Snip for chimneys - installation rules and operating conditions. Installation of smoke and ventilation ducts Maintenance of chimneys and ventilation ducts

Chimney and ventilation ducts ensure operation heating devices and ventilation. They maintain a normal microclimate in the house, reduce the concentration of dust and pathogens. Violation or incorrect operation of such channels leads to damage to interior items from high humidity and even the death of residents from carbon monoxide poisoning or fire. Knowledge of the structure of ventilation ducts and chimneys, their inspection and maintenance is vital.

Brick chimney on the roof

Design and difference between chimneys and ventilation ducts

Despite the similarity and possibility of an identical device, ventilation and chimney ducts differ in purpose and requirements for them. Using channels for purposes other than their intended purpose and changing them is strictly prohibited!

A chimney is an air channel for removing combustion products from heating appliances. Sometimes its walls serve as heat exchangers (in stoves, fireplaces). Coaxial chimneys(for turbocharged boilers) and supply channels to the fireplaces also provide a flow of fresh air to maintain combustion.

Stainless steel chimneys

The ventilation duct is intended exclusively for the exchange of air masses in the room. There are no strict requirements for it fire safety, only stable operation is required at a certain bandwidth.

Previously, almost all ventilation and chimney ducts were made of brick. Now the range of materials is much larger:

asbestos-cement and fiberglass pipes (unpopular due to low environmental friendliness);
concrete (such channels are laid when casting monolithic houses);
stainless molybdenum steel (used more often for gas appliances that emit a large number of steam and aggressive acids);
ceramic pipes (the most suitable material).

To prevent contamination, birds and precipitation from entering, the channels are equipped with canopies, caps, and protective grilles. Deflectors are often used to enhance traction.

Ventilation ducts with deflectors - installation

To determine the purpose and ownership of the channels, they are marked in accordance with the requirements of SNiP. On each channel at a height of 700-800 mm from the floor (in the attic) or 200-300 mm above the roof (with a combined roof), a triangle 50 mm high with the apex facing down and the apartment number (in high-rise buildings) is applied. The colors used are:

black – for solid fuel heating devices;
red – for gas combustion products;
blue along the contour - ventilation.

Checking and maintaining air ducts

The cost and procedure for checking chimneys and ventilation ducts are strictly regulated and may differ depending on the region and the requirements of regulatory authorities.

The average price of this service is 50-1500 rubles, more detailed information can be found in gas services or organizations that control the operation stove chimneys(almost always this is a structure under the Ministry of Emergency Situations). They will also tell you the contacts of official specialized enterprises for checking, repairing and cleaning these devices.

Checking the ventilation duct from the room

Who checks ventilation and chimneys and when?

A specialized organization that has the appropriate license, equipment and trained specialists has the right to inspect ventilation ducts and chimneys. In this case, the customer (and payer) of the inspection for apartment buildings is a representative of the enterprise that operates the housing stock or provides housing and communal services, and for a private (single-apartment) house - its owner.

An initial check is carried out in the presence of the customer before connecting and putting into operation the building or new equipment.

Subsequent checks are carried out:

before the beginning heating season;
For brick channels at least once every three months;
for channels made of other materials (steel, asbestos-cement and others) - at least once a year;
after each repair or reconstruction of chimneys and ventilation ducts.

Clogged ventilation duct

Besides, in winter time and when severe frosts occur, the heads of the outlet channels must be inspected once a month for icing and blockage.

In private single-apartment houses, repeated inspections and cleaning of ventilation ducts and chimneys are permitted by the owner of the home. To obtain permission to carry out this type of work, he must undergo training in a specialized organization with subsequent testing of knowledge.

Inspection of ventilation ducts and chimneys in an apartment building is carried out only by specialists. Any work, reconstruction or cleaning of these systems by tenants is not permitted.

Inspection of the condition of channels in an apartment building

Video: Inspection of chimneys and ventilation ducts

Important! If violations and shortcomings are identified, operation exhaust devices until the defects are completely eliminated, it is prohibited!

Documents to confirm the work performed

After any inspection, specialists are required to issue a special act with a hologram in two copies, certified by a seal. After signing, one copy of the act remains with the customer. The form of the form is regulated by the relevant regulations(in Russia, for example, according to Government Decree No. 1225 of December 30, 2011).

The chimney certificate must specify the following points.

Channel length, size and location.
The material from which the chimney is made.
Connection points for heating devices.
Narrowings, transitions, others design features that interfere with normal operation.
Tightness and density of the structure.
The condition of the internal walls, absence of blockages and blockages.
Presence and magnitude of traction.
Condition of channel heads, cutting seams (for brick channels).
The height of the head above the ridge, the presence of obstacles for normal operation chimney, nearby high-rise buildings.
The presence and condition of caps, protective grilles and other devices.
At the customer's request, a laboratory analysis of the air can be carried out for carbon dioxide contamination.

Completed technical condition report in the Russian Federation

These documents may be requested by authorized representatives of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, gas service, housing inspection and others.

In the absence of certificates for chimneys and ventilation ducts (as well as other violations: improper operation of heating devices; gas devices more than twenty years ago, with missing or non-working automatic protective equipment), regulatory organizations have the right to issue an order to prohibit the use of housing, to cut off gas supply lines.

Important! Violators, in accordance with the law, may be subject to administrative and even criminal liability!

Inspection and cleaning equipment

Previously, inspection of chimneys and ventilation ducts was carried out visually or using a flashlight and mirror. Now for these purposes they use digital cameras with infrared or LED backlight, technical video endoscopes with signal transmission to a base device and even industrial robots(at critical and complex facilities). A thermal imager is used to identify leaky and thin sections of chimneys.

Robots for checking and cleaning ventilation ducts

Inspection of chimneys and ventilation ducts is necessary when draft deteriorates or is completely absent. Its presence can be checked by drawing the flame of a match or candle into the chimney. If a standard A4 sheet does not fall if you lean it against ventilation grille, is also a good indicator. But the most accurate values are obtained using a hydrometer - a device for measuring air flow speed that looks like a children's toy with a spinning propeller and a dial.

Chimney and ventilation ducts need to be cleaned if they are clogged, have poor draft, or have a layer of soot or dirt of more than 2 mm.

In this case, they use both traditional scrapers, brushes, weights, and specialized vacuum cleaners, which make it possible to remove any deposits not only from vertical, but also from horizontal sections of passages.

Cleaning the chimney at home

According to existing standards, a channel is conditionally considered clean if a weight with a diameter of 100 mm passes through it freely to the bottom of the device, where there is an inspection hatch. Blockages and blockages are broken through with this weight or a special pipe cleaner attached to a strong rope. If it is impossible to break through the blockage, its location is determined and the outer wall of the channel is opened.

For self-cleaning own home A special hard brush with a detachable handle, the length of which can be changed during operation, is quite suitable. To facilitate the process, special chemicals are also used to loosen soot and deposits.

Installation of ventilation and chimneys of apartment buildings

Ventilation ducts and chimneys in apartment buildings are varied in design, methods of execution and, ultimately, comfort and safety for residents.

Types of ventilation and smoke exhaust systems

The most common is the natural, supply and exhaust type of ventilation and chimneys. In this case, through satellite channels, air or combustion products from the premises enter a common channel (or a collector in the attic), and then into the atmosphere. Air is taken in through natural gaps and leaks in windows and doors.

More advanced and effective solution is forced ventilation using exhaust and injection fans. There are hybrid projects combined with a supply and exhaust system, options with air recovery (a recuperator is a device that transfers heat from the exhaust air to the injected one).

Modern ventilation apartment building

The most productive and stable design is the one in which the ventilation ducts from each apartment are removed separately. This increases the stability of the system and prevents the flow of odors and gases into other apartments (for example, when one of the residents installs a high-power exhaust fan).

Structural diagrams ventilation systems

Features and nuances of service

Maintenance of smoke and ventilation ducts in apartment buildings is practically not required due to the well-thought-out systems and built-in characteristics. According to Soviet SNiPs through window and door blocks up to 80% of air exchange was carried out. Therefore, the main problem for high-rise buildings of old construction is the replacement by residents of such elements with modern, practically sealed, metal-plastic and steel structures. At the same time, air exchange sharply deteriorates, dampness and fungus appear.

This problem can be solved either by constant ventilation or by installing special supply valves.

They are mounted under the window above heating devices for heating the air coming from the street. It is also recommended to leave gaps at the bottom interior doors or equip them with breathable grilles.

Supply valve in the apartment

Inspecting, repairing and cleaning ventilation ducts and chimneys is a troublesome and responsible task. Therefore, it is better not to risk the health and lives of loved ones and neighbors. Leave such work to the professionals and simply enjoy life in a cozy, warm home filled with fresh air.

Unfortunately, in most cases a fire does not occur from the moment of the first test heating, as does the lack of oxygen in the house and the presence carbon monoxide it is not felt on the first day - on the contrary, in the first months everything can be fine. But after just a year of active operation of a problematic chimney or faulty ventilation ducts, a fire may occur, a disease may develop, or utility lines will simply suddenly become completely unusable.

And therefore, it is important not only to know the rules for operating chimneys and ventilation ducts of a residential building, but also to carry out timely inspection and prevention, which is what this article will be about.

You can download the official rules for the operation of chimneys and ventilation ducts in .pdf format:

This short document talks about how chimneys and ventilation ducts should be checked in an apartment building, and which authorities are responsible for this control. But specifically in this article we will pay more attention to the safety of operating chimneys and ventilation ducts of a residential private house or bathhouse, which are rarely discussed, although there is a lot important points. Read the article carefully - you will be surprised!

Any chimney is always the most dangerous source of fire in the house. And all because the temperature flue gases can be prohibitively high. Therefore, even the slightest violation of the chimney installation inside a residential building can lead to dangerous consequences. But it is important not only to install a chimney correctly, it is also important to use and care for it correctly.

What is included in the concept of fire safety?

To begin with, we propose to understand in more detail the concept of fire safety in the operation of a chimney.

Fire safety is the state of an object (and we are talking about a chimney), which is characterized by the ability to quickly prevent the occurrence and development of a fire. Fire safety in the operation of a residential building can be divided into the following: the safety of the floor, ceiling and walls that are nearby, as well as the safety of the chimney itself. This means that the insulation of the room must not only be effective, but also environmentally friendly, so that when heated it does not emit any harmful substances.

In other words, so as not to be the source of those very chemical elements that cause cancer (carcinogens). You can only use natural, safe materials based on stone fibers, fiberglass stone and stainless metal.

Second point: the chimney must be installed and operated correctly:

Controlling the heating temperature of a single- and double-circuit chimney

Fires caused by problems with the chimney often occur due to the combustion of soot, and it ignites from high temperatures. What leads to this? For example, paper and burning plastic produce the highest temperatures, followed by firewood of certain types of wood.

Many people believe that it’s good that if the soot burns out, there will be no need to clean the chimney in the summer, but often it simply destroys the chimney pipe from the inside, which is not prepared for such high temperatures. This is why chimneys, which were initially designed by the manufacturer for low temperatures, have the least service life and are more fire unsafe. temperature conditions, and the burning temperature of their firewood is high. Let's compare different breeds wood according to its ability to burn hot in a stove:

Pine – 624°C;
Hornbeam – 1022°С;
Poplar – 468°С;
Oak – 840-900°C;
Aspen – 612°C;
Larch – 865°С;
Ash, beech – 1044°C;
Birch – 816°C;
Alder – 552°С;
Acacia – 708°C.

Impressive? That's why, in addition to compliance general rules, you always need to take care that the outer contour of the chimney cannot heat up more than the metal from which it is made is designed:

For example, most common reason fires in private houses and bathhouses - this is a 0.5 mm stainless steel chimney, which is placed on wood stoves, although it was originally intended only for gas ones. Unfortunately, to distinguish gas chimney from wood, at first glance, it’s difficult. You just need to read the label on the pipe and consult the seller.

But this is only one of two factors. The degree of heating of the external circuit also depends on what kind of heater was used. internal insulation and what is its thickness:

Correct design and functioning of a residential chimney

One of the most important rules for ensuring the fire safety of the chimney of a private house is the thermal insulation of the chimney and the correct design of its structure.

Please also note that from the outer surface of such pipes to the sheathing and roof rafters there should be a distance that corresponds to that prescribed in modern SNIPs 2.04.05-91:

For concrete and brick pipes this is 130 mm;
For ordinary ceramic ones (without additional thermal insulation) this is 250 meters;
For pipes in which insulation is present, this is also 130 mm;
For pipes assembled with a stainless steel sandwich module, this is a distance of 150-160 from the internal walls of the pipe (according to European standards)

Let's move on. Where the roof and ceiling come into contact with the chimney pipe, the units must be made of non-combustible materials. This mineral wool, metal plates, special treatment for wood with fire-bioprotective mastic and other materials that are replete with modern hardware stores.

It is especially important to take care of the fire safety of the pre-furnace area, if there is one - it is also made of non-combustible materials if it is made. Then you need to purchase ceramic tiles, metal sheets or stone slabs. It’s good if you additionally build a half-brick partition near the wall where the stove or fireplace is placed.

So, safe operation chimney in a private house implies:

The chimney should be installed by a professional or, at a minimum, inspected by him upon completion of installation.
Most of the chimney modules must be made of 400 series stainless steel, with a thickness of at least 0.8 mm, and the remaining parts are allowed from 300 stainless steel, but with a thickness of at least 1 mm.
A stove, fireplace or boiler is heated with the type of wood for which it is designed.

And this is just the beginning! The chimney must be monitored, cleaned and protected throughout the entire period of its operation.

Self-inspection of a residential chimney

So, when inspecting it yourself, first check the chimney for cracks. Initially modules metal chimney should not only be connected to each other, but also coated at the seams with silicone sealant.

If we are talking about a brick chimney, smoke should not leak out anywhere at all. If it does leak, this is evidence that oxygen is being sucked into the chimney itself somewhere and reacting with gases. In such a chimney, with just one spark, a fire can easily form. But even a sandwich module burns out from the inside and causes a fire.

Therefore, every year, step by step, you need to check your chimney for problems that may initially be invisible to the eye:

Pay special attention to this point: are there any white plaque? Fireplace or stove insert raw firewood is fraught with the fact that, due to moisture, a white crust of wet soot forms on the walls of the chimney, and a regular brush will not help - you need a special scraper. And this is a more complex cleaning technology, because in this case it is easy to damage the surface of the chimney from the inside and give rise to corrosion. Therefore, if you have to resort to such a procedure, purchase a good brush from modern manufacturers that are designed specifically for chimneys.

As you may have guessed, the most a difficult situation- with a brick chimney. If it was not specifically inserted into it metal pipe in order to protect its walls from corroding soot, then you will have to tinker with it a lot. Inspect such a chimney carefully: if you see a blockage of broken bricks, then the chimney itself is already collapsing with inside and necessary urgent repairs. Namely, pipe insertion – sleeving. If this is not done in time, the brickwork risks collapsing at any moment.

For lining, part of the chimney is dismantled and a pipe is inserted, then a new brickwork is made. Naturally, all this can only be organized in the warm season, when the stove is not working. But, in principle, the design itself, when brick chimney accommodates an additional pipe made of of stainless steel, one of the most reliable.

But you still need to inspect, clean and prevent such a chimney every six months. If you suspect that the chimney may be problematic or you do not have the most firewood best quality, then what kind of prevention should be done once every two months or even more often. And keep in mind that firewood from spruce and pine has a large amount of resins and is especially harmful to pipes - it is better to abandon them altogether.

Regular cleaning of the chimney to remove soot and internal blockages

And now for some fun physics. When wood burns, white, translucent smoke is formed from wood (after all, wood contains water vapor), and the smoke becomes black if finely dispersed carbon - soot - rises into the chimney.

At the end of combustion, only coals and ash remain, which do not burn with an open flame, but only smolder and react with atmospheric oxygen and also release carbon dioxide and water vapor. It is the creosote released at this moment that poses the greatest danger to the chimney, because the water vapor that comes from the wood at this moment glues such particles together and they settle not only on the walls of the chimney, but also on the parts of the heating device. And they form resinous deposits!

Let's talk about soot in the chimney (believe me, it's more serious than you think). It appears when the fuel does not burn completely. And this depends on its type, quality, incoming air and combustion temperature.

The soot itself happens dusty, glossy and even porous.

For fire dusty Just one spark is enough. This soot creates a porous substance on the walls of the chimney, consisting of ash and a small amount of coal. Even with a sharp increase in draft or ignition of paper, dusty soot can ignite and the flame can reach the top of the chimney. Such a fire usually leads to overheating and cracks in the pipe, but the sparks that fly out of the chimney are also dangerous (especially when the weather is windy and hot).
But the fire glossy soot leads to critical temperatures on the walls of the chimney. Such soot creates a dense, flammable layer and, when burned, can even reach 1000 degrees Celsius. This is an overload on the chimney, and if it is old or cracked, it simply risks not being able to withstand it. In this case, the combustion of such soot can be either fast or slow. With fast combustion, the upper temperature, in principle, does not have time to reach its maximum value, but slow combustion can last up to several hours or heat the pipe walls so much that cracks begin to appear. Slow combustion of glossy is the most dangerous, because it is accompanied by strong gas formation, and clouds of smoke create entire plugs in the pipe.
Porous soot is not as dangerous as glossy soot, although its structure is similar to it. This layer forms on the walls of the chimney when too hot flue gases enter the chimney. But everything is also susceptible to sudden fire.

All this greatly reduces the efficiency of the chimney, accelerates its wear and even provokes corrosion, and especially advanced cases there is a real fire. That's why it's useful to put a chemical soot remover with your firewood from time to time. It is produced in different formats and different content, but usually from a mixture of special crystals, which act as catalysts during the combustion process, destroying the structure of resinous deposits. After which, only a fragile husk of soot remains on the walls of the chimney, and it, in turn, easily splits, burns and falls off.

This is why it is so important to seriously select a reliable chimney pipe from the very beginning, because manufacturers specifically indicate resistance to soot fire in the data sheet for this purpose. Therefore, if you have the opportunity now to purchase another chimney (if you have doubts about the old one), which will withstand the necessary loads and even more. After all, there is a huge difference in whether you light a fireplace or a stove more for decorative effect or infrequent cooking (for example, the stove is located in a barbecue gazebo, or this stove will heat your entire house). If you ignore at least one of the manufacturer’s requirements, then nothing good will end, believe me.

If you are wondering where condensation can come from in a chimney, we will explain in more detail. Moisture itself is always in the air, in any room - just in different quantities. It is not noticeable to the eye, because... is in the state of finely dispersed drops. There are more of them in a residential building than, say, in a workshop or attic.

And it is the moisture that enters the stove and chimney with the air, and in the cold part of it it condenses, settling on the pipes in the form of drops. And such condensation is bad not only for the chimney, as it corrodes it from the inside, but also in the sense that it allows soot to simply stick to the walls. As a result, due to condensation, draft is disrupted, because the passage for air becomes less and less. Finally, moisture reacts with the soot to form a particularly aggressive acid that gradually destroys the metal. The modern sandwich chimney has the least problems with all this, although it must be protected from damp firewood.

Ventilation ducts: ensuring air flow

In addition, unfortunately, modern building materials and furniture in most cases do not have high environmental performance. And all these harmful substances are released into the air. Of course, if there is only one such source of carcinogenic substances in a residential building, then it in itself is not dangerous (its influence is insignificant and the human body more or less eliminates all toxins received during the day) and the manufacturer is absolutely clean before the law.

But there is such a thing as cumulative correlation, which takes into account that a person will breathe harmful elements not only today, but also tomorrow. And if he has certain problems with health and metabolism, then toxic plastic shelf or the wallpaper will still be harmful. And this does not take into account the fact that the average person is surrounded by such household items and things in far more than one quantity.

From the current situation there is a simple and affordable solution– high-quality ventilation. Constant influx fresh air and the removal of old air can easily remove all the inhabitants of the periodic table penetrating into the air and thus reducing the mentioned Negative influence almost to zero.

Enough for a long time in Russia there was a practice to organize the flow of fresh air into the room due to leaks in the building structures themselves. In other words, old wooden windows They ventilated the room wonderfully, but modern double-glazed windows, unfortunately, completely seal it. It’s good if you can set the window of a double-glazed window to micro-ventilation mode or open it completely, but sometimes in winter they forget about this or simply save on heating.

In this case, it is extremely necessary to install a forced ventilation system that will supply the room with Fresh air, cleaner and warmer. Or you can also resort to such a makeshift method as through hole under the window frame (preferably above the heating convector). To do this, a small hole is punched, and air comes from it directly from the street. If necessary, use an adjustable damper. Thus, the air is also heated.

In addition to ensuring a healthy microclimate in the living space, ventilation is necessary for the normal functioning of any fireplace or stove. For this purpose, they provide for the organization of air flow, calculating it at 200-300 square meters per hour, if the firebox closed type, and 800-1000 square meters per hour if it is open.

And, finally, watch a short news story about how important it is to monitor the normal functioning of chimneys and ventilation ducts, and how to notice the first signs of problems:

Be careful and take care of your own health and life!

Smoke and ventilation ducts play a role in our homes that cannot be overestimated. Without them, ventilation of the room and ensuring the operation of heating devices become unavailable. The important thing is that they help maintain health on several levels at once.

What is it about? First, constant indoor air circulation is vital to ensure that harmful microorganisms leave the enclosed space before they can cause harm.

Secondly, the dust concentration is reduced, which means that people's breathing will not be difficult.

Thirdly, it reduces the likelihood of property damage.

And, fourthly, but not least, in the event of a gas leak or smoke in a fire, ventilation, without exaggeration, saves lives by removing hazardous substances outside. Failure of ventilation can cause irreparable damage.

From the examples given, the role of chimneys and ventilation ducts becomes clear. But, like everything in our lives, these devices have an unpleasant, albeit natural property: They work worse if they are left unattended for a long time and not maintained in the required condition. These items need to be checked frequently. If everything comes to such a sad outcome, all that remains is to call specialists who will solve the problem and return everything to normal order.

So who carries out the maintenance of ventilation and smoke channels? By law, only those organizations that meet certain requirements are granted this right. First of all, they must have a special license - inspection organizations involved in monitoring ventilation ducts and chimneys must have such permission. Without it, not a single entrepreneur is worthy of trust, because putting the check in the hands of a non-professional is more expensive for yourself.

That's not all, of course. Even licensed organizations sometimes do not conduct business in the most in the best possible way. This is sad, because such actions should only be carried out by specialists. It's worth checking out reviews of the company to know if they actually deliver on the services they provide.

It is worth talking in more detail about the licenses required for specialists. The first of these is the installation permit, Maintenance and repair of smoke removal systems and smoke ventilation. It gives the right to inspect ventilation ducts and chimneys. In order to also clean smoke exhaust ducts, a second license is required - “Installation, repair, cladding, thermal insulation and cleaning of stoves, fireplaces, other heat-producing installations and chimneys.” It would be a good idea to make sure your employees have such permissions before entrusting them with your channels.

Fine. Let’s say that the performing company has already been selected, and the customer is completely confident in the quality of the services it provides. When is it worth calling its specialists for periodic inspection? Of course, problems arise in smoke and ventilation ducts, but calling people over trifles (and paying ridiculous money for it) is not worth it. The timing of the test must be chosen wisely.

Appendix G (mandatory)

DISCHARGE OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS.

This annex provides requirements that must be taken into account when designing smoke ducts from gas equipment and household heating and heating-cooking stoves. When designing smoke ducts from gas-using installations industrial buildings and boiler houses should be guided by the requirements of process design standards and SNiP II-35. When converting existing boilers, industrial furnaces and other installations from solid and liquid fuel to gas fuel, a verification calculation of the gas-air path must be performed.

The installation of smoke and ventilation ducts must comply with the requirements of SNiP 2.04.05.

The removal of combustion products from household gas appliances, stoves and other household gas equipment, the design of which provides for the discharge of combustion products into the chimney, should be provided from each appliance, unit or stove through a separate chimney. In existing buildings, it is allowed to provide for the connection to one chimney of no more than two water heaters or heating stoves located on the same or different floors of the building, provided that combustion products are introduced into the chimney at different levels, no closer than 0.5 m from one another, or at the same level with a device in the chimney for cutting to a height of at least 0.5 m.

Chimneys from gas equipment should be placed in internal walls buildings or provide attached channels to these walls. In existing buildings, it is allowed to use existing chimneys made of non-combustible materials in external walls or to provide attached chimneys to them.

Can be connected to a chimney heating stove periodic action gas water heater used for hot water supply, or other gas appliance that does not operate continuously, with a sufficient cross-section of the chimney, which must be determined by the calculation of the appliance. Connecting the smoke exhaust pipe of a gas appliance to the chimney revolutions of a heating stove is not allowed.

The cross-sectional area of the chimney should not be less area cross-section of the gas appliance pipe connected to the chimney. When connecting two appliances, stoves, etc. to the chimney. The cross-section of the chimney should be determined taking into account their simultaneous operation. The structural dimensions of chimneys must be determined by calculation. Non-household gas appliances (restaurant stoves, cooking boilers, etc.) can be connected to both separate and common chimneys. It is allowed to provide connecting smoke exhaust pipes common to several units. The introduction of combustion products into a common chimney for several appliances should be provided at different levels or at the same level with the cutting device in accordance with Zh.Z. The cross-sectional area of chimneys and connecting pipes must be determined by calculation, based on the condition of simultaneous operation of all devices connected to the chimney.

Chimneys should be made of frost-resistant brick (Mrz 125), clay brick, heat-resistant concrete for multi-story buildings and asbestos-cement pipes for single-story buildings. It is allowed to provide for the removal of combustion products through steel chimneys. Smoke channel structures can also be factory-made, supplied complete with gas equipment. When installing asbestos-cement and steel pipes outside the building or when passing through the attic of a building they must be insulated to prevent condensation. The design of smoke channels in external walls and channels attached to these walls must also ensure that the temperature of the gases leaving them is above the dew point. It is prohibited to make channels from slag concrete and other loose or porous materials.

Chimneys must be vertical, without ledges. A slope of chimneys from the vertical is allowed up to 30° with a sideways deviation of up to 1 m, provided that the cross-sectional area of the inclined sections of the chimney is not less than the cross-section of the vertical sections. To remove combustion products from restaurant stoves and other non-household gas appliances, it is allowed to provide horizontal sections of chimneys with a total length of no more than 10 m. The passage of chimneys through ceilings is allowed, provided that the fire safety of combustible ceiling structures is ensured.

The connection of gas equipment to chimneys should be provided with connecting pipes made of roofing or galvanized steel with a thickness of at least 1.0 mm, flexible metal corrugated pipes or standardized elements supplied with the equipment. The connecting flue pipe connecting the gas appliance to the chimney must have a vertical section. The length of the vertical section of the connecting pipe, counting from the bottom of the smoke exhaust pipe of the gas appliance to the axis of the horizontal section of the pipe, must be at least 0.5 m. In rooms with a height of up to 2.7 m for devices with draft stabilizers, the length of the vertical section may be reduced to 0.25 m, without traction stabilizers up to 0.15 m. Total length horizontal sections of connecting pipes in new houses should be no more than 3 m, in existing houses - no more than 6 m. The slope of the pipe should be at least 0.01 towards the gas appliance. On smoke exhaust pipes it is allowed to provide no more than three turns with a radius of curvature no less than the diameter of the pipe. Below the point of connection of the chimney pipe from the appliance to the chimney, a “pocket” with a cross-section of at least the cross-section of the chimney and a depth of at least 25 cm, with a hatch for cleaning, must be provided. Smoke exhaust pipes laid through unheated premises, if necessary, should be covered with insulation. Laying smoke exhaust pipes from appliances and stoves through living rooms is not allowed.

The distance from the connecting pipe to the ceiling or wall made of non-combustible materials is taken to be at least 5 cm, and from combustible and non-combustible materials - at least 25 cm. The distance can be reduced from 25 to 10 cm, provided that combustible and non-combustible structures are protected with roofing steel over an asbestos sheet of thickness not less than 3 mm. Thermal insulation should extend beyond the dimensions of the connecting pipe by 15 cm on each side.

The suspension and fastening of connecting pipes must prevent the possibility of their deflection. The links of connecting pipes must fit tightly, without gaps, into one another along the flow of flue gases by at least half the diameter of the pipe. The connecting pipe must be tightly connected to the smoke duct. Its end should not protrude beyond the channel wall, for which limiting devices (washers or corrugations) are used.

The connecting pipes of restaurant stoves and food boilers must be covered with thermal insulation. Connecting pipes made of black sheet steel must be painted with fire-resistant varnish.

When connecting devices with draft stabilizers to the chimney, installing dampers is not allowed. When connecting several appliances to a common chimney: restaurant stoves, boilers and other gas appliances that do not have draft stabilizers, dampers (dampers) with a hole with a diameter of at least 15 mm must be provided on the smoke exhaust pipes from the appliances.

Dampers installed on chimneys from boilers must have holes with a diameter of at least 50 mm.

Chimneys from gas appliances in buildings must be led out:

Above the boundary of the wind support zone, but not less than 0.5 m above the roof ridge when they are located (counting horizontally) no further than 1.5 m from the roof ridge;

- level with the roof ridge, if they are located at a distance of up to 3 m from the roof ridge;

Not lower than a straight line drawn from the ridge downwards at an angle of 10° to the horizon, when the pipes are located at a distance of more than 3 m from the ridge of the roof.

The zone of wind support of a chimney is considered to be the space below a line drawn at an angle of 45 ° to the horizon from the highest points near located structures and trees. In all cases, the height of the pipe above the adjacent part of the roof must be at least 0.5 m, and for houses with a combined roof ( flat roof) - not less than 2.0 m. Installation of umbrellas and other attachments on chimneys is not allowed.

Chimneys in walls may be installed together with ventilation ducts. At the same time, they must be separated along the entire height by sealed partitions made of wall material with a thickness of at least 120 mm. The height of exhaust ventilation ducts located next to chimneys should be taken equal height chimneys.

Removal of combustion products from gasified installations industrial enterprises, boiler houses, public utility enterprises may be provided with steel chimneys.

It is permitted to discharge combustion products into the atmosphere through outer wall gasified room without installing a vertical channel from gas heating equipment with a sealed combustion chamber.

It is allowed to provide for the exhaust of combustion products into the atmosphere through the roof of the building into a vertical smoke channel.

The length of the horizontal section of the smoke duct from heating equipment with a sealed combustion chamber when exiting through the outer wall is assumed to be no more than 3 m.

It is prohibited to provide a smoke duct exit through an external wall:

- in entrances (arches), covered passages;

- closed balconies, loggias, bay windows;

In buildings that are historical or architectural monuments, without permission from the department under whose protection they are located;

Through the walls of the facades of buildings facing squares and streets that have historical, architectural and urban planning value, as well as those located in close proximity to children’s areas preschool institutions, schools and health care institutions;

- in buildings in which the installation of gas appliances is prohibited by the requirements of DBN V.2.2-9, SNiP 2.08.01, SNiP 2.04.05.

The openings of smoke ducts on the outer wall of the building when exhausting combustion products from heating equipment through the outer wall without installing a vertical duct should be placed in accordance with the installation instructions for gas equipment of the manufacturer.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Poor draft is a problem that owners of their own homes with a fireplace or stove heating, and residents of apartment buildings in cities. The latter constantly complain about insufficient ventilation. This happens due to the fact that the maintenance of chimneys and ventilation ducts is carried out irregularly or in bad faith.

The air we breathe has a direct impact on our overall health. The harmful impurities it contains can cause serious harm and lead to dire consequences in the future. Various microorganisms living in homes due to contaminated ventilation ducts cause the development of diseases. Carbon monoxide, which penetrates into the room due to weak draft of chimneys, is a common cause of death.

Therefore, inspection of chimneys and ventilation ducts must be carried out correctly and regularly in order to promptly detect and eliminate faults.

How to operate ventilation ducts and chimneys

You should know the most common causes of malfunctions of ventilation ducts and chimneys. Of course, there are a lot of them, but most are associated with the irresponsibility of the owners.

If supply and exhaust ventilation does not work in the apartment, this may be due to shortcomings in the design of the system. True, sometimes ventilation ducts or chimneys are used by workers during construction as a kind of garbage chute. And clogged channels, naturally, do not fulfill their main task.

Sometimes the system becomes clogged through no fault of the homeowner, for example, when foreign objects such as cobwebs, dust, leaves, or birds accidentally falling into the pipe get into the channel.

Another reason for poor traction is natural deposits of dust, soot and grease on the walls. They can be seen in the photo. must be done immediately. How will such signs appear?

Burning poorly dried wood or firewood containing a large amount of resin, as well as household waste, leads to very rapid clogging of the ventilation or chimney. Cleaning of chimneys and ventilation ducts is necessary in these cases.

Quite a lot of poisoning from combustion derivatives and fires is usually associated with the inability of ventilation and chimneys to cope with their immediate functions. That is why requirements and rules for the operation of these systems, as well as pipe and furnace work, were developed. Chimneys and ventilation ducts: basic standards provide the basics of their operation in order to regulate the operation of ventilation, which is important for human health.

According to SNIP, chimneys and ventilation ducts, as well as their inspection, must strictly follow following rules:

The ducts of stoves and fireplaces that burn wood (solid fuel) must be checked and cleaned before and after the heating season. If the furnace operates continuously, they are inspected every quarter. Inspection of ventilation ducts and chimneys should occur, respectively, every quarter and twice a year (in winter and summer).
If, during an inspection of chimneys and ventilation ducts, any serious faults that require repair are identified, heating and gas appliances must not be used until the problem is completely eliminated.
Repair and installation of chimneys and ventilation ducts must be carried out by organizations with the appropriate license. Their workers usually have the necessary skills. They have the right to start work only after drawing up a chimney or ventilation inspection report.

These rules must be followed both by the owners of their own private homes and by the institutions responsible for the maintenance and upkeep of apartments and ventilation systems in them.

In addition to the above generally binding rules, it is advisable to use these recommendations:

use high-quality and completely dried firewood with a low resin content;
do not burn household waste in a fireplace or stove, especially bottles and plastic bags;
clean the vent and firebox from accumulated ash, roof hoods from grease and dust;
To improve draft in a channel or pipe, as well as forced exhaust, purchase an exhaust. This advice will be useful for chimney owners with small internal section;
A protective cap with a mesh installed on the chimney prevents it from entering the ventilation duct. During the winter months, it is necessary to ensure regular inspection of this part of the system to avoid blockage of the channel and freezing of the tip.

Inspection, repair and cleaning

Options for inspecting ventilation and smoke ducts: you can check ventilation ducts and chimneys as usual, in the classic way- using a brush, a long rope and a weight. True, now for system inspection they almost always use more modern methods. For example, digital photographs and video shooting with spotlights are used.

Instruments have also been developed that allow you to very quickly, without much effort, accurately assess the draft in a chimney or ventilation.

Based on the results of the inspection, an inspection report of the channels (chimneys) is drawn up, which is drawn up in the form of a technical report of a clearly established form, after which a conclusion is issued containing recommendations for installation and repair.

What is examined during the audit

When conducting an examination, you should establish:

materials from which the channels were made, the cross-section of the latter;
length of channels, places of connections, narrowings and outlets, marks of congestions and cracks found in the system;
density of channels, their isolation;
presence of traction, horizontal sections, wind support zone (or lack thereof);
condition of hatches intended for cleaning, fire-prevention cuttings, heads;
tightness of pipes;
general state of the system.

Also, during the inspection of ventilation ducts, the condition of ducts, exhaust shafts, and air intake grilles is checked.