Mycorrhiza - what is it (fungal root). The role of mycorrhiza in the life of tree species Which mushrooms do not form mycorrhiza
Fungi that envelop the roots of the host plant require soluble carbohydrates as a carbon source, and in this respect they differ from most of their free-living, i.e., non-symbiotic relatives that break down cellulose. Mycorrhizal fungi meet at least part of their carbon needs from their hosts. The mycelium absorbs mineral nutrients from the soil, and at present there is no doubt that it actively supplies the host plant with them. Studies using radioactive tracers have found that phosphorus, nitrogen and calcium can travel through fungal hyphae to the roots and then to the shoots. It is surprising that mycorrhiza, apparently, acts no less effectively even without hyphae extending from the mycelium “shell” enveloping the root. Consequently, this “shell” itself must have well-developed abilities to absorb nutrients and transfer them to the plant.[...]
Mycorrhizal cohabitation (symbiosis) is mutually beneficial to both symbionts: the fungus extracts additional, inaccessible nutrients and water from the soil for the tree, and the tree supplies the fungus with the products of its photosynthesis - carbohydrates.[...]
Mushrooms that enter into symbiosis with forest trees most often belong to the group of basidiomycetes - cap mushrooms, combining both edible and inedible species. The mushrooms that we so enthusiastically collect in the forest are nothing more than the fruiting bodies of fungi associated with the roots various trees. It is curious that some mycorrhizal fungi prefer one type of tree, others prefer several, and their list may include both coniferous and deciduous trees. [...]
Mycorrhizal symbiosis "fungi - plant roots" is another important adaptation mechanism that has developed as a result of low bioavailability of phosphorus. The fungal component of the symbiosis increases the absorbing surface, but is not able to stimulate sorption through chemical or physical effects. The phosphorus of fungal hyphae is exchanged for carbon fixed by the symbiotic plant.[...]
Who do mycorrhizal fungi need soluble carbohydrates.[...]
Boletus fungi can form mycorrhizae with one, several or even many tree species, systematically sometimes very distant from each other (for example, coniferous and deciduous). But it is often observed that a mushroom of one species or another is confined to trees of only one species or one genus: larch, birch, etc. Within the same genus - to certain species- they usually turn out to be “insensitive”. However, in the case of the genus of pine (Rtiv), there is a greater association not with the entire genus as a whole, but with its two subgenera: two-cone pines (for example, Scots pine) and five-cone pines (for example, Siberian cedar). It should also be noted that some mycorrhizal fungi, isolated from tree roots, can apparently develop as saprophytes, content with litter (fallen needles, leaves, rotten wood) of those tree species with which they usually form yikoriza. For example, a porcini mushroom was found on top of a huge boulder in a pine forest, and Asian boletin (a companion of larch) was found on a high rotten stump of a birch tree that grew in a larch forest.[...]
M. plants and mycorrhizal fungi. These relationships with fungi are characteristic of most species of vascular plants (flowering plants, gymnosperms, ferns, horsetails, mosses). Mycorrhizal fungi can entwine the root of a plant and penetrate the root tissue without causing significant damage to it. Fungi incapable of photosynthesis obtain organic substances from plant roots, and in plants, due to branched fungal threads, the absorption surface of the roots increases hundreds of times. In addition, some mycorrhizal fungi not only passively absorb nutrients from the soil solution, but also simultaneously act as decomposers and break down complex substances into simpler ones. Through mycorrhiza from one plant to another (one or different types) organic substances can be transferred.[...]
There are also mycorrhizal fungi that cohabit with the roots higher plants. The mycelium of these fungi envelops the roots of plants and helps obtain nutrients from the soil. Mycorrhiza is observed mainly in woody plants having short sucking roots (oak, pine, larch, spruce).[...]
These are mushrooms of the genera Elaphomyces and truffle (Tuber). The latter genera also form mycorrhizae with woody plants - beech, oak, etc. [...]
In the case of endotrophic mycorrhizae, the relationship between the fungus and higher plants is even more complex. Due to the small contact of the hyphae of the mycorrhizal fungus with the soil, relatively little enters the root in this way. a large number of water, as well as mineral and nitrogenous substances. In this case, biologically active substances such as vitamins produced by the fungus probably become important for higher plants. In part, the fungus supplies the higher plant with nitrogenous substances, since part of the fungal hyphae located in the root cells is digested by them. The mushroom receives carbohydrates. And in the case of orchid mycorrhiza, the fungus itself gives carbohydrates (in particular, sugar) to the higher plant.[...]
Under normal conditions, almost all tree species coexist with mycorrhizal fungi. The mycelium of the fungus envelops the thin roots of the tree like a sheath, penetrating into the intercellular space. A mass of the finest mushroom threads, extending a considerable distance from this cover, successfully performs the function of root hairs, sucking up a nutrient soil solution. [...]
One of the most common species of this genus and the entire family is the porcini mushroom (B. edulis, table 34). It is the most valuable in nutritional terms of all edible mushrooms at all. It has about two dozen forms, differing mainly in the color of the fruiting body and mycorrhizal association with a particular tree species. The cap is whitish, yellow, brownish, yellow-brown, red-brown or even almost black. The spongy layer in young specimens is pure white, later yellowish and yellowish-olive. The leg has a light mesh pattern. The pulp is white and does not change when broken. Grows with many tree species - coniferous and deciduous, in middle lane in the European part of the USSR - more often with birch, oak, pine, spruce, but has never been recorded in the USSR with such a common species as larch. In the Arctic and mountain tundras it occasionally grows with dwarf birch. The species is Holarctic, but in cultures of the corresponding tree species it is also known outside the Holarctic (for example, Australia, South America). In some places it grows in abundance. In the USSR, the porcini mushroom lives mainly in the European part, in Western Siberia, in the Caucasus. It is very rare in Eastern Siberia and Far East.[ ...]
The roots of the grasshoppers are thick and fleshy, and in many species they are retractable. The cells of the root cortex usually contain a mycorrhizal fungus, which belongs to the phycomycetes. These mycorrhizal roots lack root hairs.[...]
The role of mycorrhiza is very great in tropical rain forests, where the absorption of nitrogen and other inorganic substances occurs with the participation of mycorrhizal fungus, which feeds saprotrophically on fallen leaves, stems, fruits, seeds, etc. The main source minerals It is not the soil itself that appears here, but soil fungi. Minerals enter the mushroom directly from the hyphae of mycorrhizal fungi. In this way, more extensive use of minerals and their more complete circulation are ensured. This explains that most of the root system of rain forest plants is in the surface layer of soil at a depth of about 0.3 m. [...]
It should also be noted that in artificially created forest plantations from one or another tree species, those accompanying them are especially characteristic species mycorrhizal fungi are sometimes found very far from the boundaries of their natural range. In addition to tree species, for the growth of boletus mushrooms great importance have the type of forest, type of soil, its humidity, acidity, etc.[...]
The true milk mushroom is found in birch and pine-birch forests with quite a linden undergrowth. in large groups(“flocks”), from July to September. An obligatory mycorrhizal mushroom with birch.[...]
Mutualism is a widespread form of mutually beneficial relationships between species. Classic example Lichens can serve as mutualism. Symbionts in a lichen - a fungus and an alga - physiologically complement each other. The hyphae of the fungus, entwining the cells and filaments of the algae, form special suction processes, haustoria, through which the fungus receives substances assimilated by the algae. Algae obtains its minerals from water. Many grasses and trees normally exist only in cohabitation with soil fungi that settle on their roots. Mycorrhizal fungi promote the penetration of water, minerals and organic substances from the soil into plant roots, as well as the absorption of a number of substances. In turn, they receive carbohydrates and other organic substances necessary for their existence from the roots of plants.[...]
One of the measures against acidification of forest soils is their liming in the amount of 3 t/ha every 5 years. It may be promising to protect forests from acid rain using certain types of mycorrhizal fungi. The symbiotic community of fungal mycelium with the root of a higher plant, expressed in the formation of mycorrhiza, can protect trees from the harmful effects of acidic soil solutions and even significant concentrations of some heavy metals, such as copper and zinc. Many mycorrhiza-forming fungi have the active ability to protect trees from the effects of drought, which are especially harmful to trees growing in conditions of anthropogenic pollution. [...]
Gray russula (R. decolorans) has a cap that is first spherical, spherical, then spread out, flat-convex and until depressed, yellow-brown, reddish-orange or yellowish-orange, more or less reddish along the edge, lilac or pinkish, unequally fading, with scattered red spots, 5-10 cm in diameter with a thin, slightly striped edge. The plates are adherent, white, then yellow. These mushrooms are found mainly in pine forests of the green-moss type. Obligatory as mycorrhizal fungi with pine. The taste is sweet, then spicy.[...]
Most of elements mineral nutrition enters forest organisms and the entire biota of the ecosystem exclusively through plant roots. The roots extend into the soil, branching into thinner and thinner ends, and thus cover a sufficiently large volume of soil, which provides a large surface area for the absorption of nutrients. The surface area of the roots of the community was not measured, but it can be assumed that it exceeds the surface area of the leaves. In any case, nutrients predominantly enter the community not through the surface of the roots themselves (and not through root hairs for most plants), but through the significantly larger surface area of fungal hyphae. The surface of the predominant part of the roots is mycorrhizal (that is, covered with fungal mycelium, which is in symbiosis with the root), and the hyphae of these fungi extend from the roots into the soil; For most terrestrial plants, fungi are intermediaries in the absorption of nutrients.[...]
The function of ecosystems includes a complex distinctive features metabolism - transfer, transformation, use and accumulation of inorganic and organic substances. Some aspects of this metabolism can be studied using radioactive isotopes, such as radioactive phosphorus: observations of their movements in the aquatic environment (aquarium, lake) are being carried out. Radioactive phosphorus circulates very quickly between water and plankton, penetrates more slowly into coastal plants and animals and gradually accumulates in bottom sediments. When phosphate fertilizers are applied to a lake, there is a temporary increase in its productivity, after which the concentration of phosphates in the water returns to the level that was before the fertilizer was introduced. Nutrient transport brings all parts of an ecosystem together, and the amount of nutrients in water is determined not only by its supply, but by the overall function of the ecosystem at steady state. In a forest ecosystem, nutrients from the soil enter the plants through mycorrhizal fungi and roots and are distributed throughout various tissues plants. Most of the nutrients go to the leaves and other short-lived tissues, which ensures that the nutrients return to the soil after a short time, thereby completing the cycle. Nutrients also enter and into the soil as a result of being washed off from plant leaves. Organic substances are also washed off the surface of the leaves into the soil, and some of them have an inhibitory effect on other plants. Chemical inhibition of some plants by others is only one of the manifestations of allelochemical influence, the chemical effects of some species on others. The most widespread variant of such influences is the use chemical compounds organisms for defense against their enemies. Broad groups of substances take part in the metabolism of communities: inorganic nutrients, food (for heterotrophs) and allelochemical compounds. [...]
Modern ferns, geological history which dates back to the Carboniferous (Permo-Carboniferous genus Psaronius - Rzagopshe - etc.). Perennials, varying from small forms to very large ones. The stems are dorsiventral corpuscles or thick tuberous trunks. The stems are fleshy. In stems, as in others vegetative organs, there are large lysigenic mucus passages, which are one of the features of marattioisids. In large forms, a dictyostele of a very complex structure is formed (the most complex in the genus Angiopteris). Tracheids scalenes. The genus Angiopteris exhibits very weak development of secondary xylem. The roots bear peculiar multicellular root hairs. The first roots to form usually contain a mycorrhizal phycomycete fungus in their bark. Young leaves are always spirally twisted. Very characteristic is the presence at the base of the leaves of two thick stipule-like formations, connected together by a special transverse bridge. [...]
The ability of green plants to carry out photosynthesis is due to the presence of pigments. Maximum light absorption is achieved by chlorophyll. Other pigments absorb the remainder, converting it into various types of energy. In angiosperm flowers, due to pigmentation, the solar spectrum with a certain wavelength is selectively captured. The idea of two plasmas in organic world predetermined the symbiotrophic beginning of plants. Isolated from all parts of plants, symbiotic endophytes of the Fungi imperfect class synthesize pigments of all colors, hormones, enzymes, vitamins, amino acids, lipids and supply them to the plant in exchange for the carbohydrates obtained. Hereditary transmission of endophytes guarantees the integrity of the system. Some plant species have two types of ecto-endophytic mycorrhizal fungi or fungi and bacteria, the combination of which provides flower color, plant growth and development (Gelzer, 1990).
All types of fungi described in this article are mycorrhizal. In other words, they form mycorrhizae (or fungal roots) with certain tree species and live with them for years in a strong symbiosis.
Mushrooms receive organic matter from the tree: carbohydrates in the form of tree sap with sugars, amino acids, some vitamins, growth and other substances they need. With the help of mycorrhiza, the tree extracts nitrogenous products, minerals, phosphorus and potassium, and water.
Mushrooms become attached to certain forest species and cannot live without them. But at the same time, they are very picky: they love well-warmed soil, rich in forest humus.
The development of mushrooms is influenced by many factors: air humidity and temperature, lighting conditions, soil moisture, and so on.
Without their favorite tree species, mycorrhizal fungi do not bear fruit at all. In turn, trees often become weaker and sicker without their mushroom brothers. Thus, larch and pine seedlings that do not have mycorrhiza simply die on nutrient-poor soil. And vice versa, in close collaboration with mushrooms they successfully develop in these same places.
The host tree stimulates the growth of mycelium (mycelium) only if it lacks minerals obtained from the soil. Therefore, porcini mushrooms are more likely to appear on poor sandy soil than on fertile soil. The question arises, how to make wild mushrooms grow in the garden?
There is only one way - to artificially inoculate mycelium with their green partners. Growing mycorrhizal fungi is possible only outdoors and under mycorrhizal trees.
The main thing is to preserve the inseparable pair of mushrooms and trees, without which the full development of a mushroom culture is impossible. This means that it is necessary to create favorable conditions close to those in which these fungi exist in wildlife. To do this, at a minimum, you need the presence of appropriate tree species in your garden - birch, aspen, pine, spruce, larch, and so on.
In addition to cultivating valuable and popular mycorrhizal mushrooms, mushroom growers have repeatedly tried to grow yellow chanterelles (Cantharellus cibarius), white milk mushrooms (Russula delica) and true milk mushrooms (Lactarius resimus) in the garden under birch trees, and funnel mushrooms (Craterellus cornucopioides) under several deciduous trees; Polish sucker and chestnut mushrooms; russula under the most different breeds trees and black milk mushrooms under spruce and birch.
PORCINI
The most important trumpet mushroom of the Russian forest is the porcini mushroom (Boletus edulis), otherwise it is called boletus or cow.
It grows from the beginning of June to the end of October in deciduous, coniferous and mixed forests, in parks and gardens, along paths and abandoned roads, on the edges, along the slopes of ditches, in old dugouts and trenches, sometimes in thickets of bushes, after a drought in moss along swamps and drained swamps, but not in the dampest places (under birch, pine, spruce and oak trees); alone and in groups, often, annually.
The cap of the porcini mushroom reaches a diameter of 10 and even 30 cm. In youth it is round, hemispherical, in maturity it is cushion-shaped, in old age it can straighten to prostrate-convex, prostrate and depressed.
The cap is smooth, sometimes wrinkled in dry weather, often matte, shiny, slightly slimy in rain. The edge of the cap is leathery, often acute-angled.
The color of the cap depends on the time of year, humidity and temperature, as well as on the tree species next to which the mycorrhiza mushroom grows and forms: gray-ocher, gray-brown, ocher-brown, brown, chestnut, chestnut-brown, brown-brown and dark brown, lighter towards the edges.
The coloring is often uneven, the cap can be covered with multi-colored or blurry white spots, and in late autumn it can fade to a whitish, gray marbled and greenish color. Young mushrooms grown under fallen leaves or under a birch tree may be uncolored and have a completely white cap.
The tubular layer is finely porous, consisting of free, deeply notched or adherent tubes up to 4 cm long.
In youth it is white, in maturity it is yellow or yellow-greenish, in old age it is yellow-green or olive-yellow, turning brown.
The leg of the porcini mushroom grows in length up to 10 and even 20 cm, in thickness up to 5 and even 10 cm. In youth it is thick, tuberous, and in maturity it lengthens, becoming club-shaped or expanded towards the base.
It is solid, smooth, sometimes wrinkled, white, ocher, brownish or brownish, with a light mesh pattern, which is especially noticeable in the upper part of the leg.
The pulp is fleshy, dense, white, with a pleasant mushroom smell or almost odorless and with a nutty taste. The color does not change when broken.
BOROVIK
Boletus, or white pine mushroom (Boletus pinicola), grows on sandy soils, in green and white moss, in grass in pine forests and in forests mixed with pine from mid-May with a warm and humid spring to early November with a warm autumn. As the latest Carpathian experience shows, it can also grow under other tree species, such as spruce and beech.
The cap of the boletus reaches a diameter of 20 cm. It is very fleshy, hemispherical in youth, convex in maturity, sometimes with a tuberculate surface, and cushion-shaped in old age.
The skin is smooth or velvety, and looks slightly sticky in the rain. The edge is often lighter than the middle, sometimes pinkish.
The color of the cap is burgundy, olive-brown, chestnut-brown, chocolate and dark red-brown, sometimes with a bluish and even purple tint.
Young mushrooms grown under moss may be uncolored and have a whitish or pink cap with a beautiful marbled pattern.
The tubular layer is white in youth, darkens with age to a yellowish, and then yellowish-olive color.
The tubes are up to 4 cm long, but noticeably shorten where they grow to the stem.
The leg of the boletus grows up to 12 cm in length. It is thick, very dense, club-shaped, and has a strong thickening at the base; white, white-pinkish, yellow-pinkish, yellow-brownish or reddish-brown and covered with a noticeable reddish or yellow-brown reticulate pattern.
The pulp is dense, white, reddish under the skin of the cap and stem, does not change color when broken, has a pleasant taste and pungent smell of raw potatoes. ON A NOTE
Porcini and boletus are considered one of the highest quality, tasty and nutritious mushrooms. They make excellent soups with a light, clear broth, fry, dry (very fragrant), freeze, salt and pickle. At proper drying the flesh remains light in color, unlike moss mushrooms and boletuses.
You can fry it without preliminary boiling, or just to be on the safe side, boil it for about 10 minutes. In some Western European countries, porcini mushrooms are added raw to salads, but I would save my stomach from such shocks.
COMMON BORTOWER
One of the most common, most unpretentious, but highly respected tubular mushrooms- common boletus (Leccinum scabrum).
The people gave him many names: obabok, grandma, spiker, birch, podgreb and gray mushroom.
Boletus grows in birch forests and forests mixed with birch, under single birch trees in the forest, in bushes and woodlands, including tundra, along roads and ditches, in gardens and on grassy city lawns from mid-May to the first ten days of November, singly and in groups, annually.
The cap of the boletus reaches a diameter of 10 and even 20 cm. In youth it is hemispherical, in maturity it becomes convex or cushion-shaped; usually it is smooth, dry, matte, and slightly sticky in the rain.
The cap is yellow-brown, brownish, gray-brown, brown-brown, chestnut-brown, dark brown and black-brown, sometimes almost white with a pinkish tint and gray, often spotted.
The skin of the cap is not removed during cooking.
The tubes are up to 3 cm long, with a notch at the stem or almost free. The tubular layer in youth is finely porous, whitish and grayish, darkening in maturity to dirty gray or gray-brown, often with whitish spots, convex, spongy, easily separated from the pulp.
The boletus stem grows up to 12 and even 20 cm long, and up to 4 cm thick. It is cylindrical, slightly thinner towards the cap and sometimes noticeably thickens towards the base, hard, solid, whitish with longitudinal whitish fibrous scales, which darken to dark with age. gray, brown, black-brown and even black.
The pulp is watery, dense and tender in youth, rather quickly becomes loose, flabby, and in the stem it turns into hard fibrous. It is white or grayish-white, at the base of the leg it can be yellowish or greenish, does not change color at the break; with a faint pleasant mushroom smell and taste.
Porcini mushrooms and boletus mushrooms compete with each other, so it is better to sow their spores under birch trees in different parts of the garden. Boletus mushrooms have an undeniable advantage over noble mushrooms and boletus - with proper care, its harvests will be more frequent and higher.
With regular watering, boletus mushrooms will appear under birch trees on their own.
When bearing fruit, boletus removes a lot of potassium from the soil. If the garden is not located in potassium-rich lowlands, then at the beginning of each season it is necessary to replenish potassium and other minerals.
To do this, water the soil around the tree with two buckets of solution (at the rate of 10 g of potassium chloride and 15 g of superphosphate per 1 bucket).
When preparing " seed material“from old caps, boletus spores mostly remain mixed with the pulp and do not precipitate well, so you need to use a suspension of their spores along with the pulp.
NOTE
There are more than ten types of boletus, including the more famous ones, such as blackhead, swamp, smoky and pinkish.
Of these, the one most often found in gardens is the not very tasty swamp boletus (Leccinum holopus), which is best collected at a young age and preferably just the caps.
Kira Stoletova
Everything on our planet is interconnected. A striking example This is explained by the concept of mushroom root. If you take this word apart, it means the life of a fungus on the root of a plant. This is one of important stages symbiosis, which implies the life of a representative of one class at the expense of another and has the definition of mycorrhiza. But this does not always happen in nature. Some fungi do not form mycorrhizae and develop independently.
What is mushroom root
The concept itself is embedded in the word. This is one of the facts of the existence of a joint tandem between representatives of fungi and plants: the fungus develops on the roots of trees and shrubs, it forms a mycelium that penetrates into the thickness of the plant bark.
There are several types of mycorrhizal fungi that can develop both on the surface layers and penetrate directly into the thickness of the root, sometimes piercing it through. This is especially true for bushes.
The mushroom feeds at the expense of its “host” - and this is an indisputable fact. But if you conduct detailed research, you can emphasize the benefits for each party.
At the same time, the mushroom itself also helps the plant to develop normally, providing it with the necessary nutritional components. It makes the roots of the plant more loose, due to the fact that they are intertwined with mycelium. The porous structure allows the plant to absorb more moisture and, accordingly, additional nutrients.
At the same time there is extra quality– the ability to extract nutrients from different types of soil. As a result, when a tree is unable to obtain the necessary components from environment, the mycorrhizal fungus comes to the rescue, delivering for itself and its owner an additional portion for life and development. Which will prevent both representatives from drying out.
Varieties
The following fungi form mycorrhizae with roots:
- Myccorisa ectotrophyca – spreads only in the upper layers;
- Myccorisa endotrophyca - the mycelium develops in the thickness of the root, sometimes piercing the body almost right through;
- Ectotrophyca, endotrophyca myccorisa (mixed type) - characterized by the peculiarity of each of the upper species, spreading its mycelium both on the surface and in the thickness of the root;
- Peritrophyca myccorisa is a simplified form of symbiosis and at the same time a new stage in development. It is located near the root without penetration of shoots.
What fungi form mycorrhiza with roots?
The group of the above types includes many representatives of edible and inedible classes:
- Gymnosperms;
- Monocots;
- Dicotyledons.
Their representatives are considered to be the beloved porcini mushrooms, aspen mushrooms, honey mushrooms, chanterelles, and boletus mushrooms. Some types of fungi got their name precisely due to their distribution on a specific plant representative. For example, aspen and boletus, birch and boletus, as well as others.
It is worth noting that a representative of the poisonous class, the fly agaric, forms its mycelium on the surface coniferous trees. And although it is not edible, it provides its “owner” with 100% nutritional components.
Fungi that do not form mycorrhizae
Conclusion
In the world there are both fungi that do not form mycorrhiza and those that do. Among all listed types There are both edible and poisonous. But it is necessary to understand that each representative is very important, it performs certain functions in nature and without it, perhaps some vital biological processes would not occur.
Tests
610-1. Which organisms have a body made up of mycelium?
A) algae
B) bacteria
B) mushrooms
D) protozoa
Answer
610-2. Vegetative propagation in fungi it is carried out with the help
A) dispute
B) gametes
B) mycelium
D) fruiting bodies
Answer
610-3. The fruiting body is characteristic of
A) Bacteria
B) Mushrooms
B) Protozoa
D) Algae
Answer
610-4. The mold fungus penicillium consists of
A) various tissues and organs
B) anucleate cells on which sporangia are located
B) multicellular mycelium and racemose sporangia
D) multicellular mycelium and fruiting body
Answer
610-5. Which of the following representatives belongs to the kingdom of fungi?
A) sphagnum
B) streptococcus
B) penicillium
D) chlorella
Answer
610-6. What fungi do not form mycorrhizae with woody plants?
A) boletus
B) boletus
B) chanterelles
D) tinder fungi
Answer
610-7. Look at the drawing. What letter on it indicates the mycelium?
Answer
610-8. What function does the cap of the fruiting body perform in boletus?
A) serves to attract animals and humans
B) catches solar energy, providing photosynthesis
B) is the place where spores are formed
D) provides air supply
Answer
610-9. Which of the following fungi does not form mycorrhizae?
A) tinder fungi
B) boletus
B) boletus
D) white
Answer
610-10. What are hyphae?
A) threads that make up the body of the mushroom
B) fungal sporulation organs
B) organs of attachment of the fungus to the substrate
D) photosynthetic part of the lichen
Answer
610-11. Consider a microphotograph of a mukor mold. What is contained in the black balls of this mushroom?
A) nutrients
B) water with mineral salts
B) microscopic spores
D) microscopic seeds
Answer
610-12. Which mushroom is classified as tubular?
A) russula
B) boletus
B) autumn honey fungus
D) champignon
Answer
610-13. What function does the fruiting body of the boletus mushroom perform?
A) structural
B) trophic
B) excretory
D) generative
Answer
610-14. When picking mushrooms, it is important not to damage the mycelium, as it
A) serves as a place for spore formation
B) serves as food for animals living in the soil
B) absorbs nutrients dissolved in water from the soil
D) holds soil lumps together and protects it from erosion
Answer
610-15. Settling on stumps, honey mushrooms use them for
A) attracting pollinating insects
B) obtaining finished organic substances
B) obtaining energy from inorganic substances
D) protection against pathogenic bacteria
Answer
610-16. Why can you often find a large number of honey mushrooms on a rotten stump?
A) a rotting stump releases heat, which activates the growth of honey mushrooms
B) a rotting stump emits heat, which activates the reproduction of mushrooms
C) honey mushrooms feed on organic matter from dead plants
D) the mycelium of honey mushrooms forms mycorrhiza with the roots of the stump
Answer
610-17. Why are porcini mushrooms often found in oak forests?
A) There is a lot of light in the oak forest.
B) Porcini mushrooms form mycorrhiza with oak roots.
C) Porcini mushrooms have no competitors in the oak forest.
D) In the oak forest there are no animals that feed on porcini mushrooms.
Many people would like to grow mushrooms on their plot, near their home. However, this is far from easy to do. On the one hand, mushrooms themselves appear where they are not needed, for example, dung beetles or puffballs suddenly grow on lawns and flower beds, and tinder fungi appear on tree trunks, causing rot. On the other hand, in other years the weather is mushroomy - warm and humid, but your favorite mushrooms (porcini, boletus, boletus) are still missing.
The mysterious world of mushrooms
In order to understand mysterious world mushrooms, you need to at least become familiar with their biological and environmental characteristics.
Fungi are spore-bearing organisms; the unit of their reproduction and dispersal is the smallest cells - spores. Finding themselves in favorable conditions, they germinate, forming hyphae - the finest thread-like structures. In different types of fungi, the development of hyphae requires a specific substrate: soil, forest litter, wood, etc. In the substrate, the hyphae grow quickly and, intertwining with each other, form mycelium - the basis of the fungal organism. Under certain conditions, fruiting bodies are formed on the surface of the substrate permeated with mycelium, which serve for the formation and dispersal of spores.
The most valuable types of edible mushrooms are distinguished by great diversity in their feeding methods and in relation to the substrate on which they grow. Based on this feature, all the mushrooms that interest us can be divided into three large groups:
The environment for the development of the mycelium of fungi belonging to this group is the soil, more precisely, its upper humus horizon, consisting of decomposed to a monotonous organic matter remnants of dead plants, excrement of herbivores or humus. Under such conditions, saprophytic fungi appear on their own, spreading naturally.
This category includes the most popular mushroom culture in the world, the bisporus champignon ( Agaricus bisporus), as well as other representatives of the Champignon genus ( Agaricus): w. ordinary (A. campester), w. field ( A. arvensis), w. forest ( A. silvaticus). There are also a number of mushrooms of this group - smoky talker ( Clitocybe nebularis); some species of the umbrella family ( Macrolepiota): h. motley ( M. procera), h. shaggy (M. rhacodes); white dung beetle ( Coprinus comatus) and etc.
Mushrooms - wood destroyers
In Russia, the cultivation of a wood-destroying fungus, Flammulina velvetypodia, or winter honey agaric, is widely practiced ( Flammulina velutipes). Winter honey fungus grows naturally on the trunks of living but weakened or damaged deciduous trees, especially willows and poplars. It tolerates frosts well, so it forms fruiting bodies mainly in the autumn-winter period or in early spring. This mushroom is grown artificially only indoors, since its cultivation in open ground poses a threat to gardens, parks and forests.
In the last 30–40 years, oyster mushroom has gained great popularity ( Pleurotus ostreatus). To grow it, cheap cellulose-containing substrates are used: straw, corn cobs, sunflower husks, sawdust, bran and other similar materials.
Fruiting body of the mushroom colloquially called simply “mushroom”) is the reproductive part of the fungus, which is formed from intertwined hyphae of the mycelium and serves to form spores.
Mycorrhizae are non-lignified structures made from plant roots and fungal tissue.
Porcini 
Chanterelles 
Ryzhik
Mycorrhizal fungi
Mushrooms of the third group - mycorrhiza-formers, which are associated, according to nutritional conditions, with the roots of higher plants - are much less amenable to artificial cultivation. It is to this group that most of the most valuable edible mushrooms in terms of nutritional and taste properties belong.
As already mentioned, their development requires the roots of woody plants - forest-forming plants. Mycorrhizal symbiosis allows trees to expand their ecological range and grow in less than optimal conditions.
A good example is different types of larches; from an early age, mycorrhiza with larch oil can form on their root ends ( Suillus grevillei), and after 10–15 years, yellow-orange fruiting bodies appear under the trees. Practice shows that if you plant even one larch tree on a plot, mushrooms of this type will definitely grow under it after some time.
A similar picture is observed with Scots pine. This tree species enters into mycorrhizal symbiosis with many species of fungi, however, the obligate (obligatory) mycorrhiza formers are late, yellow, or true ( S. lutens), and a grainy oiler ( Suillus granulatus). Symbiosis with these types of fungi allows pine to grow in poor sandy soils, where other tree species cannot take root. Having created decorative biogroups of Scots pine on your site, you can fully count on the appearance of these species of boletus.
The situation is much more complicated with white boletus, boletus, boletus, saffron milk caps, chanterelles and even russula. The reason is that they are not obligatory mycorrhiza-formers and enter into symbiosis with trees only under conditions when the latter require their help. Notice where the most mushroom places are in nature? At the edge of the forest, clearing, in forest plantings. In conditions favorable for tree species, mycorrhizal symbiosis does not form.
Nevertheless, in practice there are cases of successful cultivation of these types of mushrooms. Most often this happens as a result of transplanting large trees with a clod of earth. There have even been recorded cases of mass appearance of russula fruiting bodies after the creation of alley plantings of silver birch along the streets in Moscow. Therefore, when decorating your site with trees, from the very beginning you need to take care of creating favorable conditions for the development of mycorrhiza-forming fungi. First, you need to know with which tree species a particular type of fungus can form mycorrhiza. Secondly, if possible, create close to optimal conditions environment for the development of mycorrhiza and the appearance of fruiting bodies.
In addition to the presence of tree roots, a certain temperature is required for the development of fungi. Few people know that at temperatures above +28 o C the mycelium stops growing, and at +32 o C it dies. Therefore, the soil surface should be shaded by the crowns of trees and shrubs. For the development of fungi it is necessary and quite high humidity soil and air. This can be achieved by regular watering. Moreover, under no circumstances should you flood the soil with water until it becomes oversaturated, otherwise the mycelium will become wet. The development of mycorrhizal fungi can be hindered by the creation of a lawn under trees or other disturbances of the upper soil horizons. You should not rake fallen leaves and needles under trees.
The appearance of certain types of mycorrhizal fungi can be stimulated by sowing their spores, for which the ripe and already beginning to decompose caps of the fruiting bodies need to be crumbled into warm, preferably rainwater, left for several hours, mixed thoroughly and watered with this solution on the soil under the trees.
Honey mushrooms 
Boletus 
Champignon
Mushrooms and trees
Let us now consider the most interesting views edible mushrooms from the point of view of their association with certain tree species.
Porcini (Boletus edulis) White birch mushroom ( B. edulis f. betulicola) forms mycorrhiza with silver birch, b. oak town ( B. edulis f. guercicola) – with pedunculate oak, b. Sosnovy ( B. edulis f. pinocola) – with Scots pine, b. spruce town ( B. edulis f. edulis) – with common spruce.
boletus, or common obabok ( Leccinum scabrum). This name is often used not only for the common boletus, but also for all species of the genus Leccinum with a brown cap: black boletus, swamp boletus, and pink boletus. All of them form mycorrhizae with our birch species. Common and black boletus are often associated with silver birch, and swamp and pink boletus are associated with downy birch.
Boletus. This name includes species of the genus Leccinum with an orange cap, which differ from each other not only external signs(for example, by the color of the scales on the stalk), but also by mycorrhizal partners. The most typical species is the red boletus ( L. aurantiacum) with an intensely colored orange cap and white stem, which forms mycorrhizae with aspen and other poplar species. Boletus, or boletus of various skins ( L. versipele), with black scales on the stem, forms mycorrhiza with birch in damp places. Boletus, or Fr. oak (L. guercinum), distinguished by red-brown scales on the stalk, forms mycorrhiza with pedunculate oak.
Common chanterelle, or real ( Cantharellus cabarus), capable of forming mycorrhiza with different tree species. Most often with pine and spruce, less often with deciduous trees, in particular oak.
Russula (Russula). About 30 species of russula grow in our forests. Some of them, in particular s. green ( R. aeruginea) and s. pink ( R. rosea), form mycorrhiza with birch, others are able to enter into symbiosis with the roots of different types of trees (s. blue-yellow - R. cyanoxantha, With. food – R.vesca, With. brittle – R. fragilis).
Saffron milk caps (Lactarius). Real camelina, or pine ( L.deliciosus), is a mycorrhiza-former with Scots pine. Spruce mushroom ( L.sanguifluus) – with common spruce.
Black breast, or blackberry(Lactarius necator), forms mycorrhiza with birch and spruce.