Cognitive processes main characteristics. Mechanism and patterns of the perception process
Plan
1. Introduction. Cognitive psychology. Short story
2. Modeling of cognitive processes in psychology
2.1 Types cognitive processes
2.2 Purpose of cognitive modeling
2.3 Functional diagram of the cognitive process
3. The problem of perception in cognitive science
3.1 General model perception
3.2 Structure of the perception model
3.3 Problems of visual code in the works of psychologists
3.4 Mechanism and patterns of the perception process
Conclusion. Significance of Cognitive Psychology Research
Bibliography
1. Introduction. Cognitive psychology. Short story
IN last years Interest in the study of cognitive processes is steadily growing. Until the early 50s, issues related to the theory of knowledge were considered in works on philosophy and logic. In the early 50s, specialists in the field of psychology began to intensively study the mechanisms of cognition. The first studies were devoted to studying the mechanisms of perception.
Currently, more complex cognitive mechanisms are being studied, such as decision-making, learning, memory, etc.
The term "cognition" began to be used not only to denote the process of formation scientific knowledge, but also to designate the psychological process of forming everyday ideas.
A natural approach to studying the phenomenon of cognition, based on data from psychological and neurophysiological studies of the mechanisms of cognition, is called cognitive science.
Currently, cognitive science is becoming an important object of research, necessary to solve one of the strategic tasks of civilization, the goal of which is to develop methods conscious management personality and the creation of humanoid robots.
2. Modeling of cognitive processes in psychology
Modern research cognitive functions prove that knowledge can be known, i.e. the object of research can be studied using the same object. Research tools can be:
the ability to sense perception,
introspection of the mental and intellectual life of the subject.
There are 2 methodological approaches to the study of cognitive processes: phenomenological and neurophysiological.
Phenomenological approach describes observable manifestations of the cognitive process (the field of cognitive psychology).
The neurophysiological approach explains the process of cognition based on the action of physiological mechanisms.
2.1 Types of cognitive processes
Basic basis cognitive research is that the individual has two realities: mental and “real” (objective). “Real” reality is given to a person through the senses. It does not change as a result of the cognitive process.
The mental model is constructed by the individual in the process of cognition and is given to him from birth as a product of evolutionary development. The mental model allows the individual to navigate the “real” reality and ensures his survival. This is one of the goals of the cognitive process.
Traditionally, psychology recognizes two types of cognitive processes: explicit and automatic (hidden, subconscious). They are interdependent.
Explicit mechanisms of cognition are observable through introspection, i.e. are recognized by the individual. Important feature The obvious mechanism is the purposeful nature of its activity, regulated by volitional effort. With the help of explicit mechanisms, a conscious problem is solved.
Hidden processes are studied using psychological experiments. As a result of experiments, it was shown that latent cognitive abilities are acquired, and some of them are innate. The current mainstream view is that unconscious categorization occurs at the level of hidden cognitive mechanisms that can be trained.
2.2 Purpose of cognitive modeling
The purpose of cognitive modeling is to build a model of human intellectual behavior, where consciousness is represented as an information machine.
2.3 Functional diagram of the cognitive process
Functional diagrams are used to specify the cognitive process as an information process. Block diagrams are built from functional blocks interconnected by information flows. A rough functional diagram of the cognitive process describes cognitive activity as a process of interaction of functional blocks. The scheme includes both automatic functioning cognitive functions and intellectual functions.
The circuit consists of functional blocks:
receptor area - primary information analysis
perception systems: visual, auditory, skin-kinesthetic, gustatory, olfactory. They provide multi-level operation of information and complex reflex processes.
memory is considered as a complex repository of knowledge and sensory information. The most important issue that memory researchers are trying to solve is the study of the mechanism of knowledge representation in memory and the functions performed by memory in various cognitive processes.
representation, where the synthesis of perception, conceptual knowledge and figurative code is carried out. Representation is built in the process of shaping behavior “here” and “now”. They are built automatically, unconsciously. The construction process uses frames contained in memory or knowledge systems. Constructing a frame-based representation consists of finding a suitable representation and updating it according to the perceived information. The ability to generate representations is innate and can be improved over the course of life.
Cognitive research studies the actual mental mechanisms of reasoning. In cognitive research, there are two types of inferences: normative and heuristic.
By normative inference we mean a conclusion in which the subject can justify the choice of a model of relevant initial information and justify each step of reasoning.
A heuristic conclusion is reasoning that may not have a strict justification, but by following it an individual often achieves success in his activities.
3. The problem of perception in cognitive science
Research in cognitive science studies the processes of perception. Perception is studied using instrumental methods as a natural phenomenon, and introspection is given the role of a heuristic technique.
IN Lately becomes an important technique of cognitive research computer modelling. For example, Goldstone considered the possibility of neural networks modeling human classification abilities. It was concluded that neural networks do not fully model human classification processes.
The general trend of modern research corresponds to an engineering approach, the goal of which is to link a number of well-known models of individual aspects of perception into unified system:
formation of a code (image) of a perceived object
comparison of information received from the senses with codes
the formation of a representation in which both conceptual knowledge and information perceived “here” and “now” are presented.
All these functions have high degree automaticity, do not depend on the volitional message and are not amenable to introspective observations.
3.1 General model of perception
It has now been proven that human perception has a creative power, the actions of which are subject to certain objective laws.
The perception system is divided into subsystems: visual, olfactory, auditory, skin-kinesthetic and gustatory. They are adaptive systems capable of learning and anticipating situations. The goal of these systems is to provide high accuracy and speed of perception.
The general model of perception is as follows:
receptors carry out primary coding of external information and analyze it according to physical qualities(intensity, duration).
further, information travels along nerve fibers to parts of the brain located in the posterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. These departments are responsible for deep multi-stage processing of information. There, a plan of perceptual actions is formed and images are formed.
The process is controlled by innate and acquired skills, as well as with the help of attention, which in turn depends on the tasks solved by the individual and his volitional efforts. By studying innate and acquired skills, it is possible to reconstruct the algorithm of their work.
3.2 Structure of the perception model
The subject's perceptual experience is formed in the process of perceptual activity. Zinchenko identified the following types of perceptual actions:
detection of adequate task information features
examination of selected signs
As a result of perceptual action, various cognitive structures are formed.
3.3 Problems of visual code in the works of psychologists
In cognitive psychology it is formulated a large number of hypotheses regarding cognitive structures automatically formed in the process of perception.
The hypothesis that figurative schemes are associated with visual codes requires careful consideration. In codes, information is presented in a compressed and generalized form. The mechanisms of code formation are developed in the process of evolution and depend on biological species the perceiver and his genetically determined abilities.
To understand the visual code, psychologists distinguish between the code of a part of an object and the general code of an object.
An object part code occurs if it is part of a stimulus:
important for solving the problem
has some independence from other parts of the stimulus
occurs quite often when training on such stimuli. Part code cannot exist in isolation without being part of something.
The general code of an object is a composition of two parts. Common codes are a system of codes. They have a structure and can include new codes.
It is assumed that visual codes (images) of “real” objects and codes (cognitive maps) of complex scenes are stored in memory physical world.
The visual code of an object contains information about its geometric characteristics, its quality, and detailed information about possible actions on it.
Two models for the emergence of codes have been proposed: the instance model and the implementation model. In the implementation model, each exposure to a stimulus causes a corresponding internal trace. The adequacy of the implementation model is confirmed by experimental results.
The following pattern is statistically reliable: the more training stimuli were offered, the more accurate and faster the recognition will be, i.e. the better the built code will be.
3.4 Mechanism and patterns of the perception process
There are principles for the functioning of perception when solving the following problems:
selecting an object from the background
generating an object code
establishing the identity and differences of objects
formation of a cognitive schema for spatial scenes
formation of representation
Perception can be thought of as a process that operates on two opposing strategies: decomposition and integration. Both strategies are used in the process of visually coding objects or scenes (systems of objects located in space). The choice of strategy is determined both by the volitional message of the individual and the nature of the stimulus material. Knowledge - both verbal and motor skills - influences the process of perception.
The accuracy and speed of perception of all types of stimuli improves as a result of training. This is explained by the fact that when a stimulus is repeated many times, its generalized code is formed and remembered, which makes the recognition process more effective.
In the process of perception, the operation of establishing similarity is often used. Objects are compared by comparing parts of objects. This method is called structural comparison.
In the background-object problem, the division between the significant and the insignificant object is represented as focusing attention on the here and now, and the background is the context of the situation. The division into background and object is relative and dynamic, i.e. the background of "here" and "now" can become an object somewhere and someday.
Research by psychologists proves the existence of innate principles of decomposition of sensory perception into objects, criteria acquired throughout life, as well as the presence of learning elements.
Important point, which modern psychology points out, is a close connection between perception and the subject’s skills (to imagine the whole as a collection of parts).
The type of perception aimed at decomposing a stimulus into a system of substimuli that have a certain independence is called decomposition. Decomposition occurs automatically, regardless of our consciousness. Abilities for differentiation increase with age, i.e. with the accumulation of experience.
Integration brings parts together into a whole. Through integration, unity of diversity is achieved.
Main principles of the integration process:
the ability to unite is developed with experience
parts combine into a whole if they appear together frequently. A generalized code appears.
stimuli, which are objects located in space, can be perceived as a single image, i.e. like a stage. The code of such a scene is called topological.
Accurate object recognition requires perceptual actions. A model of the perceptual cycle was developed. The algorithm of its work is as follows:
a certain set of anticipations (hypotheses) regarding the perceived object is initialized.
these anticipations determine the plan for further examination
As a result of the survey, clarification occurs: some hypotheses are discarded, others are clarified.
Representation is a cognitive structure that provides solutions to problems in a state of “thrownness”, when an individual needs to act, and intelligent mechanisms(logical analysis) are too slow and do not meet the time constraints imposed by the situation.
Representation is physiologically conditioned; in the process of its formation, such automatic mechanisms as comparison, automatic conceptualization, and the formation of a topological and metric code of physical space predominate. Representation depends on the perceived information, is formed “here” and “now” to solve the problems facing the individual in this moment. In representation there is a synthesis of knowledge and sensory information.
Conclusion. Significance of Cognitive Psychology Research
Ideas from cognitive psychology provide A New Look on things, which finds its practical implementation within the framework artificial intelligence and development software. For example, the project to create an autonomous intellectual platform indicates the exceptional importance of cognitive science ideas. NATO hosts many conferences on various issues in cognitive science. Work in the field of cognitive science actively interacts with research on cognitive processes conducted in related fields. Thus, cognitive studies of the functions of concepts in cognitive activity human beings allowed us to take a new look at the teachings of classical semantics and formal logic as models of human thought processes.
Lecture >> Psychology... cognitive maps, etc.) and discussing with psychologist observation results, the client begins to understand what processes...learning in process cognitive or cognitive personality development. And here is the impact formula: psychologist helps...
Plan
- 1. Introduction. Cognitive psychology. Short story
- 2. Modeling of cognitive processes in psychology
- 2.1 Types of cognitive processes
- 2.2 Purpose of cognitive modeling
- 2.3 Functional diagram of the cognitive process
- 3. The problem of perception in cognitive science
- 3.1 General model of perception
- 3.2 Structure of the perception model
- 3.3 Problems of visual code in the works of psychologists
- 3.4 Mechanism and patterns of the perception process
- Conclusion. Significance of Cognitive Psychology Research
- Bibliography
1. Magazov S.S. "Cognitive processes and models" - M.: LKI Publishing House, 2007
Kazan State University
Psychology faculty
Essay
COGNITIVE PROCESSES IN PSYCHOLOGY
Based on the book by S.S. Magazova “Cognitive processes and models”
Completed by a student
1st year year 1791
Kaprovich O.
Teacher
Prokhorov A.O.
Kazan 2010
- Introduction. Cognitive psychology. Brief history of development.
- Modeling cognitive processes in psychology.
Types of cognitive processes.
The purpose of cognitive modeling.
Functional diagram of the cognitive process.
- The problem of perception in cognitive science.
3.1 General model of perception.
3.2 Structure of the perception model.
3.3 The problem of visual code in the works of psychologists.
3.4 Mechanism and patterns of the perception process.
4. Conclusion. The implications of cognitive psychology research.
5.Bibliography.
1. Introduction. Cognitive psychology. Short story.
In recent years, interest in the study of cognitive processes has been steadily growing. Until the early 50s, issues related to the theory of knowledge were considered in works on philosophy and logic. In the early 50s, specialists in the field of psychology began to intensively study the mechanisms of cognition. The first studies were devoted to studying the mechanisms of perception.
Currently, more complex cognitive mechanisms are being studied, such as decision-making, learning, memory, etc.
The term “cognition” began to be used not only to denote the process of formation of scientific knowledge, but also to denote the psychological process of the formation of everyday ideas.
A natural approach to studying the phenomenon of cognition, based on data from psychological and neurophysiological studies of the mechanisms of cognition, is called cognitive science.
Currently, cognitive science is becoming an important object of research, necessary to solve one of the strategic tasks of civilization, the goal of which is to develop methods for conscious control of personality and the creation of humanoid robots.
2. Modeling of cognitive processes in psychology.
Modern studies of cognitive functions prove that cognition can be known, that is, an object of study can be studied by means of the same object. Research tools can be:
- sensory perception
- introspection of the mental and intellectual life of the subject
There are 2 methodological approaches to the study of cognitive processes: phenomenological and neurophysiological.
The phenomenological approach describes the observable manifestations of the cognitive process (the field of cognitive psychology).
The neurophysiological approach explains the process of cognition based on the action of physiological mechanisms.
Types of cognitive processes.
The basic basis of cognitive research is that the individual faces two realities: the mental and the “real” (objective). “Real” reality is given to a person through the senses. It does not change as a result of the cognitive process.
The mental model is constructed by the individual in the process of cognition and is given to him from birth as a product of evolutionary development. The mental model allows the individual to navigate the “real” reality and ensures his survival. This is one of the goals of the cognitive process.
Traditionally, psychology recognizes two types of cognitive processes: explicit and automatic (hidden, subconscious). They are interdependent.
Explicit mechanisms of cognition are accessible to observation through introspection, that is, they are recognized by the individual. An important feature of the explicit mechanism is the purposeful nature of its activity, regulated by volitional effort. With the help of explicit mechanisms, a conscious problem is solved.
Hidden processes are studied through psychological experiments. As a result of experiments, it was shown that latent cognitive abilities are acquired, and some of them are innate. The current mainstream view is that unconscious categorization occurs at the level of hidden cognitive mechanisms that can be trained.
The purpose of cognitive modeling.
The purpose of cognitive modeling is to build a model of human intellectual behavior, where consciousness is represented as an information machine.
2.3 Functional diagram of the cognitive process.
Functional diagrams are used to specify the cognitive process as an information process. Block diagrams are built from functional blocks interconnected by information flows. A rough functional diagram of the cognitive process describes cognitive activity as a process of interaction of functional blocks. The scheme includes both automatic functioning cognitive functions and intellectual functions.
The circuit consists of functional blocks:
- receptor area – primary information analysis
- perception systems: visual, auditory, skin-kinesthetic, gustatory, olfactory. They provide multi-level operation of information and complex reflex processes.
- memory is considered as a complex repository of knowledge and sensory information. The most important issue that memory researchers are trying to solve is the study of the mechanism of knowledge representation in memory and the functions performed by memory in various cognitive processes.
- representation, where the synthesis of perception, conceptual knowledge and figurative code is carried out. Representation is built in the process of shaping behavior “here” and “now”. They are built automatically, unconsciously. The construction process uses frames contained in memory or knowledge systems. Constructing a frame-based representation consists of finding a suitable representation and updating it according to the perceived information. The ability to generate representations is innate and can be improved over the course of life.
Cognitive research studies the actual mental mechanisms of reasoning. In cognitive research, there are two types of inferences: normative and heuristic.
By normative inference we mean a conclusion in which the subject can justify the choice of a model of relevant initial information and justify each step of reasoning.
A heuristic conclusion is reasoning that may not have a strict justification, but by following it an individual often achieves success in his activities.
- The problem of perception in cognitive science.
Research in cognitive science studies the processes of perception. Perception is studied using instrumental methods as a natural phenomenon, and introspection is given the role of a heuristic technique.
Recently, computer modeling has become an important technique in cognitive research. For example, Goldstone considered the possibility of neural networks modeling human classification abilities. It was concluded that neural networks do not fully model human classification processes.
The general trend of modern research corresponds to an engineering approach, the goal of which is to link a number of known models of individual aspects of perception into a single system:
Formation of a code (image) of a perceived object
Comparison of information received from the senses with codes
Formation of a representation that represents both conceptual knowledge and information perceived “here” and “now.”
All these functions have a high degree of automaticity, do not depend on volitional messages and are not amenable to introspective observations.
3.1. General model of perception.
It has now been proven that human perception has a creative power, the actions of which are subject to certain objective laws.
The perception system is divided into subsystems: visual, olfactory, auditory, skin-kinesthetic and gustatory. They are adaptive systems capable of learning and anticipating situations. The goal of these systems is to provide high accuracy and speed of perception.
The general model of perception is as follows:
1. receptors carry out primary coding of external information and analyze it according to physical qualities (intensity, duration).
2. Further, information along nerve fibers enters the parts of the brain located in the back of the cerebral hemisphere. These departments are responsible for deep multi-stage processing of information. There, a plan of perceptual actions is formed and images are formed.
The process is controlled by innate and acquired skills, as well as with the help of attention, which in turn depends on the tasks solved by the individual and his volitional efforts. By studying innate and acquired skills, it is possible to reconstruct the algorithm of their work.
3.2. The structure of the perception model.
The subject's perceptual experience is formed in the process of perceptual activity. Zinchenko identified the following types of perceptual actions:
1. detection of adequate task information features
2. examination of selected features
As a result of perceptual action, various cognitive structures are formed.
3.3. Problems of visual code in the works of psychologists.
In cognitive psychology, a large number of hypotheses have been formulated regarding cognitive structures automatically formed in the process of perception.
The hypothesis that figurative schemes are associated with visual codes requires careful consideration. In codes, information is presented in a compressed and generalized form. The mechanisms of code formation are developed in the process of evolution and depend on the biological species of the perceiver and his genetically determined abilities.
To understand the visual code, psychologists distinguish between the code of a part of an object and the general code of an object.
An object part code occurs if it is part of a stimulus:
2. has some independence from other parts of the stimulus
3. occurs quite often when training on such stimuli. Part code cannot exist in isolation without being part of something.
The general code of an object is a composition of two parts. Common codes are a system of codes. They have a structure and can include new codes.
It is assumed that visual codes (images) of “real” objects and codes (cognitive maps) of complex scenes of the physical world are stored in memory.
The visual code of an object contains information about its geometric characteristics, its quality, and detailed information about possible actions on it.
Two models for the emergence of codes have been proposed: the instance model and the implementation model. In the implementation model, each exposure to a stimulus causes a corresponding internal trace. The adequacy of the implementation model is confirmed by experimental results.
The following pattern is statistically reliable: the more training stimuli were offered, the more accurate and faster the recognition will be, i.e., the higher the quality of the constructed code.
Mechanism and patterns of the perception process.
There are principles for the functioning of perception when solving the following problems:
Selecting an object from the background
Generating an object code
Establishing the identity and differences of objects
Forming a cognitive schema for spatial scenes
Formation of representation
Perception can be thought of as a process that operates on two opposing strategies: decomposition and integration. Both strategies are used in the process of visually coding objects or scenes (systems of objects located in space). The choice of strategy is determined both by the volitional message of the individual and the nature of the stimulus material. Knowledge - both verbal and motor skills - influences the process of perception.
The accuracy and speed of perception of all types of stimuli improves as a result of training. This is explained by the fact that when a stimulus is repeated many times, its generalized code is formed and remembered, which makes the recognition process more effective.
In the process of perception, the operation of establishing similarity is often used. Objects are compared by comparing parts of objects. This method is called structural comparison.
In the problem of background and object, the division into a significant and insignificant object is represented as focusing attention on the “here” and “now,” and the background is the context of the situation. The division into background and object is relative and dynamic, i.e. the background “here” and “now” can become an object somewhere and someday.
Research by psychologists proves the existence of innate principles of decomposition of sensory perception into objects, criteria acquired throughout life, as well as the presence of learning elements.
An important point that modern psychology points out is the close connection between perception and the subject’s skills (to imagine the whole as a collection of parts).
The type of perception aimed at decomposing a stimulus into a system of substimuli that have a certain independence is called decomposition. Decomposition occurs automatically, regardless of our consciousness. The ability to differentiate increases with age, that is, with the accumulation of experience.
Integration brings parts together into a whole. Through integration, unity of diversity is achieved.
Main principles of the integration process:
The ability to unite is developed with experience
Parts are combined into a whole if they appear together frequently. A generalized code appears.
Stimuli, which are objects located in space, can be perceived as a single image, i.e., as a scene. The code of such a scene is called topological.
Accurate object recognition requires perceptual actions. A model of the perceptual cycle was developed. The algorithm of its work is as follows:
A certain set of anticipations (hypotheses) regarding the perceived object is initialized.
These anticipations determine the plan for further examination
As a result of the survey, clarification occurs: some hypotheses are discarded, others are clarified.
Representation is a cognitive structure that provides problem solving in a state of “thrownness”, when an individual needs to act, and intellectual mechanisms (logical analysis) are too slow and do not meet the time constraints imposed by the situation.
Representation is physiologically conditioned; in the process of its formation, such automatic mechanisms as comparison, automatic conceptualization, and the formation of a topological and metric code of physical space predominate. The representation depends on the perceived information and is formed “here” and “now” to solve the problems facing the individual at the moment. In representation there is a synthesis of knowledge and sensory information.
4.
Conclusion. The implications of cognitive psychology research.
The ideas of cognitive psychology provide a new way of looking at things, which finds its practical implementation in the framework of artificial intelligence and software development. For example, the project to create an autonomous intellectual platform indicates the exceptional importance of cognitive science ideas. NATO hosts many conferences on various issues in cognitive science. Work in the field of cognitive science actively interacts with research on cognitive processes conducted in related fields. Thus, cognitive studies of the functions of concepts in human cognitive activity have made it possible to take a new look at the teachings of classical semantics and formal logic as models of human thought processes.
5. Bibliography.
Magazov S.S. “Cognitive processes and models” - M.: LKI Publishing House, 2007
3.1 General model of perception
Bibliography
1. Introduction. Cognitive psychology. Short story
In recent years, interest in the study of cognitive processes has been steadily growing. Until the early 50s, issues related to the theory of knowledge were considered in works on philosophy and logic. In the early 50s, specialists in the field of psychology began to intensively study the mechanisms of cognition. The first studies were devoted to studying the mechanisms of perception.
Currently, more complex cognitive mechanisms are being studied, such as decision-making, learning, memory, etc.
The term “cognition” began to be used not only to denote the process of formation of scientific knowledge, but also to denote the psychological process of the formation of everyday ideas.
A natural approach to studying the phenomenon of cognition, based on data from psychological and neurophysiological studies of the mechanisms of cognition, is called cognitive science.
Currently, cognitive science is becoming an important object of research, necessary to solve one of the strategic tasks of civilization, the goal of which is to develop methods for conscious control of personality and the creation of humanoid robots.
2. Modeling of cognitive processes in psychology
Modern research on cognitive functions proves that cognition can be known, i.e. the object of research can be studied using the same object. Research tools can be:
the ability to sense perception,
introspection of the mental and intellectual life of the subject.
There are 2 methodological approaches to the study of cognitive processes: phenomenological and neurophysiological.
The phenomenological approach describes the observable manifestations of the cognitive process (the field of cognitive psychology).
The neurophysiological approach explains the process of cognition based on the action of physiological mechanisms.
2.1 Types of cognitive processes
The basic basis of cognitive research is that an individual has two realities: mental and “real” (objective). “Real” reality is given to a person through the senses. It does not change as a result of the cognitive process.
The mental model is constructed by the individual in the process of cognition and is given to him from birth as a product of evolutionary development. The mental model allows the individual to navigate the “real” reality and ensures his survival. This is one of the goals of the cognitive process.
Traditionally, psychology recognizes two types of cognitive processes: explicit and automatic (hidden, subconscious). They are interdependent.
Explicit mechanisms of cognition are observable through introspection, i.e. are recognized by the individual. An important feature of the explicit mechanism is the purposeful nature of its activity, regulated by volitional effort. With the help of explicit mechanisms, a conscious problem is solved.
Hidden processes are studied through psychological experiments. As a result of experiments, it was shown that latent cognitive abilities are acquired, and some of them are innate. The current mainstream view is that unconscious categorization occurs at the level of hidden cognitive mechanisms that can be trained.
2.2 Purpose of cognitive modeling
The purpose of cognitive modeling is to build a model of human intellectual behavior, where consciousness is represented as an information machine.
2.3 Functional diagram of the cognitive process
Functional diagrams are used to specify the cognitive process as an information process. Block diagrams are built from functional blocks interconnected by information flows. A rough functional diagram of the cognitive process describes cognitive activity as a process of interaction of functional blocks. The scheme includes both automatic functioning cognitive functions and intellectual functions.
The circuit consists of functional blocks:
receptor area - primary information analysis
perception systems: visual, auditory, skin-kinesthetic, gustatory, olfactory. They provide multi-level operation of information and complex reflex processes.
memory is considered as a complex repository of knowledge and sensory information. The most important issue that memory researchers are trying to solve is the study of the mechanism of knowledge representation in memory and the functions performed by memory in various cognitive processes.
representation, where the synthesis of perception, conceptual knowledge and figurative code is carried out. Representation is built in the process of shaping behavior “here” and “now”. They are built automatically, unconsciously. The construction process uses frames contained in memory or knowledge systems. Constructing a frame-based representation consists of finding a suitable representation and updating it according to the perceived information. The ability to generate representations is innate and can be improved over the course of life.
Cognitive research studies the actual mental mechanisms of reasoning. In cognitive research, there are two types of inferences: normative and heuristic.
By normative inference we mean a conclusion in which the subject can justify the choice of a model of relevant initial information and justify each step of reasoning.
A heuristic conclusion is reasoning that may not have a strict justification, but by following it an individual often achieves success in his activities.
3. The problem of perception in cognitive science
Research in cognitive science studies the processes of perception. Perception is studied using instrumental methods as a natural phenomenon, and introspection is given the role of a heuristic technique.
Recently, computer modeling has become an important technique in cognitive research. For example, Goldstone considered the possibility of neural networks modeling human classification abilities. It was concluded that neural networks do not fully model human classification processes.
The general trend of modern research corresponds to an engineering approach, the goal of which is to link a number of known models of individual aspects of perception into a single system:
formation of a code (image) of a perceived object
comparison of information received from the senses with codes
the formation of a representation in which both conceptual knowledge and information perceived “here” and “now” are presented.
All these functions have a high degree of automaticity, do not depend on volitional messages and are not amenable to introspective observations.
3.1 General model of perception
It has now been proven that human perception has a creative power, the actions of which are subject to certain objective laws.
The perception system is divided into subsystems: visual, olfactory, auditory, skin-kinesthetic and gustatory. They are adaptive systems capable of learning and anticipating situations. The goal of these systems is to provide high accuracy and speed of perception.
The general model of perception is as follows:
receptors carry out primary encoding of external information and analyze it according to physical qualities (intensity, duration).
further, information travels along nerve fibers to parts of the brain located in the posterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. These departments are responsible for deep multi-stage processing of information. There, a plan of perceptual actions is formed and images are formed.
The process is controlled by innate and acquired skills, as well as with the help of attention, which in turn depends on the tasks solved by the individual and his volitional efforts. By studying innate and acquired skills, it is possible to reconstruct the algorithm of their work.
3.2 Structure of the perception model
The subject's perceptual experience is formed in the process of perceptual activity. Zinchenko identified the following types of perceptual actions:
detection of adequate task information features
examination of selected signs
As a result of perceptual action, various cognitive structures are formed.
3.3 Problems of visual code in the works of psychologists
In cognitive psychology, a large number of hypotheses have been formulated regarding cognitive structures automatically formed in the process of perception.
The hypothesis that figurative schemes are associated with visual codes requires careful consideration. In codes, information is presented in a compressed and generalized form. The mechanisms of code formation are developed in the process of evolution and depend on the biological species of the perceiver and his genetically determined abilities.
To understand the visual code, psychologists distinguish between the code of a part of an object and the general code of an object.
An object part code occurs if it is part of a stimulus:
important for solving the problem
has some independence from other parts of the stimulus
occurs quite often when training on such stimuli. Part code cannot exist in isolation without being part of something.
The general code of an object is a composition of two parts. Common codes are a system of codes. They have a structure and can include new codes.
It is assumed that visual codes (images) of “real” objects and codes (cognitive maps) of complex scenes of the physical world are stored in memory.
The visual code of an object contains information about its geometric characteristics, its quality, and detailed information about possible actions on it.
Two models for the emergence of codes have been proposed: the instance model and the implementation model. In the implementation model, each exposure to a stimulus causes a corresponding internal trace. The adequacy of the implementation model is confirmed by experimental results.
The following pattern is statistically reliable: the more training stimuli were offered, the more accurate and faster the recognition will be, i.e. the better the built code will be.
3.4 Mechanism and patterns of the perception process
There are principles for the functioning of perception when solving the following problems:
selecting an object from the background
generating an object code
establishing the identity and differences of objects
formation of a cognitive schema for spatial scenes
formation of representation
Perception can be thought of as a process that operates on two opposing strategies: decomposition and integration. Both strategies are used in the process of visually coding objects or scenes (systems of objects located in space). The choice of strategy is determined both by the volitional message of the individual and the nature of the stimulus material. Knowledge - both verbal and motor skills - influences the process of perception.
The accuracy and speed of perception of all types of stimuli improves as a result of training. This is explained by the fact that when a stimulus is repeated many times, its generalized code is formed and remembered, which makes the recognition process more effective.
In the process of perception, the operation of establishing similarity is often used. Objects are compared by comparing parts of objects. This method is called structural comparison.
In the background-object problem, the division between the significant and the insignificant object is represented as focusing attention on the here and now, and the background is the context of the situation. The division into background and object is relative and dynamic, i.e. the background of "here" and "now" can become an object somewhere and someday.
Research by psychologists proves the existence of innate principles of decomposition of sensory perception into objects, criteria acquired throughout life, as well as the presence of learning elements.
An important point that modern psychology points out is the close connection between perception and the subject’s skills (to imagine the whole as a collection of parts).
The type of perception aimed at decomposing a stimulus into a system of substimuli that have a certain independence is called decomposition. Decomposition occurs automatically, regardless of our consciousness. Abilities for differentiation increase with age, i.e. with the accumulation of experience.
Integration brings parts together into a whole. Through integration, unity of diversity is achieved.
Main principles of the integration process:
the ability to unite is developed with experience
parts combine into a whole if they appear together frequently. A generalized code appears.
stimuli, which are objects located in space, can be perceived as a single image, i.e. like a stage. The code of such a scene is called topological.
Accurate object recognition requires perceptual actions. A model of the perceptual cycle was developed. The algorithm of its work is as follows:
a certain set of anticipations (hypotheses) regarding the perceived object is initialized.
these anticipations determine the plan for further examination
As a result of the survey, clarification occurs: some hypotheses are discarded, others are clarified.
Representation is a cognitive structure that provides problem solving in a state of “thrownness”, when the individual needs to act, and intellectual mechanisms (logical analysis) are too slow and do not meet the time constraints imposed by the situation.
Representation is physiologically conditioned; in the process of its formation, such automatic mechanisms as comparison, automatic conceptualization, and the formation of a topological and metric code of physical space predominate. The representation depends on the perceived information and is formed “here” and “now” to solve the problems facing the individual at the moment. In representation there is a synthesis of knowledge and sensory information.
Conclusion. Significance of Cognitive Psychology Research
The ideas of cognitive psychology provide a new way of looking at things, which finds its practical implementation in the framework of artificial intelligence and software development. For example, the project to create an autonomous intellectual platform indicates the exceptional importance of cognitive science ideas. NATO hosts many conferences on various issues in cognitive science. Work in the field of cognitive science actively interacts with research on cognitive processes conducted in related fields. Thus, cognitive studies of the functions of concepts in human cognitive activity have made it possible to take a new look at the teachings of classical semantics and formal logic as models of human thought processes.
Water and radial maze methods, see 4.2). There is even a tendency to consider these phenomena to be the main manifestation of the cognitive activity of animals (in reality, this category includes a much wider range of individual adaptive reactions of animals, including preverbal concepts, the ability to assimilate and use symbols, which was discovered in...
2. Psychological determinants of interethnic relations The phenomena of intergroup perception are determined not only by real intergroup relations and more broadly by the social context. There is also a second – psychological – line of determination, so it is necessary to take into account the underlying cognitive processes. Their consideration should begin with a basic categorization process by which...
In conditions of management and communication, people evaluate each other, first of all, by the level of intelligence formed by the system of cognitive processes. In particular, each manager must be demanding of the qualities of his own intelligence, as well as the mental abilities of his subordinates, when assessing their suitability for the position and the nature of the production tasks they perform.
Cognitive processes or cognitive (from Latin cognitio - cognition) is a system of mental functions that ensure reflection and cognition by the subject of the phenomena of the objective world. This system includes the following processes:
1. Sensory Processes(sensation and perception), which serve to reflect objective reality in the form of specific sensory images. Sensation provides a reflection of individual qualities of objects: color, brightness, sound, temperature, smell, taste, size of images, movement in space, motor and pain reactions, etc. Perception reflects holistic images of objects - humans, animals, plants, technical objects, code signs, verbal stimuli, drawings, diagrams, musical images, etc.
These processes play important role in professional training, activities, and the level they are formed in people determines their important professional abilities to both recognize and distinguish between objects of various moralities, i.e., affecting various analyzers. For example, an experienced driver can detect engine problems by ear, and an experienced traffic police officer can identify an emergency situation using visual and audio signals.
Therefore, it is necessary to select people for specific types of activities that require the ability to accurately perceive various signals (light, sound, etc.), as well as to create objective conditions for the reliability of signal perception (taking into account the laws of contrast of threshold characteristics of human vision and hearing, etc.) when determining the level of brightness, size, color, volume and other parameters of signals presented to a person in various types activities.
2. Memory - is a system of mnemonic processes that serve to memorize, preserve and subsequently reproduce in the form of verbal reports and actions the knowledge that was learned in previous experience subject. Memory allows a person, within his subjective space, to connect the past, current and future plans of his activity and thereby participates in the processes of forecasting.
Based on the time parameter, instantaneous (sensory), short-term (operative) and long-term memory are distinguished, forming a unified system for processing information by the subject. Taking into account the patterns of these types of memory is necessary for the effective organization of educational and professional activity. For example, for short-term random access memory A clear dosage of material is important (from 5 to 7 signals per presentation). For successful work long-term memory is necessary:
Semantic processing of memorized material;
Incorporating memorized material into active forms practical activities (solving professional problems);
Adequate motivation (presence of interests, inclusion of emotional experiences, etc.);
Systematization of learned material.
3. Thinking - This is a system of processes that reflect objects in their natural connections and relationships, their understanding, forecasting, and decision-making. Thinking includes operations such as analysis and synthesis, comparison and differentiation, abstraction, generalization, systematization, and concretization. Thanks to thinking, a person learns the laws of nature and society, is able to plan his activities, consciously control technology, influence nature, consciously manage his activities and the actions of other people. Thinking is always a solution to some problems, therefore, for its development it is necessary to be able to create problematic situations in the professional activities of both managers and subordinates. Solution various kinds professional tasks require predominantly different types thinking - figurative, practical or theoretical.
For example, if for the driver vehicle imaginative and practical thinking is necessary, then for managers upper levels- highly developed theoretical thinking.
4. Speech - This is a system of processes that ensure the transmission and assimilation of information, social management of people, self-awareness and self-regulation of activity. A mandatory quality of a leader should be a high level of speech culture, proficiency in oral and in writing, the ability to use speech as a means of communication, persuasion and leadership of people.
5. Attention(attentional processes) is a special form of orienting activity that allows a person, in the conditions of learning and professional activity, to identify and clearly perceive objects against the background environment. For example, when managing traffic flows, a traffic police officer must quickly identify the main signals relevant to solving his operational tasks from a huge mass of influencing stimuli. When organizing professional activities, it is important to take into account the properties of human attention: volume, stability, noise immunity, distribution, switching, which can act as professional abilities (for example, in the activities of athletes, operators, etc.). Stability of attention is the most important condition for the productivity of educational and practical activities, observation. The lack of these properties of attention is one of the main causes of emergency errors in the management of equipment and people.
6. Imagination(fantasy) is the process of forming new images based on the processing of a memory image, i.e., the past experience of the subject. Imagination is the basis of creativity, invention, and anticipation of possible events. To activate the imagination as the ability for creativity and foresight, the following is necessary:
Training employees in recreating certain production situations (successful or emergency) according to their description;
Prevention of fictitious situations, self-control of thinking;
Development of predictive abilities in anticipation of emergency or conflict situations and their possible consequences.
The effectiveness of cognitive processes is associated with two types of human activity factors.
1. Objective factors, associated with social and natural processes, with the influence of people on each other, the organization of educational and production activities. These include:
Rational organization of educational and production activities (clear plans, programs, goals, instructions, etc.);
Teaching methodology ( technical means, clarity, methods of presenting information, organizing personnel actions taking into account the laws of cognitive processes, perception, memory, etc.);
Experience and skill of the instructor and leader, his authority, pedagogical tact, etc.;
Organization of systematic monitoring and adequacy of assessment of employees’ knowledge and actions, assessment of their psychological and business readiness for independent professional activity;
Individual approach to communication and training of employees.
2. Subjective factors success of training and professional activities are the individual personality traits of employees:
Motivational attitudes that determine people’s attitude towards professional activity, its goals and results;
Level of previous preparedness, professional experience, training in solving certain problems;
Giftedness, general and special abilities;
Psychological properties of personality (type nervous system, performance, balance, emotionality, etc.);
Characteristic personality traits (communication, organization, responsibility, self-control, etc.);
Stress resistance and self-regulation;
Attitude to the personality of the instructor and leader, as well as to your work group.
The system of cognitive processes forms the sphere of intelligence and is a determining component of the sphere of individual consciousness.