Hydraulic structures at landscape architecture sites. Hydraulic structures and accidents on them Hydraulic structures and accidents on them Hydraulic structures - structures intended for use

Hydraulic engineering structures are those engineering structures that serve to use the existing water resources of an object or to combat the harmful effects of water on certain areas of the object. Hydraulic structures are important components of a garden landscape.

Reservoirs, their purpose and classification

Construction of reservoirs

It is possible to correctly design and build a reservoir only by relying on detailed survey materials: topographic, hydrological, geological, hydrogeological, sanitary and hygienic (bacteriological). Based on these types of research, the following questions must be resolved.

Dam construction

The construction of a reservoir is associated with the construction of a number of hydraulic structures, united by general conditions of joint work and location and called a hydraulic complex. Thus, when constructing a reservoir for the purpose of improving the territory, the main structures of the waterworks can be called the reservoir itself, a dam, if necessary, dams, a spillway structure and a spillway (water outlet). The main role is played by the dam, which provides flow regulation (water accumulation in the reservoir). In order to correctly design and build a dam, it is necessary to first carry out a series of engineering surveys, the results of which will clarify the location of the dam, the reliability of the connection of the dam with the bottom and banks of the watercourse, possible losses due to filtration, the influx of water from surface and groundwater runoff, etc. For this purpose, the following types of engineering surveys: topographical, geological, hydrological, hydrogeological, culminating in office work and laboratory analyzes of materials collected in the field.

Spillways and spillways

The existence and operation of dam reservoirs is impossible without basic structures that ensure their safety (spillways) and good operating and repair conditions (spillways). Spillways come with deep wells (shaft, bucket, etc.) and can also serve to empty a reservoir. At the same time, bottom drains can perform the function of controlled deep spillways. Types of spillway design are determined by topographic, geological, hydrogeological, hydrological, and operational conditions. Spillways can be installed both on the banks of a beam or stream, and in the body of a dam. Coastal spillways are usually located directly next to the dam and discharge water into the same gully (stream) or into an adjacent watercourse (depression). Spillways in the body of earthen dams are located in the channel or on the floodplain of a ravine (stream).

Construction of ponds-digging

If you make a vertical section of a reservoir, the profile of the slopes and bottom can be very different. The simplest option is a coastal slope, stable in its natural state or associated with fastening, if its angle exceeds that permissible for a given type of soil, and an almost horizontal bottom. The choice of the angle of natural or artificial slope (dry - above the water level; wet - below the water level) as a first approximation can be made according to SNiP 2.02.01-83 * “Foundations of buildings and structures”. The main indicator that you need to focus on is the angle of internal friction cf.

Decorative hydraulic structures in the landscape

Such structures include swimming pools, decorative pools, waterfalls, rapids, cascades (multi-stage drops), canals (connecting and sports), streams and ducts, fire-fighting reservoirs, fountains, sources (springs), drinking fountains and other hydroplastic structures.

Interfacing and transporting hydraulic structures

This subsection examines the main types of hydraulic structures that have long been used in the water sector of various countries and which (usually in reduced sizes and with greater aesthetics) are increasingly used in landscape architecture, following the principles of landscape hydroplastics. Such hydraulic structures can be either an open type (with a visible flow of water) or a closed type (when the flow passes through closed parts of the structures - pipelines, wells, spillways, etc.). The open elements of the water flow are more spectacular, but even in closed-type structures there are separate sections (mainly at the entrance and exit) that are not inferior to open elements in terms of entertainment, effect and aesthetics.

Construction and operation of hydraulic structures

A common issue in construction is the use of mechanization and, especially, small-scale mechanization. Thus, when constructing large excavations and embankments, the use of a complex of mechanisms such as excavators, bulldozers, loaders and dump trucks significantly speeds up and reduces the cost of work. Schemes for the use of these machines depend on the size and configuration of earthen structures and are considered in construction organization projects and work production projects developed object by object for a large volume of construction work.

Swimming pools. Swimming pools- These are artificial reservoirs with a special bath for filling with water. In parks and gardens, mostly outdoor swimming pools are installed, varying in size and shape.

Based on their purpose, pools are divided into swimming, educational, sports, therapeutic and recreational, splashing and decorative.

Swimming pools are built according to a specially designed project. The shape of the pool is mainly rectangular (other shapes are not excluded) with a length that is a multiple of 12.5 m. Depending on the purpose of the pool, the bath usually consists of two parts: shallow - 0.7... 1 m deep, and deep - 2 m deep ,5...4.5 m. Children's splashing pools have only a shallow part.

Outdoor pools are completely or partially buried in the ground. The bottom and walls of the bathtub are made of reinforced concrete. They must be waterproofed and covered with finishing material. Swimming pools must be provided with water, electricity and sewerage. The areas around the pool should be covered with dense turf, and paths and areas should have hard surfaces.

In children's parks, splashing pools are arranged for children from 3 to 10 years old to play on water with a water surface area of at least 50 m2, depth - from 10 to 40 cm. The material for making baths is monolithic or prefabricated reinforced concrete or plastic. The inner surface of the bath should not be slippery, and its corners should be rounded. Water is supplied to the pool through a tap in the side wall and discharged through special bottom drains into the storm sewer network. The water temperature in the pool must be at least 20 “C.

Decorative pools - These are gardening elements that add elegance to the park landscape, as well as creating the effect of reflection of buildings, monuments, crowns of ornamental trees and shrubs.

The dimensions of such pools, as well as the streams connecting them, are determined by their location. Landscape construction experience shows that for optimal visual perception, decorative pools should be no more than 1/5... 1/8 of the size of the surrounding area. The shape of decorative pools and the configuration of the banks can be different. Pools can be round, oval, rectangular in shape and have natural smooth outlines of their boundaries. The area of such pools, equipped with a spillway and drainage, is usually 10...50 m2 or more.

The building material for constructing swimming pools is monolithic and prefabricated reinforced concrete. To decorate the banks of pools, stones, ceramic and concrete vases, sculptures, bridges, and passages are used. The bottom of the pool is decorated with ceramic tiles of different colors or treated with mosaics illuminated in the evening. Pools should be laconic and simple in shape, decorated with a low concrete or stone side - at the level of the lawn and platform, and the areas around them - with tiled paving and flower vases of simple shapes.

The selection of plants is necessary to give the decorative pool and the surrounding space artistic unity and expressiveness. Plants with a clear silhouette of branches, leaves and flowers are arranged near decorative pools - these are shrubs (junipers, thujas, Thunberg barberry, etc.); perennial flowering plants (irises, bergenia, funkia, daylily, bellflower, delphinium, aquilegia, astilbe, etc.). Low decorative pools are decorated along the edge with flowering mixborders, plantings of perennial flowering plants or low coniferous and deciduous shrubs.

To grow aquatic plants, a depression is made in the bottom of the pool into which a metal basket or concrete bowl is placed, which is removed for inspection and winter storage of plants. Simple stones can also be used, laid along the bottom with a small layer of rich soil between them.

Waterfalls. In nature, waterfalls are one of the most spectacular phenomena associated with water, so it is quite natural to want to transfer this phenomenon from the natural to the anthropogenic landscape. Waterfalls in nature (and landscape) are classified according to several criteria: by the number of jets (single-jet, multi-jet, etc.); but the sign of flow adhesion to the wall of the waterfall (with and without adhesion of the flow); according to the method of coupling the jet with the flow in the downstream (with a water well to extinguish energy, filled with water or with a solid rock surface, breaking the falling flow into small splashes, especially spectacular and pleasant on a hot sunny day).

Waterfall- this is a special hydraulic structure, which is a stream of water falling from a height of several meters.

An indispensable condition for creating a waterfall is a large width in relation to the height of the stream. This ratio can give the desired visual effect. Waterfalls are arranged at differences in relief at two levels. This is achieved by spillway dams, dams made of stones, provided that water moves from the upper pool to the lower one through the spillway.

With the regular planning of the park territory, the waterfall is the dominant element of the composition, subordinating the design of the surrounding space. When planning a landscape design, the waterfall should be natural and fit into the landscape. The banks and bed of the spillway are decorated with stones or boulders, woody and herbaceous plants, with naturally laid paths. With regular planning, the waterfall is equipped with a MAF using high-quality processed materials: granite, marble, flagstone, tuff of different colors, etc.

They also use such a technique as artificially created rapids, which in natural conditions are piles of stones or rocks that prevent the rapid flow of water and often break this flow into separate streams. From the point of view of hydraulic calculation of the channel, the thresholds represent a very large roughness, which greatly reduces the flow velocity and at the same time significantly increases the noise effect and entertainment.

Thresholds. Thresholds from the point of view of hydroplastics, these are artificial obstacles in the path of a moving flow of water. Rapids are created by piling up large stones in the channel of a watercourse in the path of the main flow of water, which breaks against an obstacle, bypasses it with noise and foam, and rolls further along the channel.

Cascades. Cascades - These are artificial waterfalls with a low height of water fall (0.5...0.8 m), with a stepped overflow of water along the ledges. Between the ledges, the upper platforms of the cascade can have a horizontal or inclined position, which reduces or increases the speed of water movement.

Parallel to the cascade, it is possible to construct a staircase with viewing platforms on which decorative sculptures and flower modules with beautifully flowering plants are installed. The cascade is combined with other water devices: fountains, fountains, water cannons, etc.

From the point of view of hydraulic calculation of hydraulic structures, cascades can be considered as multi-stage drops with their inherent calculation scheme. At the same time, the word “cascades” can mean cascades of reservoirs, especially dams, located on the same watercourse with a large volume of flow. In this case, dam reservoirs are calculated using the previously described method, and sections of watercourses (streams, rivers, etc.) are calculated according to the channel diagram with a uniform steady movement of water. This scheme was also discussed earlier.

Channels. Channels- these are open artificial watercourses that serve certain sporting purposes or are a connection of reservoirs over the shortest distance. The purpose of the channels determines their clear geometric shape, enriching the landscape with linear perspective. The depth of the channels and their width depend on the rules established by the lanes for competitions in rowing, water skiing and water-motor sports. The width of water supply channels is determined based on the flow rate of transported water. The banks of the canals are reinforced with piles (banquet rows), the slopes are reinforced with turf, and an embankment with equipment for spectators of sports competitions and for vacationers by the water is built along its entire length.

Streams or channels. Streams, or ducts- These are open artificial conduits that serve as a connecting link between reservoirs and are intended for boating and pedalos. The channels vary in width, which depends on the presence of turns, branches in the form of branches, creeks, islands and rapids. The bottom and the flooded part of the bank must have a natural or artificial waterproof layer with sand and gravel loading. The banks of the channel, due to the weak flow of water, are secured in the flooded part with stone masonry or riprap, and in the non-flooded part - with “herbaceous clothing”, low shrubs and perennial herbaceous plants. Because of this, they are a favorite place for waterfowl.

Streams and cascades. The bottom of small streams and cascades is made of durable polymer (or rubber) material. For additional protection, non-woven geotextiles are used. The edge of the stream is decorated with stone or decorative film, which is based on epoxy resin, covered with small river pebbles. The OASE company (Germany) produces special parts of the stream for constructing a stream with cascades: “source”, “waterfall”, “straight watercourse”, “bend”, “filter”, “mouth”, “confluence with the reservoir”. The stream elements are made by hand from plastic covered with natural sandstone. Special pumps are used to move water.

Fountains. One of the most advanced hydroplastic landscape devices are fountains, which provide perhaps the greatest dynamism (as well as change) of compositions, sound and color diversity (due to lighting). Fountains - These are artificial hydraulic structures that ensure the ejection of jets of water through special nozzles on pipes (nozzles). The water jets of fountains fall from different heights, have different inclinations, lengths, diameters, and relative positions, which is ensured by different spraying methods. The maximum height of the water jet should not exceed half the diameter of the fountain bowl, since with a higher height of the water jet and strong wind, the water enters the surrounding area, which prevents visitors from accessing the fountain. If the bowl diameter b= Yum, then the height of the jet h= 4...5 m.

The water consumption in the fountains of a landscape gardening facility should not exceed

50...60 l/s. Fountains can be supplied with water from a city water supply or a local source using a pump, and sometimes with recycled water from the reservoir in which the fountain is located using a pump (Fig. 6.12). Water discharge is organized into an open tray, storm sewer network, as well as into a tank for circulating water supply during water recycling. To free the fountain bowl from water during the winter, its bottom is made with a slope of less than 5% to the outlet point. Fountains with powerful jets of water and a large bowl are installed on the central alleys and compositional axes of the landscape garden as the centers of the composition. To decorate fountains, colored asphalt and concrete, ceramic tiles, and embossing are used.

A type of fountains are fountains without catchment bowls, when water is used in the form of curtains or a thin film. The designs of such fountains consist of a metal plate with a pipe through which water rises. Water gushes weakly over the surface of the slab or plate, covering it with a thin film and flowing along the perimeter, forming a water curtain with water discharge into the drainage layer of pebbles. One of the forms of landscaping is a fountain without a bowl, arranged directly on the lawn in the form of separate jets with special lighting and music (light music).

Springs, or springs. Sources, or springs, are the simplest fountain structures, built on the site of natural springs and used both as decorative elements and for economic purposes - as a means of supplying water to the park. The spring is a low-

Rice. 6.12.

A- one-way from the water supply; b- with the discharge of water into a reservoir; V- with the creation of pressure by a pump; G- with water circulation; d - underwater ((yuntan; e - with water supply from an upstream reservoir; / - main water supply; 2- tray: 3 - water intake tank; 4 - pump

forge a bowl, a log house or a stone structure, an abyss from which spring water pours out or into which it flows. In the second case, a retaining stone or decorative wall is installed with a drainage pipe built into it. When there is no natural source of groundwater for the spring, the pipe is connected to the water supply system. In terms of its compositional design and design, the main thing is the structure itself - the “clothing” of the spring. The stream of water is an important addition to its architectural appearance.

Drinking fountains. They are widely used at sites and serve to quench the thirst of visitors. Such fountains consist of a foundation, a water supply system with a drain tap and a fountain device, a cabinet with a drain bowl and a sewer outlet system. The height of the cabinet for adults is 85...90 cm, for children - 65...70 cm.

Sprinkler installations. Sprinkler installations- these are structures with blades and holes for supplying and spraying water. Sprinkler installations are used on the fittings of watering taps or hoses or paddle turntables. Under the influence of water pressure, they begin to move, spraying water evenly around them at a distance of 1.5...2.5 m. The installations are brightly colored. They create a halo of light and the slightest mist, which attracts the attention of visitors. They are installed on a permanent watering network of the water supply system or secured to the fitting of a watering hose and, as the plantings are irrigated, they are transferred to another place, covering the irrigation area.

Design of reservoirs. To design natural and artificial reservoirs, as well as to improve the composition of water, aquatic plants are used, which, according to their growing conditions, are divided into:

for floating plants (main): yellow water lily, white water rose, fragrant water rose, water nut, etc.;
shallow-water plants (main): marsh calamus, callus, golden iris, bitter trefoil, plum, etc.;
coastal plants (main): forget-me-nots, canary grass, common reed, primrose, etc.

In artificial reservoirs, aquatic plants are grown in containers lowered to the bottom in specially designated areas. The containers are filled with a mixture of leaf soil, clay and medium-grained sand in equal proportions.

Swimming pools, decorative pools, waterfalls, rapids, cascades (multi-stage drops), canals (connecting and sports), streams and ducts, fire-fighting reservoirs, fountains, sources (springs), drinking fountains and other hydroplastic structures are an integral element of landscape architecture.

Springs or springs. Springs, or springs, are the simplest fountain structures, built on the site of natural springs and used both as decorative elements and for economic purposes - as a means of supplying water to the park. A spring is a low bowl, frame or stone structure without a bottom, from which spring water flows or flows.

In the second case, a retaining stone or decorative wall is installed with a drainage pipe built into it. When there is no natural source of groundwater for the spring, the pipe is connected to the water supply system. In terms of its compositional design and design, the main thing is the structure itself - the “clothing” of the spring. The stream of water is an important addition to its architectural appearance.

Waterfalls. In nature, waterfalls are one of the most spectacular phenomena associated with water, so it is quite natural to want to transfer this phenomenon from the natural to the anthropogenic landscape. Waterfalls in nature (and landscape) are classified according to several criteria: by the number of jets (single-jet, multi-jet, etc.); based on the adhesion of the flow to the wall of the waterfall (with and without adhesion of the flow); according to the method of coupling the jet with the flow in the downstream (with a water well to extinguish energy, filled with water or with a solid rock surface, breaking the falling flow into small splashes, especially spectacular and pleasant on a hot sunny day).

A waterfall is a special hydraulic structure, which is a stream of water falling from a height of several meters.
An indispensable condition for creating a waterfall is a large width in relation to the height of the stream. This ratio can give the desired visual effect. Waterfalls are arranged at differences in relief at two levels. This is achieved by spillway dams, dams made of stones, provided that water moves from the upper pool to the lower one through the spillway.

Thresholds. Thresholds from the point of view of hydroplastics are artificial obstacles in the path of a moving flow of water. Rapids are created by piling up large stones in the channel of a watercourse in the path of the main flow of water, which breaks against an obstacle, bypasses it with noise and foam, and rolls further along the channel.

Cascades. Cascades are artificial waterfalls with a low drop height of water (0.5...0.8 m), with a stepwise overflow of water along the ledges. Between the ledges, the upper platforms of the cascade can have a horizontal or inclined position, which reduces or increases the speed of water movement.

Parallel to the cascade, it is possible to construct a staircase with viewing platforms on which decorative sculptures and flower modules with beautiful flowering plants are installed. The cascade is combined with other water devices: fountains, fountains, water cannons, etc.

Cascades and waterfalls are a magnificent water decoration of any recreation area, garden plot. With imagination and a little patience, any summer resident is able to construct this simple structure on his territory (even if not very large), and therefore, please himself with an imitation of this most beautiful miracle of nature. Cascades located in several tiers look very impressive, especially if they are located between two bodies of water. Even if their artificiality is clearly emphasized, the impression is not diminished. It is most convenient to place them on natural elevations or on the shore of a small reservoir - then the artificial structure you create will harmoniously fit into the natural landscape.

Streams of water falling from a great height amaze with their grandeur and beauty. A deafening roar complements the mesmerizing spectacle, emphasizing the grandeur of this unusually magnificent creation of nature.

There are several giant waterfalls in the world: Angel - 1054 m (in South America); Tugela - 933 m (in Africa); Yosemite - 727 m (in North America); Victoria - 120 m (in Africa); Niagara, the smallest among the largest, but one of the most beautiful - 51 m (in North America), etc.

A natural waterfall is formed when water falls from a high ledge located across the river bed. A cascade is a series of waterfalls formed by small ledges and possibly different levels. These drops are created due to the rocky riverbed.

The first artificial cascades and waterfalls, as well as fountains, began to be built many centuries ago. They were an integral part of the court gardens of the sultans and sheikhs, pacifying them with their monotonous noise and refreshing the sultry air with droplets of moisture. Nowadays waterfalls and cascades can be found in shady corners of parks and squares as an element of decorative water features or sculptural compositions.

By creating artificial barriers made of stone and varying their size, shape and installation methods, using even a slight slope of the territory, you can create a mountain stream in your previously ordinary garden plot (which will look more natural if the pond has a free outline) or an entire system various picturesque cascades.
Device

First of all, you should take into account that constructing a waterfall is a very complex process if you use large stones in its construction.

In addition, considerable artistic skill is required, and you may also have to face technical difficulties in laying and delivering the stones.

It is preferable to choose ready-made artificial tanks, a pump and plastic molds sold in the store, rather than using concrete and stones in your construction.

In this case, the construction will not require large expenses: you can easily get by with purchasing a waterproof film and a pump, and then prepare a suitable slope yourself.

In order for the cascade to look more natural, it will be necessary to additionally equip its upper and lower parts with rock garden elements: stones of various sizes and alpine plants. You will need the same materials as for an artificial pond.

To get a spectacular structure, a height of 1 m is quite suitable, and for a small cascade the width of the threshold can be 10–15 cm and the distance between tiers 8–30 cm.

For a small cascade you need a rigid form, concrete or flexible waterproof films.

Concrete is one of the cheapest and most readily available materials, but it is not easy to work with, and after some time you will have to reconstruct the reservoir, as cracks appear in the material over time.

Before concreting, you should first prepare platforms of the required configuration and stones for decoration and immediately fix them in an unhardened mortar, since it is possible that the cascade will not fit into the garden landscape if the stones are placed separately from the concrete.

It is preferable to use a rigid form, which is more convenient to handle, either monolithic or consisting of several prefabricated parts.

Once the shape of the pond has been determined and the location for the garden oasis has been selected, it is necessary to apply marks. The selected area is cleared of stones, bushes and grass.

If the ground is uneven, you need to remove excess hills with a shovel. To prevent the walls from crumbling, you need to periodically moisten them with water and compress them, so they will be denser.

The shape of the waterfall's jets depends on the edge from which the stream breaks. One spoon-shaped depression will give a powerful flow. A wide, smooth polished surface, set horizontally, will ensure that water is shed off in the form of a thin film. The notched plane will create a “comb effect” when water falls in a white stream from a large number of parallel jets. When constructing a cascade, it is necessary to take into account the position of all the stones on which water will fall and from which water will fall.

In a large reservoir, you can simultaneously arrange both a waterfall and a fountain, because the water area is quite enough to place them at opposite points of the pond.

Unlike a waterfall mold that includes an upper and lower basin, there are several cascade molds that are installed at different heights on top of each other.

Currently, flexible waterproof films, which are sheets of synthetic rubber, are very popular. Each waterfall pool or cascade tier is laid out in such a separate sheet.

The sheets should be overlapped if the tiers of the cascade are located one after another. Then you need to deepen the back of the tier a little so that it retains the water that will accumulate in this place.

Coat all concrete and stone surfaces (artificial) with sealant.

Around or along the entire structure, you can lay pebbles or small pebbles, plant alpine plants, which will act as a natural landscape.

If you have already chosen the type and configuration of the artificial reservoir to be constructed, purchased the appropriate materials and tools, you can proceed directly to the construction of a cascade or waterfall.

If it is a cascade with tiers located sequentially one after another, you should first outline the contours of the tiers, starting to dig from the lowest, so that its bottom is a horizontal shape. The recesses prepared next should be slightly wider in size than the depth of the prepared cascade form.

After you have laid a layer of sand and compacted the bottom of each tier, install the finished cascade forms, so that the groove of the element located on top is above the edge of the one below. Then check whether the water flows well through the tiers by connecting a hose with water.

Finally, you must secure the bottom of each of the cascade elements, starting with the bottom, using lime mortar. Check the water flow and, if you are not satisfied with the result, simply replace the pump with a more powerful one.

After completing all the work, it would be useful to think about decoration, which we will talk about later.

Types of waterfalls

When designing a waterfall, one of the most difficult tasks is to achieve a beautiful and continuous line of falling water flow. This requires some skill. And the secret is that the outermost (weir) stone must be perfectly smooth and flat in order to reduce friction of the moving flow. The deviation from the plane should be no more than 2.5 cm, and roughness can sometimes be corrected by painting the stone with waterproof paint. If the surface is flawless, the flow drop will be even.

Waterfalls are divided into several types depending on the arrangement and pattern of the jets. Their shape depends on the guide weir stone. For example, the flow effect of a mirror-smooth wide cascading veil can be achieved by using a large flat stone, the edge of which is rounded and polished, and limiting side stones on its sides.

And if the edge of the spillway stone is cut, then the flow of water will appear in the form of thin, falling streams. The result is a magnificent effect: sparkling threads of water against a dark background of stones.

Waterproofing- a very important stage on which the service life of the lake and the waterfall as a whole will depend. The easiest way is to do it using a thick insulating film. PVC insulation will last about fifteen years, and if you use butyl rubber - thirty or more. When laying out a foundation pit with film, be sure to lay it with a margin so that it extends beyond the base. Then the excess will be disguised with decorative stones. The huge disadvantage of this method is that the water will need to be drained during the winter. If it freezes, it will tear any film.

Concreting the pit- a more reliable method, although it will require more effort. To concrete the base, first a dense film is laid on the bottom, a frame made of dense wire is installed and filled with concrete. Until the bottom hardens, a metal frame is mounted on top of the walls. From below it is fixed in concrete, which at the base has not yet had time to harden. When it has completely hardened, you can begin to work on the walls.

The height of a cascading waterfall in the garden of a private house rarely exceeds 1.5 meters. The higher the elevation, the harder it is for the pump to do the work of pumping water.

Place the stone below. The first tier needs to be made very even, and the next ones can be anything, it all depends only on your imagination.

Stones with recesses in the middle are used; they form reservoirs, and when the container begins to fill, the water will slowly flow down. A continuous water wall is formed thanks to perfectly smooth stones from which water falls. A mighty stream that breaks into a foam of small splashes.

With different widths of weir stones, an asymmetrical flow pattern is formed, as well as with two levels of weirs.

In the second case, the volume of water at both levels should be the same. Such a waterfall can have one falling stream, or the second stream can be divided into several jets. If the supply of water is limited, there is still a way out - let a thin veil of water flow around the stone.

Let's say you're planning powerful monolithic streams of falling water in your waterfall. This can be achieved by passing a large volume of water through a narrow hole between the stones and making the ledge high. To enhance the effect, you can place a pointed stone under one of the jets. The water will foam and break against it.

Water supply

The water supply of a cascade and waterfall is inextricably linked with the concept of water flow. This means that it refers to the amount of water that passes through the water supply within one hour. Undoubtedly, first of all, the water flow depends on the size of the reservoir being constructed, but the power of the pump also plays a role. The lower the height of the constructed structure, the higher the pump performance. Below are some technical characteristics of the pumps (see table).

Characteristics of waterfall pumps

These indicators are reduced if the distance between the pump and the cascade is too large, as well as when using curved pipes when water is supplied. It is equally important to remember that the pump capacity must be at least 100–150% of the water volume of the entire water structure including the pond. The pump capacity of 1300–2000 l/h corresponds to a reservoir volume of 1300 l, and at least 225 l/h is consumed for every 2.5 cm of sill width. Therefore, for a sill width of 15 cm, 1300 l/h is required.

If the pond will be used only for pumping water and receiving mountain streams, its depth can be any. When populating the lake with living creatures and plants - from one meter. Then the flora and fauna will be able to survive the winter and not die from the cold. Calculation and preparation of the pit After the shape of the pond is determined and the place for the garden oasis is selected, it is necessary to apply marks. The selected area is cleared of stones, bushes and grass. If the ground is uneven, you need to remove excess hills with a shovel. To prevent the walls from crumbling, you need to periodically moisten them with water and compress them, so they will be denser.

For a waterfall up to one and a half meters high, an electric pump with a power of 70–80 W is sufficient. If the cascade is higher, the pump must match.

The pump is mounted on the bottom of the reservoir so that it, cables and hoses are hidden. The pump has two pipes: one for water intake (placed at the bottom of the lake), the second for pumping (supplied to the top). It is recommended to connect the pump to a low voltage transformer, and place the converter itself indoors. For connection, cables with good moisture protection are used.

The bottom of the pit is compacted with a layer of sand of 10–15 cm. The bottom of the pit is covered with sand with a layer of 10–15 cm.

Water must flow under pressure between two adjacent cobblestones. A separately flowing waterfall will be provided by stones with grooves and uneven edges. The stones for the waterfall cascades are firmly cemented. It is better to limit the flow of water to the edges; it will flow down the center and will not splash on the sides.

Finishing and decorating the waterfall The landscape design of the waterfall and cascades should be thought through at the beginning of construction in order to build it as organically as possible, taking into account the subsequent decor. Laying waterfalls and cascades with decorative stone is a very popular and practical finishing option. It will add neatness and prevent the growth of weeds. Granite, sandstone, boulders and any types of finishing stone are usually used. They can be laid out freely or cemented. With this decor, the waterfall will serve for a long time and reliably.

The presence of waterfalls or cascades in the garden is in itself a decoration, but just as decoration requires an appropriate frame, so artificial reservoirs require decoration, with the help of which you can emphasize the advantages of a structure constructed with your own hands and perfectly in harmony with the natural environment, and causing an impression the same naturalness.

When designing a landscape composition, both artificial and natural materials can be used, for example, decorative foliage and decorative flowering plants, the peculiarities of growing which have already been discussed above.

If desired, with the help of decoration, you can create a structure that is absolutely unique in beauty and charm, originality and extravagance of design, including a cascade with a waterfall, and architectural elements in combination with appropriate lighting.

Very often, compositions with flowing water are complemented by natural stones of various sizes and colors. For example, against the background of a natural landscape, a waterfall lined with stones along the edges and made of sheets of butyl rubber looks harmonious. The composition is successfully complemented by large, unusual plants that prefer large amounts of moisture.

The place where the streams fall, which is an important element of the decorative design of the entire composition, deserves special attention. This is where a small lake lined with stones, or just stones on which a stream breaks, looks great.

A composition with Japanese motifs, which is based on a smooth stream of a small waterfall lined with large uncut stones, smoothly flowing into a lake with a large number of smooth pebbles, can become a magnificent decoration of the garden. Giving the composition completeness, decorative lamps, shaped like oriental pagodas, add a special charm, and all this is framed by various types of saxifrage, ferns and boxwood.

It follows from this that an important element of design is decorative lighting, which makes it possible to enhance the visual appeal of the composition, emphasizing or shading various places, or, as in this case, representing the complete completion of a specific theme and purpose of decoration.

If a cascade flows into a small pond, trellises with climbing plants or, for example, a pergola on top entwined with climbing roses or wild grapes will look very impressive. And at the foot there will be a wonderful place to relax: a romantic round white gazebo or a gazebo with tables and benches. At the bottom of the waterfall, you can build a children's playground with a sandbox, a sun canopy, wooden figurines of fairy-tale characters and a log for relaxation. This will be another wonderful decoration.

If space allows, place a small sports ground next to such a water feature, and then during training you will enjoy the refreshing coolness of falling water.

Literature:

Construction and operation of landscape architecture objects. Teodoronsky V.S.

222. Engineering structures that serve to use the existing water resources of the facility:

A) hydraulic engineering B) hydrotechnological C) water technological

D) hydrogenous

223. General purpose hydraulic structures include:

A) pits, streams, dams B) retaining structures, retaining walls on watercourses, water intake structures

B) River canals,

224. Natural bodies of water include:

A) lakes, ponds, rivers B) pools C) canals D) reservoirs

225. Artificial reservoirs include:

A) ponds, rivers B) pools, reservoirs C) lakes

226. Artificially created deep closed water hydraulic structure:

A) pond B) river C) lake D) swimming pool

227. The pond includes a mandatory component:

A) river bed B) slope C) source D) drain pipes

228. The depth of the pond in the middle is:

A) 1-2cm B) 4.5cm C) 0.5-1cm D) 2-3cm

229. An element that gives the park landscape splendor, creating the effect of reflection of structures, crown shapes:

A) Decorative pool B) Pond C) Pool D) Lake

230. The flow rate in the water fountain of a landscape gardening facility should not exceed:

A) 10-30l/s B) 20-40l/s C) 50-60l/s D) 15-25l/s

231. Design for supplying and spraying water:

A) fountain installation B) sprinkler installations C) drinking fountains

232. Floating plants are used to decorate natural and artificial reservoirs:

A) water chestnut B) azalea C) calligraphy D) forget-me-nots

233. Coastal plants for decorating natural and artificial reservoirs include:

A) yellow water lily B) water nut C) astilbe

234. Artificial watercourses used for sport fishing:

A) channel, stream B) canals C) waterfalls D) lake

235. The height of the jet in fountains with a cup diameter of 10 m is equal to:

A) 1-2m B) 2-4m C) 4-5m D) 0.2-1m

236. The water temperature in the pool must be at least:

A) 5-10 C B) 10-15 C C) 15-20 C D) 20-22 C

237. The main types of improvement of natural reservoirs are:

A) landscaping B) strengthening slopes and cleaning the bottom C) concreting the bottom

238. A water device with small differences in water at several levels is called:

A) cascade B) fountain C) source

239. Artificial waterfalls with low water fall height:

A) cascade B) waterfall C) decorative pool

240. Artificial obstacles in the path of a moving flow of water:

A) cascades B) waterfalls C) rapids

241. Open artificial water conduits, which are the connection of reservoirs over the shortest distance:

A) canals B) streams C) lakes

Section 5. Agrotechnical work on landscaping objects.

242. How long does planting work during landscaping of landscape gardening objects take place:

A) once a year B) 2 times a year C) throughout the year

243. The depth of a dry well depends on the height of the embankment and is ...

A) 30-50 cm B) 30-80 cm C) 50-100 cm

244. Special devices designed to protect the root system of trees when raising the surface elevation according to the vertical planning project:

A) planting pit B) dry well C) decorative well

245. When carrying out planting work, the following should not be taken into account:

A) external environmental factors B) characteristics of the state of plants C) age of plants

246. At what period does the process of awakening begin in plants:

A) spring B) winter C) autumn

247. The thickness of the top fertile layer for lawns and flower beds must be no less than:

A) 0.2-0.3 m B) 0.5-0.6 m C) 0.1-0.2 m

248. The thickness of the top fertile layer for shrubs must be at least:

A) 0.2-0.3 m B) 0.5-0.6 mC) 0.1-0.2 m

249. In which summer months are favorable times for planting:

A) June B) July C) third ten days of August

250. Which deciduous plants are transplanted from nurseries in the summer:

A) mountain ash B) Siberian spruce C) small-leaved linden

251. What coniferous plants are transferred from nurseries in the summer:

A) spruce B) larch C) that's right

252. When planting seedlings, the roots are treated:

A) sand B) peat C) clay

253. Activities carried out in the autumn when preparing plants for wintering:

A) watering B) digging C) insulation

Winter planting of woody plants is carried out at temperatures

A) not lower than -15C B) not lower than -18C C) not lower than -20C

At what time do plants enter a period of deep dormancy?

A) March B) April C) December, January

257. Winter plantings are successful for the following species:

A) Siberian apple tree B) silver birch C) that’s right

258. The main sources for obtaining healthy planting material for woody plants are:

A) specialized nurseries B) forest C) field

259. Based on design and estimate documentation, it is established:

A) assortment of plants B) need for planting material for the facility C) that’s right

When planting trees, is it possible to fill the root collar with soil?

A) no B) yes

261. A reference point can be:

A) tree B) barrier C) that's right

A)2.0m B)1.8m C)1.3m

266. Seedlings of deciduous trees with an exposed root system are planted in planting holes with a diameter of:

A) 0.8m B) 1 m C) 0.6m

267. Shrub seedlings with exposed root systems are planted in planting areas with a diameter of:

A)0.7m B)0.6m C)0.5m

268. At the extreme points of the seats and in the center of the landing line, the following are installed:

A) sighting rods B) pegs C) branches

269. The dimensions of the seats are set depending on:

A) type of tree B) trunk height C) size of the root system

Any replacement of plant species composition must be consistent with