Make a door in a panel house. Is redevelopment of an apartment in panel houses prohibited or not, and what are the typical options for redistributing the corridor, bathroom and toilet? Examples of openings in a load-bearing wall

The walls are different. Therefore, when remodeling, you need to find out in advance what you can do with them and what not. What is a load-bearing wall, brick, concrete, etc. More on this below in the article.

The topic of openings when remodeling apartments is relevant for capital or current repairs. Improving living conditions or adjusting the apartment space is an understandable desire of every owner. For example, apartments and studios are directly related to the organization of new doorways and dismantling partitions.

Load-bearing wall: definition

In order to understand which walls are allowed to be dismantled and which are only suitable for punching new door or window openings, you need to know the definition - what is a “load-bearing wall”. If you ask this question professional builder, then he will explain this complex concept in two words: these are walls supporting floor slabs and or attic coverings. The word "carrying" literally reflects main function– bear the load from higher wall and slab elements. In some cases, this role is partially performed by beams and free-standing columns.

The main function of load-bearing walls is to create and maintain the integrity of the building structure.

If you carry out the redevelopment incorrectly and break through the arch in load-bearing wall without carrying out work to ensure the integrity of the building, this is fraught big problems- deformation cracks begin to open in supporting structures, or ceilings collapse.

To competently rebuild an apartment you need to know:

Construction of a load-bearing brick and concrete wall

Before deciding to construct an opening in load-bearing walls, it is recommended to familiarize yourself with the technology for constructing the main types of load-bearing walls,

Brick load-bearing

A popular building material, brick is strong and durable and is considered the most popular type of materials in the construction of buildings and structures. The construction of load-bearing brick walls has its own characteristics, which are taken into account when making new openings:

Brickwork of external and interior walls, intended to bear the load of higher elements and structures, is made only from solid brick. More often, ceramic or sand-lime brick: single size 250 x 120 x 65 mm or one and a half 250 x 120 x 88 mm.
The thickness of the external walls is a multiple of the brick size and is 1.5, 2, 2.5 times the length of the brick element, which corresponds to a thickness of 380 mm, 510 or 680 mm. The thickness of the internal ones cannot be less than 250 mm.
It is laid in rows with obligatory bandaging of seams. Cement-sand mortar of grade no lower than 25 is used as a binding material.
Every fifth row of brickwork is reinforced with a reinforced masonry mesh made of cold-drawn wire VR-1 with a diameter of f * 5 mm.
There are several schemes for laying load-bearing external walls.

Openings in the brickwork of walls under load from above are framed by a load-bearing reinforced concrete lintel, which takes the load from the weight of the overlying brickwork.

Size and section reinforced concrete structure lintels are selected as a result of calculations at the stage of drawing up a construction project.

Concrete

A building with monolithic concrete walls belongs to the category of the most durable structures, capable of withstanding soil vibrations with small amplitude.

Just a few decades ago, monolithic construction was used for the construction of major industrial facilities and multi-story construction.

With the development of monolithic house-building technology and the use of affordable prefabricated panel formwork, concrete walls began to be used for private suburban construction.

First, a special removable formwork is installed, which is necessary to give the wall contour a clear geometric shape. Used as formwork metal sheets thickness 2-5 mm, wooden boards from boards and beams. IN Lately moisture-resistant plywood is used for pouring concrete, OSB boards or rigid polystyrene foam boards.
The installed formwork contains a steel core in the form of a spatial reinforcement frame. In the steel “skeleton” of a concrete wall, the load-bearing working reinforcement is responsible for receiving the main forces. For these purposes, reinforcing steel bars with a diameter of 10-16 mm with a corrugated surface are used.
To provide rigidity to the reinforcement frame and distribute additional forces, reinforcing bars with a diameter of 6-8 mm are used. The reinforcement frame is a flat mesh with a cell size of 100-200 mm, connected using distribution reinforcement into a rigid spatial structure.
After the reinforcement cage is installed and secured in removable formwork, it’s time to fill it with a concrete mixture consisting of cement, sand and crushed granite or gravel. To fill load-bearing walls, concrete of a grade of at least class 200 is used.

After the concrete mixture has hardened, the formwork is carefully dismantled and transferred to the next section of wall construction. The thickness of the concrete walls depends on the calculated temperature indicators of the outside air.

External load-bearing walls are made with a thickness of 350-450 mm, and internal walls are allowed to be made with a thickness of 250 mm.

Is it possible to make an opening in a load-bearing wall?

The problem of arranging a new opening in load-bearing walls worries the owners of apartments and private households. It is impossible to give an unambiguous answer to this question without taking into account the totality of factors influencing the solution of this problem:

Need to know the type building material, used for the construction of load-bearing walls.
Housing layout project.
The ratio of the desired dimensions of the new opening and the dimensions of the load-bearing wall.
The technical condition of the building and the interfloor ceiling or attic covering.
Produce technical assessment loads on the load-bearing wall.
The condition of the load-bearing wall and its thickness.

Permission or prohibition to construct an opening in load-bearing structures is accepted by special housing services on the basis of engineering technical calculations that take into account all of the above factors.

Permission and redevelopment: nuances

In order to carry out a technically correct and competent redevelopment of housing or to make an opening in load-bearing walls, it is recommended to familiarize yourself with the subtleties and nuances of the process:

Contact the BTI with a written statement of what you want constructive change in an apartment or house project.
Employees of this service on site assess the technical feasibility of adjusting the apartment space or residential building.
The result of the assessment will be permission or prohibition to carry out redevelopment or arrangement of openings in load-bearing walls.
Having received permits, then go to a design organization that has licenses to develop design solutions for redevelopment. Architects will develop a solution suitable for each specific case, in full accordance with technical standards and rules.

Unfortunately, the process of agreeing and drawing up a design solution can take 2-3 months. Therefore, it is recommended to submit documents in advance to obtain permission to carry out work on opening the opening.

How to make an opening in a load-bearing wall

Project documentation contains detailed description technologies for punching openings in load-bearing walls:

Recommendations are given for organizing and carrying out work on punching the opening itself.
Technological sequence of work. In a multi-storey residential building, the use of impact tools such as a hammer drill or jackhammer is limited, so the fastest and least in a safe way The work is considered to be laser cutting of load-bearing structures.
After cutting the opening, and sometimes simultaneously, the wall is reinforced metal structures or clips.

How to cut in a panel house

Punching an opening in a panel house, in which almost all the walls are load-bearing, leads to a decrease in the design parameters of the structures.

Therefore, it is mandatory to carry out technical events aimed at compensating for lost load-bearing capacity. For this purpose, additional unloading or securing metal elements are included in the design:

Welded frames made of rolled steel, secured with metal studs made of reinforcing steel.
A box-type frame consisting of channels welded together and framing the newly formed opening.
For large openings, steel frames and metal connections.

In all cases, it is important to remember that in order to properly distribute the load on the floor slab in the floor area, it is necessary to weld rectangular or square metal plates made of sheet metal to the support frame or channels.

Doorway in the load-bearing wall of a brick house

To construct an opening in brick load-bearing structures wall structures The requirements are not as strict as for panel houses. To absorb the load forces of the upper floors or floor slabs, a prefabricated metal lintel is used, consisting of two metal channels tightened together with studs and nuts.

Sequence of work:

At the desired height of the future opening, a groove is cut equal to the length of the metal lintel. The minimum length for supporting the lintel on the wall is at least 150–200 mm. This indicator must be taken into account when preparing the support element.
The cross section and size of the channels are determined by calculation. For these purposes, rolled steel No. 10, 16 and less often 18 is used.
After installing the channel into the groove of the brick wall, the resulting voids are filled on one side cement-sand mortar. After complete drying, they begin to punch a furrow on the other side and install the second channel.
The installed channels are tightened together with studs and nuts.

In order to protect the metal structures of the lintel from corrosion, it is recommended to paint the steel surface with a primer and metal paint.

How to make it in a concrete wall of a private house

With the development of technology monolithic construction concrete mixture often used for the construction of private houses and country houses. Sometimes situations arise when you need an opening in the load-bearing wall of a private house. To reorganize the home space or to organize a new entrance to the attached part of the house. In a private house, punching an opening in concrete load-bearing walls is carried out as multi-storey building. The only difference is that load-bearing walls do not experience the same loads as multi-story buildings. Therefore, to strengthen concrete walls that have partially lost some of their strength after punching openings in them, rolled metal of a small cross-section is used.

For example, to construct an arched opening in the body of a load-bearing concrete wall, use channel No. 10 or angle 100. This is where the design differences end. Rolled metal is connected to each other with studs or reinforcing bars.

How to do it in a monolithic house

The main feature of monolithic reinforced concrete slabs consists in the presence of a steel reinforcement frame. This nuance is important to consider when arranging openings in monolithic house. And in addition to cutting the wall concrete mass, you will have to face the problem of cutting the reinforcing rods. The work is carried out in the following order:

To avoid damaging expensive diamond-coated cutting blades, it is recommended to determine the location reinforcing mesh“hidden” in the body of a concrete wall. To do this, use a metal detector and mark the locations of the fittings with a marker.
Drilled through holes at a distance of 200-300mm from the reinforcement location line marked with a marker.
Using a circular saw, “grinders” cut through a portion of the concrete located between the drilled holes in the upper part of the opening.
On next stage use a hammer drill or jackhammer and knock out top part opening.
The visible part of the reinforcement is cut off and moved to the next section.

After punching the opening, the concrete wall is reinforced with an all-welded or prefabricated metal frame, installed directly into the new opening.

Who can carry out work on cutting an opening in load-bearing walls

Work on organizing new openings in load-bearing walls is considered technically complex. Therefore, it is better to entrust this task to specialists who have experience in this field. After all, besides dismantling works it is necessary to reinforce the wall with metal structures and this important part of the work will be performed only by experienced welders. In addition, the popular diamond cutting of openings is done only by specially trained workers.

We must not forget about the problem of removing dismantled brick or concrete from apartments located on the upper floors of multi-story buildings.

Responsibility for uncoordinated openings in load-bearing walls

Independent construction of openings in load-bearing walls without obtaining permits can lead to unpleasant consequences:

Loss of the load-bearing capacity of walls and ceilings, which can cause irreversible deformation of the entire building, up to and including collapse.
IN apartment building an attempt to make an opening in a load-bearing wall will be noticed by neighbors who will contact the housing management company or housing office regarding the safety and legality of the similar works. And if it turns out that there is no permission to make openings, the homeowner will be fined and required to restore the integrity of the load-bearing wall.
To restore the load-bearing capacity, it is not enough to fill the knocked-out opening with brick or other material. It is impossible to restore a load-bearing wall using these methods. You will have to seek help from the design organization to obtain technical solution to restore the load-bearing capacity of walls.

If the owner refuses to pay the fine and fill the knocked-out opening, the case is sent to court, where they can make a decision up to and including eviction from the occupied apartment.

When deciding to construct a new opening in existing load-bearing walls, it is imperative to contact specialists and obtain permits to carry out this work. The epitome of risk-taking design solutions affecting bearing capacity the entire building without accurate engineering calculations can lead to sad and destructive consequences.

Useful video

Quite often when you do major renovation apartments, there is a desire to move doorway. This is due not so much to the uniqueness of the apartment design, but to its inconvenience, since in some of our apartment projects there is no logic at all. Therefore, if you want to make an opening in a main wall, or make a door in it, then we would like to consider this issue in this article.

Many apartment owners are wondering: is it possible to make an opening in a load-bearing wall? panel house. Theoretically, it is possible to make an opening in a load-bearing wall, but there are a lot of “BUTs” here. First, you need to agree on the redevelopment. Why? There is no need to believe that permission and approval of the opening is a purely bureaucratic procedure. It is such because of the officials, and it was created with good intentions, so that with your changes you do not violate the structure of the building and so that the building does not simply begin to collapse, especially an apartment building.

There are two types of homemade opening in the wall: illegal and legal. Their differences are as follows: a legal layout is a guarantee of quality and safety, you will be sure that you have not caused any harm to the supporting structures of the house and the opening itself will be made in accordance with all the rules. An illegal opening in the wall will help you avoid the procedure for legalizing redevelopment at the initial stage, but if the fact of redevelopment in the future is established, you will be obliged to block the opening or require its legalization, and with the payment of a fine. Therefore, the website builders strongly advise you to do everything legally, in addition, the permitting documentation will include a clear and detailed redevelopment plan, which will simplify the procedure for making an opening.

When everything is agreed upon, you hire a team of builders, or make the opening yourself, using special equipment. Before making an opening in concrete wall it must be cleaned of paint and wallpaper, after which you need to mark the opening on the wall on one side. When the marking is applied, we transfer it to another wall, this can be done using beacons, that is, on the side where the marking is located, you make through holes, based on them you will transfer the opening marking to the other side of the wall. This must be done because the opening will be cut on both sides and so that the “contours” of the opening are smooth and symmetrical.

Attention! To make an opening in a wall, never use impact tools such as a jackhammer. Because of high degree Impacts may cause cracks and other damage to appear on the wall.

In order to make an opening you will need a 12 mm drill, an angle grinder and a diamond-coated disk for it. The opening is made in parts, divide the opening space into parts, approximately 40 by 40 cm, and cut it out in such pieces. To do this, make through holes with a drill in increments of 3-4 cm, then cut out this part with a grinder. When cutting, use construction vacuum cleaner, which will collect all the dust. When you pull out the cut parts of the wall, make a flooring from wood materials so as not to damage the floor.

The next stage of work is the so-called strapping. It is necessary for strengthening. Tying is done using metal corners, plates and reinforced rods. More details about the installation of the strapping, the width and length of the corners, as well as other nuances will be described in project documentation.

Is it possible to make an opening in a load-bearing wall and how to do it correctly, we will consider in detail. It's not such a simple matter, this type walls bear a heavy load and making an opening is not so safe.

How to make an opening in a load-bearing wall is described in detail below. You can also get additional necessary information from the video in this article and photos.

Thinking about how to make an opening in the load-bearing brick wall You should immediately take the documentation into account. After all, this is an important point.

According to current legislation, redevelopment with changes in load-bearing structures is prohibited. This will need to be approved.

So:

Attached to the application detailed plan planned changes in the building plan.
The issued permit will allow you to contact the design bureau for development technical documentation according to the planned project. Ready project approved by a number of permitting commissions - fire, gas, housing and communal services.
The agreed project is finally approved by the controlling organization. Only after the last resolution can we begin to implement the planned construction work for redevelopment - cutting an opening in the load-bearing wall of the building.

Examples of openings and their finishing

It could be an opening in a panel house, or a brick one, it doesn’t matter. He must fit in general interior premises. First of all, you need to choose the right option and only then will it be possible to begin work.

Let's look at what they are doing and it is quite likely this option Suitable for you too:

Redevelopment safety factors

Any work with the load-bearing structures of buildings must be thoroughly verified and calculated. The walls of buildings experience enormous loads, so the design of the opening must be approached thoroughly. Poor quality redevelopment in violation of technology can lead to partial or complete collapse of the house.

The calculation takes into account the most important factors influencing the final result:

Materials used in the construction of the building
Technical condition of the house, especially floors
Wall thickness
Load on the section of the structure in which the passage is planned to be made
Interior layout
The dimensions of the planned opening and its compliance with the dimensions of the wall.

A calculated project that takes into account all the necessary factors is agreed upon by the supervisory service. Work on moving doorways begins only after approval of the project.

Opening options

The complexity of calculations when designing the transfer of a doorway in a load-bearing wall depends on the configuration of the planned opening. The complexity of construction work and the order of its implementation directly depend on the chosen option.

Standard straight opening	Cut through in the partition with clean slate. The calculation takes into account the existing doorway that accepts part of the load load-bearing structure. According to the project, such an opening is left untouched or covered with bricks
Arch-shaped opening	They are more difficult to perform - the bending trajectory is taken into account in the calculation. Particularly difficult are the calculations of an arched opening in brick wall, taking into account the placement of masonry joints
Partial passage transfer	It involves shifting the lintel of the existing passage in the desired direction. A new passage fragment of the required size is cut. The unnecessary part of the opening is bricked.

Hole cutting equipment

Cutting openings in a load-bearing wall is performed with a special tool. Ordinary impact sledgehammers, hammer drills and grinders are not suitable for such a complex procedure - they create too much dust, replaceable parts quickly wear out and break, excessive vibration leads to the formation of cracks and chips on the walls.

Cutting openings in load-bearing walls is performed:

Rope cutting installation	As cutting tool A special rope is used, on which diamond-coated bushings are put on. The rope is designed to withstand enormous tensile loads. The installation practically pulls the rope through the structure being cut. Dry and wet cutting is used. The second option helps to avoid heavy dust.
Hand saw with cutting disc diamond coated	Water is supplied to the cutting site to cool the tool and prevent excessive dust formation
Wall cutting machine	Operating on the same principle as hand saw, but designed to work with thick walls. Uses running water for cooling
Tool with diamond drill	The cutting tool is a special cone-shaped drill with a diamond coating. This tool is also used for drilling holes in walls for laying various communications.

Making an opening

Preparatory stage: strengthening the future opening

Construction work to change the design of load-bearing walls is carried out strictly according to the approved project, taking into account design features building. The main objective of the project is to maintain the integrity of the structure after moving or creating a new passage.

Before starting work, the structure of the planned opening is strengthened in advance. To do this, using a wall chaser, grooves are cut along the perimeter of the passage, into which reinforcement (channels) is laid.

The grooves are not through - they are recesses for the reinforcing element. The channel section is calculated taking into account the various structural characteristics of the building.

Attention: The channels are placed in the recesses made with a wall chaser on both sides of the partition. To ensure that the laying location exactly matches, markings of the planned passage are made on the wall. Using the markings, they drill through holes and transfer the design to the other side of the wall.

The channels used to strengthen the structure are pre-cut to the required length, taking into account the height and width of the planned opening. You will need two pairs for the sides of the opening and two pairs for the top and bottom. Holes are made in advance on each pair through which the channels will be fastened with pins or self-anchors. The distance between the holes is calculated by calculation.

The side pairs are installed alternately in the grooves. Through the holes made in the channel pairs, a partition is drilled for fastening hardware. The pairs are held together with fasteners. Important: The fasteners must be tightened well using a special power tool or available materials.

After installing the vertical channels, the operation is repeated with horizontal pairs. The joints of horizontal and vertical channels are fastened by welding on both sides of the future opening. The preliminary strengthening of the opening is ready.

Main stage: cutting the load-bearing wall

After finishing preparatory stage After strengthening the load-bearing wall, they begin to break through a new doorway. The complexity of the work depends on the material of the walls. Brickwork It is easiest to dismantle - it is removed row by row. WITH concrete wall There will be more problems during dismantling due to the presence of reinforcement in the structure.

To cut an opening in a wall, a hand saw with diamond blade. At the site of the future opening, markings are applied dividing the passage into small blocks. Using the marking tool, cuts are made on both sides of the wall. The depth of the slot can reach 15 cm on each side. Next, the blocks are removed one by one from the opening, layer by layer. When dismantling, additional use of a hammer drill is often required.

When cutting an opening with a wall saw, the depth of the slot reaches 60 cm, but during operation access to running water for cooling tools and washing out concrete chips and dust.
Sometimes the thickness of the building wall turns out to be quite large, especially if an opening needs to be cut in the foundation or façade. In this case, a rope installation is used that can quickly cut through concrete or monolithic blocks any thickness.
There is a third way to make an opening in the wall. To do this, holes are drilled along the markings on the wall with a diamond drill. Next, you only need to saw the cut fragment into pieces and remove pieces of the wall from the opening.
Modern tools for cutting openings in load-bearing structures allow work to be completed in a short time with minimal noise and dust.

The final stage: strengthening the structure

An opening cut into a load-bearing wall requires final strengthening using welding and general construction work.

The work is carried out in several stages:

Those parts of the channels around the perimeter of the opening that were inaccessible before the dismantling of the wall are completed by welding. Important: the legs of the seams when welding must be at least 6 mm, according to established standards.
Pairs of channels with different sides the walls are connected by transverse steel plates, no more than 50 mm wide and no less than 4 mm thick. The plates are welded to the channels along the perimeter of the structure with a pitch of approximately 30-40 cm from each other.
It is welded onto the channel metal grid, on which the plaster is applied (see How to do plaster with your own hands). The integrity of the damaged is restored plaster coating walls - all potholes and depressions are sealed, channels are additionally strengthened with cement mortar.

Attention: Working with special tools cutting openings in load-bearing walls requires special professional skills. When operating the equipment, you must follow safety rules: work in protective clothing and keep your hands away from rotating parts of the mechanisms.

Upon completion of the redevelopment work - cutting a new passage in the supporting structure of the building - the changes made must be recorded and put into operation.
For this selection committee housing organization will draw up a corresponding act. The document must be certified by representatives of the design bureau that developed the project, the company that performed the work, and the organization that accepted the facility into operation. After approval by all authorities, the redevelopment will be officially legalized.

You now know how to make an opening in a load-bearing wall. Its price will depend on the size of the opening and finishing materials. You can do everything without any problems with your own hands, this will reduce costs. And the instructions will help you not to miss anything.

During a complete redevelopment, many people think about increasing the space. Studio apartments are very popular. To create this version of an apartment, you need to demolish the necessary part of the wall and combine two rooms. Mainly kitchen and living room. An alternative would be to make a doorway in the wall. What is basically used for similar type walls and houses.

But load-bearing walls, which, as is known, have a stability function for a living space, can interfere with the plan. Is it still possible to implement the idea? How to remodel without damaging the house?

Naturally, demolishing a load-bearing wall completely is strictly prohibited. Any construction specialist will confirm this. But there are times when openings lead to cracks and other troubles.

Important coordination nuances that need to be taken into account when demolishing a load-bearing wall:

Demolition is carried out only if the residential premises are located on the upper floors of a high-rise building. For the first floors, this is strictly prohibited. If there is a great desire to remodel, then before the process you should consult with a specialist.
The size of the opening is preferably small. Up to approximately one meter. There is a possibility that everything will go well and no one will get hurt. It is worth reconsidering the desire to demolish the entire wall. Especially the carrier.
Before repair work, visit your neighbors above and below. This is necessary in order to understand the placement of the opening and whether it is worth making it at all. After all, they should be located under each other for general safety.
After the specialist has approved the work, you should worry about coordinating this issue with higher authorities. In case of a ban on renovation work, you do not have the right to do what you intended. Otherwise, a fine will be imposed on the tenant and rework will be required to initial stage. And this extra costs and just an unpleasant situation.

Knowing all the points related to load-bearing walls, the choice is yours: should you implement the idea or not. An important part is consultation with the builder and agreement on permission for repair work.