Professions where women's work is prohibited. Production of leather shoes

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Women are actively mastering male professions; today there are practically no occupations left untouched by the fair sex. Women drive cars, stand at the helm of a ship, design skyscrapers, serve in the army, install factories, plow fields, and even women's boxing and women's football no longer look as wild as they seemed 15 years ago.

However, the list of professions prohibited for women contains, oddly enough, more than 400 professions and specialties.

What professions are prohibited for women?

First of all, these are works related to lifting and moving heavy objects manually. Women cannot work as loaders and porters. Women are also prohibited from working underground in mines and in the construction of underground structures. These are not the same times when women built the subway and were advanced explorers. Now such work is included in the list of prohibited professions for women, and underground work is only allowed for women of a non-physical nature. And a woman cannot become a miner either.

Also, the use of female labor is prohibited in foundry and steelmaking operations. These are blue-collar jobs that involve hard work in difficult conditions, as a cupola maker, a casting beater, a metal pourer, a metal and alloy smelter, etc. It is impossible for a woman to become a steelmaker.

They won't hire a woman to do welding. Ladies are allowed to cook borscht, but they are not allowed to cook parts in closed containers or on high-rise buildings.

The list of prohibited professions for women also includes some professions associated with manual labor or difficult conditions and work with harmful chemicals in various areas heavy and mining industries.

Mining work, such as driller, blaster, miner, rigger, drilling rig operator, drifter, various mining works, including oil and gas, coal and ore processing work, some geological exploration and geodetic work, such as installer of geodetic signs and electrician , drilling operations, metallurgical and blast furnace works, coke production, chemical production, especially production and processing harmful substances, for example, mercury, fluorine, phosphorus, chlorine, sulfur are also included in the list of prohibited professions for women.

Also, women are protected and their participation in many hazardous industries is limited, such as the production of varnishes and paints, chemical fibers and chemicals, medical and biological preparations and materials, antibiotics, the production of tires, and rubber compounds.

There is no longer any need to use the labor of the weaker sex in logging and timber rafting. A lady cannot become a feller or a lumberjack under any circumstances.

There are also unavailable professions in the textile industry. Mostly it's also heavy handmade. Leather production, food production, baking and so on. Almost all industries have some list of professions prohibited for women.

“We are not steelworkers, we are not carpenters” - now these lines can be sung about women and women’s work. The view that a woman can work equally with a man and do hard work with a bang has long gone out of fashion. There is no need to plow the fields using women's power, as was the case in the difficult post-war times. There is an opportunity for women to work in more suitable and “beautiful” jobs.

The Government Decree “On approval of the list of heavy work and work with harmful or dangerous working conditions, during which the use of women’s labor is prohibited,” drawn up in 2000, lists hard working professions, but there are also quite popular and interesting and quite well-paid professions, where women will not be hired.

Top 5 professions prohibited for women

Subway train driver and railway train driver are professions prohibited for women. Girls have long become accustomed to driving a trolleybus, bus or tram, but no one has seen a female driver in the cab of an electric train in the metro. Just like in the train cabin.

Combat commander. Women in the army have long ceased to be a rarity and many women serve under contract and even hold high positions, however, a woman is not allowed to command or operate a battle tank, fighter aircraft or warship, or sail a submarine.

Metallurgical industry. In jewelry workshops or in the assembly of microcircuits, women's labor is highly valued, but working in a metallurgical or foundry they won't take her.

Builder-Installer. Only women will be trusted at a construction site Finishing work. They have no right to hire a woman as a mason, carpenter or steeplejack.

Aviation mechanic. Yes, and this is also prohibited.

Women are also prohibited from working on bulldozers, tractors, trucks. Well, besides this list, there are many wonderful, not prohibited professions for women. For now, let’s leave the necessary, but far from easy, work to men.

Officials are going to rewrite Government Resolution No. 162 of February 25, 2000, which lists professions prohibited for women. The list, which has actually been preserved since 1974, is being updated in connection with changes in production technologies and “social and hygienic working conditions” in various fields.

Prohibited professions for women are discussed by trade unions and employers. Among the professions that are proposed to be made accessible are:

  • driver of a bus with 14 or more seats (but there are exceptions, for example, suburban transportation does not fall under this category);
  • diver;
  • stereotyper;
  • special equipment operators;
  • a porter engaged in moving luggage and hand luggage;
  • adjusters various kinds equipment;
  • locomotive driver and assistant driver;
  • train compiler.

How is women's work regulated?

In Russia, equality of genders and opportunities is declared. At the same time, state policy is aimed at protecting motherhood and childhood, therefore some privileges are provided for female workers.

A separate article is devoted to the peculiarities of regulating women's labor. It introduces certain restrictions on the use of female power and provides additional guarantees and benefits to mothers with young children. Among them:

What jobs should women not be used for?

According to the list approved by Government Resolution No. 162, representatives of the fair sex cannot work in some specialties in almost 40 areas. They are prohibited from working to some extent:

  • underground in the mining industry;
  • forging and pressing and thermal;
  • some construction and repair and construction;
  • in the field of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy;
  • V civil aviation;
  • in various manufacturing sectors.

The resolution also lists specific professions that are not available to women. This is a metal pourer, a chaser, engaged in manual work pneumatic tool, asphalt concrete worker, carpenter, blacksmith-driller, aircraft mechanic (technician) for instruments, electrical equipment, engines, sailor, car repair mechanic, manually washing engine parts, train builder, etc. A total of 456 prohibited professions have been approved.

At the same time, it is clarified that the employer has the right to employ women in the jobs (professions, positions) included in the list if they have been created safe conditions labor, and this is confirmed by the results and positive conclusion of the regional Sanitary and Epidemiological Surveillance Service.

What to exclude

The Ministry of Labor says it will exclude certain professions from the list only after doctors confirm their safety for women’s health. How it differs from men’s, how long the tests will last, how much the list will be reduced - all these are still open questions. But the officials themselves always emphasize the need to protect the reproductive health of the fair sex.

At the same time, experts are confident that the age of technology has long required change. “A detailed review and adjustment of the list taking into account technical progress is quite relevant,” says the President of the Union independent experts and interim managers Sergey Eliseev. — Considering that technology and electronics have come a long way, some of the work has ceased to be difficult and/or harmful. For example, the work of a motor grader, bulldozer or excavator driver using modern equipment with hydraulic booster, cabin air conditioning and specialized service repairs can no longer be difficult.”

Whether it is worth restricting a woman’s right to be a boatswain or a diesel locomotive driver at all is, of course, a controversial question. But officials are not yet ready to allow the ladies to decide for themselves what is best for them to do - clean the boilers or dry the diapers.

Express your opinion about the article or ask the experts a question to get an answer

“We are currently working to revise the current list of 456 “prohibited” professions,” the minister said.

Opportunities for women to work will increase different types transport, as special equipment drivers, writes TV.

The list of professions prohibited for women was enshrined in a decree of the Russian government dated February 25, 2005. It included heavy types of work with harmful or dangerous working conditions. Women are not allowed, for example, to uproot stumps, drill wells and slaughter livestock, writes URA.ru.

The list of prohibited professions for women also includes: miner, blaster, firefighter, tank driver, sailor, combat fighter pilot and warship commander.

They decided to shorten the list because many technological processes are already automated, and modern equipment is used at workplaces, the minister noted. Still, the concept of “not a woman’s business” still remains. And here the main thing is to legislate the obligation to thoroughly certify workplaces, Irina Knyazheva, chairman of the Center for Women's Initiatives, told Radio Komsomolskaya Pravda.

Of course, some specialties can already be removed from this strict list. But not all entrepreneurs have improved their jobs. So I think we need to be stricter about the certification of these places. When hiring, you need to ensure that all conditions are created for women that affect their reproductive function and overall health. But I don’t understand how a woman can work, for example, as a diver. It seems to me that special concessions still need to be made.

Fisherman, captain, locomotive driver or chimney sweep. These are just some of the 456 professions that are not available to women in Russia.

She dreams of becoming a captain on her ship. Russian Supreme Court told her no because she was a woman. Since childhood, 30-year-old Svetlana Medvedeva from Russian city Samara wanted to work on a river boat on the Volga.

She was the only girl who graduated from college as a navigator and mechanic. Then she rose to the rank of sailor, mechanic and first navigator on the river ship “Peter Alabin”.

Context

Tereshkova: in the USSR women were not allowed into space

BBC Russian Service 09/18/2015

Bicycles and women's emancipation

Slate.fr 07/29/2015

Men are both smarter and dumber than women

Atlantico 07/19/2015 But when Svetlana wanted to become the first mate and captain, everything suddenly slowed down. Such professions are prohibited for women in Russia.

The rationale was this: these are professions that are hazardous to health and can weaken her reproductive function. This was the beginning of her many years of struggle with the Russian judicial system.

Svetlana decided that “no” is not the answer, even if it comes from Putin.

— My colleagues, friends and relatives support me. “I’m not the only one affected by this ban,” says Svetlana Medvedeva in an interview with Afgenposten.

“I still hope that I will still become captain one day.”

This week she won an important victory over Putin's bureaucracy.

These professions- not for women

Presidential Decree No. 162 prohibits hiring women “in heavy occupations and types of work that can be traumatic and harmful to health,” or that can weaken women’s reproductive abilities. The resolution lists a total of 456 professions and activities that are prohibited for women in Russia, in particular:

1. Locomotive driver and assistant driver;
2. Captain or first mate on the ship;
3. Firefighter;
4. Carpenter, joiner, lumberjack;
5. Fisherman;
6. Driver of a bulldozer or driver of certain types of machines used in construction;
7. Plumber;
8. Professional diver;
9. Livestock slaughterer (i.e. the one who directly kills animals);
10. Chimney sweep

Each profession that is prohibited for women is contained in the Decree signed by President Putin in 2000.

It is very important for Russia to increase the birth rate. Therefore, Putin consistently relies on various measures that would force Russian women to give birth to more children. Such lists and decrees also existed in the USSR.

“Loud noises are harmful female body»

Svetlana got married at 19 and gave birth to two children. Her husband left her and went to someone else. In addition to being the breadwinner of her family and grandmother, she has made a career on one of the river boats that carry passengers along the Volga.

— At first I worked as a sailor and driver. In 2005, I received a navigation education so that I could have a job that would pay better.

In 2012, she applied for a vacancy as a first mate at a shipping company in Samara and got the job. But the decision to hire her was canceled with reference to a government decree signed by the president.

The main argument was that she could be exposed to such loud sound that it could cause harm to the female body.

“It is absolutely clear that this is discrimination.” I do the same hard work as men. But this will not give me the opportunity to earn more, and I will not be able to make a career, says Svetlana.

UN criticizes law

Svetlana turned to the anti-discrimination center, which exists under the human rights organization Memorial. There she received free legal support.

She lost in all courts, including the Constitutional Court of Russia.

She then filed a complaint with the UN Commissioner for Human Rights.

This week, experts from the Geneva-based Committee against Discrimination against Women stated that Putin’s regulations amount to gender discrimination. The experts fully supported Svetlana.

"There are no scientific evidence that this work harms women’s reproductive health,” the experts wrote in their conclusion.

She is afraid that they will look at her as a brawler

Svetlana is glad that she found sympathy, but she doubts whether this will help her become a captain.

“Thanks to this case, I gained some fame in our city. I'm afraid that my potential employers will look at me as a brawler. But in fact, this matter is important not only for me, but for many women,” says Svetlana Medvedeva in an interview with Aftenposten.

— Some people advise me to move to another city. But I love my job. Now I'm the second navigator. And if I continue to do well, I still hope that one day they will allow me to become captain. Memorial is one of many organizations affected by the new Foreign Agents Law in Russia. They risk stopping some areas of their activities because they accept support from abroad.

155 countries restrict women's right to work

Last year, 155 countries around the world had laws restricting women's rights to engage in certain types of work, according to a World Bank report.

41 countries ban women from certain types of work, and 29 countries ban women from working night shifts, the Guardian reported in 2015. Most of these countries are in the Middle East and North Africa.

According to the report, in Europe, most laws prohibiting women from certain professions exist in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and Moldova.

On the sidelines of the Eurasian Women's Forum. In particular, the department plans to lift restrictions on work in bakery production, air, sea, river and railway transport, as drivers of heavy trucks and operators of special equipment.

As Topilin noted, the revision of the list of “non-female” professions was influenced, in particular, by automation technological processes and the use of modern equipment in the workplace. In addition, it is necessary to exclude from the list old types of work that a priori are not used in modern production, the politician noted.

The Minister is confident that changing the list of jobs will increase women’s employment opportunities and will ensure fair working conditions.

“The corresponding order will be signed in the near future,” Topilin added.

In Russia, women's labor is prohibited from being used for hard work and work under harmful or dangerous working conditions. Full scroll of such professions is published on the Internet portal of legal information.

At the same time, one of the criteria by which the profession is closed to women is the obligation to frequently lift certain weights, but a woman who has become a mother is much more likely to lift a child whose weight already from a fairly young age exceeds the “prohibited” parameters.

Topilin also stated the need to continue to reduce the difference in wages men and women, reports RT .

He noted that the gender pay gap had fallen from 36.8% in 2001 to 28.3% in 2017 and called for the trend to continue.

Russia's Vladimir Putin, speaking earlier at the Eurasian Women's Forum, called for solving the problem of gender inequality and removing career restrictions for women. As the head of state noted, equality and Active participation women in various spheres of life and sectors of the economy will benefit the entire global community.

“In today’s complex, rapidly changing world, women energetically and successfully manifest themselves in a variety of industries, playing an increasingly significant role in strengthening peace and security, which is absolutely natural for women, in solving the most important socio-economic and humanitarian problems,” the president said .

He said it was very important to “open the way for girls to get the necessary education”, as well as create convenient conditions for working and running their own businesses.

At the same time, it is important to preserve the traditional values ​​of family and motherhood, Putin said. In his opinion, they do not depend on the social structure and technological progress and are common to countries with different cultures and customs.

The Second Eurasian Women's Forum brought together several thousand women delegates from more than 100 countries. Public activists, politicians, entrepreneurs, heads of companies and government agencies came to St. Petersburg to discuss world issues, including global security and sustainable development.

Earlier, the deputy chairman of the Committee on Family Affairs said that it would take 170 years to overcome inequality between women and men in Russia. Thus, this will only be achieved by 2188.

According to her, it is necessary to adopt a law on gender equality in the country, since women and men still receive different salaries, and there is also discrimination in employment. Then she especially emphasized that the list of prohibited professions, adopted back in 1978, violates women’s rights.

“The problem of discrimination is not virtual, but measurable. It’s better to start now, we have to work on a number of problems,” the deputy said in an interview with the publication “Takie Dela.”

At the same time, the editor-in-chief and RT Margarita believes that Russia is ahead of many advanced countries in the issue of equal rights for women.

To prove her words, she recalled that in Russia women retire earlier than men. In particular, in the event of a parental divorce, the child, as a rule, remains with the mother. In addition, the woman receives maternal capital and cannot be sentenced to life imprisonment.

“It was our country that long ago and finally defeated the oppression of women. Women's equality in our country is not such a pressing issue as, unfortunately, it still is in some other countries. In our country, being born a girl is not humiliation or a curse... I am proud that in our country women are not just equal to men, but have even a little more rights,” concluded Simonyan, speaking at the second Eurasian Women’s Forum.

The journalist also recalled that a woman can take long vacation for child care, and the employer is obliged to take care of her workplace for this time. At the same time, she noted that “it is not very clear what money she should live on” for these three years. According to her, in this regard the legislation is still imperfect. “But in this matter... we are ahead of many other advanced countries,” Simonyan concluded.