Use of the article the in English. Before some geographical names

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Indefinite article a/an in English (the indefinite article) has two forms:

a[ə] - used before consonants. That is, if a word begins with a consonant, use a:

a b ook, a t able, a m an a g irl a c computer, a t omato, a yacht [ jɒt], a unit[ ˈj uːnɪt]

an[ən] - used before vowels. That is, if a word begins with a vowel sound, use an:

an a pple, an e ngineer, an i dea, an o range an a nswer, an hour [ˈ aʊə(r)]

Please note that the choice of the form of the indefinite article is determined not by spelling, but by pronunciation.

For example, the word hour starts with a vowel sound, so we use the article an (an hour), although the first letter in writing is a consonant h. Or, for example, the word yacht (yacht) written with a vowel y, but the consonant sound [j] is pronounced, so we choose a (a yacht). Usage different forms the same article helps to make speech harmonious, easy, and natural. Try to pronounce an apple or an book, and you will feel how difficult and uncomfortable it is.

Remember:

Indefinite article a/an used only with singular:

a pen(pen), a story(story), a chair(chair), a child(child), a flower(flower)

If the noun is used in the plural form, then there is no indefinite article. The absence of an article before a noun is usually called the "zero article".

pens(pens), stories(stories), chairs(chairs), children(children), flowers(flowers)

When to use the indefinite article a/an

Below you will find a description of the main uses of the indefinite article a/an in English.

№1

Indefinite article a/an used when we first mention an object or person. In this case, we assume that our interlocutor does not know what or who exactly we are talking about.

Yesterday I bought a handbag. — Yesterday I bought a handbag.
Up until this point, I hadn’t even talked about how I was going to buy a bag. That is, I mention this for the first time (my interlocutor knows nothing about this bag), hence the indefinite article a/an.

If you continue to talk about this bag, then the noun handbag (bag) will already be used with the definite article the, since this time the interlocutor knows which specific bag we are talking about:

Yesterday I bought a handbag. The handbag is very beautiful. — Yesterday I bought a handbag. The handbag is very beautiful.

Although most often a personal pronoun is used instead of a noun, it sounds more natural and avoids repetition:

Yesterday I bought a handbag. It is very beautiful. — Yesterday I bought a handbag. She is very beautiful.

№2

Indefinite article a/an is used when we are not talking about a given (specific) object or person, but simply about any, some, one of a group of the same objects or people. In other words, when we talk about an object or person in general, without having a specific one in mind skirt, work, handle or dog:

I want to buy a skirt. — I want to buy a skirt. (some kind of skirt, I don’t know which one yet; I only know that I want a skirt, not a dress)
He refused to look for a job. — He refused to look for work. (some kind of work)
Give me a pen, please. - Give me a pen, please. (any, any)
It is a dog. - This is a dog. (some dog, any dog)

When we are not talking about a specific object or person, but about anyone, then further, if we need to re-designate it, we do not use personal pronouns or the definite article the. And again we use the indefinite article a/an or pronoun one.

She wants a car but he says they don’t need one. “She wants a car, but he says they don’t need it.”
or
She wants a car but he says they don’t need a car. — She wants a car, but he says they don’t need a car.
She wants to have a car (not a motorcycle, not a bicycle, but some kind of car, so a car), but he says that they don’t need a car (they don’t need any car at all, not just a specific one). Since in the second part of the sentence we are again talking about any / indefinite machine, we again use a car.

№3

Indefinite article a/an we also use it to describe or give any information about something that has already been mentioned earlier. In this case, an adjective is often used before the noun. Please note that although the article comes before an adjective, it refers to a noun:

It is a beautiful place. - This is a beautiful place. (describe what this place is)
He is a clever boy. - He's a smart boy. (we characterize what kind of boy he is)
Do you live in a big house? — Do you live in a big house? (we ask which house)

When we talk about a person’s profession or work, we also use the indefinite article a/an:

She is a teacher. - She is a teacher.
I am a doctor. - I am a doctor.

№4

Historically indefinite article a/an came from the numeral one (one). Hence the possibility in some cases to replace the article a/an numeral one. Such a replacement is possible when the article a/an essentially means "one". For example, this meaning of the indefinite article is observed in numerals a hundred (one hundred), a thousand (thousand), a million (million) and in the word a dozen (dozen) when they are used independently or before a noun:

This toy costs a thousand roubles. = This toy costs one thousan d roubles. — This toy costs a thousand rubles (one thousand rubles).
Give me a dozen, please. = Give me one dozen, please. - Give me a dozen, please (one dozen).

It is precisely with the origin from the numeral one (one) and the meaning of the singularity of the indefinite article is associated, which is especially evident when expressing measures of time, distance, weight or quantity:

This chocolate bar costs a dollar. — This chocolate bar costs a dollar. (=one dollar, we can replace a dollar on one dollar)
I'll call you in an hour. - I'll call you in an hour. (=in one hour, we can replace an hour on one hour)
Can I have a kilo of tomatoes, please? — Can I have a kilogram of tomatoes, please? (=one kilogram, we can replace a kilo on one kilo)

Please note that the numeral one instead of an article a/an should only be used when you want to emphasize that you are talking about just one thing or person, that is, when you want to be very precise:

I have got one sister. - I have one sister. (not two sisters, not three, but only one)
I have got a sister. - I have a sister. (in this case I just say that I have a sister)

The meaning of the singularity of the indefinite article can be seen in some stable phrases that convey the one-time action:

have a look- take a look
have a snack- have a snack
have a try- try, try
have a rest- relax
have a good time- have a good time
give a chance- give a chance
give a hint- hint
give a lift- give me a ride
make a mistake- make a mistake
play a trick- play a trick

№5

Indefinite article a/an also used when it is necessary to indicate the quantity per unit of measurement. For example, when we talk about the price of oranges per kilogram, the size wages per month, about the number of classes per week or about the speed of the car per hour. A noun denoting this same unit of measurement will be used with the indefinite article.

The oranges were 80 rubles a kilo. — Oranges cost 80 rubles per kilogram.
She works 8 hours a day. — She works 8 hours a day.
I go to aerobics twice a week. — I go to aerobics twice a week.

№6

Indefinite article a/an can also be used with some uncountable abstract nouns (for example, humor - humor, hatred - hatred, anger - anger, magic - magic) in the case when they have an adjective with them. Typically, such use of the indefinite article is characteristic of book style and expresses the author’s desire to emphasize the individual, special character of this or that abstract concept.

Please note that in the above case, the use of the indefinite article is optional. If you do not want to highlight in a certain way the special character of any emotion, character trait, etc., the article a/an may not be used.

On a note

To learn to use the indefinite article a/an more or less automatically, try to form a rule in your head: use the indefinite article with singular countable nouns when there is no other reason for using the definite article the or some other determiner (possessive or indefinite pronoun).

English nouns, which in the singular are used with the definite article, retain it in the plural:

He didn't like the present I bought. He liked the gift I bought. He didn't like the presents I bought. He liked the gifts I bought.

The definite article is also used with plural nouns if all representatives of this group are meant:

The city-dwellers often suffer air pollution. City residents (all city residents) often suffer from air pollution. This candidate is not very popular among city-dwellers. This candidate is not very popular among urban residents (not all, but only some).

In addition, the definite article can be used with combinations of nouns and cardinal numbers if they are already known to the reader:

Steven and Mark dislike each other, the two have a fight almost every day. Steven and Mark don't like each other, and the two fight almost every day.

Definite article with proper names

The definite article is used with the following proper names:

Astronomical names: the Sun, the North Star

Place names: the South Pole, the Hague, the Crimea

Mountain ranges: the Alps, the Urals

Rivers: the Thames, the Oka

Seas and oceans: the Baltic Sea, the Atlantic Ocean

Parts of the world: in the North, to the West

Channels: the Panama Canal, the English Channel

Names of some countries: the USA, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom

Nationalities: the Russians, the Americans

Deserts: the Sahara, the Gobi

City areas: the Bronx, the City

Names of establishments, unique buildings: the Kremlin, the White House

Vessel names: the Queen Elizabeth

Newspaper names: the Times, the Guardian

Families: the Ivanovs, the Forsytes, the Simpsons

The definite article can also be used for additional clarification:

You are not the light-minded John I knew. You are no longer the frivolous John I once knew. She married George Brown, but it is not the George Brown who owns the local oil company. She married George Brown, but this is not the George Brown who owns the local oil company.

and before nicknames:

Nicky the Tall is a famous robber in this town. Tall Nicky is a well-known robber in this city.

The indefinite article in English

Indefinite article (a) comes from the numeral one and is used, as a rule, with singular nouns denoting countable objects.

The indefinite article in English can have three meanings: classifying, generalizing and numerical.

Article in classifying (ranking) meaning assigns an item to a specific class or group of items:

There is a ball on the grass. There is a ball on the grass. (not a shuttlecock, not an elephant, not a person) It is a golf ball. This is a golf ball. (not for football or tennis) I smell an omelette. I smell the omelette. (not soup or porridge)

That is, a noun with a classifying article classifies an object into a certain class, but does not directly refer to it.

This meaning also includes the use of the indefinite article in exclamatory sentences with the word what:

What a tall man! What a tall man!

and before singular countable nouns with words rather, quite, such And most(Very):

It's quite a difficult question. This is a rather difficult question.

Article in general meaning means that the noun is a representative of a certain class, and everything that is said about it in the sentence can be attributed to other objects of this class:

A limerick is a short comic universe consisting of five lines. A limerick is a short humorous poem of five lines. A kitten is a young cat. A kitten is a young cat.

Unlike classifying articles, which introduce a new concept or information, that is, the most important part of the sentence, generalizing articles only open the statement.

Numerically, indefinite articles express their original meaning of the number “one”:

We could stay in Prague for only a day. We could only stay in Prague for one day. This task will take me an hour. This task will take me (one) hour.

Also, articles in numerical value can take on the meaning “glass”, “portion”, “variety”, etc.:

I'd like a whiskey. I'd like (one) glass of whiskey. Let's drink a coffee or two? Maybe we can have a cup or two of coffee? a very expensive wine

In English - unlike Russian - special words - articles - are widely used. The article and the rules for its use in English are presented below in examples to make it easier to understand required material. In English there are two articles: the definite the and uncertain a (an) . The article is generally placed only before nouns. The indefinite article applies exclusively to singular countable nouns, but the definite article can be applied to various singular and plural nouns, whether they are countable or not.

First, let's remember in what cases the article is not used. The article is not used if the noun is preceded by (one, two, six, etc), a possessive or (this, that, my, our etc.), another noun in the possessive case (my father's, Mary's etc.), or the negation “no” (Not not!). Examples:

My room is not big, but comfortable - My room is small but comfortable.
There are two boys in the yard - there are two boys in the yard.
I have no brother - I don’t have a brother.

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Note: if a noun in the possessive case functions as an adjective, the use of an article is possible, for example: Paul is a man's name (male name). Paula is a woman's name(female name). It's a children's bicycle(children bicycle).

The article is not used with uncountable nouns, denoting an indefinite amount of substance or an abstract concept:

I don’t like tea, I prefer coffee. — I don’t like tea, I prefer coffee ( Tea coffee- at all)
Friendship is one of the most important things in my life. — Friendship is one of the most important things in my life (friendship is an abstract concept)

The article is not used with names of sports:

I am fond of football, and my sister prefers badminton. — I love football, and my sister prefers badminton.

Also, the article is not used with proper names (except for some geographical names, which will be discussed below).

Indefinite article "a"

The indefinite article is “a” / “an” - this is not an independent article, but a form of the indefinite that is used before nouns that begin with a vowel sound: an apple, an orange.

The forms a and an are remnants of the Old English word for "one", so The indefinite article is used only with singular nouns.

The indefinite article is used in the following cases:

When the item is mentioned for the first time. For example, I live in a house.
When designating a profession or occupation. For example, She is a teacher. My friend is a student.
After: This is, That is, It is, There is. For example, This is a computer. There is a rose in the vase.
If an adjective characterizing it is used with a noun, in such cases the article is placed before the adjective. Example: This is a flower. This is a red flower.
Remember the use of the indefinite article in sentences of the following type

- What a beautiful color!
- What a tasty cake!
- What a good girl!

The definite article "the"

Definite article used in the following cases:

If we are talking about a specific subject that we have already talked about, or we understand from the context what we are talking about. For example, Yesterday I saw a film. The film was not interesting.
With items that are one of a kind - Thesun, thewind, themoontheearth
After . For example, There is a cat in front of the monitor.
C – the smallest – the smallest, the quickest – the fastest
C, for example: the first book, the fifth floor (BUT: if the ordinal number indicates a number, the article is not used: Lesson 7, Bus 15, page 45)
With cardinal directions: In the north; in the south; in the east; in the west
With the surname - if we are talking about the whole family - the Ivanovs - Ivanovs, the Smiths - Smiths
In stable phrases: In the morning; in the evening; in the afternoon; to the cinema/theatre; to the shop/market; at the cinema/the theater; at the shop/the market

Definite article with geographical names

The definite article must be used with the following geographical names:

seas - the Black Sea, the Baltic Sea
oceans - the Pacific ocean
rivers - the Voilga, the Nile
channels – the English Channel
bays, straits - the Gulf of Mexico, the Bosphorus Straits
archipelagos - the Seichelles
deserts - the Sahara, the Gobi
mountain ranges - the Alps
countries, if the name contains the word Republic, Federation, Kingdom, it is in the plural (t he Netherlands) or abbreviated as (the USA, the UK)

The article is not used with the names of countries, lakes, mountains (peaks), islands, cities, continents, streets, squares, airports. Exceptions:

theGambia— Gambia,
the Hague - The Hague

The definite article is also used with the names of hotels, cinemas, theaters, newspapers and magazines.

We have reflected the basic rules for using the article. There are many nuances, and the scope of one article does not allow mentioning everything. But we have prepared another video tutorial about some difficult cases article usage:

We hope that the above will help you understand articles in English and use them correctly in your speech, but do not forget that repetition is the mother of learning, do not be lazy to revise the rules as often as possible.

, Chinese, Japanese, Tamil, Thai, do not have articles at all (if necessary, words such as “one” or “this” are used to indicate the uncertainty or definiteness of a word). There are also languages, such as Welsh, Arabic, Icelandic, Hebrew, Armenian (as well as artificial languages like Esperanto or Ido), which have only a definite article, but no indefinite article. In some languages, such as Turkish, there is only an indefinite article, and its absence indicates that the object is definite.

In most languages, the definite article developed from a demonstrative pronoun or adjective. For example, from the demonstrative pronoun ille in Latin (which itself did not have articles), articles developed in the Romance languages that descended from it le(French), el(Spanish), il(Italian). The indefinite article occurs or even coincides with the numeral “one” (German. ein(e), French un(e), Spanish un(a) port. um(a)).

Grammatical functions of articles

First The grammatical function of the article is “the grammatical designation of its accompanying person,” that is, a sign of a name. This is the unambiguous article in Arabic. Because of this, in many languages, adding an article to non-nominal words and forms converts them into a noun. This is how conversion occurs when given word moves into another category and falls into a different paradigm without changing its morphological composition. Yes, in German schreiben- “to write”, and das Schreiben- “letter” (that is, “writing”); in French diner, souper- “lunch”, “dinner”, and le diner, le soup- “lunch”, “dinner”.
Second The grammatical function of the article is the distinction between the grammatical categories of definiteness and indeterminacy, when there are paired articles: the - a(an)- in English; der - ein, die - eine, das - ein- in German; le - un, la - une- in French, etc. A category accompanied by a definite article, as a rule, expresses grammatically what is already known to the interlocutors, or what the interlocutors have before their eyes during a conversation, or something that is particularly individually highlighted.
Third The grammatical function of the article is to differentiate gender in its pure form, that is, with the same word in the same form, which is rare, more often with the names of some peoples whose language does not recognize gender distinctions, for example, in German der Hausa- “a man from the Hausa tribe” and die Hausa- “a woman from the Hausa tribe.”

Noun agreement

In many European languages, the article agrees with nouns in number, gender and case (if the above categories are present in the language). In some cases, it is the article that makes it possible to distinguish the gender, number or case of a given word.

Thus, in French, where plural nouns are often pronounced in the same way as singular ones, it is the article that serves to distinguish number.

Some languages have homonyms that differ only in gender, expressed by the article, for example. German die Steuer(tax), das Steuer(steering wheel, rudder), sw. en plan(plan), ett plan(airplane).

Also in some languages, particularly German, the article is used to distinguish the case of a noun, e.g. Wir gehen in die Schule(we are going to school, vin. p.), Wir lernen in der Schule(we study at school, date)

Differences in use

The use of articles varies across languages. For example, French uses the definite article where English does not, such as with uncountable nouns.

In both ancient and modern Greek, the article is used with proper names: ὁ Ἰησοῦς (Jesus), and can also be used before a noun and each of its adjectives ( ὁ πατὴρ ὁ ἀγαθός , good father). In Portuguese, proper names are also used with an article, except when official language and there is no title before the name. Similarly, the article before names can be used in colloquial German, eg. Ich habe mit der Claudia gesprochen(“I talked to (this) Claudia”), the same forms are found in colloquial Italian and Catalan (cf. in Russian: “Yes, you Petru- That Tell").

Article location

In most languages, the article is placed before the noun that refers to it (the prepositive article). In Scandinavian languages, the article can be placed at the end of a word (postpositive article). Yes, in Swedish plans- plan, planet- airplane, the case of a double definite article is also possible, when both a separate article and an article at the end of the word are used ( det stora huset, big house). Several Balkan languages also use the postpositive article, for example in Romanian consulul- consul, similarly in Macedonian and Bulgarian, e.g. shit, shit(tree).

Unlike the case forms of the Russian language, in the Bulgarian and Macedonian languages, if nouns have adjectives or numerals, then the definite article is placed only at the end of the first word and the rest agree only by gender and number. Examples: in Bulgarian firebox(ball) → back firebox that (behind the ball) firebox → km byala that firebox(to the white ball), golyama byala firebox → for golyam that firebox(about a big white ball); similar in Macedonian prvi movie → on prvi from film(first film). The indefinite article in these languages is the words one/one/one(one/one/one), which are placed before a group of words: one wife(a certain woman), although a noun without an article is also indefinite. If necessary, emphasize uncertainty, use indefinite pronouns nothing(somebody), no way(some kind) nobody(someone's) whoa(anyone).

Pronominal adjectives

In some languages derived from the hypothetical Baltoslavic language, e.g. Lithuanian, Old Church Slavonic, there is such a thing as pronominal adjectives (definite, member adjectives). Such adjectives are formed by adding to ordinary, simple adjectives, personal pronouns of the 3rd person, which form a single word with these adjectives; Moreover, when declining, usually both parts are declined, both the adjective itself and the pronoun. Such adjectives are used to distinguish an object from its peers, to emphasize the definiteness of this object, thus their use is approximately similar to the use of the definite article. Wed. Lithuanian:

geras mokytojas- a good teacher, gerasis (geras+jis) mokytojas- the good teacher;
aukšta mokykla(high school, i.e. school building), aukštoji (aukšta+ji) mokykla(higher school, i.e. university).

Pronominal adjectives are formed according to a similar principle in the Old and Church Slavonic languages:

high house - high(high+i) house
the river is deep - deep(deep+me) river

(In these examples, “and” and “ya” are ancient Slavic pronouns, corresponding to the modern “he”, “she”.)

The use of adjectives was similar. In particular, when translating the Bible and liturgical books into Slavic from Greek, Greek phrases where an adjective is used with a member (i.e., an article) were usually translated by pronominal adjectives. However, in Church Slavonic this ratio is not always maintained. In modern Russian, although these forms have been preserved (short and full adjectives), however, they have largely lost the meaning of certainty-uncertainty and differ more from a stylistic point of view.

In addition to pronominal adjectives, pronominal pronouns are also found, although less frequently. Eg. in Lithuanian: jų(their), jųjų(also “theirs”, but with the meaning of certainty). In Russian, this corresponds to words such as “ikhniy”, “ikhnikh”, although they are considered colloquial.

Definite articles in Russian dialects

There have never been articles in literary Russian (except for the above-mentioned pronominal forms of adjectives). In some dialects and colloquial usage, however, similar elements still meet. As a typical example, we can cite a fragment of one of the letters of Archpriest Avvakum:

“...And then, as you prayed in truth, close your eyes, and let your mind go through the air and the firmament and the ether to that Hope and His throne, and you yourself hit the ground, and lie down and don’t get up, crying: already “You will drag your mind from Christ out of heaven, as you will greatly offend your heart.”

It is easy to notice that a particle that agrees in gender and case with a noun "-That" acts here precisely as a definite postpositive article, completely analogous to the article in the Bulgarian language. However, the use of such an article did not go beyond the scope of colloquial speech and was optional; the same Avvakum uses it only sporadically in his texts. The particle “-to” in modern Russian is a trace of this article, which has ceased to change by gender, case and number.

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Hello my wonderful readers!

You can probably guess which word is the most frequently used in English, right? Of course it is article "the". And today we will analyze where its use in English is appropriate and where it is not. We will study the rules for its use, look at numerous examples, and analyze a table with set expressions that you can always have at hand. And then you can go to and to consolidate everything you've learned here.

Go ahead, friends!

A little grammar

If the article “a” (more about it!) is used only with nouns that can be counted, then “the” is used with all nouns: and in singular and plural; with both countable and uncountable objects .

By the way, the pronunciation of the article also changes depending on which letter it begins with next word. If the word begins with a consonant, then the article is pronounced as [ðə], for example the banana - banana. But if an object begins with a vowel, it is pronounced like [ði], for example, the apple - apple.

When to use

If in speech or writing subject already mentioned, then in the future you can use this article with it.

I received an e-mail from my friends. The letter told me that they would visit me on the weekend.- I received a letter from my friends. The letter said that they would visit me on the weekend.

With unique items that are one of a kind, we also use the - the sun, the moon, the Earth.

The moon today is extremely beautiful.- The moon is incredibly beautiful today.

The article has a special relationship with geographical names. With names rivers, deserts, oceans, island groups and mountain ranges We can confidently use the article, but we must not forget about exceptions. I talk about them in great detail.

The Atlantic Ocean is the most beautiful ocean on the planet. - Atlantic Ocean- the most beautiful ocean on the planet.

The Comoro Islands attract lots of tourists every year.- The Comoros Islands attract many tourists every year.

With titles hotels, cinemas, ships, museums, galleries and newspapers We most often also use the definite article.

The Hilton hotel is about to open in our city.- A Hilton hotel is about to open in our city.

The Louvre is the most attended museum in Europe.- The Louvre is the most visited museum in Europe.

With adjectives in highest degree comparisons: the most, the best, the worst.

The most beautiful place I’ve ever been is Japan in spring.- The most beautiful place I have ever seen is Japan in spring.

The best books I’ve ever read were about Harry Potter. - Best books that I read is Harry Potter.

With musical tools and names dancing.

The violin is my most beloved musical instrument.- The violin is my favorite musical instrument.

The contemporary has become very popular among dancers some years ago.- Contempo became very popular among dancers several years ago.

When not to use

Knowing when the definite article is used is extremely important, but it is also equally important to know when it is used. Not used.

WITH plural nouns that can't be counted when we tell something general.

Trees produce oxygen.- Trees produce oxygen. (Any trees, in general)

With names own and before names we never use it.

Jinny is very talented. She can play 3 different musical instruments.- Ginny is very talented. She can play three different instruments.

With titles countries, cities, streets, parks, mountains, lakes, bridges and islands we try to avoid it.

Spain is mostly famous for its football club Barcelona. - Spain is mainly known for its football club Barcelona.

I dream of climbing Everest.- I dream of climbing Everest.

With names sports, activities, games, colors, days, months, drinks, lunches he's not friendly.

I can speak Turkish a little.- I can speak a little Turkish.

I was born in July. - I was born in July.

My favorite color is green. - Green is my favorite color.

If we have pronouns this, that, those- We Not we use "the". In addition, with possessive We also do not use pronouns (and the possessive case in general!).

This the ball was signed by a famous football player.- This ball was signed by a famous football player.

Kathy's dress is ready. I've already cleaned it.- Casey's dress is ready. I cleaned it yesterday.

With words school, church, hospital, college, university, court, prison we use it or we don't use it depending on the meaning. Let's see an example:

I go to school from Monday to Friday.- I go to school from Monday to Friday. (as a student)

My mother went to the school for a meeting. - My mother went to school for a meeting. (As a parent, not as a student)

With titles diseases we can also use or do not use article.

I've got (the) flu. - I got sick.

Set expressions

Both the and a form set expressions, which cannot be changed in any way. So let's get to know them (By the way, if you need general information about articles in the English language, then you).

I am sure that now that you have a hint in the form of a table and structured rules in your hands, it will be much easier for you to master the ones that I have prepared for you. And after them you can move on. Practice as much as possible, study, learn new rules and improve your English.

And I’m ready to help you with this. The materials on my blog are constantly updated, and my subscribers receive them even before they appear on the site. I’m waiting for you there to share important materials with the very first.

And for today I say goodbye.