Business idea: construction of private baths as a business. Your own business: frame construction

    Summary
    Company: LLC "Golden Terem"
    Design goal: attracting investment in production.
    Products planned for production: log cabins handmade log houses at the European level of quality.
    General characteristics of the product: large log diameter (25-45 cm); slab roof structure, chopped gables and partitions, felling “in the oblo” (with remainder); round groove; figured filing of openings and ends of logs, the log house includes carved elements; the walls do not require further cladding, the logs are treated with an antiseptic; The log house is as close as possible to an environmentally friendly product.
    Demand: has a growing trend both in Western European and domestic markets.
    Sales market: In Western Europe - Norway, Denmark, Finland; in the domestic language - the south of the Leningrad region, Moscow and Moscow region .
    Main customers: In Western Europe - dealers, general contractors; in domestic - individuals - direct consumers - (income level above average), legal entities - dealers, general contractors, boarding houses, motels, holiday homes, etc., church.
    Competition: the enterprise can successfully compete with Western European and North American manufacturers both in price and quality; In the domestic market, the company has both advantages and disadvantages compared to its competitors.
    Product promotion: participation in specialized exhibitions in Moscow and abroad, advertising on the Internet, correspondence with customers from Western Europe by e-mail, distribution of leaflets, booklets and prospectuses, advertising in periodicals; demonstration of production and products, selection or development of house designs, consultations on technology and product quality, etc.
    Investment size: The investor is offered a choice of three marketing strategies:
    "Leader": Enterprise capacity – 30,000 m 2 of log buildings per year, investment volume –    $250 000 ;
    "Strong competitor": .Capacity – 20,000 m 2 of log houses per year; investments -    $150 000 ;
    "Small subcontractor": .Capacity – 7,000 m 2 of log houses per year; investments -    $31 000 .
    Prices: from 135 to 195 dollars per 1 m 2 of total log area.
    Organization of production: Products are manufactured at the plant's production site and then transported to the assembly site and assembled on a foundation. Production requires an open area, lifting mechanisms and high-quality tools.
    Labour Organization: Only highly qualified carpenters work in production, with wages several times higher than the industry average, on the basis of a team contract.
    Risks: According to expert estimates, the risk of investing in this production is about 10% (90% probability of a highly profitable investment).
    Key indicators of the plan:
Planning period - 27 months.
    At the end of the period
          production profitability – 11-12%;
          volume of dividends paid – from 115 to 200%;
          annual turnover as a percentage of investment volume – from 2000%.
The predicted return on investment is from 115 to 170% per year.
The discounted payback period is from 12 to 20 months.

The plan was prepared by the General Director of Zolotoy Terem LLC, Ph.D., Denisova Olga Leonardovna

    Investment idea concept
The desire for environmental purity, for historical roots, for closeness with nature has made log houses extremely popular both in Europe and in Russia. The demand for quality logs is growing, but the supply cannot fully satisfy it.
In St. Petersburg and the region, there are several enterprises that produce log houses at the European level of quality, based on whose experience this business plan has been developed. Their main buyers are Western European dealers and Moscow developers.
It is necessary to clearly separate the products planned for production by the Zolotoy Terem enterprise from two other areas of construction of log houses.
The first is the production of log houses from rounded logs (the largest manufacturer is the Finnish company Honka). Rounded logs from domestic producers cannot compete in quality with planed logs, both in thickness and in the quality of joints. Manufacturers of houses made from rounded logs admit that their log houses are more suitable for country houses that are not used during the cold season. The production of high-quality log houses from rounded logs requires significant capital investments not only in equipment, but also in production technology. At the same time, even high-quality “calibrated” log houses are in less demand in Europe than handmade houses. The demand for “calibration” in our country is most likely explained by aggressive marketing and low price.
The second direction is the production of cheap handmade log houses at a price of $30-$50 per 1 m 2 of log house. There are quite a lot of enterprises producing such products in St. Petersburg and the region. The demand for such log houses is widespread due to the low price, however, with high competition between such manufacturers, they have to compete on prices with “shabashniks” who do not incur overhead costs and seriously drive down market prices. The products of these enterprises are fundamentally different from the products planned for production at the Golden Tower - these log houses have completely different consumer properties: small diameter of logs (15-20 cm), cutting without residue (“in the paw”), triangular groove, loose fit of logs to each other, lack of antiseptic. Such log houses can only be used with internal and external cladding and additional insulation; their service life is no more than 30 years.
The log houses planned for production by the Golden Tower are, as a rule, not lined - their external aesthetics are built on walls made of planed logs. The thermal characteristics of the log house are such that it does not require additional insulation. Most customers try to leave the interior walls without cladding; from the inside the house looks original and “antique.” Due to the use of highly qualified labor, the joining of logs is very precise; no metal parts are used - the log houses are made “without a single nail.” In the manufacture of log houses, technologies used in Rus' several centuries ago are used. In addition, Russian carpenters adopted many techniques from Norwegian craftsmen, who also have ancient experience in building log houses.
This business plan considers the possibility of creating an enterprise that produces such log houses; it discusses in detail all aspects of investing in this production. Considering the growing demand for handmade log houses and the existing experience in the production in question, investments in the production of log houses will be economically profitable and aimed at creating jobs, supporting Russian production, exporting finished products and preserving the traditions of Russian construction craftsmanship.
    Products, their features
      Product Description
The Zolotoy Terem enterprise plans to produce handmade log houses at the European level of quality.
To maintain the required level of quality, log houses must be manufactured at the production site and then assembled by company specialists on the foundation.
The manual method of producing log houses allows us to achieve high quality cuttings, which cannot be achieved with machine production of log houses. Large log diameters are used (from 25 to 40 cm), which significantly improves the thermal insulation characteristics of the house and its external aesthetics.
It is possible to use logs hewn into two edges (half beams) with a wall thickness of 20-25 cm and the Norwegian version of the cup - a strong and “warm” connection of the logs.
The gables and interior walls are made of logs, which allows the use of a slab roof structure. Logs, logs, floor and ceiling beams are processed with a plane; the walls of the house do not require further cladding. Impregnating logs with an antiseptic not only prevents wood from rotting, but also gives the walls the desired color shade.
Each log is carefully adjusted to the previous one; a vertical cut is made in the logs to relieve stress and prevent horizontal cracking during the drying process of the log house.
Openings are processed to attach window and door frames to them; At the ends of the opening, grooves are sawn to secure the door or window frame. To lay floor tongues and ceiling sheathing, horizontal grooves are sawn through the walls.
The ends of the walls are processed and decorated with architectural cuts. The lower crown has a horizontal wedge; gables, gables and ridge are hewn to fit the shape of the roof.
Manufactured houses are as close as possible to an environmentally friendly product.
It is possible to decorate the log house with various carved elements.
The walls of the house, both internal and external, do not require further cladding; the thermal characteristics of the log house make it possible not to use additional insulation.
      Applied technologies and designs
        Materials
Mostly pine wood is used to make log houses. Spruce wood is used less frequently, since its consumer properties are somewhat worse for the manufacture of chopped walls than pine wood. Deciduous wood is either significantly more expensive than coniferous wood, or is inconvenient for cutting and increases the labor intensity of making a log house (for example, aspen).
To make a log house, both thin wood (diameter from 15 to 22 cm) and thick wood (diameter up to 40 cm, and sometimes higher) can be used. The choice of log diameter depends on the climatic conditions and time of year in which the house will be used; from the customer’s desire to either increase the thickness of the walls due to the internal and external cladding of the house with finishing and thermal insulation materials, or leave the log house without additional cladding; on the financial capabilities of the customer (thin wood is significantly cheaper); based on the external aesthetics of a log house.
In addition to the thickness of the logs, an important aesthetic indicator for the log used is its knotiness. Pine has practically no knots in the lower part of the trunk, so the most expensive, but also of higher quality, is the so-called. butt cut - the lower 6-8 meters of the trunk.
In Russia, the most common is the round log profile.
Often, before assembling a log house, the logs are pressed one edge at a time - from the inside, since straight walls from the inside are more familiar to the owners of the house.
In Europe, logs hewn into two edges are widely used. The walls are actually straight both outside and inside, but the aesthetics of the hand-built house are not lost.
The first operation to prepare a log for the manufacture of a log house is its debarking and trimming. Removing bark from a log is usually done without the use of power tools. Sharpening, on the contrary, is done using electric planes. At the moment, it is planned to develop the technology of debarking logs without damaging the sapwood and without subsequent trimming. However, in some cases (dry forest, winter forest) this is practically impossible, and if possible, it significantly increases the cost of the log house. Most often, when debarking, small areas of bast remain on the log with minor damage to the wood. After drying, the bast darkens and the log acquires the piebald color characteristic of unplaned logs. Some customers refuse to sharpen logs for the sake of this characteristic color and to avoid damage to the fibrous structure of the tree. However, it should be remembered that the bast is most susceptible to rotting, so in most cases the log is planed to remove the remaining bast and level the surface of the wood.
Antiseptics are used to protect wood from rotting. The surface of the logs is treated with a thin layer of antiseptic, and the ends of the logs, cups, grooves, cuts and places where the fibrous structure of the wood is broken is impregnated more thoroughly. Using an antiseptic, the logs can be given a color shade of the customer’s choosing.
The use of antiseptics can significantly reduce the drying time of a log house, because the log house needs to be dried not only for its shrinkage and cracking of logs, but also to prevent wood rotting. Most of the antiseptics used are environmentally friendly, made on the basis of resins and turpentine. Natural antiseptics are tar (used to paint a log house a dark color) and white sphagnum moss (used as a cushioning material or insulation).
        Log production process
The manufacture of a log house begins with its “tying” - placing and threading the first crown. The first crown is the connection of the log house not only to the shape of the foundation, but also to the horizontal, since the log house is not always made on a perfectly horizontal surface.
Cutting external walls includes three main operations: cutting “cups”, cutting grooves and doweling logs.
Marking of cups is carried out in two stages - rough and finishing. Using a special tool, a line is drawn in the upper log, repeating the profile of the lower transverse log. The so-called cutout is cut along the drawn line. draft cup. After “trying on” and finishing marking, the cup is precisely adjusted with an ax to the lower log.
To connect parallel logs, a groove is cut out in the upper log, repeating the shape of the upper part of the lower log. The saw makes two longitudinal cuts and several transverse ones, after which the groove is carefully selected with a straight or reverse ax (adze).
Doweling of logs is carried out to give additional rigidity to the structure of the log house. Each log is connected to the previous one by vertical dowels - wooden blocks of rounded profile. To do this, the logs are drilled and a dowel is driven into the hole.
Processing of door and window openings includes trimming them, horizontal cutting, filing the opening for cashing and sawing out grooves. Filing an opening for cashing is the most complex and difficult operation, requiring highly skilled workers, since it is performed using a saw. Grooves are sawn through the ends of logs for fastening door or window frames.
After the last crown is placed in the log house, the corners are trimmed - vertical filing of the protruding ends of the logs. In accordance with the architectural design, the ends of the logs can be decorated with architectural cuts. Making architectural cuts is similar to making a cup. Architectural cuts are a frequently used technique for decorating chopped fences of terraces and balconies.
Making chopped gables is similar to cutting walls. In addition to the usual connection of logs, the roof ridge and ridge are cut into the gable. In this case, cups are cut only in gable logs, since both the gables and the ridge are designed to bear the loads from the weight of the roof. The cutting of the pediment is completed by slanting the ends of the logs, floors and roof ridge according to the shape of the roof.
In addition to the operations listed above, during the manufacture of a log house, floor and ceiling beams are cut in and horizontal grooves are cut under the floor (or ceiling) tongue and groove.
Installation of scaffolding is a necessary element in the manufacture of a log house, which takes into account not so much the convenience of the carpenters as safety considerations. Therefore, scaffolding is made from strong and non-slip boards, and the distance between the posts is no more than one and a half meters.
After the log house is ready, each of its parts is marked in accordance with the assembly drawings. After marking using a crane, the frame is disassembled and its parts are packaged.
        Log connections
There are two most common ways of cutting walls from logs: with the remainder (“in the oblo”) and without the remainder. Cutting with the remainder involves connecting logs using the so-called. "cups".
When cutting into a round cup, a half-cylinder is cut out in the upper transverse log, repeating the profile of the lower longitudinal log. In addition, a groove is selected along the log to connect parallel logs with each other. Since each log has an individual profile, mechanization of this work is impossible.
Cutting into a “Norwegian cup” involves a more complex manufacturing technology and is done to give the joint greater strength necessary for using this profile (the log, under its own weight, “gets jammed” in the cup when the wood dries out).
The “Canadian cup” is similar to the Norwegian one, but is also used for round profiles. The cutting goes along inclined planes only from one side - from above. “Canadian cup” is a stronger and “warmer” connection than a regular round cup, but has a characteristic appearance and is used at the request of the customer.
One of the most difficult joints to make is connecting logs “into a cup”, at an angle other than 90 degrees. It is used when cutting hexagonal structures, in the details of the interior of a house, cutting bay windows, etc. The complexity of manufacturing is determined by both the shape of the selected part of the log and its volume.
In addition, a less complex connection can be used - “in the paw” (without residue). This connection can be used where the architectural design does not require external projections of log walls. Cutting without residue significantly reduces the cost of the log house.
        Roof and partitions
Chopped partitions are one of the details that significantly increase the cost of making a log house, which is why they are so rarely offered by European and American builders. At the same time, chopped partitions have a number of undoubted advantages.
Firstly, they are an important detail of the architectural project, significantly improving the aesthetics of the building, both outside and inside. Secondly, they provide reliable thermal insulation between separate rooms of the house, which allows, if necessary, to heat only part of it. Thirdly, reliable sound insulation between rooms creates coziness and comfort for the owners of the house.
Structurally, chopped partitions provide the necessary rigidity to the log house and allow the construction of large houses without compromising its strength characteristics.
In individual housing construction, pitched roofs are traditionally used. For a lightweight roof, a cheaper roof structure is used - a rafter system. For heavy roofs and log (warm) attic floors - a slag system.
The rafter system involves the installation of parallel rectangular beams (rafter legs), laid perpendicular to the roof ridge. The logs are laid parallel to the ridge of the roof and, as a rule, are made from thick round logs. To install a slab roof system, a chopped pediment is needed to connect the slab to the wall. Since the process of manufacturing a slab system is much more labor-intensive and material-intensive, its cost is several times higher than the cost of a rafter system. However, it is necessary for creating grass roofing, coverings made of ceramic tiles and other heavy roofing materials, as well as for insulated roofing. Extensions of the roof and ridge can decorate the pediment, giving it a look traditional for ancient wooden architecture, because in the past the rafter system was practically not used.
Chopped gables not only make it possible to install a slab roof system, but also provide thermal insulation for the attic floor. At the same time, the log pediment is one of the traditional architectural elements of the log house, the absence of which significantly worsens its aesthetics. The combination of a chopped pediment and a rafter system is technologically illiterate, since the pediment wall shrinks, but the rafter system does not.
The gable of a “cold” attic floor is usually covered with planed boards over a wooden frame made of beams, which can significantly reduce the cost of construction. However, it cannot be combined with a slug system, since its design does not provide anything on which massive slugs could be supported (the weight of one slug can reach up to half a ton).
In addition, the sewn-in pediment limits the architectural solutions of the house - when using it, the boundary between the “warm” and “cold” floors is always clearly visible.
        Carved elements
The carved elements of the log house are an important detail of the house. They not only decorate it, but also give it a unique, individual look. At the same time, the cost of carved elements increases the cost of a log house by only 1-2% for large houses and by 3-5% for small houses and baths.
Carving is carried out both according to individual drawings of carvers, taking into account the wishes of the customer, and according to the customer’s own drawings.
Traditionally, a wooden frame is decorated with a rather limited set of carved elements, but each element can be unique in its own way. First of all, it is customary to decorate vertical support pillars with carvings that support structures above balconies, verandas and terraces, since a vertical pillar with a rounded profile without carvings looks bulky and unfinished.
Carvings on pillars can be either three-dimensional or planar. Volumetric carving on pillars, as a rule, implies a geometric pattern, while planar carving means cutting out figures of animals, birds, and fairy-tale characters. Cutting similar shapes in volume can only be done from hardwood and is much more expensive.
Carved wind boards and piers not only decorate the edge of the roof, but also protect the protruding ends of the logs from rain. The thread used for wind boards and piers can be through - imitating lace, or simply convex.
The decoration of the roof ridge can be very diverse. These are figures that are its continuation, and weather vanes, and rostra. As a rule, a volumetric thread is used.
Carved fencing for terraces and balconies is rarely done by hand - this is not justified from an economical point of view. A repeatedly repeating pattern of a continuous fence or several dozen identical balusters, as a rule, are made on special machines.
The pediment of the house can be decorated with carved wooden panels. In addition, the panel can be located directly above the front door of the house, on the gate at the entrance to the site, inside the house - as an original interior detail.
Making carved frames for window and door openings is the most labor-intensive and expensive operation. However, a house decorated with carved platbands looks much more interesting and original. Painting or adding a color tone that contrasts with the walls of the house will highlight window and door openings so that they can be seen from afar. The carvings decorating the platbands of the same color as the walls look very good and original.
        Timing for production of log houses
The time it takes to produce a log frame on site depends on the scope of work. For a house with a total area of ​​150 m2 (the average size of a house for Norwegian customers), its production time is about 3 months, with no downtime and normal daylight hours. The assembly time of the log house on the foundation is no more than 3 weeks.
      Product quality
A quality log house starts with the quality logs from which it is made. Of course, it is impossible to divide logs into high-quality and low-quality. The level of quality of logs depends on the price of timber, and, accordingly, on the price for the manufactured log house.
The first criterion for the quality of logs is their thickness. The thicker the logs, the thicker the walls of the house.
The second criterion for the quality of logs is their knotiness. For log houses shipped to Europe, the following restrictions are imposed on knotting:
ordinary knots with a diameter of less than 10 mm are not taken into account and do not reduce the quality of the wood;
ordinary knots with a diameter of over 25 mm should be no more than 3 pieces per 1 linear meter of log;
the presence of tobacco knots is not allowed;
swellings covering overgrown knots are allowed with a height above the surface of no more than 10 mm.
The third criterion for log quality is fungal infections. The following is not allowed in wood: heart rot and hollows (except for butt logs); sapwood rot; external rotten rot. Sapwood mushroom stains (blue and sapwood colored spots) are allowed in limited quantities, and although they are highly undesirable, it is almost impossible to do without them.
Wormholes in logs are only allowed on the surface; double cores and stepsons are not allowed.
The quality of the felling is the quality of the connection of the logs. It depends both on the technologies used and on the professionalism of the workers. A high-quality groove must be round and not triangular. A triangular groove leads to longitudinal splitting of the log and cracks in the groove. The minimum width of the groove, on the one hand, is the thickness of the wall at its narrowest point. On the other hand, the wider the groove, the lower the height of one crown. It is considered normal if at the narrowest point the width of the groove should not be less than 80 mm (while the width of the groove at the widest point can reach 15-20 cm). The gaps between the top and bottom logs in the groove should not exceed 3 mm in thickness and 0 .5 m long. Such a large gap between the logs is acceptable, since insulation is placed in the groove during assembly.
Correctly, the cup should be located on the underside of the upper log (the so-called lower cup), since rain and melt water can accumulate in the “upper” cup. Improves the rigidity of the tooth joint in a cup, although it is not used very often in a round cup. Vertical slots at the junction of the cup and the log are not allowed - the log must “sit” tightly on the cup and be wedged in it. The thickness of the horizontal slots in the cup should not exceed 1 mm.
With high quality cutting, splicing logs along the length is allowed only in the first crown - the harness. If the length of the wall exceeds 6-7 meters, the so-called dressing - a transverse wall made of short logs. This must be taken into account when creating an architectural design for a house. In the harness, logs are spliced ​​using a dovetail joint.
Particular attention should be paid to cracking of logs during the drying process of the log house. Due to its anisotropic structure, wood cannot help but crack during the drying process. The wood is wetter and less dense on the sapwood side, which leads to radial cracking of the log.
It is almost impossible to avoid radial cracking of logs, but it must be remembered that vertical cracks in the wall only increase its thermal insulation properties, but horizontal cracks reduce the minimum thickness of the wall and lead to the loss of its thermal insulation properties.
In order for the log to crack vertically, a vertical cut with a depth of 7-8 cm is made in it. This relieves stress when the sapwood dries out and sets the direction in which cracking occurs most easily.
Logs with inclined (twisted) fibers curl even more when dried. Since they are rigidly fixed in the log house with cups and dowels, this leads to longitudinal cracks in the direction of twisting of the fibers. This type of crack can be avoided only by choosing wood with straight grains.
    Marketing rationale
      Sales market
        Basic provisions
In Russia, handmade log houses have been traditional since time immemorial. Currently, the market offers a wide range of options for constructing wooden houses - these include frame houses, houses made of rounded logs, and even houses made of laminated veneer lumber. Prices for handmade log houses range from 30 to 200 dollars per 1 m 2 of log house. The quality offered corresponds to the price.
Houses, the log of which costs 30-60 dollars per 1 m2, as a rule, have low consumer properties: the diameter of the log is about 20 cm and below, a triangular groove, the corners are cut “into the paw”, no antiseptics are used; these houses require cladding, both external and internal, and often require additional insulation. Their service life is no more than 40 years. They are made in a very short time (a bathhouse can be cut down in 2-3 days). In further analysis, we will not consider these products as competitive. This is a separate market, the buyers and customers of such log houses are people with low incomes: summer residents, gardeners, the rural population. Competition in this market is very high, and there is a surplus of labor.
Manufacturers of houses made of rounded logs (the cost of a log house is about $120 per 1 m2) can pose serious competition, mainly due to the incompetence of buyers. The fact is that when manufactured, such a house looks very attractive, but after some time its quality decreases sharply - the log house “shrinks”, the logs dry out and crack. With a small log diameter (from 15 to 22 cm), it turns out that such a house can only serve in the summer, and is completely unsuitable for living in the winter. Despite its apparent external aesthetics and relatively high price, its consumer properties are not much different from log houses priced at $30-60 per 1 m2. Houses made from high-quality rounded logs are produced only by a few foreign companies, for example, Honka. But the price for a complete house is about $400 per 1 m2.
Handmade log houses of high quality are produced by a limited number of companies. On the one hand, their price is too high to ensure mass sales in Russia, on the other hand, production requires highly qualified labor, high-quality timber, etc. Therefore, at present, the market needs for these products are not fully satisfied.
The main reasons for unsatisfied demand mainly rest on labor resources. There is a shortage of workers with the required qualifications, there are not enough producers and craftsmen, there are very few people who are ready to organize this production, knowing about the existing difficulties. That is why enterprises that have solved these problems do not lack customers. Just a year ago, the bulk of manufacturers were focused on the Western European market.
In Western Europe, and especially in its northern part, there is a steady demand for wooden houses. The European market offers quite a large number of options for wooden houses, but log houses, including handmade ones, remain especially popular. In those places where at least one such house was built, after a while they become especially fashionable. Western European and North American manufacturers offer handmade log houses on the market, but due to their high labor intensity, their products cost several times more than the products of Russian manufacturers.
The stable growth in the standard of living of Europeans ensures their desire for environmental cleanliness, care for the environment, and closeness to nature. It is possible to say with a high degree of probability that log houses will be popular in Europe for many years to come. In addition, Europeans value quality, and handmade goods look more attractive to them than industrially produced goods. Considering that Russian log houses are much cheaper than their foreign counterparts, we can safely talk about the possibility of long-term work in the Western European market.
Currently, the main consumer of Russian log houses is Norway. About ten to fifteen dealers work only with Russian manufacturers of log houses and at the moment they do not fully satisfy the market needs in this direction.
One of the promising areas is the Finnish market. More recently, log houses made from rounded logs were popular in Finland (the main manufacturer is Honka), but recently there are many more Finnish consumers who want to build a handmade log house.
Over the past year, demand for similar products in Moscow and the Moscow region has risen at a surprisingly fast pace. The population in this region exceeds all Scandinavian countries, the income level of Muscovites is several times higher than the national average, and the construction of individual housing is becoming a priority in housing construction - all these factors give rise to a surge in demand for handmade log houses. At the moment, only based on verified information, it can be stated that three competing enterprises have almost completely switched to Moscow orders, as the most profitable and less troublesome. At the same time, existing enterprises are not able to satisfy the emerging demand. Within a week after posting our website on the Internet and registering it in one search engine, we received two responses from Moscow dealers who were ready to place orders for log houses in our company.
If in the 2-3 year perspective we rely on the Western European market in our marketing strategy, then at the moment the emphasis should undoubtedly be placed on the market of Moscow and the Moscow region.
        Assessing supply and demand

Indirect demand assessment

There is hardly any need to conduct a full-scale study of the volume of demand, while it can be estimated by indirect signs.
The excess of demand over supply is evidenced by the following facts:
    Competing companies that actively advertise their products are accepting orders for 2003. Their capacity does not allow them to begin their implementation in the near future.
    Moscow firms involved in placing orders claim that those manufacturers with whom they worked until recently cannot cope with the proposed volume of work.
    Enterprises that produced houses from rounded logs are receiving orders for hand-cut houses and hastily launching their production. Lack of adequate capacity is their main problem.
    The presence of latent demand can be judged by the following facts:
    As a result of participation in the Moscow exhibition, one of the competitors signed contracts within 3 days for the production of 10,000 m 2 of log houses with a total value of over one and a half million dollars.
    From those places where a log house of appropriate quality appears, within six months another 5 to 10 orders for similar houses are received.
Possible growth in demand can be assessed based on the following statements:
    The fashion for log houses in Western Europe will sooner or later come to Russia.
    Tendencies towards the revival of Russian traditions and the desire for antiquity are already of significant importance in the market.
    Even slow economic growth will sooner or later ensure the formation of the so-called. “middle class”, who are the main consumers of houses of this quality.
    Suburban construction is becoming one of the priority areas in construction, especially in Moscow and partly in St. Petersburg. Moreover, we are talking not only about individual housing construction, but also about the development of the hotel and tourism business.

Elasticity of demand

The price elasticity of demand can be considered from two perspectives - from the perspective of the entire market and from the perspective of one enterprise.
In the context of one enterprise, demand will have a fairly high elasticity, because Several enterprises offer homogeneous products of the same quality. As a rule, dealers are aware of prices at various enterprises, and often choose the manufacturer that, all other things being equal, offers a lower price. An approximate graph of price elasticity of demand for a single enterprise is presented in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Price elasticity of demand for a single enterprise
For the market as a whole, the price elasticity of demand is determined by completely different reasons. Buyers' interests in real estate do not change much with changes in real estate prices. If a person wants to live in a log house of a certain quality, he will not stop wanting to live in it if the price for it increases. If it is fashionable to celebrate the New Year in a log hotel cottage, it will remain fashionable.
For final consumers - legal entities, demand for price is practically inelastic until the moment when a log house remains cheaper than a brick one in the direction of increasing price. A price reduction may not be considered - the break-even point lies on a straight, inelastic section.
For final consumers - individuals, the elasticity of demand is determined by the income level curve. At the same time, the number of customers with an increase in price will decrease only for that category of buyers who choose a log house based on its cost and the amount allocated for the construction of the house is limited. Since there are few such customers, on the one hand, and there are ways to reduce the estimated cost other than reducing the price, on the other hand, we can talk about a small elasticity of demand for price before it rises to a certain level.
For the Western European market, demand is price inelastic to the point where Russian products are not comparable in price to foreign analogues.
The elasticity of demand for an individual enterprise should be taken into account when determining the pricing policy, while the elasticity of demand in the market as a whole characterizes the stability of the enterprise’s operation during market changes, such as rising prices for raw materials, labor resources, tightening tax pressure, etc.

        Market segmentation

Geographical principle

Currently, competing enterprises have customers both in the territory of the former USSR and abroad. Figure 2 shows the European part of the geographical segments of the possible sales market. In addition, log houses are in demand in the mountain resorts of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. There is a demand for log houses in Israel - people from Russia order them, however, according to our data, not a single contract has been concluded.

Figure 2. Sales of log houses by competing enterprises.
Of the Scandinavian countries, the Norwegian market is the most developed. Norway annually consumes at least 20 thousand m 2 of log cabins from St. Petersburg producers alone. Some Norwegian dealers work only with Russian log manufacturers, since their prices are much lower than European ones with a high level of quality.
Sweden and Denmark are the least developed markets; contracts concluded with them are sporadic, but this is mainly a consequence of the lack of adequate advertising, which Russian manufacturers cannot afford. Both from the point of view of climate and from the point of view of traditions, Sweden and Denmark may be no less active consumers of log houses than Norway.
The Finnish market, tired of houses made of rounded logs, is ready to buy handmade log houses. It is only a matter of time before the Finnish market becomes saturated. Handmade log houses are extremely fashionable in Finland these days.
Germany is one of the largest consumers of log houses. Several years ago, several companies operated on the German market and were very successful. There are some legislative difficulties that do not allow us to work with Germany as actively as with Norway. For example, there are serious problems with obtaining work visas for log assemblers. However, with a serious approach, the German market may turn out to be more profitable and promising than the market of all Scandinavian countries.
Switzerland and Italy traditionally buy log buildings for the construction of mountain resorts. This market is very limited.
The Moscow market, where demand has literally “soared” over the past year, is one of the most promising. At the moment, three competitor enterprises have completely switched from Norwegian orders to Moscow ones. Over the past year, Moscow has given orders to St. Petersburg manufacturers for more than 20 thousand m 2 of log buildings, given that no advertising activity was carried out in this market, with the exception of a 3-day exhibition in which one enterprise participated.
Orders from Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan could be more numerous, not only because these republics are beginning to develop the tourism business, but also because large capital is concentrated there among a small part of the population. However, it is hardly advisable to target marketing at this market segment.
We must not forget about the St. Petersburg market. It is not as attractive as the Moscow one, but for production located in St. Petersburg, its development will take much less time and money. In addition, reducing transport and travel costs for assembling a log house on a foundation is beneficial to the customer. Currently, the Rus and Plotnik enterprises operate in the north of the Leningrad region. In the south of the region houses of a similar type are built, but extremely rarely. Advertising in construction publications gives little return.
A promising direction for the St. Petersburg market is the Kurortny district and other places of traditional recreation for St. Petersburg residents. The region has a catastrophically underdeveloped service sector for those who come on vacation for one or two days. The development of hotels, motels, holiday homes, cafes, restaurants and other enterprises necessary for short-term recreation creates a demand for log buildings for public purposes.

Behavioral principle

Behavioral segmentation can be done based on several variables.

Buyer (customer) status:

    Individuals with an income level significantly above average - from 20 thousand dollars per year per family member. Individuals with income levels over $100 thousand per year are also included in the target segment, but as a rule, they order not houses and estates, but bathhouses, hunting lodges, guest houses, houses for short trips to nature, etc.
    Legal entities and individuals – developers of public buildings.
    Church.
    General contracting organizations.
    Dealers and ordering firms.
    Competing enterprises that lack their own capacity.
Benefits sought when choosing a product:
    Fashion.
    Aesthetic qualities of a log house.
    Ecological properties.
    Hygienic properties.
    Originality of the interior.
    Revival of Russian construction traditions.
    Relatively low cost of load-bearing structures.
    Reducing the amount of finishing work, reducing the overall cost of construction.
    Short construction time.
    Compared to cheap log houses - high quality and durability.
By choice of product type:
    Log houses and estates for permanent residence (rare).
    Log houses and estates for country holidays (the bulk).
    Traditionally wooden small buildings (baths, hunting lodges, etc.).
    Hotels, motels, boarding houses, etc.
    Cafes, restaurants, pavilions, other public buildings.
Each of the identified segments can be considered in depth and divided into smaller segments. It is advisable to do this when choosing the main ones to which the marketing complex will be aimed.
      Competition
        Western competitors
Competitors operating in the Western European market should be divided into two main groups: foreign and Russian.
Foreign competitors are mainly manufacturers from Norway, Finland, the USA and Canada. Their main advantages compared to Russian manufacturers:
    Many years of experience in the market.
    Consumer trust in them.
    Well-constructed marketing.
    Large working capital (compared to us).
    Financial opportunity for PR, participation in exhibitions, etc.
    A large number of developed technologies for the production of houses with low cost and good quality, but with a decrease in consumer properties (panel houses, covering them with slabs, sizing logs, other industrial methods of producing houses).
Their main disadvantages in the production of handmade log houses:
    High prices (labor costs are 10 times higher than in Russia).
    The use of various methods to reduce the cost of a log house, including:
    Production of log walls only along the perimeter of the building on the ground floor, without partitions, attic floors, gables, verandas, etc., with replacement with cheaper factory-made structures.
    The use of large window openings, including instead of a pediment, the size of a wall, manufactured in a factory and having a lower cost.
    Production of less labor-intensive log joints (simplified “cup”, “toe-to-toe”, “to-toe” and even simpler and less durable connections, which are of low quality and not aesthetically pleasing).
    Using logs of small diameter (15-20 cm) as a material, which reduces the volume of wood required for the manufacture of a log house and its price per unit volume.
Based on this, we can conclude that Russian-made products can easily compete with Western ones in quality and, even more so, in price.
        Russian competitors
In St. Petersburg there are about 10 competitive enterprises of a similar profile, including several created in the last six months.
In fact, all enterprises are, in one way or another, interconnected, and it is not entirely correct to talk about direct competition between them. For the Western European consumer, they are all “Russian carpenters” and no distinction is made between them. Thus, the dishonesty of one Russian enterprise can close a newly developed market for all Russian manufacturers. At the same time, the exchange of orders, experience, and technological developments is accepted between enterprises.
Since the number of carpenters with the required qualifications is very limited (there are no more than 500 people in St. Petersburg and the region, and there are only a few dozen craftsmen capable of managing production), “pulling” carpenters from one enterprise to another is a common practice. A carpenter with about 5 years of experience could have worked on at least half of the competing sites. The competition between enterprises to attract workers is much fiercer than the competition to obtain orders. In the last year or two, enterprises have begun to encourage apprentices to join their teams, which somewhat reduces this tension, but the growth in production still exceeds the growth in their qualifications.
The main competitor in this market is the Russian House enterprise (director V. Evdokimov). The company has 7 years of experience and its own site on the Revolution Highway in St. Petersburg. The enterprise's capacity is about 10,000 m2 of log buildings per year, actual production is about 5,000 m2 per year. There is a production base for the manufacture of joinery products, but their quality (and production organization) do not allow them to be represented on the Western market.
Until recently, the products of the “Russian House” were considered the highest quality in St. Petersburg, but at the moment enterprises have opened that can surpass the “Russian House” in quality. Prices for his products range from $180 to $220 per 1 m2 of log floor area. At the moment, after a serious crisis, “Russian House” has penetrated the market of Moscow and the Moscow region and has practically no orders from Europe.
The second competitor is the Vikar Prim company (director - A. Muller). The company has existed for more than 8 years and rents a site in the Kolomyagi industrial zone. The only enterprise that applies labor standards and estimates for the cost of a log house. The quality of their products is considered quite low among experts. Due to the use of low prices, strict labor discipline and time-based wages, Müller has very mediocre workers and high staff turnover. Price – from $150 per 1 m 2 of log house. Works with Norwegian dealers (information as of the end of 2000).
The Usadba company (director S. Yakushev) at the beginning of its activities was engaged in the production of handmade log houses, and then for several years in a row it produced houses from calibrated wood for the domestic market. Since the fall of 2000, they have returned to manual production. The company is distinguished by well-organized PR and the availability of working capital, but lacks experience in the Western market. There is no information about prices. The company has good engineering work and professional design.
Two years ago, a company under the leadership of G. Kuzmin appeared on the market (site in Coal Harbor). At the beginning, the company tried to develop the Italian market, but at the moment it is actively cooperating with the Finns. Problems arose with Norwegian dealers due to environmental pollution of the site due to its location in a polluted industrial area.
The Plotnik company is actively advertised on the domestic market. Their site is located near the village of Roshchino. Price – up to $150 per 1 m 2 of log house. The Canadian cup is mainly used. He has almost no contacts with other companies.
Since the summer of 2000, the Rus enterprise switched to manual cutting of houses with a focus on the domestic market (northern regions of the Leningrad region). The houses are made turnkey, the quality of finishing is very high. Site near the village. Sosnovo, shift work method, very high prices (1.5 times higher than average). The price of one square meter of the total area of ​​the turnkey house is about $700. During the first six months of work, about 1,500 m2 of houses were produced.
In November 2000, a new company, “Log Home Village” (director - M. Bykov), was opened as part of a small holding with large fixed and working capital, equipment, etc., which can in the future become a serious competitor to all other companies. The company began with the “purchase” of good specialists in the field of manufacturing log houses, purchasing computers and investing in rich PR, expensive office space. Quite high prices are expected with high quality production. Ready to master new technologies that require investment. The lack of qualified engineers, designers and fabricators has now led to serious losses due to design errors. At the moment, after participating in the construction exhibition, we are provided with orders in a volume that far exceeds the capacity of the enterprise.
Some Norwegian dealers open production in St. Petersburg using local raw materials and labor. However, as practice shows, they are not able to manage Russian workers - their demands for labor discipline are too high, and our workers are not only not used to this, but also do not consider it necessary to get used to them.
The most common shortcomings of Russian competitors:
    lack of marketing management, PR, etc.;
    lack of cost management and poor quality of work organization;
    lack of architectural projects, connections with architects, planners and designers;
    low level of engineering training;
    low level of pricing quality;
    low level of computerization;
    lack of specialists in the field of production management, low level of management (up to the ruin of enterprises).
The main advantages of the Zolotoy Terem enterprise compared to competitors:
    production of log houses under the roof, which is not currently used among domestic competitors;
    professional management, marketing management, costs, pricing and production organization;
    application of strategic and operational planning;
    use of the production base with the necessary fixed production assets.
Main disadvantages compared to competitors:
    lack of company history, inability to obtain recommendations from former clients;
      Marketing concept
        Choosing a Marketing Strategy
To create a new enterprise, you can offer three options for a marketing strategy:
Option 1 – “Small subcontractor”;
Option 2 – “Strong competitor”;
Option 3 – “Market Leader”.

At the moment, there are no large enterprises producing handmade log houses on the St. Petersburg market. There are 6-8 small enterprises and 2-3 medium enterprises. In terms of the volume of orders, the “Log home village” enterprise is the leader in the market (the annual volume of orders is more than 10,000 m2), in terms of stability – “Russian House” (about 5,000 m2).
Due to a sharp increase in demand, ideas for creating large-scale production are emerging; their implementation depends on the possibility of attracting investment and the willingness of market participants to organize and manage large-scale production. If the issue of attracting investment can be resolved positively by competitors, then they are not yet ready to manage large-scale production.
Whoever is the first to invest money in enlarging production, strong marketing and “impact” PR will have the best chance of becoming a leader in this market.
In the case of the simultaneous development of several strong competitors, the following situation arises:

    Funds aimed at creating demand are summed up, i.e. Each subject has the opportunity to invest less money in this direction.
    Price competition forces prices to be reduced (by the way, not indefinitely). As a result, victory remains with the largest production with the lowest level of costs. The issue of tax evasion becomes important.
    With a constant level of quality for all market producers, competition will move in the direction of the external attractiveness of the companies, and not the products, which will either require considerable funds, or will be an accidental success of this or that company.
    When there is a clash of interests in bottlenecks, there may be options for unfair competition, the use of force, etc.
    In any case, victory for market leadership will belong to those who have enough money to compete for it.
If a stronger competitor emerges in the near future, it will have to be “caught up”, i.e. invest money in developing new markets, reduce prices, etc., but there is no guarantee that in the coming years it will be possible to become a leader.
With an initial marketing strategy aimed at leadership, we have the following advantages and disadvantages.
    The initial investment in PR increases, which increases the payback period. Investments in production are liquid assets and do not increase much.
    The leader bears the main costs aimed at creating demand; smaller competitors feed on the fruits of his labors.
    The leader takes on the risks of changes in the market situation.
    Maintaining the initial leadership is much easier and cheaper than that obtained as a result of equal competition.
    The leader, at least at the first stage, will “skim the cream” from the existing demand, which will allow for a faster return on investment.
    The leader has the opportunity to get regular customers faster than others at a lower cost, which will not only reduce the cost of production, but also reduce the costs of marketing activities in the future. This is especially important for entering the Western European market, where we are talking mainly about regular customers.
Naturally, the choice of a marketing strategy is determined, first of all, by the amount of funds that the investor is willing to invest in the enterprise. At the same time, the share of liquid assets in each of the options is unlikely to amount to one third of the invested money.
It is the investor’s prerogative to consider the prospects of each option and make a final decision.

The main concept of the “Leader” strategy

The newly created enterprise is initially focused on large-scale production.
The estimated production capacity (the maximum possible annual volume of work) is about 30,000 m 2 of log buildings per year. The actual annual volume of work is from 15 to 20 thousand m2.
The estimated annual turnover to be achieved is about $3.5 million.
The maximum number of workers is 500 people, permanent workers are 200-300 people.
The number of management personnel is 20-30 people.
The production is located in the Leningrad region, the distance from the city is no further than 100 km. The administrative apparatus is located in St. Petersburg.

    Opening of representative offices in Western European countries.
    Expanding the list of types of work and products (with the exception of capital-intensive ones) taking into account the European level of quality.
    Placement of orders from competing enterprises without increasing your own capacity.

    Creation of our own raw material base.

The main concept of the “Strong Competitor” strategy

The newly created enterprise is focused on medium-sized production with the possibility of enlargement.
Estimated production capacity (maximum possible annual volume of work) is about 20,000 m 2 of log buildings per year. The actual annual volume of work is from 8 to 15 thousand m2.
The estimated annual turnover to be achieved is about $1.5 million.
The maximum number of workers is 200 people, permanent workers are 80-120 people.
The number of management personnel is 10-15 people.
The production is located in the Leningrad region, the distance from the city is no further than 100 km. The administrative apparatus is located in St. Petersburg.
Ability to perform the functions of a general contractor.
Directions of enterprise development:
    Increasing production capacity.
    Increasing the manufacturability of manufactured products, aimed at increasing labor productivity and reducing costs.
    Entering the Western European market.

The main concept of the “Small subcontractor” strategy

Despite the unpresentable name of the strategy, it also has a right to exist. Firstly, it does not require a large amount of invested money, which reduces the main risks of losing it, and secondly, the deployment of such production will require only two to three weeks of time.
The newly created enterprise is focused on small-scale production with the possibility of consolidation only after 2-3 years of operation.
The estimated production capacity (the maximum possible annual volume of work) is about 7,000 m 2 of log buildings per year. The actual annual volume of work is from 3 to 6 thousand m2.
The estimated annual turnover that should be achieved is about 600 thousand dollars.
The maximum number of workers is 100 people, permanent workers are 20-50 people.
The number of management personnel is 5 people.
Production and administrative staff are located in the Leningrad region. For this purpose, there is already a site and the possibility of placing an office.
Directions of enterprise development:
    Stay in the market at the moment of formation.
    Fully utilize production capacity.
    Move from subcontract orders to your own orders.
    Enlarge production.
        Selecting target market segments
Each of the proposed marketing strategies will correspond to different target market segments, since the benefits of working in a particular segment must be compared with the financial and production capabilities of the enterprise.
For any marketing strategy, you should not focus on one market segment - this is very risky in our unstable situation. Working in several segments will allow you to respond more flexibly to changing situations. If demand in one market decreases, you can quickly switch to another, already developed one. If the cost or exchange rate increases, you can leave the market that is sensitive to these changes, enter the market that is indifferent to them, etc.

Market of Moscow and Moscow region

Main advantages of the market:
    A short distance from St. Petersburg, no problems associated with crossing the border.
    High level of effective demand, large number of possible end consumers. Projected stable demand growth.
    High concentration of possible customers from other regions.
    Availability of market information, incl. no language problems.
    Familiar mentality, predictability of customer behavior.
    Reaching a significant number of people with the media.
    Projected growth in the volume of construction, including suburban construction.
    Climatic features completely suitable for the construction of log houses.
Main disadvantages of the market:
    Lack of a dealer network, fragmentation and instability of the construction market.
    Possible dishonesty of customers.
    Unstable financial situation of customers.
    Significant price competition.
    Dependence of the volume of effective demand on currency exchange rate fluctuations.
Due to the advantages of the market, namely the high level of demand, you should choose it as the main segment and allocate funds allocated for product promotion to it. At the same time, this segment may be inaccessible for the “Small subcontractor” marketing strategy, since a significant amount of money is required to guarantee access to it.

Scandinavian market

Main advantages of the market:
    The relatively high demand is due to national traditions and climatic characteristics of the region.
    The market is stable, it employs dealers and general contractors with many years of experience and a selected clientele.
    Financial risks associated with changes in foreign exchange markets have been significantly reduced.
    Price competition is easily overcome by non-price factors.
    The market will withstand significant price increases due to industry cost increases, including those associated with changes in exchange rates.
Main disadvantages of the market:
    Problems associated with crossing the border.
    Problems related to transportation requirements.
    Significant demands from customers, both to the final product and to the process of its production.
    Expensive PR with low returns. Inability to work to generate demand in the media.
    Significant funds are spent on communication with the customer and transfer of information.
This market segment cannot be ignored, if only because Scandinavian dealers are ready to work with Russian manufacturers and there is a stable demand for the company’s products. However, taking into account the demanding nature of customers and expensive PR, work in this market segment should be carried out based on minimizing the costs of promoting the product. Possible options: advertising on the Internet, mailing out offers of cooperation to well-known dealers, work aimed not at informing the customer about the existence of the enterprise, but at retaining customers who have already received this information and applied to the enterprise.

German market

Of all the advantages that the Scandinavian market has, Germany does not have only one: climatic features and national traditions do not play a role in shaping demand. Most likely, demand is due to fashion, aesthetic and environmental properties of log houses, as well as low price.
At the same time, the German market has an undoubted advantage compared to the Scandinavian countries - a large volume of construction associated with the unification of East and West Germany, as well as economic growth and an increase in the well-being of the population. This suggests a higher specific demand for construction products. In addition, it is necessary to take into account that the population of Germany is almost four times larger than all Scandinavian countries.
etc.................

* The calculations use average data for Russia

Wooden house construction is one of the types of construction using natural wood materials. Such designs, as a rule, are reliable, durable, affordable and, most importantly, (as the entrepreneurs themselves emphasize) environmentally friendly. All this ensures a stable demand for the services of construction companies that specialize in low-rise wooden construction. Of course, this business has its pitfalls, but, in general, experts consider it as profitable, promising and requiring relatively small investments.

Is the construction of frame houses a profitable business?

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There are quite a large number of different technologies for building houses made of wood. In particular, there are frame houses, houses made by hand from logs and carriages, houses made of rounded logs, houses made of planed logs, houses made of laminated veneer lumber, and support-timber houses (half-timbered houses). The most popular and promising direction for mass construction is frame housing construction, which provides more opportunities for creating a variety of architectural and planning solutions. According to statistics, about 60% of houses are built using frame technology, 26% from rounded logs and 5% from hewn logs, and 10% of houses are built from laminated veneer lumber. Frame technology makes it possible to implement individual solutions for individual structures without special costs. It has virtually no restrictions on exterior finishing options: you can use both traditional and modern materials, from brick to vinyl siding. In this article we will look at two main types of individual frame houses that are in greatest demand. These are frame-frame and frame-panel (frame-panel) structures.

In addition, frame buildings have a number of additional advantages. The main one (especially relevant now - during the difficult economic situation in our country) is the relatively low cost of building such a house. For example, the construction of a log or brick house will cost the customer $550-900 per sq. m. meter. A frame house (using frame-frame or panel construction technology) will cost between $350-650 per sq. m. meter. If necessary, even these costs can be reduced by lightening the foundation (this is especially true with weak bearing capacity of the soil) and using unedged boards in some structures.

As a percentage, the costs of building a frame house are distributed as follows:

    preparation of documentation for the construction of a new house and its design – 10%;

    foundation installation – 5%;

    installation of walls and ceilings (roof, floor and ceiling) – 45%;

    interior and exterior decoration of the house – 20%;

    engineering communications – 20%.

Of course, these indicators are not constant. They can change in one direction or another, primarily depending on the type and cost of building materials used.

Another advantage of frame structures is the timing of the work. If it takes at least a year to build a brick house, then a frame structure is built within 2-5 months. The frame structure does not shrink, so there is no need to wait between building the walls and finishing the finishing work. There are also differences in labor costs. To build a frame house, a whole team of builders is not required. In frame buildings, you can use hidden laying of the main communications, which is located inside the walls. Consequently, this eliminates the need to install various boxes and conductors. Although we should not forget that some types of communications require regular maintenance or repair, so it is necessary to ensure easy access to them. Finally, a frame house has higher seismic resistance than concrete and brick buildings.

However, nothing ideal exists in our world, and frame houses are no exception to this rule. In addition to the above advantages, these designs also have a number of disadvantages. These include, for example, a high probability of rodents appearing in wall cavities. In addition, if treated poorly with antiseptics, insects may infest the wood of the frame. But the latter case can only happen if there is a gross violation of construction technology.

The second significant disadvantage of frame houses is their low degree of fire safety. These are perhaps the most serious disadvantages of such structures, according to construction companies. Although they also have other disadvantages, which may not be so insignificant. For example, houses built using frame technology do not undergo significant deformation if they are not heated during the cold season. Although the thermal insulation characteristics of a frame house can be improved if special insulation materials are used. But still, these structures are not very suitable for permanent residence, including in winter. Therefore, frame houses are recommended more for country house construction.

The situation with sound insulation in frame buildings is not the best either. Although the use of modern materials makes it possible to more or less protect the house from airborne noise, even the best materials do not solve the problem with impact noise. Finally, it should be noted that frame buildings have a short service life, which according to official standards is 75 years.

Other disadvantages of buildings built using frame technology can be mitigated, partially or completely, using modern technological solutions. For example, it is believed that frame houses cannot be redesigned. If a house is built using frame-frame technology, then it can be subject to complete or partial redevelopment, depending on the presence and number of load-bearing partitions. Panel houses made from standard elements, alas, cannot be redeveloped.

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The same applies to low-rise frame buildings. A frame house can even be three stories high. It’s just that if the structure is large, it is recommended to use a metal frame rather than a wooden one, which is more reliable. With panel construction technology, it is better to limit it to one floor, although a light attic can be installed on top.

Frame house construction technology

The frame is the basis of the entire structure. It consists of individual elements: boards, beams, combined beams of various configurations. Such a prefabricated structure takes on all the loads acting on the object, so it is so important to select the correct parts according to geometric dimensions, determine their location, correctly connect them taking into account the load-bearing capacity of the walls, fill the wall structures with heat-insulating materials and then cover the frame with sheathing made of plywood, slabs or typesetting shields. According to classical technology, frame buildings usually have a bottom frame made of beams. Along this harness, racks of boards are installed, which are the supporting system structure for the entire structure. They limit window and door openings and are vertical elements to which the internal cladding and façade covering are attached.

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The outer posts rest on lower support plates or a frame beam. For wall cladding, wood materials (plywood, chipboard, OSB) or lining are used. In this case, the space between the sheathing is filled with heat-insulating material and covered on the other side with plasterboard or plywood. Other cladding materials can also be used.

The racks are made from measured lumber with a cross-section of 38×89 square meters. mm or 38×140 sq. mm. The width of the rack depends on the thickness of the layer of thermal insulation material. The racks are installed at a distance of 300 to 600 mm from each other. The exact distance depends on the type, size, thickness and type of fastening of the sheathing.

Houses using frame technology can be built at any time of the year. Since all parts of the frame are small in size and weight, special lifting equipment is not required to erect the structure. This is convenient for working on site and allows you to reduce labor costs during construction.

Although frame technology involves low-rise construction, nevertheless, it can also be used to design wooden houses above two floors. In our country, this direction is just beginning to develop, and so far they have not built more than three floors on a frame basis. Particular resistance to deformation and durability of the structure is ensured by the use of laminated veneer lumber in the construction of the frame. There are two types of timber that are used in construction - simple or sawn timber and laminated veneer lumber. Accordingly, the technologies for using each of these types differ significantly. Ordinary timber must be dried in natural conditions. However, even after drying it is highly susceptible to deformation. A log house made from such timber requires additional processing, finishing, insulation, repeated caulking, etc. In addition, it is subject to seasonal fluctuations, which necessitates the need for special structures (especially window, door and roof coverings).

Unlike sawn timber, laminated timber, even at the factory during the manufacturing stage, undergoes drying and stress relief, which can subsequently lead to distortion. For these reasons, pre-treated laminated veneer lumber is not subject to deformation and cracking, it is more reliable and easier to work with.

The technological process of building a frame house includes several stages. The first is design. One of the most important roles in the production of houses made of laminated veneer lumber is played by the architectural and design department of a construction company. First, the customer sets out his wishes for the future home, which are drawn up in the form of an engineering and architectural project. Of course, this work is not done manually. For this purpose, special computer programs are used, which, based on the technical parameters of the project calculated by the designer, allow you to create a detailed list of the necessary parts. The project is transferred to production, where the next stage is the production of a set of parts. From these, it will subsequently be possible to build a house according to the principle of a designer. To facilitate the work of builders, all parts of the building structures are pre-labeled, assembled in accordance with the order and transported to the construction site with all accompanying documents and detailed instructions.

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Structures made from laminated veneer lumber are highly stable, and the frame construction technology itself assumes a relatively low weight of the entire building. Therefore, such houses can be built on any type of soil. They don't need a massive basement or deep foundation. All parts of the future house made of laminated veneer lumber have grooves and cuts. They are carried out with the highest possible precision in the factory and do not require further modification during the construction process. When erecting a structure, the beams are pulled together with metal “dowels” (“wood grouse”). Additional seals are not provided when constructing structures made of laminated veneer lumber. The construction kit of a frame house usually also includes beams and rafters made in accordance with the original design. It is extremely important that during construction only well-dried boards are used, otherwise there is a high probability of violating the tightness and geometry of the structure. After installing the rafters, a vapor barrier, sheathing slats, roofing material and, from the inside, an “insulating sheet” are installed on them.

To increase the service life of a wooden house, its walls are treated with antiseptics and fire retardants. Builders often save on this procedure, which should never be done. It is recommended to carry out processing in three stages. First, the wood is processed in production during the production of laminated veneer lumber. The second time the treatment is carried out during the process of assembling the house and, finally, the third time the wood is treated after installing the roof.

Installation of windows and doors is carried out after the construction of the house and does not require additional work. The dimensions and material of windows and doors, their architectural design are also determined at the project development stage. During construction, you need to take into account that laminated veneer lumber still produces, albeit minor, shrinkage. It is only 1%, but it must also be taken into account when installing windows and doors, as well as the sides of the door frame.

The project also provides for the installation and wiring of all necessary communications (plumbing, heating, sewerage, ventilation, etc.). All this is laid down at the stage of production of the “component elements” of the future building. In structures made of laminated veneer lumber, it is possible to carry out hidden wiring of utility lines (for example, in beams).

Buildings made of laminated veneer lumber do not require additional external and internal “finishing” finishing, since the material itself has a flat and smooth surface. These works are carried out at the request of the customer and are paid separately.

Construction of wooden houses as a business

Wooden houses are always in demand, but they are especially popular now. And it’s not just about environmental safety and other advantages of houses made of natural wood, which sales managers love to talk about. Obviously, cost comes first, and only then come all the other advantages of such housing. Until 2014, the housing construction market increased by about a third of its volume annually. Now the rate of its growth, for obvious reasons, has decreased significantly. However, the wood construction segment is still in the black. Many people invest money not in real estate in the city, but in land plots outside of it and build country houses on them, suitable for living not only in the summer.

If previously the main customers of country houses were families with a monthly income of 200 thousand rubles per month, now this criterion has decreased significantly. People with lower incomes invest their savings in real estate, even country houses.

Even a small company that deals with wooden house construction can fulfill several orders at the same time. Construction time depends on the technology and materials used, but, on average, it rarely takes more than three months to install a box. If we are talking about turnkey construction, then in this case the project implementation takes no more than six months. Experience shows that customers prefer to use a full range of services - from building a foundation to installing plumbing. You should not try to cover everything at once, at least at the first stage of work. It is better to use subcontracting and entrust certain works to specialized companies. However, you shouldn’t neglect them either, since finishing and technical work brings almost 25% of the profit to construction companies. If possible, to increase profitability, you can also get a landscape designer and offer additional services for landscaping your homestead. Some even produce wooden furniture for home and garden, especially since all the resources, including the necessary equipment and materials, are at your disposal.

The profitability of wooden house construction is estimated at 40-70% (sometimes it can reach 90%). Such a wide range is explained by the fact that the success of the project is influenced by a large number of different factors, starting with the materials used (type and quality of wood, diameter of logs, cost of procurement of materials) and ending with the area of ​​the buildings being built. The most popular material for building houses is pine. It is popular, first of all, because of its relatively low cost. Larch, for example, will cost twice as much. The thicker the logs used in construction, the higher the cost of house construction. In the middle zone, rounded logs with a diameter of 200 are most often used for construction. A square beam will increase the cost of construction by 5%.

If you are planning to open a business producing houses from timber, you will have to undergo state registration, obtain the necessary permits and a construction license. Experts estimate the starting capital to be at least 4.5-5 million rubles. This money will be used for paperwork, renting workshops, purchasing equipment, paying employees and holding promotional events.

As for advertising, outdoor advertising (billboards, banners, firewalls) and online advertising work most effectively. It is worth taking care of creating your own website with examples of work, cost of services and contacts. The presence of already completed projects is a big plus for a new company, since most customers will want to get acquainted with your “portfolio” and even see the houses you have built in real life. Many construction companies themselves build houses for their offices. Thus, just one place of their work becomes the best advertisement and clear example. True, in this case you should forget about accommodation in the city center. However, as practice shows, clients are ready to go to the contractor to the other end of the city or even to the suburbs if the latter can offer good quality at an affordable price.

In general, the business of constructing wooden houses pays off faster than in the construction industry as a whole. However, you still have to stock up on patience and working capital. It will take at least two months to obtain permits, during which you will need to pay wages to employees, the cost of rent (if you rent office space) and incur other operating expenses. In the first months of work, you will need an administrator who will take care of the office and answer calls, at least two customer service managers (the company founder himself can work as one of them), two architects, a material purchasing manager and a logistician.

Although the construction of a wooden house takes a few months, but in the current economic situation in our country, prices for materials, even within one month, can skyrocket by an order of magnitude. This also needs to be taken into account when drawing up estimates. Many experts advise opening your own production. Of course, this option is much more profitable, but to implement it, the starting capital will increase by at least 2-2.5 times. Not everyone can invest about 10 million rubles in their business, which will go towards the construction of a sawmill, carpentry shop, drying complex and a raw material splicing shop. And not every novice entrepreneur is able to provide a sufficient number of orders to load their production capacity. You should also take into account that this business is seasonal, so you should start small, renting workshops and fulfilling individual orders.

As the company develops, the number of orders increases and business processes are debugged, you can think about expansion. Payback periods depend on a large number of factors. With an initial investment of up to 5 million rubles, it will be possible to reach the payback level no earlier than one and a half to two years from the start of work. Be prepared to invest a considerable part of your profits in advertising and attracting new clients at first.

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Interest in the bathhouse has not disappeared for many centuries, so a log house for a bathhouse as a business may well be suitable for enterprising people. Despite the emergence of a variety of Jacuzzis and shower cabins with hydromassage and other delights, an ordinary bathhouse does not lose its popularity. People living in private houses want to build a bathhouse on their property.

What are baths made of?

They build baths from different materials. It can be a brick, cinder block, heating block, etc. But wood does not lose its attractiveness among customers due to its excellent appearance. Especially if the house on the site is also built of logs. After all, then the new bathhouse forms a single ensemble with the main structure.

A log house (especially one built from rounded logs) is considered a manifestation of good taste. And the customer will under no circumstances build a bathhouse next to a house made of brick or cinder block. He will want a wooden frame.

What is needed to sell log cabins and build bathhouses

First of all, you need a tree. If you have sufficient funds, then it is best to have your own sawmill and drying plant, purchase timber from the manufacturer, dry it, cut it to the required size and sell the finished logs. This way you will be confident in its quality. After all, drying is the main point in wood production. If finances allow, then you can produce rounded logs, which cost several times more than regular ones.

If you don’t have a lot of money, then you just need to buy sawn dry wood and build a log house, which you can then sell disassembled. These will be handmade log houses, the costs of their production will be low. Log houses will cost even less if you cut the wood yourself. But for this you need to obtain the appropriate permission to cut down.

When producing a log house for a bath, it is necessary to take into account some points:

  • wood thickness;
  • her knottyness.

For production, only coniferous wood (mainly pine), 15-40 cm thick, is used. The thicker the log, the more expensive it is. As for knotiness, wood without knots is much more expensive than logs with knots. It is also beneficial to use pine because the lower part of the trunk, 5-7 meters, has no knots. But such a log also costs more.

As for labor, 2 people can make one log house in a week. When the business takes off and you have a lot of orders, you can hire as many workers as you need.

Make log houses in different price ranges. They must be designed for any buyer. And customer tastes can vary greatly. Some people like logs processed “to look like an axe,” while others prefer logs to look like a “scraper.” Others do not recognize anything other than a rounded log. They can also order a bathhouse with an attic. All this must be taken into account when determining the range of your products. If you have a large selection, it is possible to sell log houses even in bulk. But this is all in the future. Now we need to decide how to quickly start a business.

What to do if money is really tight

Let’s say you want to start the production of log cabins at any cost, but you don’t have money for promotion. In this case, you can make budget log houses. There will be buyers for them. After all, people build bathhouses not only near their country houses, but also on their summer cottages. In this case, cheap wood comes in handy. You can buy defective ones that are not used for normal construction. A small log house for a country bathhouse can be built from such wood without fear that the log house will “lead.” The sizes are too small.

Other nuances of the business of selling log cabins for baths

Imagine that a person bought a log house from you and wants to build a bathhouse as quickly as possible. But he still needs to find good builders who will install the log house according to all the rules and decorate the bathhouse from the inside. Moreover, you also need to take care of the stove for the steam room.

If, in addition to selling the log house itself, you provide the customer with services for the construction and equipment of a bathhouse, you can earn extra money. But it's simple. You just need to hire a team of workers who will assemble the log houses and decorate the interior space. While your business has not yet gained momentum, you can find people for temporary part-time work. You will call them when the need arises.

As for stoves, you can negotiate with any store and offer its product to the customer. The store will give you a discount, and the customer will buy the stove at full price. You will make money again.

If you live where wood is cheap, then organize a business producing log houses for baths. This is a good income with minimal costs.

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Houses made from wooden logs are confidently gaining relevance with
construction of private country houses, cottages and boarding houses.

The use of log buildings for the construction of luxury hotels and sanatoriums,
allows you to create an atmosphere in the theme of ancient Russian houses, thus
attract customers and stand out among competitors. Also from log
they are building additional floors of private houses in cities.

Based on trends in increasing demand and relatively free
market, it becomes advisable to create an enterprise for
production of wooden log houses and construction of log houses.
The advantage of houses made of log cabins, environmental friendliness,
after treatment with an antiseptic and varnish, no additional
cladding or
finishing.

Enterprise strategy

It is planned to create a company with a form of organization of a society with
limited liability with focus on domestic
customers, gradual expansion of production and access to
Western European market.

To set up a business you will need an investment of 30 000
dollars and the founders’ own funds in the amount 20 000
dollars. The attractiveness of the Western European market is that
the presented products of Western companies have a high
cost due to high labor costs and limited
in resources.

Company advantages

Processing of log houses is carried out manually, which increases
quality of finished products, and log houses acquire
uniqueness. The fundamental factor is compliance
European standards.

Mobility and flexibility

log production

will allow quickly

determine the most profitable areas of production,
quickly switch to them and take a free place in the market niche.

Products:

— logs with a diameter of 250-450 mm;

— structural elements of the roof;

- chopped pediments, partitions;

- round groove;

— log house “in the oblo”;

- figured cabin.

— construction of houses and cottages on a turnkey basis;

— additional products (remnants of wood, boards, carved elements
decor, furniture)

The planned initial volume is 7-10,000 sq.m per year, planned
real yield 120-160% per annum.

Under such conditions payback period initial costs
will be about two years taking into account the discount rate.

Calculated project profitability 12%.

Entering foreign markets is possible with an increase in production volume
up to 27-30,000 sq.m per year, for this it is necessary to attract additional
investment of $150-170,000.

Average cost of the main products of log cabins
determined depending on the pricing method taking into account prices
competitors.

The wholesale price limit is $130-140 per sq. m. meter and 190-210
dollars for retail.

Basic production costs after company registration and
registration of permits.

Production area.

— carpentry workshops;

- warehouses;

- office rooms and places for workers to rest

Renting and placement of production space directly depends on

selected scale

making log cabins

When recruiting

significant investment, it is more expedient to purchase space in
own.

The placement must be advantageously justified with raw material bases, have
transport interchange and communications. The main office may be located
in the city, where marketing strategies are developed and carried out
advertising companies.

Starting set of raw materials and materials.

Equipment:

— carpentry machines, sawmills, chainsaws, electric planers, drills, etc.;

- carpenter's and joiner's tools;

— transport, loaders, lifting mechanisms.

Staff.

The administrative staff consists of:

— a director coordinating the entire work process;

- accountant;

— financial analyst performing the functions of controlling and internal
audit.

The production staff is provided by a staff of carpenters and
highly qualified carpenters. Amount of workers
determined based on rational production and compliance
labor legislation. Work schedule: two shifts with pay
and percent of the total income of the enterprise.

  • Project Description
  • Description of products and services
  • Marketing plan
  • Production plan
  • Financial plan
  • Which equipment to choose
  • Which OKVED code to indicate when registering a business?
  • What documents are needed to open
  • Do I need permission to open?
  • Production technology
        • Similar business ideas:

Sample business plan for opening a Russian bathhouse in a small town. Serves as an example for attracting credit resources.

Project Description

The goal of the project is the construction of a Russian bathhouse in the city of N with the subsequent rental of the complex. A small marketing study of several areas of the city revealed an insufficient number of Russian baths with decent service and quality of services provided.

To implement the project, it is planned to attract own funds in the amount of 300,000 rubles and borrowed funds (bank loan) in the amount of 680,000 rubles. In total, the total cost of the project is 980,000 rubles.

Economic indicators of the project implementation:

  • Net profit per year = 479,800 rubles;
  • Farm profitability = 45.9%;
  • Project payback = 24 months.

Which tax system to choose and the required set of documents

The organizational and legal form of the Russian bathhouse will be individual entrepreneurship. For a small bath complex this is the most suitable OPF. The initiator of the project is V.V. Ivanov.

As a taxation system, it is planned to use the simplified taxation system (STS) with a regime of 15% of the organization’s profit. This special tax regime exempts you from the obligation to pay income tax, VAT and property tax.

Where to start implementing the project

Currently, practical activities have begun to implement the “Russian bathhouse” project:

  • Individual entrepreneurship has been registered with the local tax service;
  • A long-term lease agreement was concluded for a land plot of 150 m2 owned by the municipality. The cost of rent is 7,000 rubles per month.
  • A company has been found that supplies Russian baths. This company is engaged in the development, construction, delivery and installation of turnkey bath complexes.

Description of products and services

The cost of bathhouse rental services will be set no higher than the average market prices in the city. So, the cost of an hourly rental of a bathhouse will be 600 rubles. In addition, visitors will be offered additional paid services:

  • Birch, linden, fir broom - 100 rub./piece;
  • Essential oils (eucalyptus) - 60 rub./10 ml.;
  • Disposable slippers - 50 rub./piece;
  • Bathrobe (rental) - 150 rubles;
  • Shampoo, shower gel - 30 rubles;
  • Terry towel (sale) - 400 rubles;
  • Shaving set - 50 rub.;
  • Hookah (with milk, cognac, etc.) - 500 rubles;
  • Barbecue - 300 rub.;

The complex will also offer free services, which include:

  • Board games (chess, backgammon);
  • Hairdryer;
  • Bath attributes;
  • Guarded parking.

The operating hours of the Russian bath are planned to be set from 12:00 to 24:00. We consider this to be the optimal mode, allowing us to serve the maximum number of clients without additionally burdening the staff (in the case of a 24-hour bathhouse). Subsequently, with the growing popularity of the bathhouse, a transition to round-the-clock operation is possible.

Download a premium business plan for a bathhouse with a quality guarantee

Marketing plan

About 20,000 people live in the area where the Russian bathhouse will be located. This is a residential area of ​​the city with a large number of multi-storey buildings and new buildings. It is assumed that residents of this area will be the main clients of our complex. However, due to the transport accessibility of the complex, visits by clients from other parts of the city are not excluded.

  • Posting advertisements, distributing leaflets, flyers informing about the opening of the complex;
  • Advertising on the Internet, registration on bulletin boards, thematic resources, forums, Yandex Direct contextual advertising.

As for competitors, there are 2 similar complexes with a similar list of services in our area. The study revealed that competitors operate at high prices that do not correspond to the quality of the services provided. However, the flow of customers to these bath complexes is quite high.

Let's calculate the estimated monthly income of a Russian bathhouse.

The bathhouse's revenue will differ depending on what day it is - the highest income is expected on Friday and Saturday. It is assumed that the load on the bathhouse these days will be at least 80%. That is, out of 12 hours of operation of the bathhouse, at least 10 hours will be rented. Thus, the revenue for these days will be: 600 rubles. * 10 hours * 2 = 12,000 rubles. In the remaining 5 days, the load of the bathhouse will be no more than 40%, that is, 5 hours will be purchased: 600 rubles. * 5 hours * 5 = 15,000 rubles. Total income per week from renting a bathhouse will be 27,000 rubles. In addition, part of the proceeds will come from additional services - approximately 20% of total revenue or 7,000 rubles per week. In total, the total income per week will be 34,000 rubles, per month - 136,000 rubles.

Production plan

The technical characteristics of the Russian bath will be as follows:

  • Steam room - 5.93 m2.
  • Shower room - 5.93 m2.
  • Rest room - 18.97 m2.
  • Utility block - 11.33 m2.
  • Terrace - 31.43 m2.

This bathhouse layout meets all SES and fire safety requirements.

The main material for the construction of a Russian bathhouse is rounded logs. This material was not chosen by chance. Rounded wood is very convenient for building installation, economical in subsequent finishing, and also very practical, aesthetically pleasing and durable. A log house made of rounded logs retains heat perfectly and creates a cozy atmosphere indoors. In addition, the construction of a bathhouse from this material is extremely favorable in terms of price-quality ratio. The guarantee for a bathhouse made of rounded logs is 15 years.

How much money do you need to start a business?

The total cost of building a bathhouse from rounded logs on a turnkey basis will be 650,000 rubles. This price will include delivery of the material and installation of the bathhouse at the customer’s site. Another approximately 220,000 rubles will be spent on preparing the site for the construction of a bathhouse and installing communications (water, electricity, gas).

The project manager plans to take on the functions of the complex administrator personally. The manager’s responsibilities will also include accounting and submitting reports to the relevant structures.

Financial plan

Let's move on to calculating the main indicators of the economic efficiency of the bathhouse. Total fixed expenses of the organization will amount to 87,000 rubles. per month.

The main annual costs of the bathhouse will be the costs associated with paying wages to employees - 46% of the total annual costs. Next come the costs of paying insurance premiums for employees - 14% of total costs and payment of utilities - 17% in the structure of total annual costs.

How much can you earn from this business?

The net profit of the bathhouse based on the results of annual work will be 479,800 rubles. The profitability of the bathhouse, according to business plan calculations, is 45.9%. With such indicators, the project pays for itself in 2 years of work, which can be considered a good indicator for such a business.