What mushrooms form mycorrhiza with apple trees. What is mushroom root
In the natural environment one can often encounter interactions between various kinds animals or birds, insects and plants. We will consider one of them, namely the interaction between plants and fungi today: fungal root or mycorrhiza, what is it?
Did you know? Mushrooms interesting works nature: they are eaten, extracts are made from them for medicines, produce cosmetical tools. Yves Rocher released a line of cosmetics for middle-aged women based on an extract of shiitake mushrooms. The active substances of these mushrooms, penetrating into skin cells, nourish them and accelerate regeneration.
Mycorrhiza - what is it?
To understand what a mushroom root is, it is necessary to consider the structure of the mushroom. The fruiting body of the mushroom consists of a cap and a stalk, but the most interesting thing is the hyphae or thin threads that intertwine to form the mycelium (mycelium). This organ of the fungus serves both for nutrition and for reproduction (formation of spores), as well as for the formation of mycorrhiza.
What is mycorrhiza? This is simply a combination of fungal mycelium with the root system of plants. Fungal roots and plant roots intertwine, sometimes the fungus penetrates into root system plants, which is done for fruitful cooperation of both parties.
What is mycorrhiza by definition? This is a symbiotic habitation of fungi on the surface of the root system or in the tissues of the roots of higher plants.
To better understand the effect of mycorrhiza, let's consider its types. There are three main types of mycorrhizae: ectotrophic, endotrophic and ectoendotrophic. In its biological essence, the first type is external or superficial enveloping of the roots with mycelium, the second type is characterized by penetration into the root tissue, and the third type is a mixed interaction.
So, we have found out what mycorrhiza is in biology and now we know that such cooperation is typical for almost all plants: herbaceous plants, trees, shrubs. The absence of such a symbiosis is rather an exception to the general rules.
Properties of mycorrhiza for growing plants
Let's take a closer look at what mycorrhiza is and what its functions are beneficial for plants. Mushroom mycelium is capable of producing special proteins, which are some kind of catalysts in nature. In addition, mycelium digests and breaks down nutrients in the soil, from plant residues to organic and inorganic elements from humus. Plants are able to absorb only easily soluble elements of humus and here they have many competitors: these are weeds and microbes living in the soil.
–This is a mutually beneficial symbiosis of plants and fungi. Plants receive nutrients and water, and fungi receive carbohydrates produced by plants. Without carbohydrates, mushrooms are not able to reproduce and grow fruiting bodies. Plants provide up to 40% of carbohydrates.
The role of mycorrhiza in plant life cannot be overestimated. Mycorrhiza supplies them with vitamins, minerals, enzymes and hormones. Thanks to mycelium, the plant root system increases the absorption area of useful elements such as phosphorus, potassium and other stimulating substances. Moreover, it not only serves as a nutrition supplier, but also doses it correctly.
Plants grow more actively, during the flowering period they form more inflorescences with fruitful flowers and, accordingly, fruiting increases. Plants become immune to stress and weather conditions: drought, heavy rainfall, sudden temperature changes. Fungi, forming mycorrhiza with plant roots, act as protectors against some diseases of the latter, such as, for example, fusarium or late blight.
Thanks to its ability to digest and break down organic and inorganic humus compounds, mycorrhiza cleanses the soil for plants from excess salts and acids.
Did you know? In nature, there are predatory mushrooms that feed on living organisms, worms. These mushrooms grow mycelium in the form of rings that act as traps. The adhesive-backed rings tighten like a noose when the victim is caught in them. The more the prey twitches, the tighter the trap tightens.
Mycorrhizal vaccinations
It is rare that mushrooms do not form mycorrhizae, because this symbiosis has existed since the beginning of the development of flora on earth. Unfortunately, on summer cottages mycorrhiza is often destroyed as a result of long-term use of chemicals; mycorrhiza also dies during construction. Therefore, to help their plants, gardeners vaccinate.
Mycorrhiza vaccine - This is a preparation in the form of a powder or liquid that contains particles of living mushroom mycelium. After a kind of inoculation of the soil, fungal bacteria begin to cooperate with the root system of plants, which forms natural mycorrhiza.
Mycorrhizal vaccines are also popular today for indoor flowers, there are big choice for vegetables, garden flowering and herbaceous plants, as well as coniferous plants such as hydrangeas, rhododendrons, heather and roses. When vaccinating, it should be remembered that the root system of very old trees is too deep and is not suitable for mycorrhiza.
Important! Mycorrhizal vaccine is carried out once in the life of a plant, and each plant interacts and forms mycorrhiza with certain fungi. There is no one mycorrhiza suitable for all plants.
Features of the use of mycorrhiza for plants
The mycorrhizal preparation is applied by watering or spraying crops and directly into the soil. When vaccinating into the soil, make several shallow holes right in the ground near the plant and pour the vaccine into it.
Many people are interested in the question “Which plants do not form mycorrhizae and with which fungi is this symbiosis also impossible?” Today, there are few plants known that do well without mycorrhiza: these are some species of the Cruciferous, Amaranth and Chenopodiaceae families. Mushrooms that do not form mycorrhiza - umbrellas, oyster mushrooms, champignons, dung beetles, honey mushrooms.
The mycorrhiza preparation should be used after harvesting, that is, in the fall. Over the winter, mushrooms form mycorrhiza with the roots of dormant plants, and in the spring the results will be noticeable. Unlike plants, mushrooms do not go into suspended animation in winter and continue to be active. If you use the drug in the spring, its active effect will be noticeable the next year.
The use of mycorrhiza is relevant when transplanting crops to a new or permanent place after rooting of seedlings. The effect of the drug will reduce plant stress and accelerate its adaptation. After vaccination with mycorrhizal preparations, significant growth and more accelerated development of crops are observed. 
Important!-this is not a fertilizer, and should be combined with chemicals It is not recommended as it can be destroyed by them. Fertilizing is carried out exclusively with organic fertilizers.
When using mycorrhiza for indoor plants There are also a few rules:- Powdered preparations for indoor plants are introduced into potting soil, then watering is carried out. The composition in the form of an emulsion is drawn into a syringe and injected directly into the root system into the soil.
- After grafting, the plant is not fertilized for two months. Fungicides are not used during this period.
- More effective for flowerpots are graftings containing particles of living mycelium rather than fungal spores. These include gel compositions with living mycelium, which form mycorrhizae immediately, while spores do not have the conditions to develop in a closed pot.
Advantages and disadvantages of using mycorrhiza in plant life
The main advantages of using fungal root:
Mycorrhiza is a symbiosis between the plant and the mycelium of the fungus living in the soil. Certain types of fungi cooperate with specific types plants. IN natural conditions the allies are on their own. In the garden we must help them with this by using appropriate “vaccines” applied to the soil.
What is mycorrhiza?
Mycorrhiza, (from Greek mikos (μύκης) - mushroom and rhiza (ρίζα) - root) is a phenomenon of mutually beneficial coexistence between living plant cells and non-pathogenic (non-disease-causing) fungi that colonize the soil. The definition of mycorrhiza literally means “ mushroom root«.
Mycorrhiza is a partnership between plants and fungi leading to mutual benefit. Fungi use the products of plant photosynthesis to produce plant sugars that they cannot produce themselves. Plants, in turn, receive much more benefits thanks to mycorrhiza.
Mycelial hyphae penetrate into the cells of the root cortex ( Endomycorrhiza) or remain on the surface of the root, entwining it with a dense network ( Ectomycorrhiza), thereby increasing the ability to absorb moisture and mineral salts from the soil. Plants begin to grow stronger and produce more flowers and fruits. They also become much more resistant to unfavorable conditions - drought, frost, inappropriate pH or excessive salinity of the soil. Mycorrhiza protects plants from diseases (,).
Where is mycorrhiza found?
Mycorrhizae have existed in nature for millions of years.– more than 80% of all plants remain in symbiosis with mycorrhizal fungi. On personal plots, unfortunately, rarely occurs, as it was destroyed as a result of intensive cultivation and the use of chemical fertilizers and plant protection products.
It is not possible to check with the naked eye (without a microscope) whether there is mycorrhiza in the garden soil. Mycorrhizal fungi very often die during the construction of a house. Deep pits, soil left on the surface, remains of crushed stone and lime are the main reasons for the absence of mycorrhiza in the garden.
Noticeable effect of mycorrhiza
The most popular and most visible results of mycorrhiza are Forest mushrooms. These are the fruiting bodies of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Even a beginner in mushroom picking will notice after the first mushroom picking that specific mushrooms only grow in close proximity to specific trees.
Chanterelles grow under both deciduous and coniferous trees, saffron milk caps grow under pines, spruces and firs. Porcini mushrooms can be found in not too dense forests, mainly under oaks, beeches, as well as pine and spruce trees. It is better to look for moss mushrooms under spruce and pine trees, as well as in deciduous forests, under oaks and beeches. In birch groves and under spruce trees, boletus grows, and boletus grows under birch, hornbeam and oak trees.
Mycorrhizal preparations – vaccines
Mycorrhizal vaccines contain live fungal hyphae or fungal spores. For various plants specific, adapted mixtures of mycorrhiza are intended (they also include edible varieties, however, in garden plots they rarely form fruiting bodies).
You can buy mycorrhizal preparations for indoor plants (the most popular is mycorrhiza) and balcony plants. Much larger selection of vaccines for garden plants- for, and deciduous plants, vegetables, for heather, roses, and even for.
The roots of old trees go very deep, and the tree itself has only skeletal roots that are not suitable for mycorrhization. It should be remembered that in plants, both young and adult, the youngest roots are located relatively shallow underground, within 10-40 cm. In the case of planting trees dug directly from the ground, with an open root system, the vaccine should be added to several of the youngest, living roots before planting.
5 rules for using mycorrhiza vaccine
- Preparations in powder form are added to the substrate at flower pot and then watered. Vaccines in the form of a suspension are introduced into pots or into the soil (directly onto the roots) using a syringe or a special applicator.
- It is enough to plant the roots of plants once to connect with it and be useful throughout life.
- There is no universal mycorrhiza suitable for all types of plants! Each plant (or group of plants - for example, heathers) remains in mycorrhiza only with certain types of fungi.
- Much better are those containing mycelium hyphae. Vaccines containing fungal spores can be unreliable because the spores often do not have suitable conditions for germination. Mycorrhiza of living mycelium, unlike dry preparations, after watering, is ready for an immediate reaction with the plant.
- In the form of a gel suspension, it is stable even for several years, at a temperature of about 0⁰C, and loses its vitality when dried.
After introducing live mycelium, you should not fertilize the plants for 2 months. Also, do not use any fungicides.
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Kira Stoletova Everything on our planet is interconnected. A striking example This is explained by the concept of mushroom root. If you take this word apart, it means the life of a fungus on the root of a plant. This is one of important stages
symbiosis, which implies the life of a representative of one class at the expense of another and has the definition of mycorrhiza. But this does not always happen in nature. Some fungi do not form mycorrhizae and develop independently.
What is mushroom root
The concept itself is embedded in the word. This is one of the facts of the existence of a joint tandem between representatives of fungi and plants: the fungus develops on the roots of trees and shrubs, it forms a mycelium that penetrates into the thickness of the plant bark. There are several types mycorrhizal fungi
, which can develop both on the surface layers and penetrate directly into the thickness of the root, sometimes piercing it through. This is especially true for bushes.
The mushroom feeds at the expense of its “host” - and this is an indisputable fact. But if you conduct detailed research, you can emphasize the benefits for each party.
At the same time, the mushroom itself also helps the plant to develop normally, providing it with the necessary nutritional components. It makes the roots of the plant more loose, due to the fact that they are intertwined with mycelium. The porous structure allows the plant to absorb more moisture and, accordingly, additional nutrients. At the same time there is extra quality - ability to extract nutrients from different types soil As a result, when a tree is unable to obtain the necessary components from environment
, the mycorrhizal fungus comes to the rescue, delivering for itself and its owner an additional portion for life and development. Which will prevent both representatives from drying out.
Varieties
- The following fungi form mycorrhizae with roots:
- Myccorisa endotrophyca - the mycelium develops in the thickness of the root, sometimes piercing the body almost right through;
- Ectotrophyca, endotrophyca myccorisa (mixed type) - characterized by the peculiarity of each of the upper species, spreading its mycelium both on the surface and in the thickness of the root;
- Peritrophyca myccorisa is a simplified form of symbiosis and at the same time a new stage in development. It is located near the root without penetration of shoots.
What fungi form mycorrhiza with roots?
The group of the above types includes many representatives of edible and inedible classes:
- Gymnosperms;
- Monocots;
- Dicotyledons.
Their representatives are considered to be the beloved porcini mushrooms, aspen mushrooms, honey mushrooms, chanterelles, and boletus mushrooms. Some types of fungi got their name precisely due to their distribution on a specific plant representative. For example, aspen and boletus, birch and boletus, as well as others.
It is worth noting that a representative of the poisonous class, the fly agaric, forms its mycelium on the surface coniferous trees. And although it is not edible, it provides its “owner” with 100% nutritional components.
Fungi that do not form mycorrhizae
Conclusion
In the world there are both fungi that do not form mycorrhiza and those that do. Among all listed types There are both edible and poisonous. But it is necessary to understand that each representative is very important, it performs certain functions in nature and without it, perhaps some vital biological processes would not occur.
All types of fungi described in this article are mycorrhizal. In other words, they form mycorrhizae (or fungal roots) with certain tree species and live with them for years in a strong symbiosis.
Mushrooms receive organic matter from the tree: carbohydrates in the form of tree sap with sugars, amino acids, some vitamins, growth and other substances they need. With the help of mycorrhiza, the tree extracts nitrogenous products, minerals, phosphorus and potassium, and water.
Mushrooms become attached to certain forest species and cannot live without them. But at the same time, they are very picky: they love well-warmed soil, rich in forest humus.
The development of mushrooms is influenced by many factors: air humidity and temperature, lighting conditions, soil moisture, and so on.
Without loved ones tree species mycorrhizal fungi do not bear fruit at all. In turn, trees often become weaker and sicker without their mushroom brothers. Thus, larch and pine seedlings that do not have mycorrhiza simply die on nutrient-poor soil. And vice versa, in close collaboration with mushrooms they successfully develop in these same places.
The host tree stimulates the growth of mycelium (mycelium) only if it lacks minerals obtained from soil. Therefore, porcini mushrooms are more likely to appear on poor sandy soil than on fertile soil. The question arises, how to make wild mushrooms grow in the garden?
There is only one way - to artificially inoculate mycelium with their green partners. Growing mycorrhizal fungi is possible only outdoors and under mycorrhizal trees.
The main thing is to preserve the inseparable pair of mushrooms and trees, without which the full development of a mushroom culture is impossible. This means it is necessary to create favorable conditions, close to those in which these fungi exist in wildlife. To do this, at a minimum, you need the presence of appropriate tree species in your garden - birch, aspen, pine, spruce, larch, and so on.
In addition to cultivating valuable and popular mycorrhizal mushrooms, mushroom growers have repeatedly tried to grow yellow chanterelles (Cantharellus cibarius), white milk mushrooms (Russula delica) and true milk mushrooms (Lactarius resimus) in the garden under birch trees, and funnel mushrooms (Craterellus cornucopioides) under several deciduous trees; Polish sucker and chestnut mushrooms; russula under the most different breeds trees and black milk mushrooms under spruce and birch.
PORCINI
The most important trumpet mushroom of the Russian forest is White mushroom(Boletus edulis), otherwise called boletus or ladybird.
It grows from the beginning of June to the end of October in deciduous, coniferous and mixed forests, in parks and gardens, along paths and abandoned roads, on the edges, along the slopes of ditches, in old dugouts and trenches, sometimes in thickets of bushes, after a drought in moss along swamps and drained swamps, but not in the dampest places (under birch, pine, spruce and oak trees); alone and in groups, often, annually.
The cap of the porcini mushroom reaches a diameter of 10 and even 30 cm. In youth it is round, hemispherical, in maturity it is cushion-shaped, in old age it can straighten to prostrate-convex, prostrate and depressed.
The cap is smooth, sometimes wrinkled in dry weather, often matte, shiny, slightly slimy in rain. The edge of the cap is leathery, often acute-angled.
The color of the cap depends on the time of year, humidity and temperature, as well as on the tree species next to which the mycorrhiza mushroom grows and forms: gray-ocher, gray-brown, ocher-brown, brown, chestnut, chestnut-brown, brown-brown and dark brown, lighter towards the edges.
The coloring is often uneven, the cap can be covered with multi-colored or blurry white spots, and in late autumn it can fade to a whitish, gray marbled and greenish color. Young mushrooms grown under fallen leaves or under a birch tree may be uncolored and have a completely white cap.
The tubular layer is finely porous, consisting of free, deeply notched or adherent tubes up to 4 cm long.
In youth it is white, in maturity it is yellow or yellow-greenish, in old age it is yellow-green or olive-yellow, turning brown.
The stalk of the porcini mushroom grows in length up to 10 and even 20 cm, in thickness up to 5 and even 10 cm. In youth it is thick, tuberous, and in maturity it lengthens, becoming club-shaped or widened towards the base.
It is solid, smooth, sometimes wrinkled, white, ocher, brownish or brownish, with a light mesh pattern, which is especially noticeable in the upper part of the leg.
The pulp is fleshy, dense, white, with a pleasant mushroom smell or almost odorless and with a nutty taste. The color does not change when broken.
BOROVIK
Boletus, or white pine mushroom (Boletus pinicola), grows on sandy soils, in green and white moss, in grass in pine forests and in forests mixed with pine from mid-May with a warm and humid spring to early November with a warm autumn. As the latest Carpathian experience shows, it can also grow under other tree species, such as spruce and beech.
The cap of the boletus reaches a diameter of 20 cm. It is very fleshy, hemispherical in youth, convex in maturity, sometimes with a tuberculate surface, and cushion-shaped in old age.
The skin is smooth or velvety, and looks slightly sticky in the rain. The edge is often lighter than the middle, sometimes pinkish.
The color of the cap is burgundy, olive-brown, chestnut-brown, chocolate and dark red-brown, sometimes with a bluish and even purple tint.
Young mushrooms grown under moss may be uncolored and have a whitish or pink cap with a beautiful marbled pattern.
The tubular layer is white in youth, darkens with age to a yellowish, and then yellowish-olive color.
The tubes are up to 4 cm long, but noticeably shorten where they grow to the stem.
The leg of the boletus grows up to 12 cm in length. It is thick, very dense, club-shaped, and has a strong thickening at the base; white, white-pinkish, yellow-pinkish, yellow-brownish or reddish-brown and covered with a noticeable reddish or yellow-brown reticulate pattern.
The pulp is dense, white, reddish under the skin of the cap and stem, does not change color when broken, has a pleasant taste and pungent smell of raw potatoes. ON A NOTE
Porcini mushroom and boletus are considered one of the highest quality, tasty and nutritious mushrooms. They make excellent soups with a light, clear broth, fry, dry (very fragrant), freeze, salt and pickle. At proper drying the flesh remains light in color, unlike moss mushrooms and boletuses.
You can fry without pre-boiling, or just to be on the safe side, boil for about 10 minutes. In some countries Western Europe The porcini mushroom is used raw in salads, but I would protect my stomach from such shocks.
COMMON BORTOWER
One of the most common, most unpretentious, but highly respected tubular mushrooms- common boletus (Leccinum scabrum).
The people gave him many names: obabok, grandma, spiker, birch, podgreb and gray mushroom.
Boletus grows in birch forests and forests mixed with birch, under single birch trees in the forest, in bushes and woodlands, including tundra, along roads and ditches, in gardens and on grassy city lawns from mid-May to the first ten days of November, singly and in groups, annually.
The cap of the boletus reaches a diameter of 10 and even 20 cm. In youth it is hemispherical, in maturity it becomes convex or cushion-shaped; usually it is smooth, dry, matte, and slightly sticky in the rain.
The cap is yellow-brown, brownish, gray-brown, brown-brown, chestnut-brown, dark brown and black-brown, sometimes almost white with a pinkish tint and gray, often spotted.
Peel from the cap culinary processing is not deleted.
The tubes are up to 3 cm long, with a notch at the stem or almost free. The tubular layer in youth is finely porous, whitish and grayish, darkening in maturity to dirty gray or gray-brown, often with whitish spots, convex, spongy, easily separated from the pulp.
The boletus stem grows up to 12 and even 20 cm long, and up to 4 cm thick. It is cylindrical, slightly thinner towards the cap and sometimes noticeably thickens towards the base, hard, solid, whitish with longitudinal whitish fibrous scales, which darken to dark with age. gray, brown, black-brown and even black.
The pulp is watery, dense and tender in youth, rather quickly becomes loose, flabby, and in the stem it turns into hard fibrous. It is white or grayish-white, at the base of the leg it can be yellowish or greenish, does not change color at the break; with a faint pleasant mushroom smell and taste.
Porcini mushrooms and boletus mushrooms compete with each other, so it is better to sow their spores under birch trees in different parts of the garden. Boletus mushrooms have an undeniable advantage over noble mushrooms and boletus - with proper care, its harvests will be more frequent and higher.
With regular watering, boletus mushrooms will appear under birch trees on their own.
When bearing fruit, boletus removes a lot of potassium from the soil. If the garden is not located in potassium-rich lowlands, then at the beginning of each season it is necessary to replenish potassium and other minerals.
To do this, water the soil around the tree with two buckets of solution (at the rate of 10 g of potassium chloride and 15 g of superphosphate per 1 bucket).
When preparing " seed material“from old caps, boletus spores mostly remain mixed with the pulp and do not precipitate well, so you need to use a suspension of their spores along with the pulp.
NOTE
There are more than ten types of boletus, including the more famous ones, such as blackhead, swamp, smoky and pinkish.
Of these, the one most often found in gardens is the not very tasty swamp boletus (Leccinum holopus), which is best collected at a young age and preferably just the caps.
Tests
610-1. Which organisms have a body made up of mycelium?
A) algae
B) bacteria
B) mushrooms
D) protozoa
Answer
610-2. Vegetative propagation in fungi it is carried out with the help
A) dispute
B) gametes
B) mycelium
D) fruiting bodies
Answer
610-3. The fruiting body is characteristic of
A) Bacteria
B) Mushrooms
B) Protozoa
D) Algae
Answer
610-4. The mold fungus penicillium consists of
A) various tissues and organs
B) anucleate cells on which sporangia are located
B) multicellular mycelium and racemose sporangia
D) multicellular mycelium and fruiting body
Answer
610-5. Which of the following representatives belongs to the kingdom of mushrooms?
A) sphagnum
B) streptococcus
B) penicillium
D) chlorella
Answer
610-6. What mushrooms do not form mycorrhizae with woody plants?
A) boletus
B) boletus
B) chanterelles
D) tinder fungi
Answer
610-7. Look at the drawing. What letter on it indicates the mycelium?
Answer
610-8. What function does the cap of the fruiting body perform in boletus?
A) serves to attract animals and humans
B) catches solar energy, providing photosynthesis
B) is the place where spores are formed
D) provides air supply
Answer
610-9. Which of the following fungi does not form mycorrhizae?
A) tinder fungi
B) boletus
B) boletus
D) white
Answer
610-10. What are hyphae?
A) threads that make up the body of the mushroom
B) sporulation organs of the fungus
B) organs of attachment of the fungus to the substrate
D) photosynthetic part of the lichen
Answer
610-11. Consider a microphotograph of a mukor mold. What is contained in the black balls of this mushroom?
A) nutrients
B) water with mineral salts
B) microscopic spores
D) microscopic seeds
Answer
610-12. Which mushroom is classified as tubular?
A) russula
B) boletus
B) autumn honey fungus
D) champignon
Answer
610-13. What function does it perform? fruiting body boletus mushroom?
A) structural
B) trophic
B) excretory
D) generative
Answer
610-14. When picking mushrooms, it is important not to damage the mycelium, as it
A) serves as a place for spore formation
B) serves as food for animals living in the soil
B) absorbs nutrients dissolved in water from the soil
D) holds soil lumps together and protects it from erosion
Answer
610-15. Settling on stumps, honey mushrooms use them for
A) attracting pollinating insects
B) obtaining finished organic substances
B) obtaining energy from inorganic substances
D) protection against pathogenic bacteria
Answer
610-16. Why is it often found on a rotten stump? a large number of again?
A) a rotting stump releases heat, which activates the growth of honey mushrooms
B) a rotting stump emits heat, which activates the reproduction of mushrooms
C) honey mushrooms feed organic substances dead plant
D) the mycelium of honey mushrooms forms mycorrhiza with the roots of the stump
Answer
610-17. Why are porcini mushrooms often found in oak forests?
A) There is a lot of light in the oak forest.
B) Porcini mushrooms form mycorrhiza with oak roots.
C) Porcini mushrooms have no competitors in the oak forest.
D) In the oak forest there are no animals that feed on porcini mushrooms.