Short or full form of adjectives. Full and short form of adjectives
Every schoolchild knows about this. However, not everyone knows the spelling rules for this part of speech, as well as into what groups it is divided, etc.
general information
It is a part of speech that names the properties and qualities of objects (for example, old chair), events ( incredible incident), states ( strong feeling ) and other phenomena of the surrounding world ( Hard childhood). In addition, the adjective indicates that the object belongs to someone ( mom's bag, fox hole).
Main types
Depending on how the adjective is designated and what feature it has, as well as what grammatical properties it has, this part of speech is divided into the following groups:
- relative;
- quality;
- possessive.
Relative adjectives
Such a group describes the properties of any attribute, action or object through its relationship to another attribute, action or object.
Here are some examples: bookshelf, children's fun, destructive power, Brazil nut, double blow, religious views, etc.
Qualitative adjectives
This group has its own characteristics, namely:
- Indicates the characteristics of objects: age (old), size (sick), speed (fast), color (blue), human properties (angry), assessment (normal), physical properties (strong, dense, thick, etc.).
- Forms such excellent ( strongest, subtlest, most important, most important) and comparative ( stronger, thinner, more important, etc.).
- They have short forms (for example, fast, thick, powerful etc.). It should be especially noted that short adjectives cannot be formed from all qualitative ones.
Possessive adjectives
Adjectives of this group answer the question “whose?”, and also indicate that something belongs to an animal ( hare's hole, cow's milk) or person ( daddy's wallet, petya's car). It should also be noted that all possessive adjectives are formed from animate nouns using suffixes such as -nin, -in, -iy, -ev, -ov.
Here are some examples: grandfather - grandfather's; father - fathers, etc.
Short name adjective
In addition to the division into relative, qualitative and possessive groups, this part of speech also differs in special forms. So, in the Russian language there are:
- brief;
- full adjectives.
Moreover, the former are formed by a kind of reduction of the latter. To understand what features short adjectives have, you should consider all the rules regarding their formation and spelling. After all, only this information will allow you to correctly use this part of speech in writing text or in oral conversation.
Endings
Adjectives in the short singular form have the following gender endings:
- Feminine - ending -A. Here are some examples: new, thin, strong, skinny, etc.
- Masculine gender - zero ending. Here are some examples: strong, strong, lean, new, handsome, etc.
- Neuter - ending -o or -e (beautiful, strong, strong, new, thin, skinny, etc.).
In plural There are no gender differences in this part of speech in this particular form. Thus, all short adjectives have endings -And or -s (strong, strong, beautiful, new, graceful, skinny, etc.).
Features of the short form
As you can see, this part of speech can be declined according to gender and number. However, it should be remembered that short adjectives never change by case. In a sentence, such members usually act as a predicate.
Let's give an example: She's very smart. In this case, the word “smart” is a short adjective that acts as a predicate.
It should also be noted that some types of a given part of speech with several lexical meanings can form a short form only in some of them. For example, the word "poor" does not have a short adjective if it means "miserable, miserable." In addition, some adjectives also cannot have their full form. These words include must, glad, loving and much.
What is the difference from full ones?
They only have a short form. Their difference from the full form is in the definition morphological features. That is, as mentioned above, this form of the presented part of speech does not change by case, but is declined only by number and gender. Besides, short names adjectives differ from full ones syntactic role. Thus, in a sentence they do not act as a definition, but in or as a component of it. Although in some cases they are still designated as a definition. Most often, this phenomenon is observed in phraseological units or in works of folk art (for example, and barefoot, in broad daylight, a beautiful maiden, a good fellow, etc..).
Spelling short adjectives
To correctly use short forms of adjectives, you should definitely study the rules of their spelling.
Formation of short adjectives
Short forms from long forms. This happens by adding to them generic endings:
- zero or male;
- middle (-e or -o);
- female (-I or -a).
In addition, short adjectives can be plural (ending -ы or -и) or singular. So how are these shapes formed? These rules are very simple:
The relationship between the full and short forms of adjectives
From the point of view of lexical meanings, there are 3 types of relationships between the short and full forms of adjectives:
1. Matching lexical meaning(For example, good day and good day, beautiful baby and beautiful baby).
2. They coincide only in certain values:
- “False” meaning “fake.” In this case there is no short form.
- “False” meaning “insincere.” In this case short form will be "fake".
- “Poor” means “unhappy.” In this case there is no short form.
- “Poor” means “poor.” In this case, the short form will be "poor".
3. The short form is considered as a semantic synonym and differs from the full form in its meaning:
- the short form denotes a temporary sign, and the full form denotes a permanent one (for example, the baby is sick and the baby is sick);
- the short form indicates excessive manifestation of the trait (for example, grandma is old or grandma is old);
- the long form indicates an unrelated attribute, and the short form indicates something in relation to something (for example, the dress is tight and the dress is tight).
- in some cases the meanings of both forms of adjectives are so divergent that they are used and perceived as completely different words(For example, the purpose of the trip was quite clear and the weather was clear).
Short form of adjectives
Short form of adjectives is inherent only in qualitative adjectives; relative and possessive adjectives do not have a short form. Qualitative adjectives can have not only attributive (full) but also predicative (short) forms: plot interesting- plot interesting, story interesting, work Interesting, fairy tales interesting.
The short form of adjectives in modern Russian is predominantly bookish in nature, the full form is neutral.
The relationship between short and long forms of adjectives in Russian
From the point of view of correspondence of lexical meanings, three types of relationships between full and short forms of adjectives can be distinguished:
- short and long forms that coincide in their lexical meaning: obedient baby - baby is obedient, sultry day - day sultry, inflexible character - character adamant;
- short and long forms in polysemantic words coincide only in certain values:
- the short form of the adjective is different from full meaning and is treated as a semantic synonym:
In some cases, the meaning of the long and short forms is so different that they are perceived as different words: prominent artist - from the mountain visible garden, the weather was fine clear- the purpose of the trip was clear.
Notes
Literature
- A. I. Vlasenkov, L. M. Rybchenkova. Russian language. - M., “Enlightenment”, 2000, ISBN 5-09-009509-4
- V. F. Grekov, S. E. Kryuchkov, L. A. Cheshko. A manual for Russian language classes. - M., “Enlightenment”, 2000, ISBN 5-09-009535-3
Links
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Qualitative adjectives
Only qualitative adjectives have a full and short form: good - excellent, excellent - excellent, fresh - fresh, sweet - sweet.
The short form of relative adjectives is usually used as a means of expressiveness in artistic speech.
Let's give an example: These are the same strings. They look like copper and like cast iron.
Only full forms are used in the definition function. However, both full and short forms of adjectives can be used as a predicate: Short day. The day is short. The day is short.
Change by case retain only some adjectives in folklore expressions.
Let's give an example: on bare feet.
In a sentence, short adjectives are almost always the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate.
Let's give an example: He is smart; He is stately; He's cheerful.
Relative adjectives
have only full form.
Let's give an example: Iron, today's, comfortable.
Possessive adjectives with the suffixes "in"/"yn", "ov"/"ev", "iy" - in the singular form of the nominative case they usually have only a short form.
For example: Dad, daddy, daddy, daddy; wolfish, wolfish, wolfish, wolfish.
In indirect cases such adjectives have:
or a short form: father's, wolf's;
or the full form: father's, wolf's.
The endings of short forms coincide with the endings of nouns.
Let's give an example: spring - daddy's; spring - daddy's.
Qualitative adjectives usually have two forms: full and short.
Let's give an example: Cheerful - cheerful, handsome - handsome.
Full adjectives change by gender, singular, number and case.
Short qualitative adjectives answer the questions what? what? what? what are they? and change by gender, singular and numbers.
Here's an example: Happy, happy, happy, happy.
Declension of adjectives
The declension of adjectives, in comparison with the declension of nouns, is more unified. In the nominative singular case, adjectives have a gender difference: the case endings of the masculine, feminine and neuter gender are different. In the plural, adjectives have no gender differences, and the case endings for all three genders are the same.
In modern Russian there are three types of declension of adjectives:
1. Declension of qualitative and relative adjectives such as red, gold, summer, blue.
2. Declension of possessive adjectives such as bratnin, aunt, fathers, friends.
3. Declension of adjectives starting with “ii” such as wolf, bear.
The most productive is the first type of declension, which, according to the nature of the last consonant of the stem, has three varieties: a hard version of the declension (rich, stone), a soft version of the declension (autumn, blue) and mixed: a) with a base on sibilant, b) with a base on d , k, x and v) with a base on c (pale-faced, small, smooth, long, quiet).
For adjectives with a stem on a hard consonant, the stress during declension is either only on the stem (kind, red), or only on the ending (sick, dumb).
For adjectives with a stem on a soft consonant and adjectives with a stem on c, when inflected, the stress always falls only on the stem (short, autumn, blue).
Adjectives with a base on a hard consonant in the instrumental case of the feminine singular have a double ending: “oy” (“ey”) and “oy” (“ey”). Their use depends on the style of speech: in poetic language the ending -oy ("ee") is more common, which is due to the laws of poetic style (rhythm, rhyme, etc.), for example: I pass through a field along a narrow boundary, overgrown with porridge and tenacious quinoa.
Possessive adjectives ending in "in", "ov" ("ev") have a mixed type of declension: part case endings of these adjectives coincides with the endings of the hard declension of qualitative-relative adjectives; in certain cases the endings of nouns are used (in the nominative and accusative cases all genders and numbers, in the genitive and dative cases, masculine and neuter singular).
Possessive adjectives with the suffix “in” in modern Russian are increasingly declined like full adjectives with a base on a hard consonant (not sister, sister, but sister, sister, etc.).
Possessive adjectives ending in “rank” (bratnin, muzhnin) are inflected in the same way as adjectives ending in “in”.
Possessive adjectives with -niy (filial, filial) are inflected like full qualitative-relative adjectives soft version declinations (for example, near).
Possessive adjectives formed with the suffix -j- (wolf, wolf, wolf) have both full and short endings: wolf, wolf, etc., wolf, wolf, etc.
Adjectives that are used as nouns are declined according to general rules Declensions of adjectives.
Spelling case forms of adjectives:
1. Adjectives have endings that are similar to the endings of the question word what: with an excellent (what?) mood, about a beautiful (what?) bag, and the like.
Always remember that after hard consonants the vowels s, o, u are written, and after soft consonants the vowels are written - i, e, yu.
Let's give an example: long stockings - blue stockings, in a long stocking - in a blue stocking; in a black bag - in a yellow bag.
2. Spelling o and e after sibilants and c at the end of adjectives always depends on stress: under stress - o, without stress - e, large garden- a handsome boy.
3. In the nominative case of the masculine singular, full adjectives in the stressed position have the ending -ой, in the unstressed case - “й”, “и”.
nightmare - blue ocean, early reception.
4. In all forms of possessive adjectives with the suffix “ii”, except for the masculine singular form of the nominative case, it is written soft sign.
Wolfish, wolfish, wolfish, wolfish.
5. In short adjectives, a soft sign is not written after hissing ones.
Burning - burning, mighty - mighty.
The category of completeness/brevity is realized only in the category of qualitative adjectives and is formed by the opposition of two forms - full and short - of the same adjective: white - white; old - old
The short form is formed by joining to the base positive degree endings: Ø for masculine, - and I for women, - o/e for average, - s/s for plural ( deep-Ø , deep-a, deep-o, deep-i).
If at the end of the stem there is a combination of consonants with<н>or<к>, then when forming the m.r. a “fluent” vowel appears ( thin - thin, full - full). For adjectives with stems ending in –enn (such as painful, artificial, frivolous, numerous) in the form m.r. truncation occurs -n (painful (cf. painful), artificial).
A short form is not formed from qualitative adjectives, which
1) have suffixes characteristic of relative adjectives - sk-, -ov-/-ev-, -n-: brown, coffee, fraternal;
2) indicate the colors of animals: brown, black;
3) have suffixes of subjective assessment: tall, blue.
From adjective small the short form is formed by truncation of the stem suffix – yenk - (small – small, few, small), and from the adjective big– suppletive (big - great, great, great, great).
Short form only have adjectives much, should, glad, necessary, too big, too small etc.
The short and full forms of the adjective differ in morphological, syntactic and semantic features. The short form does not change by case; in a sentence it appears primarily as a nominal part of the predicate (cases like beautiful girl, white flammable stone are phraseologically archaic); the short form acts as a definition only in a separate syntactic position ( Angry at the whole world, he almost stopped leaving the house).
In the position of the predicate, the meaning of the full and short forms usually coincides, but for some adjectives the following semantic differences are possible between them:
1) the short form denotes excessive manifestation of a trait with a negative assessment, cf.: short skirt – short skirt;
2) the short form denotes a temporary sign, the full form – permanent, cf.: the child is sick - the child is sick.
The short form always names the main feature of the subject. The full form can denote both an additional attribute of an object (The cheerful girl was beautiful) and the main attribute of the same object (The cheerful girl was beautiful).
Degrees of comparison of adjectives
Qualitative adjectives are characterized by an inflectional category of degrees of comparison formed by the forms positive, comparative and superlative degrees (comparative called comparative, and excellent - superlative).
Positive degree comparison is the original form of the adjective, when compared with which the grammatical meaning of the comparative and superlative degrees is realized.
comparative an adjective indicates that the attribute expressed by the adjective is characteristic of a given object to a greater extent than of another ( Peterhigher Vasya; This riverdeeper than the other) or the same item in other circumstances ( Petya is taller than he was last year; The river is deeper in this place than in that one).
Superlative shows that the attribute expressed by the adjective is characteristic of this object to the highest degree compared to all compared objects ( beautiful from gifts, most high house in the city).
The forms of comparative and superlative degrees of comparison can be synthetic And analytical.
1. Synthetic(simple) form of comparative degree denotes a greater degree of manifestation of the characteristic and is formed as follows: positive degree stem + formative suffixes -ee(s), -e, -she/-zhe (faster, higher, earlier, deeper).
If at the end of a stem of a positive degree there is an element To / OK, this segment is often truncated: deep - deep.
Some adjectives have suppletive forms, that is, formed from another base: bad is worse, good is better.
When forming a simple comparative degree, a prefix can be added By- (newer). Simple comparative degree with prefix By– is used if the adjective takes the position of an inconsistent definition ( Give me a newer newspaper) and does not require introducing into the sentence what this feature is being compared with. If there is in a sentence both what is being compared and what is being compared with, the prefix By- adds a conversational tone ( These boots are newer than those).
The morphological features of the simple comparative degree are uncharacteristic of an adjective. This
1) immutability,
2) the ability to control a noun,
3) use primarily as a predicate ( He is taller than his father). A simple comparative degree can occupy a position of definition only in a separate position ( Much taller than the other students, he seemed almost an adult) or in a non-separated position with an attachment By– in position after a noun ( Buy me some fresh newspapers).
Analytical The (compound) form of the comparative degree is formed using auxiliary words more/less + positive degree ( more/less high).
The difference between a compound comparative degree and a simple one is as follows:
1) the compound comparative degree is broader in meaning, since it denotes not only a greater, but also a lesser degree of manifestation of a characteristic;
2) the compound comparative degree changes in the same way as the positive degree of comparison (original form), i.e. according to gender, number and cases, and can also be in a short form ( more beautiful);
3) the compound comparative degree can be either predicate or non-separate and separate definition (A less interesting article was presented in this journal. This article is less interesting than the previous one.)
2. The superlative degree of comparison, like the comparative, can be simple and compound.
Synthetic The (simple) superlative form of comparison of an adjective is formed as follows: base positive degree + formative suffixes -eysh– / -aysh-(after k, g, x, causing alternation): good, Supreme
When forming a simple superlative degree of comparison, the prefix can be used nai-: kindest.
Morphological features of the simple superlative degree of comparison of adjectives: variability by gender, number, case, use in syntactic function definitions and predicates. The simple superlative degree of comparison of an adjective does not have a short form.
Analytical The (compound) superlative form of adjectives is formed in three ways:
1) element the most + positive degree ( the cleverest);
2) element most/least+ positive degree ( most/least smart);
3) simple comparative degree + element total/everyone (He was smarter than everyone).
The forms of the compound superlative degree, formed by the first and second methods, have morphological features characteristic of the positive degree, i.e. they change according to gender, number and cases, and can have a short form ( most convenient), act both as a definition and as a nominal part of the predicate. Forms of the compound superlative degree, formed in the third way, are unchangeable and act primarily as the nominal part of the predicate.
Not all qualitative adjectives have forms of degrees of comparison, and the absence of simple forms of degrees of comparison is observed more often than the absence of compound forms.
3. Derivational “degrees of quality” do not indicate the actual intensity of the attribute, but its subjective assessment by the speaker: forest green . Formed:
1) adding the prefixes arch-, ultra-, super-, time-, pre-, all- (arch-modern, ultra-right, super-powerful, etc.);
2) by adding the suffixes –ovat-/-evat-, -onk-/-enk-, -okhonk-/-eshenk-, -ush-/-yush-, -enn- (plump, bluish, long, hefty, etc.) d.);
3) repetition of the basics, often with prefixation in the second part (darling-cute, cheerful-cheerful).
Question 13. Adverb. Classification of adverbs by meaning. State category words, their meaning, morphological features and syntactic function. Distinguishing homonymous forms of adjectives, adverbs and words of the state category.
Adverb - This independent part speech, denoting a sign of an action, another sign, state, or rarely an object. Adverbs are unchangeable (with the exception of qualitative adverbs in - O / -e) and are syntactically adjacent to verbs, adjectives, adverbs, as well as special words naming the states of living beings and environment (run fast, very fast, very fast).
In rare cases, an adverb may be attached to a noun: running a race(a noun has the meaning of action), soft-boiled egg, Warsaw coffee. In these cases, the adverb acts as an inconsistent definition.
The main morphological property of adverbs is their immutability - this is their constant morphological feature. However, qualitative adverbs in - O / -e, formed from qualitative adjectives, have degrees of comparison.
Due to its immutability, an adverb is associated with other words in a sentence by adjacency. In a sentence it is usually an adverbial adverbial clause.
Some adverbs can act as a nominal part of predicates. Most often these are predicates of impersonal sentences ( The sea is quiet), however, some adverbs can also serve as predicates of two-part sentences ( The conversation will be frank. She is married).
Forms of adjectives
Forms of adjectives
Introduction
1. general characteristics adjectives
2. Full and short form of adjectives
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
Morphology is a section of grammar that studies the parts of speech and the forms of their change.
Parts of speech are certain lexico-grammatical classes of words that have common semantic, morphological and syntactic properties.
Based on semantic, morphological and syntactic principles, in the Russian language one can distinguish one of the significant parts of speech, such as an adjective. This is a part of speech that denotes the attribute of an object and answers the questions: what? what? whose?
It should be noted that adjectives are qualitative, relative and possessive. Adjectives also have degrees of comparison: comparative and superlative, and differ in forms, i.e. have a short and a long form.
In his test work, I tried to consider in detail the issue of forms of adjectives, their distinctive features and the conditions under which the formation of these forms is possible.
1. General characteristics of adjectives
An adjective is a part of speech that denotes an attribute of an object and answers questions Which? what? whose?
Unlike verbs denoting a characteristic that exists in time ( white sunrise), and nouns denoting a sign of an object or phenomenon, separated from this object, phenomenon (white), adjectives show a constant attribute of a specific object denoted by a noun.
Adjectives have categories of gender, number and case, which are dependent on nouns: tall tree(noun tree refers to the neuter gender, used in the nominative singular; adjective high has the same shapes) high dream, high pillar, tall trees (as the categories of nouns change, the categories of adjectives change accordingly).
Adjectives characterizing the pronouns I and you (in the form different cases), devoid of gender meaning, can acquire independent generic meanings and be the only exponents of these meanings: I, young and talented, am waiting for recognition of success. You, strong and generous, will protect me. They tried to humiliate and insult you, proud and independent.
Adjectives can be qualitative, relative and possessive.
2. Full and short form of adjectives
Qualitative adjectives have full and short forms: fresh-- fresh, cute-- mil.
The short form of relative adjectives is used as a means of expressiveness (usually in artistic speech), for example: These are the strings. As if they were copper and as if they were cast iron.(March.)
Only full forms are used in the definition function. Both full and short forms of adjectives can be used as a predicate: short night. The night is short. The night is short.
The full and short forms of adjectives in the predicate function differ stylistically: the short forms have a predominantly bookish stylistic overtones, the full forms have a neutral or colloquial tone, for example: And again the soul is poetryfull. (N.) Pupildiligent.
Full adjectives sometimes denote a permanent attribute of an object, while short adjectives sometimes denote a temporary attribute: From now on I know the value of successful and stingy words.(Born) In the forests, in the deserts I will endure the silent ones, full of you, your rocks, your bays, and shine, and shadow, once the talk of the waves.(P.)
In some cases, long forms indicate an absolute attribute of an object that is not associated with any specific conditions of its appearance, and short forms indicate a relative attribute, for example: short skirt-- the skirt is short(not in general, for someone), the door is low-- the door is low(not in general, but in order to bring a closet into it).
Full adjectives can have terminological meaning, but short adjectives cannot: black and red currants; porcini mushrooms etc.
The short form is characterized by a shade of greater categoricalness in the designation of a feature of an object, cf.: Masha is smart. Masha is smart.
With words How And So Only short forms are used: to how beautiful, how fresh the roses were...(I. Myatlev.), with words what kind of guy-- full: What a smart child/
The predicate, expressed by an adjective in full form, does not have the ability of syntactic control: Ivan-- malchick capable. The forest is beautiful. The short form can control dependent words: Ivan is good at mathematics.
The short form can be synonymized with the full form in the instrumental case: was helpful-- was useful, became greedy-- stal greedy.
With ligaments to become, to become, to be The instrumental predicative predominates. When connected be Both a short form and an instrumental predicative of the full form are possible.
When addressed politely to You possible or short form B you are resourceful and smart), or the full form, consistent in gender with the real gender of the person to whom the speech is addressed: You are resourceful and smart. You are resourceful and smart.
Using the full form of an adjective in the plural when addressing one person is a speech error. You cannot say: “You, Ivan Ivanovich, are resourceful and smart.” Necessary: You, Ivan Ivanovich, are resourceful and smart or You, Ivan Ivanovich, are resourceful and smart.
The short form is formed from the stems of full adjectives by adding gender endings in the singular and a plural ending common to all genders.
Historically, the short form is primary. She was more ancient. Long forms were formed from short ones by adding case forms of the demonstrative pronoun to them.
In the Old Russian language there was a special demonstrative pronoun: masculine - i (m), feminine - ga (ya), neuter - k (f). The nominative case of this pronoun disappeared from the language a long time ago, but its indirect cases have been preserved (with changes) and are used in modern language as indirect cases of pronouns he: his, him, them etc. Thus, in the feminine gender from young+ I happened young, neuter from young + e happened young. In the masculine gender, at the end of short adjectives, a special sound was pronounced, similar to [o] and depicted in writing with the letter ъ: from odds young+ OAnd happened young. In a similar way, from merging with pronouns, forms of other cases were obtained: from mloda+ his happened young from young+ to him it turned out m young etc.
At first, short and full adjectives were declined and changed according to gender and number: short adjectives were declined as nouns of the 1st (female) or 2nd (m. and middle) declension, complete ones - as demonstrative pronouns that, that, that or all, all.
Both short and full adjectives were used as modifiers, that is, they agreed with the noun they referred to in gender, number and case. This is evidenced by some phrases that include case forms of multiple adjectives, for example: on bare feet, from young to old, his fuss flared up, in broad daylight, across the world, as well as >chiya and adverbial expressions formed from such aiming words: I'll say hello, red-hot, white-hot, white-hot, left, a. Traces of indirect cases of short forms of adjectives are preserved in works of oral folk art: The young man finally turned to the red sun; declared the king's will; He speaks sweetly, as if a river is babbling.(P.)
Short adjectives could act as predicates in Old Russian; full forms in this role began to be used no earlier than the 15th century.
In Old Russian, short adjectives are used when indefinite noun, denoting an unknown or first-mentioned object, and complete - with a specific noun denoting a known object, for example: good sister- this is some kind of sister and the one who is mentioned for the first time, and good sister- this is a certain, famous sister.
The category of definiteness-indeterminacy turned out to be unstable in the Old Russian language, and short adjectives began to be preserved only as a nominal part of a compound predicate. Since predicates are connected with subjects, which are always in the nominative case, then predicates expressed by short adjectives began to be used only in one case, that is, they began to decline.
Short forms are not formed from some adjectives, mainly those qualitative adjectives that are relative in origin, as indicated by their word-formation connection with nouns. These include:
a) adjectives with suffix -sk-: brotherly, heroic, heroic, rustic, friendly, comradely;
b) adjectives with suffix -oe- (-ev-): combative, strong-willed, businesslike, advanced;
c) adjectives with suffix -n-: near, upper, spring, evening, internal, distant, ancient, autumn, last, color;
G) verbal adjectives with suffix -l-, meaning “being in some state”: backward, frozen, saggy, shabby;
e) adjectives denoting the colors of animals: bay, ne-(ey, savrasy;
f) adjectives that denote color not directly, but through its relationship to the subject: pink(cf. rose), coffee(cf. coffee), cream(cf. cream), lilac(cf. lilac);
g) adjectives with the meaning of subjective assessment: feisty, hefty, unamiable.
Some adjectives are used only in short form: much, must, love, right, glad.
It is necessary to pay attention to some cases of the formation of short adjectives:
a) a short form of the masculine gender with a base on a sibilant that does not have a sibilant at the end s fragrant, beautiful;
b) at the base of some short masculine adjectives, fluent vowels appear between consonants one: strong-- strong, beautiful-- beautiful;
c) there is so much in the short form of the adjective n, how much in full form: valuable-- valuable, valuable-- valuable, valuable-- valuable; in the masculine between nn there is a fluent e: valuable -- valuable, extraordinary-- extraordinary;
d) from an adjective worthy a short form is formed worthy;
e) for adjectives ending in -ny, There may be short form options: immoral-- immoral And immoral. Adjectives that are formed from nouns with a stem ending in two or more consonants have a short form in - en: impeccable - impeccable, painful - painful, feminine - feminine, ambiguous - ambiguous, etc.
Relative adjectives in literary language are never short: folk, folk, folk, possessive adjectives ending in - in, - ov (- ev), - y, on the contrary, are not complete: aunt's house, grandfather's story, teacher's briefcase, fox tail.
Short adjectives have three types of stress.
They are shown in the table:
Fixed stress based | Adjectives with non-derivative stems | Kipucha, bubbly, bubbly, bubbly; Curly, curly, curly, curly; Useful, useful, useful, useful; Submissive, submissive, submissive, submissive. | |
Movable stress moving from the stem to the ending in the feminine form | One-syllable and two-syllable adjectives with a non-derivative base and adjectives with a derived base with suffixes - ok (- ёк), -к-. | White, white, white, white; Bos, bosa, boso, barefoot; Fast, fast, fast, fast; Cheerful, cheerful, cheerful, cheerful. | |
Emphasis on ending | Hot, hot, hot; Must, must, must; Light, light, easy; Small, small, few; Tricky, tricky, tricky; Equal, equal, equal. |
Conclusion
In my test, I looked at two forms of adjectives: full and short. Thus, I would like to highlight the main points:
Ш Qualitative adjectives have full and short forms
Ш The short form of relative adjectives is used as a means of expressiveness
Ш Only full forms are used in the definition function
Ш Short forms have a predominantly bookish stylistic connotation, while long forms have a neutral or colloquial tone.
Ш Full adjectives sometimes denote a permanent attribute of an object, and short adjectives sometimes denote a temporary attribute
Ш Full adjectives can have terminological meaning, but short ones cannot.
Ш The short form is formed from the stems of full adjectives by adding gender endings in the singular and a plural ending common to all genders.
Ш Historically, the short form is primary.
Ш Relative adjectives in literary language are never short
Ш Short adjectives have three types of stress.
Ш Fixed stress based on
Ш Emphasis on ending
Ш Movable stress, moving from the stem to the ending in the feminine form.
Bibliography
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