Caucasian cherry. Caucasian

Alyokhina E.M. Prospects of cherry culture in the southern zone of the Russian Federation//Fruit growing and berry growing in Russia, VSTISP, M.-2004.-S. 160-166.

.M. Alekhina,
Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, North Caucasus Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture

Prospects of cherry culture in the southern zone of the Russian Federation

In Russian horticulture there remains a clear disproportion in the production of fruits with an advantage in the fruits of pome crops, in particular apple trees.

IN last years demand for fruits has increased stone fruits, which predetermines the need for a significant increase in their production.

Taking into account the favorable opportunities of the Krasnodar region for the cultivation of cherries, this crop is becoming increasingly widespread in the south of Russia.

The main areas of cherries are concentrated here, both in agricultural enterprises and in the homestead sector, where the fruits are produced both for local consumption and for supply to the industrial centers of the country.

The main advantage of cherries over most others garden crops- this is the early ripening of fruits, their highest value, as a dietary product, for consumption in fresh, and as raw materials for the processing industry.

In recent years, there have been qualitative and quantitative changes in the zoned cherry assortment. Excluded are old ones that have lost their practical use, they were replaced by new generation varieties suitable for modern technologies cultivation, but despite regular updating, the assortment is not devoid of significant shortcomings. The main ones are: the absence of varieties with partial self-fertility, restrained growth and a compact tree crown, few varieties of early and very early ripening with high quality fruits and high adaptive ability. In this regard, the prospects of cherries are inextricably linked with the relevance of further improvement of the assortment.

IN industrial production Adaptive varieties suitable for modern growing technologies are in demand; preference is given to varieties with dark-colored fruits, dense pulp consistency and high marketability.

The material for the study was 200 varieties of cherries of various ecological and geographical groups located at the variety study site in the experimental farm “Central” of the North Caucasus Zonal Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture.

The existing assortment of cherries, recommended for cultivation in the Krasnodar Territory, consists of 12 varieties of different ripening periods (Alaya, Velvet, Gedelfingenskaya, Daibera black, Prazdnichnaya. Francis, French black, Yuzhnaya, etc.), 50% of which were created at the institute.

Generally favorable natural and climatic conditions are often, however, disrupted by temperature drops in late spring, significant negative temperatures in winter, as well as epiphytoties of fungal diseases with the accumulation of virulent races, which significantly reduces the productivity of most introduced varieties.

Under these conditions, there is a need to create a cherry assortment that is resistant to a complex of stress factors. In the process of developing a model of a new variety, we calculated that new variety, sharply different from the old ones, should include more than 15 useful features that improve it.

Most important requirement is winter hardiness.

Winter hardiness is a complex property of a variety; it includes the following main factors: the ability for early hardening, the manifestation of maximum winter hardiness, resistance to thaws, and the ability to maintain hardening.

Weather conditions in the Krasnodar region in the last 10 years were replete with late - return frosts, which occurred during the initial or full flowering. Varieties with late development of generative buds and flowering: Velvet, Scarlet, Krasnodar early, Melitopol black, French black, etc.

IN winter period minimum temperature(-32°C) close to the absolute minimum zone (-35°C) was observed in 2002. during a period of deep dormancy and was critical for almost all cherry varieties. In most varieties, the death of fruit buds reached 90-100%. Against the background of severe freezing, varieties created directly in the cultivation zone stood out. The maximum safety of fruit buds (50%) was observed in the varieties bred by the Institute Rubinovaya Kubani and Kavkazskaya improved.

The ability of a variety to withstand stress factors largely determines its productivity. A comparative assessment of cherry varieties according to this indicator revealed, first of all, the higher adaptability of varieties of local selection.

Thus, the varieties bred by the institute (Rubinovaya Kubani, Kavkazskaya improved, Poppy, Alaya), in addition to high winter hardiness, are distinguished by more stable yields (Table 1).

Among the varieties introduced from Ukraine with high yields, three varieties were identified: Melitopolskaya Chernaya, Romantika, Dilemma.

Table 1 - Promising varieties of cherries for production orchards (OPH "Central" SKZNIISiV Krasnodar)

Variety	Country of Origin	Productivity, t/ha	Fruit weight, g	Tasting assessment, score	Ripening period	Degree of disease damage, score
						moniliosis	coccomycosis
Caucasian	Russia	8,8	7,5	4,9	early	1,0	1,0
Caucasian improved	Russia	9,8	7,8	4,9	early	0,5	1,0
Kubanskaya	Russia	9,2	8,0	4,7	early	1,0	1,5
Sashenka	Russia	9,0	7,8	4,8	early	0,5	1,5
Morning of Kuban	Russia	9,1	8.0	4,6	early	1,0	1,5
Ruby Kuban	Russia	12,0	7,8	4,7	average	0,5	1,5
South	Russia	8,8	9,2	4,9	average	0.5	0,5
Poppy	Russia	10,8	9,0	4,5	late	0,5	1,5
Alaya	Russia	9,8	8,5	4,8	late	0,5	0,5
Melitopol black	Ukraine	10,0	8,0	4,4	mid-late	0,5	1,5
Romance	Ukraine	9,5	8,5	4,7	late	0,5	1,5
Prestigious	Ukraine	8,0	9,0	4,6	mid-late	0,5	1,5
Dilemma	Ukraine	9,0	8,0	4,5	average	0,5	1.0
Large-fruited	Ukraine	7,8	9,0	4,5	late	1,5	1.5
Francis	Zap. Europe	8,1	7.5	4,5	late	0,5	1,0

The study of the nature of growth and fruiting in cherry varieties indicates a relationship between the number of fruit buds and the number of fruit formations.

The vast majority of cherry varieties studied are characterized by predominant fruiting on bouquet branches. This is especially evident in the following varieties: Daibera black, Rubinovaya Kubani, Alaya, Yuzhnaya, Napoleon black, Napoleon pink, Francis, Melitopol black.

The density of placement of bouquet branches is one of the indicators of the yield of a variety, which must be supplemented by the number of fruit buds on them. In the majority of varieties they are not equivalent in this indicator. One bouquet branch can simultaneously have up to 10 fruit buds and 1-2 growth buds. The average number of fruit buds on a bouquet branch and the density of arrangement determine the potential productivity of the variety.

The varieties Kavkazskaya, Yuzhnaya, Alaya, Rubinovaya Kubani, and Francis were selected with the maximum number of bouquet branches per meter of stem (from 20 to 40). As already noted maximum amount fruit buds per 1 bouquet branch reaches 10, this number is typical for the varieties Kubanskaya, Yuzhnaya, Rubinvaya Kuban. These varieties also have the highest average values ​​(from 4 to 6.6) in terms of the number of fruit buds.

In the work, some attention is paid to the selection of early ripening varieties. But until now from the group of varieties early date ripening, varieties that ripen earlier than the zoned variety Krasnodarskaya rannyaya were not identified. There are no early varieties that are superior to the named variety in terms of fruit size and are on par with it in terms of winter hardiness, disease resistance and yield. In recent years, the group of varieties that are also the main medium-early ripening period for cherries has been significantly expanded. The varieties Utro Kubai, Kavkazskaya improved, and Sashenka with large fruits (up to 8.0 g) have been created at the institute.

Large-fruited promising varieties of late consumption of this group have been identified:

Scarlet, Poppy, Romance, Dilemma, Large-fruited, Prestigious (8.0-9.0 g).

Thus, the possibility of creating a conveyor of varieties of different ripening periods has been proven, allowing fruit to be obtained within 1.5 months.

The experimental results allow us to draw the following conclusions:

1. The slow development of fruit buds increases resistance to recurrent temperature drops.
2. A relationship has been established between the yield of a variety and the number of fruit formations per plant. linear meter stem and the number of fruit buds on them.
3. For wide industrial use It is advisable to include the cherry varieties Sashenka, Kavkazskaya, Rubinovaya Kubani, Mak, Yuzhnaya, Alaya (selections from SKZNIISiV), Romantika, Melitopolskaya Chernaya. Prestigious, Dilemma (selections of Ukraine).

Literature

1. Kashin V.I. Nursery farming as the main link in the scientific and practical support of gardening in Russia // Fruit growing and berry growing in Russia: collection of articles. scientific works/VSTISP.-M., 2002.-T.IX-P.3-28.

The variety was created at the North Caucasus Zonal Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture (Krasnodar) from pollination of the Napoleon white cherry variety with pollen from the Anadolskaya cherry variety. Authors: M.A. Kolesnikov, E.M. Alekhina. Zoned and admitted to industrial use in the North Caucasus region since 1987. The main variety of medium-early ripening in the Krasnodar region.

The tree is fast-growing, medium-sized with a wide-oval, medium-density and foliage crown. The annual shoot is light brown with a green color and a gray coating. Kidneys average size, generative oval, elongated, vegetative - cone-shaped. The leaf is oval and narrowly oval (15.0 x 6.8), medium in size, dark green in color without anthocyanin, the apex is strongly pointed, the base is acute or broadly wedge-shaped, the serration is doubly serrated, the leaf blade is flat, matte, with slight pubescence on the lower surface. The petiole is medium long and thick, with anthocyanin coloring along the entire length, the glands are well colored, located 2-3 per petiole. The flowers are collected in inflorescences of 2-3, above average in size, saucer-shaped, the petals are round, freely arranged, pink, the color intensifies as they bloom. The stamens are short and medium-sized, the pistil is long (1.8 cm) located above the anthers. The calyx is goblet-shaped with even sepals. Fruits on bouquet branches (up to 82%) and the base of growth shoots.

Fruits are of medium size (6.0-6.5 g), maximum fruit weight reaches 7.5 g, wide oval (2.4 x 2.3 x 2.1), small funnel, almost without indentation, rounded apex, integumentary coloring dark red, dark red flesh, medium density, juicy. The juice is dark red, bright. The stone is oval (0.2 g), light beige, the top and base are round, freely separated from the pulp. The peduncle is of medium length and thickness, easily separated from the fruit, the detachment is dry.

The fruits are attractive, shiny, smooth, with high taste values ​​(tasting score 4.8 points) and are resistant to cracking. Contains 17.4% dry matter, 12.0% sugars, 0.6% acids, 11.3 mg/100g ascorbic acid, 38.4 mg/100g vitamin P. The transportability of the fruit is very good, the purpose is universal, suitable for dessert consumption fresh and various types technical processing.

Belongs to the group of early flowering varieties; the fruits ripen in the mid-early period - in early June (June 1-7). It begins to bear fruit at the age of 5 years. Self-sterile. The yield is high, in favorable years, during the period of full fruiting it reaches over 60 kg/tree. - 12.5 t/ha (planting pattern 8 x 6).

Shows high winter hardiness in extreme winter conditions, spring frosts stability is average. Drought resistance is sufficient. The variety is practically resistant to major fungal diseases, weakly susceptible to coccomycosis. Aphids are only slightly affected; cherry fly damage was not observed.

Advantages: marketability and high quality fruits, resistance to major diseases, high productivity.

Disadvantages: insufficient resistance to spring frosts.

Cherries are one of the most favorite berries in the garden. Let’s talk about her, the little darling. It ripens early, and you can select varieties so that you can harvest from the end of May to the end of July.

And its yield is the highest - it is two to three times higher than cherries. Disease resistance, taste and transportability are higher. In addition to frost resistance. Of course by taste qualities You can’t compare them, I got carried away, because everyone has their own tastes. And I love eating cherries alive, and cherry juice and compote, as well as jam and dumplings with cherries are tastier. But that's my taste.

I got distracted. This culture attracts not only gardeners. Many breeders decided to improve varieties and move them at least a little further north.

Many people want to understand the varieties and have a little idea of ​​which variety produces crops when. Therefore, I bring to your attention a review of the 10 most marketable, in my opinion, varieties of cherries.

Melitopol early

Dzherelo

Ripening date: 1st decade of June

Strength: medium height

Yaroslavna



Fruit weight and color: 8g dark red
Strength: medium height

Donetsk beauty


Ripening period: 2nd decade of June
Fruit weight and color: 10g red
Growth vigor: vigorous

Melitopol black



Fruit weight and color: 12g black
Growth vigor: vigorous

Annushka


Ripening date: 3rd decade of June
Fruit weight and color: 10g dark red
Growth vigor: vigorous

Large-fruited


Ripening date: 3rd decade of June
Fruit weight and color: Up to 15g black
Growth vigor: vigorous

Friendship


Ripening period: 1st decade of July
Fruit weight and color: 11g dark red
Growth vigor: vigorous

Regina


Ripening period: 2nd decade of July
Fruit weight and color: 10g black
Strength: medium height

Bigaro Oratovsky

Ripening date: 3rd decade of July
Fruit weight and color: 7g dark red
Growth vigor: vigorous

WHO IS NOT ON THE LIST?

Didn't make the list a lot good varieties, both new and old. For different reasons.

Not included in the list was such a reputable early variety as “Valery Chkalov”. The reason is very simple: it bursts and rots in wet spring and is not very resistant to disease. But the main thing is the insufficient winter hardiness of flower buds. For comparison. In Crimea, 10-year-old trees produce 60-70 kg on average. In Kuban 25-40kg. IN Rostov region and even less, the kidneys freeze out...

Replacement for “Chkalov” - “Yaroslavna”. It ripens 3-5 days later, and appearance very similar. But it is resistant to diseases and almost does not burst. The yield of “Yaroslavna” is up to 60-80 kg per tree even in the Rostov region, not to mention the Krasnodar region. And yet “Valery Chkalov” is in no hurry to change. At good care and regular watering, he gets 15g of berries. Although this is not an absolute record, it is among early varieties, no one reaches such a value. By the way, good pollinators for “Yaroslavna” are “Valery Chkalov” and “Annushka”.

For the same reasons, black was not included in the Daibera list. And its berries are smaller than their modern counterparts. The exception is “Drogana” yellow, this is a German variety, quite frost-resistant and productive. This variety is let down by its yellowish berries and weak taste. You can replace it with “Rossoshanskaya” yellow, more beautiful and tasty.

“Early June” cherries still help out many gardeners. However, “Dzherelo” is much larger, more productive, does not rot and is not afraid of diseases. This is a new variety from the Artemov station, still little known. But in vain - his parents are excellent: “Valery Chkalov” and “Drogana yellow”. And the 10g berry is one of the most marketable ones at the beginning of June.

One of the most transportable varieties, “France Joseph,” was not included in the list. And all because the size is small by modern standards - 6-7 g. At the same time, “Large-fruited” ripens, which is 1.5-2 times larger and also transportable. I don’t want to offend the “France Joseph” variety, its yield is excellent - 60 kg per tree, and its compotes and preparations are of the highest quality.

True, Ukrainians believe that their varieties are the best - “Melitopolskie”, “Krupnoplodnaya”, “Dzherelo”. It's hard to argue with them. Even if the berries smaller in size, “Melitopolskie” always has excellent taste and appearance.

The variety was created at the North Caucasus Zonal Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture (Krasnodar) from pollination of the Napoleon white cherry variety with pollen from the Anadolskaya variety. Authors: M.A. Kolesnikov, E.M. Alekhina. Zoned and approved for industrial use in the North Caucasus region since 1987. The main variety of medium-early ripening in the Krasnodar region.

Tree fast-growing, medium-sized with a wide-oval, medium-density and foliage crown. The annual shoot is light brown with a green color and a gray coating. Buds are of medium size, generative oval, elongated, vegetative - cone-shaped. The leaf is oval and narrowly oval (15.0 x 6.8), medium in size, dark green in color without anthocyanin, the apex is strongly pointed, the base is acute or broadly wedge-shaped, the serration is doubly serrated, the leaf blade is flat, matte, with slight pubescence on the lower surface. The petiole is medium long and thick, with anthocyanin coloring along the entire length, the glands are well colored, located 2-3 per petiole. The flowers are collected in inflorescences of 2-3, above average in size, saucer-shaped, the petals are round, freely arranged, pink, the color intensifies as they bloom. The stamens are short and medium-sized, the pistil is long (1.8 cm) located above the anthers. The calyx is goblet-shaped with even sepals. Fruits on bouquet branches (up to 82%) and the base of growth shoots.

Fruit medium size (6.0-6.5 g), maximum fruit weight reaches 7.5 g, wide oval (2.4 x 2.3 x 2.1), small funnel, almost without indentation, rounded apex, dark top color -red, dark red flesh, medium density, juicy. The juice is dark red, bright. The stone is oval (0.2 g), light beige, the top and base are round, freely separated from the pulp. The peduncle is of medium length and thickness, easily separated from the fruit, the detachment is dry.

The fruits are attractive, shiny, smooth, with high taste values ​​(tasting score 4.8 points) and are resistant to cracking. Contains 17.4% dry matter, 12.0% sugars, 0.6% acids, 11.3 mg/100g ascorbic acid, 38.4 mg/100g vitamin P. The transportability of the fruit is very good, the purpose is universal, suitable for dessert consumption fresh and various types of technical processing.

Belongs to the group of early flowering varieties; the fruits ripen in the mid-early period - in early June (June 1-7). It begins to bear fruit at the age of 5 years. Self-sterile. The yield is high, in favorable years, during the period of full fruiting it reaches over 60 kg/tree. – 12.5 t/ha (8 x 6 planting pattern).

Shows high winter hardiness in extreme winter conditions; resistance to spring frosts is average. Drought resistance is sufficient. The variety is practically resistant to major fungal diseases, slightly susceptible to. Aphids are only slightly affected; cherry fly damage was not observed.

Advantages: marketability and high quality of fruits, resistance to major diseases, high productivity.

Flaws: insufficient resistance to spring frosts.

LENINGRAD YELLOW
The tree is tall with a spreading crown. Average winter hardiness. Resistant to coccomycosis. The fruits are small, weighing up to 4 g, oval-ovoid, amber-yellow, the flesh is tender and tasty. Productivity is high. PEOPLE'S
The tree is medium-sized, with a wide pyramidal raised crown. Winter hardiness is high. Moderately resistant to coccomycosis. Partially self-fertile. The fruits are medium-sized, weighing up to 5.5 g, heart-shaped, dark red. The pulp is dark red, medium density, juicy, with a pleasant sweet taste. The juice is dark red. Productivity is high.
FATEZH
The tree is medium-sized, with an interesting spherical-spreading crown - at first the annual shoots grow at an angle and then droop. Winter hardiness is very high - even flowers can tolerate light frosts. Disease resistance is above average. The fruits are round, the average weight is about 4.2 g. The color of the fruit is pink-red, the skin is shiny. The pulp is light pink, sweet and sour taste. The yield is high (up to 25 kg of berries can be obtained on 5-year-old plants). Variety from VSTISP, Moscow. The best pollinators for it will be the Crimean and Chermashnaya varieties.

Late

BRYANOCHKA New variety. Medium-sized lerevo with an oval-rounded crown. The fruits are large, dark red, weight 5-6 g. Productivity up to 15 kg per tree. High winter hardiness.

BRYANSK PINK The tree is medium-sized with a wide-pyramidal crown. Winter hardiness is high. The variety is resistant to diseases. The fruits are medium-sized, weighing 4-5 g, round in shape, pink. The pulp is light yellow, dense, juicy, with a good sweet taste.

LENA A recently developed cherry variety. The crown is round-oval, of medium height. The berries are dark red, large (6-8 g). The taste is excellent. The average yield is 14 kg per tree.

LENINGRAD BLACK The tree is medium-sized, spreading. Winter hardiness is satisfactory. The variety is resistant to diseases. Fruits weighing up to 3.5 g, dark red, almost black, broadly ovoid. The pulp is tender, very sweet, the juice is dark-colored. Productivity is high.

REVNA The tree is medium-sized, the crown is pyramidal, of medium density. Winter hardiness is above average. The variety is highly resistant to coccomycosis. Partially self-fertile. The fruits, weighing about 5 g, are dark red to almost black. The pulp is juicy, dense, with an excellent sweet taste. Productivity is high.

TYUTCHEVKA The tree is medium-sized, the crown is spherical, semi-spreading, sparse. Winter hardiness is good. Resistance to moniliosis is high, resistance to coccomycosis is average. The fruits are large, weighing 5.5-6 g, dark red. The pulp is red, dense, juicy, sweet. Productivity is high.