1 worker thousand rubles people Average daily output of one worker formula example
2. Production rate
3. Development of a solution
4. Product development
5. Formula development
6. Average annual output
7. Labor production
8. Average output
9. Setting goals
10. Calculation of output
11. Production of hours
12. Production methods
13. Strategy development
14. Output volume
15. Production analysis
16. Development of state policy
17. Production characteristics
18. Determination of output
19. Production accounting
20. Types of development
21. Output level
22. Production growth
23. Actual output
There are three ways to determine output: natural, cost (currency) and labor.
Output in physical or value terms is determined by the formula:
Output = Volume of marketable (gross or sold) products: Average number of employees (or workers)
A more clear and impartial characterization of labor productivity is the output indicator in in kind- in tons, meters, pieces and others in physical terms. The advantage of this method is that it gives a clearer and more impartial summary of labor productivity. The disadvantage of this method is that it can only be used in those enterprises that produce homogeneous products. In addition, the output calculated using this method does not allow us to compare the labor productivity of companies in different industries.
The most widely used method is the cost method for determining output. In currency terms, output can be calculated both on the basis of marketable and gross production, and on the standard net product.
Output in value terms, calculated on the basis of commercial or gross output, depends not only on the results of the work of a given team, but also on the price of the raw materials and materials used, the volume of cooperation in supplies, etc. This shortcoming is eliminated when calculating output on the basis of standard pure products.
In a number of industries (clothing, canning, etc.), labor productivity is determined by the standard processing price. It contains cost standards for the basic salary with accruals, general business and general production expenses (according to standards).
The characteristics of output depend not only on the method of measuring production volume, but also on the unit of measurement of working time. Output can be determined per one worked man-hour (hourly output), per one worked man-day (daily output) or per 1 average employee per year, quarter or month (annual, quarterly or monthly output). At Russian enterprises, the main indicator is annual output, in a number of foreign countries - hourly output.
Labor method determination of output is also called the method of standardized working time. In all this, production is determined in standard hours. This method It is used to a greater extent in individual workplaces, in teams, in sections, and also in workshops when producing heterogeneous and unfinished products.
The advantage of the labor cost indicator is that it allows one to judge the effectiveness of living labor costs at various stages of production of a certain type of product, not only for the enterprise as a whole, but also in the workshop, on the site, in the workplace, i.e. to penetrate into the depth of execution one or another type of work, which cannot be done using an output indicator calculated in monetary terms.
The labor method allows you to plan and take into account labor productivity at all stages of the production process, link and compare labor costs individual sections (shops) and workplaces with indicators of labor productivity for the enterprise as a whole, as well as the levels of labor costs at various enterprises in the production of similar products.
Production rate
Production rate, the number of units of product (or work) that must be done (performed) per unit of time (hour, work shift, month) in certain organizational and technical criteria by one or a group of workers of appropriate qualifications. N.v. Depending on the type of work, it can be expressed in pieces, units of length, area, volume or weight.Determined by the formula:
Nv = Tr x h: Tn,
where Nb is the production rate; Tr - the duration of the period for which the production rate is established (in hours, minutes); h - the number of workers taking a role in performing the work; Tn - standard time for this work or one product (in man-hours, man-minutes).
In the USSR N. century. They are usually installed in mass and large-scale production, when during the entire shift one job is performed with a constant number of performers. Most Applications N.v. received in the coal, metallurgical, chemical, food industries, in areas of mass production in mechanical engineering.
N.v. must be justified at a technical level. When establishing them, the introduction of the latest achievements of technology, technology and advanced production experience is provided. This makes it possible to ensure a progressive level of N. century. Establishment at the technical level of justified N. century. guides socialist enterprises and individual workers to achieve higher than average actual labor productivity.
The production rate is a fundamental indicator, the basis for planned enterprise management. It determines the number of units of production (or the number of operations performed) that must be done (or completed) per unit of time. The calculation of the production rate is done for 1 or a group of workers with appropriate qualifications, with rational or more optimal use equipment, taking into account the progressive methods of work used in all this.
For mass and large-scale production, characterized by accounting for the labor of special workers engaged in preliminary and final work, the standard time for producing a unit of product is equal to the standard piece-calculation time. For piece, serial and small-scale production, when the same worker does the main, preliminary and final work, these time standards will be different.
When calculating the production rate, which expresses the desired result of workers’ activities, we use natural characteristics: pieces, meters, kilograms. The production rate (Nvyr) is the personal division of the duration of one work shift (Wcm) by the time spent on producing a unit of product (Wsht).
For mass production, the production rate will be equal to:
Nvyr = Vcm / Vsht.
If the production is serial or single, then the value Vshtk is used as a divisor in the above formula - the time standard determined by the calculation method when calculating the cost of a unit of production.
In this case, the production rate is calculated using the formula:
Nvyr = Vcm / Vshtk.
In those industries where the preliminary step is calculated and standardized separately for each work shift, the production rate should be calculated using the formula:
Nvyr = (Vcm – Vpz)/ Tcm, where Vpz is the time spent on preparatory and final work.
The formula for calculating the production rate in cases of using automatic and instrumental equipment will be slightly different:
Nvyr = No*Nvm, where No is the maintenance rate, Nvm is the equipment production rate, which is equal to:
Nvm = Nvm theory * Kpv. Here Nvm theor is the theoretical production rate of the equipment used, Kpv is the coefficient of useful labor time per shift.
In the case of using repetitive hardware processes, the production rate is equal to:
Nvyr = (Vsm – Vob – V ex) * VP * No/Vop, where Vob is the time spent on servicing the equipment, Votl is the standard time for personal needs of personnel, VP is the products produced in one period, Vot is the duration of this period .
P = S / Nvyr, or
P = Vsht * C, where C is the rate for this category of work.
Developing a solution
In modern terms management It is becoming more and more natural that the existing management system does not meet the needs of the enterprise as operating system. The existing vertical connections have not yet been completely replaced by horizontal ones, on which, in fact, the Western system of adoption is based management decisions. Currently, Russian enterprises in the management system do not use the principles of organizing effective management, so increasing the efficiency of management decision-making in modern economic conditions is a burning and timely topic.In order to increase the efficiency of the management system at an enterprise, two tasks need to be considered:
1. Justification of the need to create within the enterprise as an operating system a criterion for increasing the “creativity” of not only low and middle level managers, but also ordinary employees by providing them with some capabilities in the decision-making process. Their proposals for improving the system as a whole and other decisions on individual production, monetary and management issues can become the basis for the operating strategy developed by the enterprise.
2. Efficiency decisions taken it is unrealistic to evaluate without introducing mathematical tools and software.
One of the ways of decision making is the development of decisions in the “man-machine” dialogue, which is a repeated alternation of heuristic (performed by a person) and formalized (performed by a computer) steps.
In the process of the “man-machine” dialogue, solutions are jointly constructed during the configuration of the production situation (a method of sequential optimization) with the gradual introduction of essential facts, i.e., the solution method is not established in advance, but in the process of calculation on a computer.
IN modern systems Decision support (DSS) provides an effective connection (symbiosis) between a person and a computer, which involves the introduction of stronger properties of each participant in this process.
Expert systems are the software basis of DSS.
An expert system is a program aimed at solving poorly formalized problems in certain subject areas at the level of expert specialists.
When operating expert systems:
Guesses are put forward and tested;
- new data and knowledge are generated;
- requests for entering new data are generated;
- conclusions and advice are formed.
Poorly formalized problems have the following features:
Cannot be specified solely in numerical form;
- goals cannot be represented in the definitions of a precisely defined motivated function;
- does not exist exact method problem solving;
- the initial data is incomplete and diverse.
The knowledge base stores so-called rules, which are understood as logical and algorithmic expressions (operations).
An inference engine is a program that forms a sequence of logical and computational operations into a method on the basis of which the result is obtained.
The clarification subsystem forms a route, i.e. a method in the form of a set of rules that allows the decision maker to understand how the result was obtained.
The knowledge acquisition subsystem provides dialogue with professionals, selection and formalization of knowledge.
The subsystem for interaction with the object may be missing, as well as the object itself.
Eat various shapes communication between the decision maker and the ES:
Introduction of tabular language.
- Dialogue in the form of a menu.
- Dialogue in natural language.
The last form of communication involves highest level ES is still rare.
To use natural language, you need a rather complicated analyzer program that does the following functions:
Lexical analysis;
- parsing;
- semantic analysis.
In modern ES, communication with the decision maker is carried out using tabular language (statement of the problem) and menus (clarification of the problem during its implementation).
The effective implementation of the “man-machine” dialogue implies the fulfillment of the following criteria:
Ease of communication (person access to the machine);
- a person’s mental readiness to communicate with a computer;
- sufficient level of machine intelligence.
It is also impossible to evaluate the effectiveness of decisions made without introducing mathematical tools and software.
For example, decision tree analysis. Currently, there are several programs that make it possible not only to construct a decision tree, but also to analyze it.
Decision trees are a graphical tool for analyzing decisions in risk criteria. The hierarchical structure of the “classification tree” is one of its more fundamental parameters. The “tree trunk” is a problem or situation that requires a solution. The “top of the tree” are the goals or values that govern the decision maker.
Decision trees are created for use in models in which a sequence of decisions are made, each of which leads to a certain result. The decision tree determines the best strategy - a sequence of decisions that should be made when certain random events occur. In the process of constructing and analyzing production, financial and management situations, the stages of specifically creating the structure of the model, determining the probability values of probable output results, determining the utility values of probable output results and evaluating alternatives, as well as choosing a strategy, are distinguished. At the same time, it must be emphasized that the more fundamental step in the implementation process is decision tree analysis, specifically the final step of evaluating alternatives. It is important to realize that decision analysis does not imply a 100% impartial analysis of decision-making models. Many nuances of decision analysis require personal judgment - this relates to the structure of the model, the determination of probability values and utilities. Almost all complex models that reflect real-world situations simply do not have enough empirical data to fully analyze them. But practice indicates that even in such cases, analysis using decision trees brings undeniable benefits.
Product development
An indicator that determines the amount of products produced per unit of time is called output. Output characterizes the effectiveness of labor. Natural (t, m, m3, pcs., etc.) and cost characteristics are used as measures of the quantity of products produced.Varieties of product production characteristics:
I. Depending on the level of the economic system for which the indicator is calculated, production is distinguished:
- personal (personal output of individual workers);
- local (production at the level of a workshop, enterprise, industry);
- public (at the level National economy generally); it is determined by dividing the state income produced for any period by the number of people employed in material production.
II. Depending on the unit of measurement of working time, the characteristics of hourly, daily and monthly (quarterly, annual) output are used. These characteristics make it possible to assess labor productivity, taking into account the nature of the use of working time.
The value of output per 1 employee is one of the key production indicators, used both for production planning and for assessing labor results and its effectiveness. In this case, output per worker can be studied and established different ways and imply different periods - shift, month, hour or other time periods. Knowing the formula for output per 1 employee, you can calculate it quite easily - however, different types activities may require various calculations.
Output per 1 employee - what is it?
At many enterprises, the most convenient mechanism for distributing tasks among employees is to assign a production rate. The production rate is the totality of work that an employee must perform with the available resources. working conditions. At the same time, mechanisms for assigning production standards can be applied to almost any category of employees, but the most effective and simple this decision will be if it applies to workers employed in the production of similar goods.
Output per worker, in turn, is an indicator that is used in many calculations - both to determine the productivity of the employee himself, and to determine the potential capabilities of the organization or its structural division for production required volumes goods. Also, an analysis of output per worker per shift can be used for the purpose of subsequent modernization of production - both through technical innovations and by making changes to the process of organizing the workplace.
It is necessary to distinguish production indicators per employee from production indicators per main worker or per employee. Thus, output per worker is an indicator applied to all personnel of the enterprise - both those involved in production directly or indirectly, and not. In this situation, service personnel are also taken into account. By output per main worker we mean the total output per employee employed directly in the final production process. Output per worker requires the participation of production personnel in the calculations, including those indirectly related to production.
Since the concept of output per employee is not regulated by law, there may be different interpretations of it. For example, the indicator of output per 1 employee can be applied both to the entire company as a whole, and to individual structural divisions or specific employees to calculate their personal efficiency and labor productivity.
How to set output per 1 employee
It should be noted that output per 1 employee can be an indicator used for planning future economic indicators and labor standardization at the enterprise, as well as an indicator determined after the fact based on the results of a certain period. Regardless of the specific situation, determining output per worker involves two main steps:
In this way, a specific indicator of output per employee can be obtained by dividing the accounting period by the standard time. However, this is only general principle, because in practice, employees rarely engage exclusively in the same type of actions. At the same time, it is possible to set production standards per employee even in professions not related to production.
For some types of activities, legislation establishes approximate production standards. However, they are only recommended for use, and not mandatory - only certain exceptions can be made government agencies and companies, where the relevant requirements can be fixed by specific regulations and documents.
Output per 1 employee - formula for more complex situations
The general formula for output per 1 employee, described earlier, will look like this:
- B = FV/NV
В – production, ФВ – total time fund, НВ – time norm for one unit of production.
If direct production requires certain preparation, then the employer should take into account preparatory stage when developing production standards per 1 employee. The formula in this case looks like this:
- B = (VS – VP)/NV
WS – shift time, VP – preparation time, NV – standard time.
In cases where an employee is engaged in solving various problems during his work, the employer should take into account an additional coefficient in the production rate. For example, you should define the minimum unit of account - the simplest work transaction. When determining production standards, one should take into account the amount of time spent on the production of a particular product in relation to the minimum unit of account.
In general, the indicator of output per 1 worker is extremely important for HR specialists, because it is on its basis that employees can be attracted to or, on the contrary, encouraged. In addition, this indicator is also used in deeper economic studies within the enterprise.
For example, when looking for solutions to optimize labor, because an increase in output per employee will mean a general increase in work activities.
The labor intensity indicator is the inverse of the output indicator. Calculation depending on the time spent: Tp=T/Q. Calculation depending on the average number of personnel: Tr=H/Q
- B – output;
- Tr – labor intensity;
- Q – production volume in natural units (pieces);
- T – the cost of paid working time for the production of this product;
- H – average number of personnel.
There are more detailed method productivity calculation: PT = (Q*(1 – Kp)) / (T1*H),
- where PT is labor productivity;
- Кп – downtime coefficient;
- T1 – employee labor costs.
Methods for calculating labor productivity
The formula for calculating labor productivity using the balance sheet differs from the general productivity formula in that the calculation uses the volume of work performed, which is indicated in the balance sheet, and not the volume of products produced. The next step is to determine the ratio of this volume to the average payroll workers. The calculated value is considered actual labor productivity, while planned productivity is reflected in the balance sheet or in company statistics.
Thus, the formula for calculating labor productivity on the balance sheet: PT = Qvr/N Here Qvr is the volume of work performed for a certain period, N is the average number of workers involved in production. Analysis of the labor productivity indicator The formula for calculating labor productivity using the balance sheet allows you to draw many conclusions about the functioning of the enterprise.
Labor productivity formula by balance
Output The coefficient shows the total size of the product calculated for a certain time period per one specialist. Output is calculated depending on two factors, namely: the average number of people involved in production process employees and time spent creating the product. to contents Average number of personnel involved V = Q / B
- Where, V – production;
- B – the average number of specialists involved in production;
- Where, V – output depending on the time spent;
- T – expenses for working hours to create products;
- Q – volume of released product or service.
In the process of calculating output, downtime is not taken into account.
Each employee is counted once a day.
- Performance can be determined by looking at revenue data from the income statement.
- Labor and time costs are also reflected in the accounting documentation.
Other indicators Average productivity is determined if available a large number of products with different labor intensity, according to the following formula: Vsr = ΣVolume of production of a type of product * Labor intensity coefficient of a type of product. The value (Ki) for positions with minimal labor intensity is equal to one. For other types of products, this indicator is calculated by dividing the labor intensity of a particular product by the minimum.
Labor productivity of one worker: Pr = (Volume of output * (1 – Ki) / T. The same indicator can be calculated based on balance sheet data: Pr = (p. 2130 * (1 – K)) / (T * H).
Labor productivity. calculation formula
Productivity must be constantly increased by using new equipment, training workers, and organizing production. Salary Fund (WF) Analysis of WF begins with the calculation of deviations of actual (WWF) and planned (WWF) salary values: WFPa (rub) = WFF – WFF. Relative deviation takes into account the implementation of the production plan.
To calculate it, the variable part of the salary is multiplied by the plan implementation coefficient, and the constant part remains unchanged. Piece wages, bonuses for production results, vacation pay and other payments that depend on production volumes are included in the variable part. Salaries calculated according to tariffs relate to the permanent part.
Relative deviation of FZP: FZP = FZP f – (FZPper * K + ZP constant).
Key indicators and formula for calculating labor productivity
Formula for calculating average labor productivity: Av=ΣQi*Ki,
- where Avr – average labor productivity;
- Qi is the volume of each type of product produced;
- Ki is the labor intensity coefficient of each type of product produced.
To determine this coefficient, a position with minimal labor intensity is selected. It is equal to one. To find coefficients for other types of products, the labor intensity of each is divided by the minimum labor intensity. To calculate the labor productivity of one employee, the following formula is used: PT = (Q*(1 – Kp)) / T1.
To calculate labor productivity indicators, enterprise balance sheet data is used, in particular, the volume of products produced. This indicator is reflected in the second section of the documentation in line 2130.
Average annual output per worker
The algorithm is excellent for identifying the coefficient for both one hour and the whole year. As stated above, the indicator is unique instrument characteristics of employee performance results in calculations for a certain time interval. For example, you can calculate how much benefit one company specialist brings in one hour of active work, or, if we are talking about industrial enterprise how many parts a worker can produce in eight hours.
The formula for calculating the indicator is based on two fundamental values:
- labor intensity;
- production.
It is these two coefficients that serve as the basis for determining the level of production efficiency of the company and, as a consequence, its profitability. An increase in value leads to a corresponding increase in production volumes, as well as a transition to a policy of greater savings in matters of monthly salary.
Labor productivity indicators and calculation methods
Attention
Effective use resources is a condition that ensures the fulfillment production plans. For the purpose of analysis, the organization’s personnel are divided into production and administrative. Based on the name, it is clear that the first group includes employees directly involved in the main activities of the enterprise, and the second group includes all the rest.
For each of these groups, the average annual production indicator is calculated and the quality of use is analyzed work force. Basic Concepts Labor force analysis examines labor productivity. It shows how many products are produced per hour (day, month, year).
To calculate this indicator, you need to determine the average annual output and labor intensity. They best reflect the efficiency of labor costs. Increased productivity leads to increased production and wage savings.
How to calculate labor productivity at an enterprise?
The following formula is used: Δ IN =[ Eh /(Hr - Eh)] x 100 percent
- Where, Eh – planned savings in the number of employees;
- Hr – the number of specialists involved in the production process.
The calculation for one employee is carried out as follows: Δ IN = x 100 percent of the content Example For example practical use labor productivity, it is worth considering the following situation. to contents Task The enterprise manager is given the task of determining to what extent the labor productivity coefficient can change in the planning period, provided that during the reporting time period, products were created for a total amount of 2.5 million rubles. The number of employees involved is 1,350 people.
This way you can determine the influence of each factor on the variable part of the salary. The permanent part of the FZP is affected by:
- number of personnel (H);
- number of days worked per year (K);
- average shift duration (t);
- average hourly wage (AHW).
FZP f = Ch * K * t * ChZP. The influence of each factor on the final result can be determined in exactly the same way.
Info
First, changes in each of the four indicators are calculated, and then the resulting values are multiplied with absolute and relative deviations. Next stage analysis – calculation of the effectiveness of using FZP. For expanded reproduction, profit, and profitability, it is necessary that productivity growth outstrip the growth of wages.
Output per 1 employee balance formula
Labor productivity - balance sheet calculation formula In some cases, when an audit of a third-party company is carried out, to calculate the labor coefficient, you can use indirect indicators, which can be found in a simple accounting report. Calculation based on balance sheet does not require much effort or time. The standard formula is used here. Only instead of the indicator of the volume of products produced (per hour, month, year), the total volume of work performed is used, which is also indicated in the financial statements.
Consequently, by dividing the volume of products created over a certain time period by the size of the work performed, one can obtain an accurate calculation of labor productivity.
It took 8000/2500 = 3.2 man-hours to make one chair. To determine labor productivity in a workshop, structural unit of a plant, factory for a period (month, quarter, year), the formula PT=оС/срР is used, where
- PT - average labor productivity of one employee for the period;
- оС - total total cost finished products during the period;
- срР - average number of employees of the workshop.
Example 3. In November 2015, the metal products shop produced finished products totaling 38 million rubles.
The average number of employees was 400 people. 63,600 man-hours worked. In December 2015, products worth 42 million rubles were manufactured, and the average headcount was 402 people. 73,560 man-hours worked.
Output is an indicator measured in the number of units of product that were produced in a certain time or by one worker.
How is output determined?
Output is a direct indicator of labor productivity. There are three main methods for determining it, namely: natural, monetary and labor.
The first option involves dividing the volume of products that were manufactured or sold by the average number of employees directly involved in the production process. This technique is applicable only to those enterprises that produce products of the same name.
If an organization produces heterogeneous products that cannot be reduced to one unit of measurement, then it is advisable to use the cost method. In this case, output is the ratio of the monetary equivalent of all manufactured goods to the number of workers.
Concerning labor method determining output, note that it is used to assess the labor productivity of individual teams, jobs or departments. The indicator is determined in standard hours. This takes into account not only finished products, but also work in progress. The value of this indicator is that it helps to assess the efficiency of labor organization and the rational use of labor.
Production rate
Production is an indicator that is determined based on the results of a certain period. However, there are also standards that define the desired state of affairs. We are talking about normative development. To determine this indicator, it is necessary to multiply the duration of the period by the number of workers participating in the production process. The result is divided by the time that, according to the standards, is allotted for the production of a unit of product. In this way, the maximum result that can be achieved at the enterprise is determined.
Production analysis
Production is the most important indicator work of the enterprise. To draw any conclusions based on it, it is necessary to conduct a thorough analysis. It may consist of the following:
- dynamics of the indicator over time (based on data for several years, it is possible to determine trends in the operation of the enterprise, as well as make forecasts for the future situation);
- factor analysis (determines which factors most influence labor productivity and output, which makes it possible to adjust further work);
- determination of growth rates and increments (shows the ratio of the increase in output for different periods, which allows you to study in more detail the periods with unsatisfactory indicators).
Indicators for determining output
Output, as an indicator of labor productivity, is regularly calculated to evaluate the functioning of the enterprise. In order to determine given value, you need to collect the following information:
- volume of production in physical or value terms (and you can take the actual value of the indicator, or you can take the planned value in order to calculate standard output);
- the number of employees who are directly involved in the production process (this makes it possible to assess the effectiveness of their work, as well as determine areas for rationalization of personnel);
- duration of work production units(indispensable if you need to estimate the output per unit of time).
How production is accounted for
Output is a quantitative expression of labor productivity. Since this indicator plays enough important role When analyzing the work of an enterprise, it is necessary to somehow keep records of it. This is especially true in cases where a piece-rate wage system is used, which directly depends on the output indicator. Keeping such records gives the entrepreneur the following opportunities:
- availability of data on the performance results of each employee;
- fair distribution wages in accordance with the production indicator (excluding defective products);
- ensuring control over the compliance of the quantity of products produced with the materials and raw materials released to the workshop);
- identification of “bottlenecks” that impede the movement of semi-finished products between workshops and departments.
As for modern accounting systems, the following are most widely used in relation to production:
- in accordance with the work order for performing a certain amount of work;
- in accordance with the so-called “route map”;
- assessment of the indicator based on the final results of the work.
Output level
Output is the amount of finished products (in some cases, components and semi-finished products are also taken into account) that were produced by one unit of labor or per unit of time. In addition, the concepts of output level indicators are also distinguished:
- average output per hour - determined by dividing the volume of products manufactured during the period by the number of man-hours of work in the workshop;
- average output per day - directly related to the previous indicator (determined by multiplying the value per hour by the length of the working day or shift);
- the output of one worker is determined by the ratio of products manufactured per month (or any other reporting period) to the average number of production personnel.
What can affect production
Output is the amount of products produced per unit of time. It is worth noting that this indicator is not stable and may fluctuate depending on a number of factors:
- the introduction of new technologies or operations can have two effects: on the one hand, it leads to the rationalization of the production process, and on the other, it can cause delays during the development period;
- adding new workers to the team who need time to adapt and become familiar with the production process;
- the use of previously unused raw material resources (here, too, production may decrease for some time);
- mass production leads to natural fluctuations in this indicator.
Conclusion
Output can be considered one of the key indicators, because it, in fact, is a reflection of labor productivity. This value makes it possible to evaluate the results of work in physical or monetary terms. This indicator is especially important for enterprises that use a piece-rate wage system, because it makes it possible to fairly distribute monetary resources between employees.
Output measured by the amount of products produced per unit of working time or per one average employee or worker per year (quarter, month). This is the most common and universal indicator of labor productivity.
There are three methods for determining output: natural, cost (monetary) and labor.
Production in natural or in value terms determined by the formula
The most clearly and objectively characterizes labor productivity by the output indicator in physical terms - in tons, meters, pieces and other physical indicators. The advantage of this method is that it gives a more accurate and objective result about labor productivity. The disadvantage of this method is that it can only be applied to those enterprises that produce homogeneous products. In addition, the output calculated using this method does not allow one to compare the labor productivity of enterprises in different industries.
The most widely used method is the cost method for determining production. In monetary terms, output can be calculated both by commercial and gross output, and by standard net output.
Output in value terms, calculated on the basis of commercial or gross output, depends not only on the results of the work of a given team, but also on the cost of the raw materials used, the volume of cooperation in supplies, etc. This drawback is eliminated when calculating output on the basis of standard net output.
In a number of industries (clothing, canning, etc.), labor productivity is determined by the standard cost of processing. It includes cost standards for basic wages with accruals, general business and general production expenses (according to standards).
Output indicators depend not only on the method of measuring production volume, but also on the unit of measurement of working time. Output can be determined per one man-hour worked (hourly output), per one man-day worked (daily output) or per average employee per year, quarter or month (annual, quarterly or monthly output). At Russian enterprises, the main indicator is annual production, in a number foreign countries- hourly.
The labor method of determining output is also called the standard working time method. The output is determined in standard hours. This method It is used mainly in individual workplaces, in teams, in sections, as well as in workshops when producing heterogeneous and unfinished products.
The advantage of the labor intensity indicator is that it allows one to judge the efficiency of human labor costs at different stages of production specific type products not only throughout the enterprise as a whole, but also in the workshop, area, workplace, i.e. penetrate into the depth of performance of this or that type of work, which cannot be done using an output indicator calculated in monetary terms.
The labor method allows you to plan and take into account labor productivity at all stages of the production process, link and compare the labor costs of individual sections (shops) and workplaces with labor productivity indicators for the enterprise as a whole, as well as the levels of labor costs at different enterprises when producing the same products.
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