucks, hose trucks and other features of the garrison.

AC water consumption formula

(min.) – time of AC water consumption at the fire extinguishing site;

• L – distance from the fire site to the water source (km);
• 1 – minimal amount AC in reserve (can be increased);
• V move – average speed of AC movement (km/h);
• W cis – volume of water in AC (l);
• Q p – average water supply by the pump filling the AC, or water flow from fire pump installed on a fire hydrant (l/s);
• N pr – number of water supply devices to the place of fire extinguishing (pcs.);
• Q pr – total water consumption from water supply devices from the AC (l/s).

Rice. 2. Scheme of water supply by delivery by fire trucks.

The supply of water must be uninterrupted. It should be borne in mind that it is necessary (mandatory) to create a point for filling tankers with water at water sources.

Example. Determine the number of AC-40(130)63b tank trucks for transporting water from a pond located 2 km from the fire site, if for extinguishing it is necessary to supply three trunks B with a nozzle diameter of 13 mm. Tank trucks are refueled by AC-40(130)63b, the average speed of tank trucks is 30 km/h.

Solution:

1) Determine the travel time of the AC to the fire site or back.

t SL = L 60 / V MOVE = 2 60 / 30 = 4 min.

2) Determine the time for refueling tank trucks.

t ZAP = V C /Q N · 60 = 2350 / 40 · 60 = 1 min.

3) Determine the time of water consumption at the fire site.

t EXP = V C / N ST · Q ST · 60 = 2350 / 3 · 3.5 · 60 = 4 min.

4) Determine the number of tank trucks to transport water to the fire site.

N AC = [(2t SL + t ZAP) / t EXP] + 1 = [(2 · 4 + 1) / 4] + 1 = 4 tank trucks.

Methodology for calculating water supply to a fire extinguishing site using hydraulic elevator systems

In the presence of swampy or densely overgrown banks, as well as at a significant distance to the water surface (more than 6.5-7 meters), exceeding the suction depth of the fire pump (high steep bank, wells, etc.), it is necessary to use a hydraulic elevator for water intake G-600 and its modifications.

1) Determine the required amount of water V SIST required to start the hydraulic elevator system:

VSIST = NR ·VR ·K ,

NR= 1.2·(L + ZF) / 20 ,

• Where NR− number of hoses in the hydraulic elevator system (pcs.);
• VR− volume of one hose 20 m long (l);
• K− coefficient depending on the number of hydraulic elevators in a system powered by one fire engine ( K = 2– 1 G-600, K =1,5 – 2 G-600);
• L– distance from AC to water source (m);
• ZF– actual height of water rise (m).

Having determined the required amount of water to start the hydraulic elevator system, compare the result obtained with the water supply in the fire tanker and determine the possibility of starting this system into operation.

2) Let us determine the possibility of joint operation of the AC pump with the hydraulic elevator system.

And =QSIST/ QN ,

QSIST= NG (Q 1 + Q 2 ) ,

• Where AND– pump utilization factor;
• QSIST− water consumption by the hydraulic elevator system (l/s);
• QN− fire truck pump supply (l/s);
• NG− number of hydraulic elevators in the system (pcs.);
• Q 1 = 9,1 l/s – operating water consumption of one hydraulic elevator;
• Q 2 = 10 l/s - supply from one hydraulic elevator.

At AND< 1 the system will work when I = 0.65-0.7 will be the most stable joint and pump.

It should be borne in mind that when drawing water from great depths (18-20m), it is necessary to create a pressure of 100 m on the pump. Under these conditions, the operating water flow in the systems will increase, and the pump flow will decrease against normal and it may turn out that the amount of operating and the ejected flow rate will exceed the pump flow rate. The system will not work under these conditions.

3) Determine the conditional height of water rise Z USL for the case when the length of hose lines ø77 mm exceeds 30 m:

ZUSL= ZF+ NR· hR(m),

Where NR− number of sleeves (pcs.);

hR− additional pressure losses in one hose on a section of the line over 30 m:

hR= 7 m at Q= 10.5 l/s, hR= 4 m at Q= 7 l/s, hR= 2 m at Q= 3.5 l/s.

ZF – actual height from the water level to the axis of the pump or tank neck (m).

4) Determine the pressure on the AC pump:

When collecting water with one G-600 hydraulic elevator and ensuring operation a certain number water trunks, the pressure on the pump (if the length of rubberized hoses with a diameter of 77 mm to the hydraulic elevator does not exceed 30 m) is determined by table 1.

Having determined the conditional height of water rise, we find the pressure on the pump in the same way according to table 1 .

5) Determine the maximum distance L ETC for the supply of fire extinguishing agents:

LETC= (NN– (NR± ZM± ZST) / S.Q. 2 ) · 20(m),

• Where HN− pressure at the fire truck pump, m;
• NR− pressure at the branch (assumed equal to: NST+ 10), m;
• ZM − height of ascent (+) or descent (−) of the terrain, m;
• ZST− height of ascent (+) or descent (−) of trunks, m;
• S− resistance of one branch of the main line
• Q− total flow rate from the shafts connected to one of the two most loaded main lines, l/s.

Table 1.

Determination of the pressure on the pump when water is taken by the G-600 hydraulic elevator and the operation of the shafts according to the corresponding schemes for supplying water to extinguish a fire.

95 70 50 18 105 80 58 20 – 90 66 22 – 102 75 24 – – 85 26 – – 97

6) Determine the total number of sleeves in the selected pattern:

N R = N R.SYST + N MRL,

• Where NR.SIST− number of hoses of the hydraulic elevator system, pcs;
• NMRL− number of branches of the main hose line, pcs.

Examples of solving problems using hydraulic elevator systems

Example. To extinguish a fire, it is necessary to apply two barrels to the first and second floors of a residential building, respectively. The distance from the fire site to the AC-40(130)63b tank truck installed on a water source is 240 m, the elevation of the terrain is 10 m. The access of the tank truck to the water source is possible at a distance of 50 m, the height of the water rise is 10 m. Determine the possibility of collecting water by the tank truck and supplying it to the trunks to extinguish the fire.

Solution:

Rice. 3 Scheme of water intake using the G-600 hydraulic elevator

2) We determine the number of hoses laid to the G−600 hydraulic elevator, taking into account the unevenness of the terrain.

N Р = 1.2· (L + Z Ф) / 20 = 1.2 · (50 + 10) / 20 = 3.6 = 4

We accept four arms from AC to G−600 and four arms from G−600 to AC.

3) Determine the amount of water required to start the hydraulic elevator system.

V SYST = N P V P K = 8 90 2 = 1440 l< V Ц = 2350 л

Therefore, there is enough water to start the hydraulic elevator system.

4) We determine the possibility of joint operation of the hydraulic elevator system and the tank truck pump.

I = Q SYST / Q N = N G (Q 1 + Q 2) / Q N = 1 (9.1 + 10) / 40 = 0.47< 1

The operation of the hydraulic elevator system and the tanker pump will be stable.

5) We determine the required pressure on the pump to draw water from the reservoir using a G−600 hydraulic elevator.

Since the length of the hoses to G−600 exceeds 30 m, we first determine the conditional height of water rise: Z

Administrative buildings 1.0 ÷ 1.5

Libraries, book depositories, archive depositories 0.5 ÷ 1.0

Woodworking enterprises:

Sawmill shops (buildings I, II, III degree of fire resistance) 1.0 ÷ 3.0

The same (buildings IV and V degree of fire resistance 2.0 ÷ 5.0

Dryers 2.0 ÷ 2.5

Procurement shops 1.0 ÷ 1.5

Plywood production 0.8 ÷ 1.5

premises of other workshops 0.8 ÷ 1.0

Residential buildings 0.5 ÷ 0.8

Corridors and galleries 4.0 ÷ 5.0

Cable structures (cable burning). 0.8 ÷ 1.1

Forested areas (wind speed 7+ 10 m/s and humidity 40%):

Rada sphagnum pine forest up to 1.4

Elnik-long-moss and green-moss up to 4.2

Green moss pine forest (berry bush) up to 14.2

White pine forest up to 18.0

vegetation, forest litter, undergrowth,

tree stand during crown fires and wind speed, m/s:

8 ÷ 9 to 42

10 ÷ 12 to 83

the same along the edge on the flanks and in the rear at wind speed, m/s:

10 ÷ 12 8 ÷ 14

Museums and exhibitions 1.0 ÷ 1.5

Transport facilities:

Garages, tram and trolleybus depots 0.5 ÷ 1.0

Repair halls of hangars 1.0 ÷ 1.5

Sea and river vessels:

Combustible superstructure in case of internal fire 1.2 ÷ 2.7

The same for an external fire 2.0 ÷ 6.0

Internal superstructure fires, if any

synthetic finishing and open openings 1.0 ÷ 2.0

Polyurethane foam

Textile industry enterprises:

textile production premises 0.5 ÷ 1.0

Also if there is a layer of dust on the structures 1.0 ÷ 2.0

fibrous materials in a loosened state 7.0 ÷ 8.0

Combustible coatings of large areas (including hollow ones) 1.7 ÷ 3.2

Combustible roof and attic structures 1.5 ÷ 2.0

Peat in piles 0.8 ÷ 1.0

Flax fiber 3.0 ÷ 5.6

- textile products	0.3 ÷ 0.4
- paper in rolls	0.3 ÷ 0.4
- rubber products (in the building)	0.4 ÷ 1.0
- rubber technical products (in stacks on
open area)	1.0 ÷ 1.2
- rubber	0.6 ÷ 1.0
- timber:
- round timber in stacks	0.4 ÷ 1.0
lumber (boards) in stacks at humidity, %:
- up to 16	4,0
16 ÷ 18	2,3
- 18 ÷ 20	1.6
- 20 ÷ 30	1,2
- over 30	1.0
heaps of pulpwood at humidity, %:
- up to 40	0.6 ÷1.0
more than 40	0.15 ÷ 02
Drying departments of leather factories	1.5 ÷ 2.2
Rural settlements:
- residential area with dense buildings and grade V
fire resistance, dry weather and strong winds	20 ÷ 25
- thatched roofs of the building	2.0 ÷ 4.0
- bedding in livestock buildings	1.5 ÷ 4.0
- steppe fires with high and dense grass
cover, as well as grain crops in dry weather
and strong wind	400 ÷ 600
- steppe fires with low, sparse vegetation
and calm weather	15 ÷ 18
Theaters and palaces of culture (stage)	1.0 ÷ 3.0
Trading enterprises, warehouses and bases
inventory items	0.5 ÷ 1.2
Printing houses	0.5 ÷ 0.8
Milled peat (in mining fields) at wind speed, m/s:
10 ÷ 14	8.0 ÷ 10
18 ÷ 20	18 ÷ 20
Refrigerators	0.5 ÷ 0.7
Schools, medical institutions:
- buildings of I and II degree of fire resistance	0.6 ÷ 1.0
- buildings of III and IV degree of fire resistance	2.0 ÷ 3.0

Appendix No. 6

Intensity of water supply when extinguishing fires

Administrative buildings:

IV degree of fire resistance 0.1

V degree of fire resistance 0.15

basements 0.1

attic space 0.1

Hangars, garages, workshops, trams

and trolleybus depots 0.2

Hospitals; 0.1

Residential buildings and outbuildings:

I - III degree of fire resistance 0.06

IV degree of fire resistance 0.1

V degree of fire resistance 0.15

basements 0.15

attic spaces; 0.15

Livestock buildings:

I - III degree of fire resistance 0.1

IV degree of fire resistance 0.15

V degree of fire resistance 0.2

Cultural and entertainment institutions (theatres, cinemas, clubs, palaces of culture):

Scene 0.2

Auditorium 0.15

Utility rooms 0.15

Mills and elevators 0.14

Industrial buildings:

I - II degree of fire resistance 0.15

III degree of fire resistance 0.2

IV - V degree of fire resistance 0.25

Paint shops 0.2

Basements 0,3

Attic spaces 0,15

Combustible coatings of large areas:

When extinguishing from below inside the building 0.15

When extinguishing from outside on the coating side 0.08

When extinguishing from outside when a fire has developed 0.15

Buildings under construction 0.1

Trade enterprises and warehouses

inventory items 0.2

Refrigerators 0.1

Power plants and substations:

Cable tunnels and mezzanines

(supply of finely sprayed water) 0.2

Machine rooms and boiler rooms 0.2

Fuel supply galleries 0.1

Transformers, reactors, oil

switches (mist water supply) 0.1

2. VEHICLES

Cars, trams, trolleybuses

on open places parking 0.1

Airplanes and helicopters:

Interior decoration(when supplying finely sprayed water) 0.08

Designs containing magnesium alloys 0.25

Housing 0.15

Vessels (dry cargo and passenger):

Superstructures (internal and external fires)

when delivering solid and finely atomized jets 0.2

Holds 0.2

Loosened paper 0.3

3. SOLID MATERIALS.

Wood:

Balance, at humidity %:

Less than 40 0.5

Lumber in stacks within one group,

at humidity %:

Over 30 0.2

Round forest in stacks, within one group 0.35

Chips in piles with a moisture content of 30-50% 0.1

Rubber (natural or artificial),

rubber and rubber-technical products............. 0.3

Flax fire in dumps (supply of finely sprayed water) 0.2

Flax trust (stacks, bales) 0.25

Plastics:

Thermoplastics 0.14

Thermosets 0.1

Polymer materials and products made from them 0.2

Textolite, carbolite, plastic waste,

triacetate film 0.3

Peat on milling fields with a humidity of 15-30%

(with a specific water consumption of 110-140 l/m2

and extinguishing time 20 min) 0.1

Milled peat in stacks (at specific water consumption

235 d/m2, and extinguishing time 20 min.)......... 0.2

Cotton and other fiber materials:

Open warehouses 0.2

Closed warehouses 0.3

Celluloid and products made from it 0.4

Pesticides and fertilizers 0.2

5. FLAMMABLE

AND FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS

(when extinguishing, lightly spray with other water)

Acetone 0.4

Petroleum products in containers:

With a flash point below 28 degrees C....... 0.4

With a flash point from 28 to 60 degrees C 0.3

With a flash point of more than 60 degrees C...... 0.2

Flammable liquid, spilled on the surface

platforms, in trenches and technological trays 0.2

Thermal insulation impregnated with petroleum products 0.2

Alcohols (ethyl, methyl, propidic, butyl

and others) in warehouses and distilleries 0.2

Oil and condensate around the fountain well 0.4

Notes:

1. When supplying water with a wetting agent, the supply intensity according to the table is reduced by 2 times.

2. Quenching cotton, others fibrous materials and peat must be produced only with the addition of a wetting agent.

Appendix No. 7

Organization of extinguishing a possible fire with the first RTP.

Appendix No. 8

The approximate supply of fire extinguishing agents taken into account when calculating the forces and means for extinguishing a fire.

Most fires:

water for extinguishing period 5

water for the period of finishing extinguishing (disassembly,

watering burning areas, etc.), hour 3

Fires for which volumetric extinguishing

non-flammable gases and vapors are used 2

Fires on ships:

foam agent for extinguishing fires

MKO, holds and superstructures 3

Fires of oil and petroleum products in tanks:

Foaming agent 3

water for fire extinguishing foam 5

water for cooling above-ground tanks:

mobile vehicles, hour 6

stationary and facilities, hour 3

water for cooling underground tanks, hour 3

Note: The supply of water in reservoirs (reservoirs) when extinguishing fires of gas and oil fountains must ensure uninterrupted operation fire departments during the daytime. This takes into account the replenishment of water during the day pumping units. As the practice of extinguishing fires shows, the total volume of reservoirs is usually 2.5-5.0 thousand m 3.

Appendix No. 9

Resistance values ​​of one pressure hose 20 m long.

Sleeve type	Sleeve diameter, mm
Rubberized	0,15	0,035	0,015	0,004	0,002	0,00046
Non-rubberized	0,3	0,077	0,03	-	_	-

Appendix No. 10

Water yield of water supply networks (approximately).

Network pressure, m	Type of water supply network	Pipe diameter, mm
Water pressure, l/s
	Dead end
Ring
	Dead end
Ring
	Dead end
Ring
	Dead end
Ring
	Dead end
Ring

Appendix No. 11

Work performed during a fire	Required number of people
Working with the RS-50 barrel on a flat plane (from the ground, floor, etc.)
Working with a RS-50 barrel on the roof of a building
Working with the RS-70 barrel	2-3
Working with the RS-50 or RS-70 barrel in an atmosphere unsuitable for breathing	3-4 (GDZS unit)
Working with a portable monitor	3-4
Working with an air-foam barrel and GPS-600 generator
Working with the GNS-2000 generator	3-4
Working with foam	2-3
Installing a foam skimmer	5-6 (department)
Installation of a retractable portable fire escape
Insurance of a retractable portable fire escape after its installation
Reconnaissance in a smoky room	3 (GDZS unit)
Exploration in large basements, tunnels, subways, lightless buildings, etc.	6 (two GDZS units)
Rescue of victims from a smoke-filled room and seriously ill patients (one victim)
Rescue people using fire escapes and ropes (at the rescue site)	4-5
Work on a branch and control of the hose system: when laying hose lines in one direction (per one machine) when laying two hose lines in opposite directions (per one machine)
Opening and dismantling of structures: performing actions in the position of a trunk working to extinguish a fire (except for the trunk operator); performing actions in the position of a trunk working on protection (except for the trunk operator); work on opening a covering of a large area (per one trunk working on the covering) work upon opening 1 m of: plank tongue-and-groove or parquet panel board, plank nailed or parquet piece floor, plastered wooden partition or ceiling lining metal roofing roll roofing By wooden formwork insulated combustible coating	at least 2 1-2 3-4
Water pumping: control over the flow of water into the tanker (for each vehicle); control over the operation of the hose system (per 100 m of pumping line)
Delivery of water: car attendant, work at a refueling point

Appendix No. 12

CARD

Combat operations ___________ guard HPV (HRP) No._____________

at a fire that occurred

__________________________________________________________

(day month Year)

(compiled for all fires)

1. Object ___________________________________________________

(name of object, departmental affiliation - ministry, department, address)

2. Type of building and its dimensions ___________________________________

(number of floors, fire resistance and dimensions of the building in plan)

3. What and where burned ________________________________________________

(floor, room, type, amount of substances, materials, equipment)

4. Time: fire occurrence _________, detection __________

fire reports _____, departure of the duty guard _____, arrival

for a fire _____, supplying the first guns _____, calling additional

assistance ______, localization _______, elimination _____, return

to part __________.

5. Composition of the visiting units ___________________________

(type of vehicles and number of combat crews)

6. Features and circumstances of fire development _________________

7. Result of the fire __________________________________________

(burnt materials, substances, equipment and fire damage)

8. Characteristics tactical actions during a fire _______

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

9. Evaluation of the work of the guard _____________________________________

(positive sides, shortcomings in the work of personnel, departments and RTP)

___________________________________________________________

10. Additional comments (but the work of equipment, logistics) ____________

11. Offers and Taken measures _______________________________

12. Note on the fire investigation and additional data obtained during the fire investigation _____________________________________________

Appendix No. 13

Graphic symbols

Crawler-mounted vehicle Firefighter communication and lighting vehicle Automobile gas and smoke protection service Fire pumping station Firefighter vehicle with a stationary fire monitor Firefighter staff car Gas-water extinguishing vehicle

FIRE SPECIAL VEHICLES		FIRE-FIGHTING WEAPONS, SPECIAL TOOLS
Firefighter seaplane			Three-way branching sleeve
Firefighter helicopter			Four-way sleeve branching
Portable trailed fire motor pump			Portable hose reel Mobile hose reel
Fire powder trailer			Hose bridge
Adapted vehicle for fire extinguishing purposes			Fire hydraulic elevator
Other adapted equipment for fire extinguishing purposes			Firefighter foam mixer
FIRE-FIGHTING WEAPONS SPECIAL TOOLS		Fire column
Fire pressure hose			Fireman's hand barrel (general designation)
Fire suction hose	-		Barrel A with nozzle diameter (19.25 mm)
Sleeve water collector			Barrel for forming a finely atomized water (water aerosol) jet
Two-way sleeve branching			Barrel for forming a water jet with additives
Barrel for forming low expansion foam (SVP-2, SVP-4, SVPE-4, SVPE-8)			Firefighter smoke exhauster: portable trailed
Barrel for forming medium expansion foam (GPS-200, GPS-600, GPS-2000)
Nozzle for extinguishing live electrical installations			Ladder - stick
Trunk “B” On the third floor K – on the roof P – basement H – attic	GZDS		Retractable fire ladder
	FIRE FIGHTING INSTALLATION
Fire monitor portable stationary with water nozzles and stationary powder with foam nozzles portable			Stationary fire extinguishing installation (general and local protection of the premises with automatic start-up)
Foam drain lift			Stationary fire extinguishing installation with manual start
Foam lift with generator comb GPS-600			Installation foam fire extinguishing
Water aerosol fire extinguishing installation			Water fire extinguishing installation
FIRE FIGHTING UNITS		CONTROL POINTS AND COMMUNICATIONS
Fire extinguishing station			Traffic control post (traffic controller). With the letters KPP - checkpoint, R - traffic controller, PB - security post GZDS	PB R checkpoint
Carbon dioxide fire extinguishing station
Other gas fire extinguishing station			Radio stations: mobile portable stationary
Gas aerosol fire extinguishing installation
Powder extinguishing installation			Speaker
Steam fire extinguishing installation			Telephone
FIRE EXTINGUISHERS		Spotlight
Portable (manual, backpack) fire extinguisher			Headquarters location
SMOKE EXHAUST DEVICES		Radio direction
Smoke removal device (smoke hatch)			Radio network
Smoke and heat removal devices			MOVEMENT OF UNITS, INTELLIGENCE
Manual control natural ventilation			Reconnaissance patrol. With the letters KHRD - chemical reconnaissance patrol			Internal fire with heat affected zone
The exit of forces from the occupied line			External fire with smoke zone
Locations of the victims			Location of the fire (hearth)
First aid squad			A separate fire from the area and the direction of its spread
Temporary collection point for victims			Firestorm
SITUATION IN THE COMBAT ZONE		Fire zone and direction of its spread
Fire internal			Direction of fire development
External fire			The decisive direction of action of fire extinguishing forces and means
Building on fire			Boundaries of the fire fighting area			Oil depot, fuel warehouse
Radiation level measurement point indicating the radiation level, time and date of measurement			Complete destruction of a building (facility, structure, road, gas pipeline, etc.)
Staircase communicating with the attic	H		Single track railway
Furnaces			Double track railway
Air shaft			Moving under the railway
Elevator
		STRUCTURES, COMMUNICATIONS, WATER SOURCES
Moving over the railway			Metal fence
Moving on the same level as the barrier			Reinforced concrete fence
Tram line			Stone fence
Underground water supply			Earth embankment (embankment)
Pipeline			Ring water main			Dead-end water main			Well

When studying fires, the linear speed of propagation of the flame front is determined in all cases, since it is used to obtain data on the average speed of combustion propagation at typical objects. The spread of combustion from the initial point of origin in different directions can occur at different speeds. The maximum speed of combustion propagation is usually observed: when the flame front moves towards the openings through which gas exchange occurs; according to fire load having high coefficient combustion surfaces; in the direction of the wind. Therefore, the speed of propagation of combustion in the time period under study is taken to be the speed of propagation in the direction in which it is maximum. Knowing the distance from the place of combustion to the boundary of the fire front at any time, you can determine the speed of its movement. Considering that the rate of combustion propagation depends on many factors, its value is determined subject to following conditions(restrictions):

1) fire from the source of ignition spreads in all directions at the same speed. Therefore, initially the fire has a circular shape and its area can be determined by the formula

S p= ·p · L 2; (2)

Where k- coefficient taking into account the magnitude of the angle in the direction of which the flame spreads; k= 1 if = 360º (add. 2.1.); k= 0.5 if α = 180º (Appendix 2.3.); k= 0.25 if α = 90º (Appendix 2.4.); L- the path traveled by the flame in time τ.

2) when the flame reaches the boundaries of the flammable load or the enclosing walls of the building (room), the combustion front straightens and the flame spreads along the boundary of the flammable load or the walls of the building (room);

3) the linear speed of flame propagation through solid combustible materials changes as the fire develops:

in the first 10 minutes of free fire development V l accept equal to half ,

after 10 min - standard values ,

from the beginning of the impact of fire extinguishing agents on the combustion zone until the fire is localized, the amount used in the calculation is reduced by half.

4) when burning loose fibrous materials, dust and liquids, the linear speed of combustion propagation is determined in the intervals from the moment of combustion to the introduction of fire extinguishing agents for extinguishing.

The rate of combustion propagation during fire localization is less often determined. This speed depends on the fire situation, the intensity of the supply of fire extinguishing agents, etc.

The linear speed of combustion propagation, both during the free development of a fire and during its localization, is determined from the relation

where Δ L– path traveled by the flame during time Δτ, m.

Average values V l in case of fires at various objects are given in the appendix. 1.

When determining the rate of combustion propagation during the period of fire localization, the distance traveled by the combustion front during the time from the moment of insertion of the first trunk (along the paths of combustion propagation) to the localization of the fire is measured, i.e. when the increase in fire area becomes zero. If linear dimensions cannot be determined from the diagrams and descriptions, then the linear speed of combustion spread can be determined using the formulas for the circular area of ​​a fire, and for a rectangular fire development - from the growth rate of the fire area, taking into account the fact that the fire area increases according to linear dependence, And S n = n. a. L (n- number of directions of fire development, a- width of the fire area of ​​the premises.

Based on the obtained data, the values ​​of the linear speed of combustion propagation V l(Table 2.) a graph is built V l = f(τ) and conclusions are drawn about the nature of the fire development and the influence of the extinguishing factor on it (Fig. 3.).

Rice. 3. Change in the linear speed of combustion propagation over time

From the graph (Fig. 3.) it is clear that at the beginning of the development of the fire, the linear speed of combustion spread was insignificant, and the fire could be extinguished by the forces of voluntary fire brigades. After 10 min. After the fire broke out, the intensity of the combustion spread sharply increased and at 15:25. the linear speed of combustion propagation reached its maximum value. After introducing the trunks for extinguishing, the development of the fire slowed down and by the time of localization, the speed of propagation of the flame front became zero. Consequently, the necessary and sufficient conditions were met to stop the spread of the fire:

I f ≥ I norm

V l, V s p = 0, there is enough strength and means.

for basic combustible materials

Table 1

Linear speed of flame propagation over the surface of materials

Material	Linear speed of flame propagation over the surface X10 2 m s -1
1. Wastes from textile production in a loosened state
3. Loose cotton
4. Flax, loosened
5. Cotton+nylon (3:1)
6. Wood in stacks at humidity,%:
7. Hanging fleecy fabrics
8. Textile products in a closed warehouse with a loading of 100 m -2
9. Paper in rolls in a closed warehouse with a loading of 140 m2
10. Synthetic rubber in a closed warehouse when loading over 230 m2
11. Wood coverings large workshops, wooden walls, finished with fibreboards
12. Furnace enclosing structures with insulation made of cast polyurethane foam
13. Straw and reed products
14. Fabrics (canvas, flannel, calico):
horizontally
in vertical direction
in the direction normal to the surface of the tissues, with a distance between them of 0.2 m
15. Sheet polyurethane foam
16. Rubber products in stacks
17. Synthetic coating“Scorton” at T = 180°C
18. Peat slabs in stacks
19. Cable ААШв1х120; APVGEZx35+1x25; AVVGZx35+1x25:
in a horizontal tunnel from top to bottom with a distance between shelves of 0.2 m
in horizontal direction
in vertical tunnels in the horizontal direction with a distance between rows of 0.2-0.4

table 2

Average burnout rate and lower heat of combustion of substances and materials

Substances and materials	Mass loss rate x10 3, kg m -2 s -1	Lower calorific value, kJ kg -1
Diethyl alcohol
Diesel fuel
Ethanol
Turbine oil (TP-22)
Isopropyl alcohol
Isopentane
Sodium metal
Wood (bars) 13.7%
Wood (furniture in residential and administrative buildings 8-10%)
Paper loosened
Paper (books, magazines)
Books on wooden racks
Triacetate film
Carbolite products
Rubber CKC
Natural rubber
Organic glass
Polystyrene
Textolite
Polyurethane foam
Staple fiber
Polyethylene
Polypropylene
Cotton in bales 190 kgx m -3
Cotton loosened
Flax loosened
Cotton+nylon (3:1)

Table 3

Smoke-forming ability of substances and materials

Substance or material	Smoke generating ability, D m, Np. m 2. kg -1
Butyl alcohol
Gasoline A-76
Ethyl acetate
Cyclohexane
Diesel fuel
Wood
Wood fiber (birch, pine)
Chipboard GOST 10632-77
Plywood GOST 3916-65
Fiberboard (Fibreboard)
Linoleum PVC TU 21-29-76-79
Fiberglass TU 6-11-10-62-81
Polyethylene GOST 16337-70
Tobacco “Yubileiny” 1st grade, content 13%
Foam plastic PVC-9 STU 14-07-41-64
Polyfoam PS-1-200
Rubber TU 38-5-12-06-68
Polyethylene high pressure PEVF
PVC film grade PDO-15
Film brand PDSO-12
Turbine oil
Flax loosened
Viscose fabric
Decorative satin
Wool-blend furniture fabric
Tent canvas

Table 4

Specific output (consumption) of gases during combustion of substances and materials

Substance or material	Specific output (consumption) of gases, L i , kg. kg -1
Cotton + nylon (3:1)
Turbine oil TP-22
AVVG cables
APVG cable
Wood
Wood fire-protected with SDF-552