Psychology of Algerians: what are they like, the Arabs who inhabit the largest country in Africa? Population of Algeria.
Berbers mainly live in the areas around the Atlas Mountains and in the Sahara Desert in the oases. They often speak Berber dialect and Arabic. Educated Algerians generally speak good French. In principle, spoken French can often be heard in these parts. Here, French has not yet given up its position to English and remains the main trade and business language of the state. The majority of the population professes Sunni Islam. Before independence, many European Christians and Jews lived here, but after the declaration of the Algerian Democratic People's Republic they left, mainly to France.
The appearance of Algerians is basically this: dark skin, black hair, black eyes, average height, elongated face shape.
Population of Algeria
In 1830, when the French captured Algeria, the population was just over three million. After that, this figure grew at a rapid rate. By the beginning of this century, there were already about 33 million people in the state. The population is projected to increase to approximately 44 million by 2050.
The bulk of the population are Arabs. The 5th part of the population is Berbers, who mainly live in the mountainous regions of the country. In the oases of the Sahara Desert there are also Shawiyyas, and in the Ahaggar region there are Tuareg nomads. The Berbers have their own script, which is different from the Arabic script.
Algeria population density
The vast majority of the population are Arabs and Berbers (99%), the rest are mainly foreign specialists working in the country. The average population density of Algeria is 16.5 people per square meter. The bulk of the population (about three quarters) lives in the foothills of the Atlas, approximately one and a half million people live in the highlands, mostly Berbers, and less than 1 million live in the oases of the Sahara Desert. The highest population density is observed in the capital and in Kabylia. Below is a comparative table of population density in Algeria from 2002 to 2013 (how many people per square meter). Every year this figure increases by about one and a half percent.
The ratio of male to female population in Algeria is 51 to 49%. The population growth in the country is 1.35%. Average age Algerians are 27 years old, while the number of citizens under 15 years old is 27%, and over 65 years old - 7%. Average life expectancy in Algeria: 73 years; for men - 72 years, and for women - 75 years.
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During the era of the French conquest population of Algeria OK. 3 million people. In 1966 it reached 11,823 million and in 1997 29,476 million. In 1996, the birth rate was 28.5 per 1,000 people and the death rate was 5.9 per 1,000 people.
Infant mortality (children under one year of age) is 48.7 per 1000 births. In the mid-1990s, approx. 68% of the population were under 29 years of age.
At the beginning, Algeria was inhabited by people who spoke Berber languages. These people were there in 2000. N. No. I moved from the Middle East. Majority modern people use conversational Arabic. Arabs settled in Algeria during the period of Islamic conquests 7-8. Century.
and nomadic migrations in the XI-XII centuries. The mixing of two waves of indigenous immigrants led to the emergence of the so-called Arab-Berber folklore, the cultural development of which is dominated by Arab elements.
As the main ethnic subgroup of Algerian society, the Berbers play important role in the life of the state.
During the Roman and Arab conquests of North Africa, many Berbers moved from the coast to the high mountains. Berbers make up about 1/5 of the country's population. The highest concentration of Berber population in the Djurdjura mountain range is located east of the capital, known as Kabylia.
Local residents, cabins, settled in many cities of the country, but carefully preserved ancient traditions. Other important groups of the Berber population comprised the tribal alliances of the Shaviyya, who originated in the mountainous region around Batna, the Mzabita, who settled in the oases of Northern Sahara, and the nomadic Tuareg, who live in the far south in the Ahaggar region.
After the conquest of Algeria by France in the 19th century. the number of European parts of the population increased, and by the 1960s there were already about 2,000 inhabitants.
1 million Europeans. Most of them had French roots, while the ancestors of others moved to Algeria from Spain, Italy and Malta. After Algeria declared independence in 1962, most Europeans left the country.
Most of the Algerian population are Sunni Muslims (Maliki and Hanafis). Lives in the valleys of Mzab, Ouargl and Algiers certain number followers of the Ibat sect. The state religion is Islam. There are ok.
Population size of the largest cities in Algeria
Christians, mostly Catholics and about a thousand Jews.
The national language is Arabic and French languages are still widespread. Some Berber tribes who speak Tamahak and Tamazirt received their letter. Several books have already been published in the Tamassert dialect in Algeria.
About 3/4 of the population is concentrated in the Tell Atlas foothills, where about 1.5 million people live in the highlands and less than a million in the Sahara Desert.
The highest densities are found near the capital and the Kabylia region.
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Algeria
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ALJER, People's Democratic Republic of Algeria is located in North Africa, on the southern coast Mediterranean Sea.
One of the Maghreb countries (Arab West). On the surface - 2381.7 thousand square meters. km - ranks second in Africa (Sudan).
The coast has a pleasant climate: warm, rainy winters and hot, dry summers (average temperature in January + 12 ° C, July + 25 ° C), only a pleasant cool sea wind. Sometimes dry hot winds from the Sahara raise the temperature to + 40 ° C. Due to winter winds, there are short frosts and even snow in the north. It takes 20 days to reach the mountain peaks.
Primorye and the northern slopes of the mountain receive the highest precipitation (up to 1200 mm per year). The climate on the high plateau is harsh and dry, like the Sahara, very hot and dry with the average fall in the desert being less than 50 mm of rainfall per year, and for some years there may be no rain at all. The rivers are small, only Shelit one extends for 700 km. In fact, these are temporary watercourses - Ueda (or Wadi), which we sometimes fill with water after rain. Floods last only a few hours, rarely a few days, but result in severe to severe flooding.
Many salt lakes "seb" dry up in the summer and become covered with salt. An important source of water supply is groundwater, especially in the Sahara, where oases with date palms and pistachios have appeared around drilling wells, as well as the oil and gas industry. A huge reservoir of underground fresh water is located in Hassi Meso (this is the main oil production area) in Ch. 1.5 thousand
m, where pumps supply hot water (+63 ° C).
Approximately 4/5 of the territory (south and center) is occupied by the Sahara Desert. In the north, almost parallel to the coast, and between them are the elongated mountain ranges of the Tel Atlas and the Saharan Atlas, between which there is a huge plateau called the high plateau (1000-1300 m). Volcanic rocks and hot springs (many dating back to Roman times) show recent volcanic activity.
And now the territory of the mountains and the coast of high seismic activity - there are earthquakes every year, often very strong (1825, 1954, 2003). At the border with the desert mountains, a steep wall is cut off, reaching a height of 1500-1600 m. Rocks with rounded peaks, such as sheep's head, and salt peaks of blue or red with pink and purple hues, are very picturesque.
The gorges serve as gateways to the desert. The most famous and picturesque is El Qantara (Arab Bridge), also called the “mouth of the Sahara”. The Sahara itself is not homogeneous: it consists of sand, stones, gravel, desert clay and the high Agaggar Mountains in the southeast of the state with the highest point being Mount Takhat (3003 m). The vegetation in the north is typically Mediterranean: bush, olive groves and pistachio trees; in the mountains - Aleppo pine, Atlas flowers, cork and holm oak.
Animals in Algeria have been severely exterminated; large predators (leftists, panthers) do not even remain. Only 3% of the country is ploughed, and 14% is pasture.
In the 12th century. B.C. e. The first colonies of Phoenicians appeared on the territory of Algeria, who encountered the Berbers - the local population. The Phoenicians fell from the 8th to the 4th centuries. B.C. e. to combat the expansion of the powerful Carthage.
In the 3rd-2nd centuries. B.C. e. Here is the appearance of Numidia, which has been around since the 1st century. B.C. e. 5. v. i.e. it was under the rule of Rome; from the 7th century. Algeria in the Arabic calendar, from the 16th century. - Ottoman Empire. Only in the 17th century. In fact, Algeria emancipated itself from Turkey, after which it began to vacation in the country. Together with the Arabization of the Berbers (especially on the plains) in the 13th and 17th centuries. It was the Moorish Immigration that was expelled from Spain and brought with it the more refined Andalusian culture.
The treasury was also supplemented by sea piracy. But in the end. 18 century. the state collapsed, and in 1830 French armies captured the Algerian capital. Despite the stubborn resistance of the tribe in the country, led by the emir Abd al-Qadirja and the resurrection of many in the osvojjenih regions, which lasted more than 50 years, Algeria became a colony of France. The War of Independence, which began on November 1, 1954 (now a national holiday), ended with the proclamation of 1962.
Algerian People's Democratic Republic. The head of state is the president, the legislative branch of the bicameral National Assembly. In administrative terms, the territory is divided into 48 provinces (hereinafter).
The population is 32.8 million people, mainly Arabs (83%) and Berbers (16%); most Europeans are French.
The official language is Arabic, French is common in the cities: almost all citizens know it. Fine. 18% of the Algerian population speaks another dialect of Berber and has no written language. Berber (mainly nomadic cattle) live in groups in some mountainous areas and in the Sahara. Algeria is a Muslim country; 99.6% of the population declared Islam, which has always played an important role in the history of Algeria.
Under their flag they fought against the French colonialists and "at sea" to preserve their language and culture. For Algeria, as in Africa as a whole, it is characterized by rapid population growth and urbanization (urban growth), the dominant role of young people (70% of the population under 30 years of age), high unemployment and emigration in search of work.
Almost a quarter of the population is below the poverty line.
However, Algeria is rich country in accordance with African standards. Gross domestic product - 44 billion dollars. US (second highest in Africa based on South Africa) or US$1,520 per capita (compared to the African average of US$652). Agriculture provides 17% of GDP, industry and construction - 33%, services - 50%.
The economy is based on oil production (a third in Africa in Nigeria and Libya) and natural gas(third in the world in Russia and the USA), which exports 95% of the currency and 2/3 of the country’s income. Gas is supplied to Europe through two magnetic pipelines located at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea or in liquefied form on special ships. Exploitation of mercury (3rd place in the world after Kyrgyzstan and Spain), phosphorite and iron ore also have export value. Manufacturing industry represented by large companies (metallurgy, oil refining and petrochemicals, fertilizers, mechanical engineering), light and food industries.
Only 17% of the land is suitable for agriculture, of which almost 80% is pasture. Wheat growth, for the export of oranges, olives, dates, early vegetables, almonds, tobacco. Grapes have been produced since ancient times, and exporting wine to France during colonization was Algeria's specialty.
After independence, areas under vineyards were reduced in favor of food. A special place is occupied by the Alfa collection, which is collected for export for the production of high-quality paper, the collection of cork oak bark (third in the world after Spain and Portugal), to export the world's best corks, sheep (take out both live sheep and wool) and crafts: jewelry, metal containers by chasing and engraving, painted ceramics.
Algerian embroideries and carpets are famous throughout Africa.
The capital - the city of Algiers (from the Arab islands) - is located on the Mediterranean coast, although it was originally on the islands. It was founded in the 10th century. on the site of the ruins of the small Roman settlement of Icosium. Since the 11th century. - a large harbor on the Mediterranean Sea, dating back to the 13th century.
- one of the centers of immigration of the Spanish Moors. Since 1516 - the capital of the state in Ottoman Empire; since 1830 - the administrative center of the French colony of Algeria.
Modern Algeria is the most Big City in a country of 1.7 million people. (Capital region - 3.9 million people), its main economic and cultural center, uniting more than half of all manufacturing workers. At the same time, the majority of the population is employed in trade and services.
The city is picturesque, located at the foot and steep slopes, along the coast between gardens and parks.
Population of Algeria. Population of Algeria
It is divided into two parts: on the new floor (built in French) and the old top with a narrow winding street, where the Kasbah fortress (in Arabic, Kosabian), Moorish and Turkish mosques (also in the Great Mosque, 11...), former palace Turkish beer (18th century). Along the sea is a promenade along the length of supporting arcades and white 4-5 storey buildings with a continuous line of balconies, bars and metal bars (colonial buildings).
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Algeria / Population
The authorities do not provide “up-to-date” information on the country’s population. UN estimates put the population at 36,494,000 in mid-2012.
Population of Algeria
The average population density in the country is 16 people per 1 square km (as of 2011). In 2011, the ratio of urban to rural population in Algeria was 73 to 27%.
The ratio of male to female population in Algeria is 51 to 49%. The population growth in the country is 1.35%.
The average age of Algerians is 27 years, while the number of citizens under 15 years old is 27%, and over 65 years old - 7%. Average life expectancy in Algeria: 73 years; for men - 72 years, and for women - 75 years.
Ethnic composition of the population: 75% are Arabs, 24% are Berbers, about 1% are Europeans (mostly French).
According to the UNDP Human Development Report 2013, the adult literacy rate (15 years and older) in Algeria in 2010 was 72.6%, the combined gross enrollment ratio in primary, secondary and tertiary educational establishments- 78.6%, education level index - 0.711.
According to the UNDP Human Development Report 2013, Algeria's Human Development Index (HDI) in 2012 was 0.713 (93rd in the world, a group of countries with a high level of human development).
Thus, there is a progressive, although not acute, increase in the well-being of Algerians, which was not greatly affected even by the civil war that actually took place in Algeria in 1992–1994.
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- Countries of the world
- Africa
- North Africa
- Year of formation
- Geographical location, area, borders
- Population
- Human Development Index 1980–2012
- Language(s)
- Main political traditions and stages of political development
- Phoenicians and Berbers, Carthage and Numidia
- Roman colonization
- Kingdom of the Vandals
- Byzantine colony
- Algeria under Arab rule
- Pirate State and Ottoman Rule
- French colonization
- Struggle for independence
- Nation and state formation
- Constitutional foundations, characteristics of the form of government
- Separation and interaction of various branches of government
- Features of the executive branch
- Heads of state (presidents) 1962–2012
- Features of the Legislative Branch
- Features of the judiciary
- Territorial-state structure (unitary, federal, etc.)
- Local government and self-government
- External influences on the formation and functioning of political institutions
- Internal conflicts and splits
- Official ideology, ideological schisms and conflicts
- Religion and the state, the role of religion in politics
- Representation of political parties in parliament following the elections to the Chamber of Deputies on May 10, 2012
- Features of the party system
- Political role of the military/security forces
- NGO, enterprise components political system, interest groups and pressure groups
- Position and role of the media
- Algeria's ranking on the Press Freedom Index, 2002–2012
- Gender equality/inequality
- National economy in the context of the world economy
- Main economic indicators in 1990–2009
- Algeria's GDP structure, according to the World Bank in 2009
- Weight in the world economy 1990–2009
- Resources of influence on the international environment and international processes
- Military spending 1990–2010
- Participation in international organizations and regimes, main foreign policy counterparties and partners, relations with Russia
- External and internal threats to state security
- Algeria's ranking on the Corruption Perceptions Index, 1997–2012
- Placement of the country's territory in an area of increased risk of natural disasters
- Economic threats
- Threats to human security
Algeria / Population
The authorities do not provide “up-to-date” information on the country’s population. UN estimates put the population at 36,494,000 in mid-2012.
The average population density in the country is 16 people per 1 square km (as of 2011). In 2011, the ratio of urban to rural population in Algeria was 73 to 27%.
The ratio of male to female population in Algeria is 51 to 49%. The population growth in the country is 1.35%. The average age of Algerians is 27 years, while the number of citizens under 15 years old is 27%, and over 65 years old - 7%.
Average life expectancy in Algeria: 73 years; for men - 72 years, and for women - 75 years.
Ethnic composition of the population: 75% are Arabs, 24% are Berbers, about 1% are Europeans (mostly French).
According to the UNDP Human Development Report 2013, the adult literacy rate (15 years and older) in Algeria in 2010 was 72.6%, the combined gross enrollment ratio in primary, secondary and higher education was 78.6%, index level of education - 0.711.
According to the UNDP Human Development Report 2013, Algeria's Human Development Index (HDI) in 2012 was 0.713 (93rd in the world, a group of countries with a high level of human development).
Thus, there is a progressive, although not acute, increase in the well-being of Algerians, which was not greatly affected even by the civil war that actually took place in Algeria in 1992–1994.
← Back | Population | Forward →
- Countries of the world
- Africa
- North Africa
- Year of formation
- Geographical location, area, borders
- Population
- Human Development Index 1980–2012
- Language(s)
- Main political traditions and stages of political development
- Phoenicians and Berbers, Carthage and Numidia
- Roman colonization
- Kingdom of the Vandals
- Byzantine colony
- Algeria under Arab rule
- Pirate State and Ottoman Rule
- French colonization
- Struggle for independence
- Nation and state formation
- Constitutional foundations, characteristics of the form of government
- Separation and interaction of various branches of government
- Features of the executive branch
- Heads of state (presidents) 1962–2012
- Features of the Legislative Branch
- Features of the judiciary
- Territorial-state structure (unitary, federal, etc.)
- Local government and self-government
- External influences on the formation and functioning of political institutions
- Internal conflicts and splits
- Official ideology, ideological schisms and conflicts
- Religion and the state, the role of religion in politics
- Representation of political parties in parliament following the elections to the Chamber of Deputies on May 10, 2012
- Features of the party system
- Political role of the military/security forces
- NGOs, corporate components of the political system, interest groups and pressure groups
- Position and role of the media
- Algeria's ranking on the Press Freedom Index, 2002–2012
- Gender equality/inequality
- National economy in the context of the world economy
- Main economic indicators in 1990–2009
- Algeria's GDP structure, according to the World Bank in 2009
- Weight in the world economy 1990–2009
- Resources of influence on the international environment and international processes
- Military spending 1990–2010
- Participation in international organizations and regimes, main foreign policy counterparties and partners, relations with Russia
- External and internal threats to state security
- Algeria's ranking on the Corruption Perceptions Index, 1997–2012
- Placement of the country's territory in an area of increased risk of natural disasters
- Economic threats
- Threats to human security
ALGERIA (Population)
Population size: 31,736,053 people (July 2001 est.).
Age structure: under 14 years old: 34.21% (male)
5,528,755; wives 5 328 083); from 15 to 64 years old: 61.72% (male)
9 901 319; wives 9 687 449); over 65: 4.07% (men 594,973; women 695,474) (2001 est.)
Population growth: 1.71% (2001 est.).
Fertility: 22.76 newborns/1000 people.
Mortality: 5.22 deaths/1000 people (2001 est.).
Migration:-0.45 people /1000 people (2001 est.).
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.04 male/female; up to 15 years: 1.04 male/female; from 15 to 64 years old: 1.02 male/female; over 65 years old: 0.86 men/women; for the general population: 1.02 male/female.
(2001 est.);
Infant mortality: 40.56 deaths/1000 births (2001 est.).
Life expectancy: for the general population: 69.95 years; men: 68.6 years; women: 71.34 years (2001 est.);
General birth rate: 2.72 children/wives
(2001 est.).
Proportion of adults infected with HIV: 0.07% (1999 est.).
Number of people infected with HIV: no data.
AIDS mortality: no data.
Nationality: noun: Algerian; adjective: Algerian.
Ethnic groups: Arabs, including Berbers 99%; Europeans less than 1%.
Believers: Muslims (Sunni Islam is the state religion) 99%, Christians and Jews 1%.
Languages): Arabic (official), French, Berber dialects.
Literacy: definition: persons 15 years of age or older who can read and write; for the general population: 61.6%; men: 73.9%; women: 49% (1995 est.).
State Name.
During the era of the French conquest, the number Algerian population was approx. 3 million people. In 1966 it already reached 11.823 million people, and in 1997 – 29.476 million people. In 1996 it was 28.5 per 1000 people, and the mortality rate was 5.9 per 1000 people. Infant mortality (children under one year old) is 48.7 per 1000 newborns. In the mid-1990s, approx. 68% of the population was under 29 years of age.
It was originally inhabited by peoples speaking Berber languages. These peoples back in 2000 BC. moved here with. Most of the modern population uses a colloquial version of Arabic in everyday life. Arabs settled in Algeria during the Islamic conquests of the 7th and 8th centuries. and nomadic 11th–12th centuries. The mixing of two waves of settlers with the autochthonous population led to the emergence of the so-called Arab-Berber ethnic group, in cultural development in which the Arab element plays a dominant role.
As the main ethnic subgroup of Algerian society, the Berbers play an important role in the life of the country. During the period of the Roman and Arab conquests of the North, many Berbers moved from the coast to the highlands. Berbers make up approximately 1/5 of the country's population. The largest concentration of the Berber population is found in the mountainous area of Djurjura, east of the capital, known as Kabylia. The local residents, the Kabyles, have settled in many cities of the country, but carefully preserve ancient traditions. Other significant groups of the Berber population are represented by the Shawiya tribal alliances, originating from the mountainous region around Batna, the Mzabita, settled in the oases of Northern, and the Tuareg nomads living in the far south in the Ahaggar region.
After the conquest of Algeria in the 19th century. the number increased, and by 1960 there were already approx. 1 million Europeans. Most had French roots, the ancestors of the rest moved to Algeria from, and. After Algeria declared independence in 1962, most Europeans left the country.
Most of the Algerian population are Sunni Muslims (Malikis and Hanafis). A number of followers of the Ibadite sect live in the Mzab Valley, Ouargla and Algiers. The state religion of the country is. There are approx. 150 thousand Christians, mostly Catholics, and approximately 1 thousand adherents of Judaism.
The official language is Arabic, but French is still widely spoken. Some Berber tribes speaking Tamahak and Tamazirt acquired their own written language. Several books have already been published in the Tamazirt dialect in Algeria.
About 3/4 of the population is concentrated in the foothills of the Tell Atlas, approximately 1.5 million people live in the highlands and less than one million in the Sahara. The highest density is observed near the capital and in the Kabylia region.
Many people only know about Algeria that it is a state in Africa. Indeed, not many tourists visit this country, but a lot can be said about it and some speculations can be dispelled. Sometimes they even ask which country Algeria belongs to. But this is an independent state with its own history and culture. What is interesting about Algeria? Which country on the African continent is called the Algerian People's Democratic Republic?
State structure
In Arabic, the country of Algeria is called "el-jazir", which means "islands". The state received this name due to the cluster of islands near the coastline. The capital of the country, Algeria, is a city with the same name. This state in Africa is a unitary republic headed by a president. He is elected for a term of 5 years, the number of terms is unlimited. Legislature belongs to a bicameral Parliament. Algeria is divided into 48 vilays - provinces, 553 districts (diara), 1541 communes (baladiya). On November 1, Algerians celebrate a national holiday - Revolution Day.
Geography and nature
Country Algeria ranks large area. This is the second, after Sudan, largest state it is 2.3 million km2. Algeria neighbors Niger, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia and Libya. In the north lies the Mediterranean Sea. About 80% of the entire state is occupied by the Sahara. On its square there is both sandy deserts, and stone.
Its highest point is Mount Takhat, 2906 m high. On the vast area of the Sahara there is also a large salt lake, it is called Chott-Melgir and is located in the north of the Algerian part of the desert. There are also rivers in the state of Algeria, but almost all of them are temporary, existing only during the rainy season.
The largest river (700 km long) is the Sheliff River. The rivers of the northern part of the country flow into the Mediterranean Sea, and the rest disappear into the sands of the Sahara.
The vegetation of northern Algeria is typically Mediterranean, dominated by cork oak, and in semi-deserts - alpha grass. In arid zones, very small areas have vegetation.
Population and language
Algeria is inhabited by more than 38 million people. The bulk, 83% of all residents, are Arabs. 16% are Berbers, descendants of the ancient who consist of several tribes. Another about 1% is occupied by representatives of other nationalities, mainly the French. The state religion in Algeria is Islam, the main population is predominantly Sunni.
The country has only one official language - Arabic, although French is no less popular. About 75% of the population are fluent in it. There are also Berber dialects. Despite the country's large area, the main population of Algeria, more than 95%, is concentrated in the north, on a narrow coastal strip and the Kabylia massif. More than half of the population lives in cities - 56%. Literacy among men reaches 79%, while among women it is only 60%. Algerian Arabs live in large communities in France, Belgium and the United States.
Story
On the territory of modern Algeria in the 12th century BC. e. Phoenician tribes appeared. In the 3rd century the state of Numidia was formed. The ruler of this country got involved in a war against Rome, but was defeated. Its territories became part of the Roman possessions. In the 7th century, the Arabs invaded here and lived for a long time. At the beginning of the 16th century, Algeria came under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. But it was difficult to manage due to its geographical location. As a result, France took over this African country, and since 1834, the country of Algeria became a French colony. The state began to look like a European one. The French built entire cities, and great attention was paid to agriculture. But the indigenous population was never able to come to terms with the colonialists. The national liberation war lasted several years. And in 1962, Algeria became independent. Most of the French then left Africa. For about 20 years, the government tried to build socialism, but as a result of coups, Islamic fundamentalists came to power. The armed confrontation continues to this day. The situation in the country is extremely unstable.
Economy
- The monetary unit of the state is the Algerian dinar.
- The basis of the economy is oil and gas production - about 95% of all exports. Copper, iron, zinc, mercury and phosphates are also mined in Algeria.
- Agriculture occupies a smaller volume in the structure of the economy, but it is quite diverse. They grow grains, grapes, and citrus fruits. Wine is produced for export. Algeria is the largest exporter of pistachios. In the semi-desert, alpha grass is collected and processed, from which paper of excellent quality is subsequently obtained.
- In livestock farming, people specialize in breeding goats and sheep.
- In the coastal part they engage in fishing.
Culture
The capital of the country, Algeria, is the oldest and most beautiful city, located in a bay with the same name. All buildings are made of light-colored building material, which gives the city a special festive look. Here you can see both strange narrow streets with low houses and the most beautiful mosques in oriental style. Among them, buildings from the 17th century stand out - the tomb of Sidd Abdarrahman and the Jami al-Jadid mosque. The modern part of the city is dominated by new buildings - offices, tall administrative buildings.
Transport
- Algeria is one of the leaders among African states in the development of transport links.
- There are many roads, about 105 thousand km. They are indispensable for communication between cities.
- The country's railways stretch over 5 thousand km.
- By using water transport 70% of all international transport occurs. This gives the right to call Algeria the main water power in Africa.
- Air communication is also developed. The country of the world Algeria has 136 airfields, of which 51 are concrete-surfaced. The largest and most important airfield - Dar el Beida - carries out both domestic flights and flights to Europe, Asia, Africa, North America. A total of 39 international destinations.
Kitchen
Algerian cuisine is part of a larger complex of Migrib culinary traditions. Many similar dishes can be found in neighboring Tunisia. Dishes made from Mediterranean products are widely popular. Fresh fruits and vegetables and olives are often used for cooking. A traditional Berber dish is steak. Alcohol is prohibited in Muslim Algeria. Here it is customary to drink sweet green tea with nuts, mint or almonds. Lovers of invigorating drinks prefer strong “Arabic” coffee.
Shopping
Shopping in Algeria has its own characteristics, or rather, the opening hours of stores. For Europeans it is not entirely familiar. The fact is that residents of Algeria, as a Muslim state, take a two-hour break for a siesta while working. This also applies to stores that operate in two stages: morning - from 8.00 to 12.00, and afternoon - from 14.00 to 18.00. This does not apply to souvenir shops. They work "until the last visitor." Groceries can be bought in supermarkets from early morning until late at night. Tourists can bring from this African country various souvenirs: items made of wood, leather and shapes, copper coins, Berber carpets, silver jewelry or mats with Berber motifs.
Tourist safety
Algeria is a developing country, Special attention tourism is not given much attention, and some cities are even considered potentially dangerous for tourists. Visiting them is strongly discouraged. Although there is no official ban. There have been cases of abductions of tourists. At the same time, the north of the country is considered absolutely safe. You should only go to the Sahara in an organized group, with a local guide. Excursions and tours should only be booked with official tour operators.
- Personal jewelry - items made of gold, silver and platinum - must be declared at customs upon entry into the country.
- No more than 1 block of cigarettes or 50 cigars, 2 liters of low-alcohol drinks (less than 22º), and 1 liter of strong alcoholic drinks (more than 22º) can be imported into Algeria without duty.
- If your passport contains a mark indicating that you have crossed the Israeli border, then entry into Algeria is prohibited.
- Sometimes ATMs ask you to enter a 6-digit PIN code. In this case, you need to enter the first two zeros.
- Taking photographs of the local population is not recommended. This is considered indecent.
- Only bottled water should be used.
- The coast is comfortable to visit throughout the year, although the country of Algeria is not exactly a beach resort and there are no good hotels.
- On the territory of the state great amount Phoenician, Roman and Byzantine ruins.
- On a cliff 124 meters above sea level is the Cathedral of Our Lady of Africa.
Above the entrance there is an inscription in French - “Our Lady of Africa, pray for us and for Muslims.” This is the only place in the world where the Catholic religion mentions the Muslim religion.
The northern coast is predominantly populated, most of them live in cities; the density in some areas of the Sahara is less than 1 person per 1 km 2. The official language is Arabic, and French and Berber languages are also spoken. Algerians massively profess Islam (99%). The country's education system is inherited from French colonial times. A significant problem in the country remains the provision of qualified medical personnel. Has its own government system social protection vulnerable segments of the population. Demographic and sociological research in the country are carried out by a number of government and scientific and educational institutions. Population censuses are carried out regularly.
The natural population growth in the country in 2015 was 18.4 ‰ (60th place in the world); 2006 - 12.5 ‰; in 1980 - 33.6 ‰.
Important milestones in the history of the Algerian population were the War of Independence and the following two decades. During the war, according to various estimates, from 350 thousand (according to French sources) to 1.5 million people (official Algerian sources) died. The country's independence was reflected by a doubling of the population over the next two decades.
The median age of the Algerian population is 27.5 years (133rd in the world), 27.2 for men and 27.8 for women. Average life expectancy in 2015 was 76.7 years (81st in the world), for men - 72.3, for women - 77.9; in 2006 - 73.3 years, for men - 71.7, for women - 74.9; in 1978 for men - 55.8 years, for women - 58 years.
The age structure of Algeria's population is as follows (as of 2006):
The age structure of the population in the 1980s was as follows (the share of women was 50.8%):
The marriage rate in 1967 was 4.6‰; the divorce rate in 1963 was 0.4 ‰.
The population density in 2006 was 12.9 people/km2 (166th place in the world), in 1981 - 8 people/km2.
The population is distributed extremely unevenly. The north of Algeria is the most densely populated (96% of the population), which is approximately only 1/6 of the country's area. The population is concentrated mainly in the narrow coastal strip of the Mediterranean Sea and the Kabylia Mountains, where the density reaches 300 people/km 2. The least populated part of the country is the Algerian Sahara, where no more than 2 million people live in the vast expanses of the desert, and the density there does not exceed 1 person per 1 km 2. Fewer desert populations are concentrated in oases, and about 1.5 million people remain full or partial nomads.
The level of urbanization in 2015 was 70.7%. Urban population in 1950 the country accounted for only 21% of total number, and already in 1978 the majority lived in cities (61%). Main stage urbanization occurred in the middle of the 20th century, when only during the period 1954-1966 the share of the urban population increased from ¼ to ⅓.
The main cities of the state: Algiers (2.59 million people), Oran (858 thousand people), Constantine (448 thousand people).
Internal migration of the country's population during the colonial period was mainly associated with the displacement of the indigenous population from the fertile soils of the plains to the arid mountainous regions. During the national liberation war of 1954-1962, there was a forced eviction of the “unreliable” (about 2.5 million people) and mass emigration to neighboring Morocco and Tunisia (0.5 million people). After 1962, there was an intensive outflow of the rural population of the plains, desert oases and mountainous regions to large coastal cities. The population of Algeria alone grew by 6-7% annually in the late 1980s.
Seasonal migrations between mountainous regions, from desert areas to coastal zone carried out by semi-nomadic Berber tribes and Bedouin Arabs.
Due to the intensive growth of the country's population and the lack of thoughtful economic reforms, a high level of unemployment remains. Labor emigration of the indigenous population of Europe (France) began during the First World War of 1914-1918 and constantly expanded. About 1 million Algerians live outside Algeria, including more than 800 thousand in France. The annual emigration rate in 2015 was 0.92‰ (148th in the world). The state encourages labor emigration, especially to Arab countries in the Middle East.
The refugee problem negatively affects the social state of society, since more than 95 thousand refugees and asylum seekers are constantly in the country (90 thousand people from Morocco, and more than 4 thousand from the former Palestine).
Since ancient times, the territory of modern Algeria has been inhabited by various ethnic groups. The country was part of various states and empires. During the times of Ancient Egypt, the dark-skinned inhabitants of the desert west of the Nile Valley were called by a common name - “Libyans”. In ancient times, the powerful state of the Numidians, Garamantida, was known on the territory of Northern Sahara, while the Phoenicians dominated on the coast. After the fall of Carthage as a result of the Punic Wars, North Africa was drawn into the orbit of the mighty Roman Empire. At this time, this region flourished, because it served as an important granary for Rome. Conquest of land Germanic tribes The Vandals, who crossed from the Iberian Peninsula through the Strait of Gibraltar, brought an end to the Western Roman Empire. For a short time the country was under the influence of the Byzantine Empire.
The Arabic-speaking population of Algeria comes from the mixing of indigenous Berber peoples with Arab newcomers that began in the 7th-8th centuries, who assimilated most of the Berbers and introduced the Arabic language and Islam. By the end of the 15th century, many Moorish refugees settled in many cities of Algeria, who had been expelled from Iberian Peninsula during the Reconquista. The Moors from Andalusia and Castile used Spanish for a long time, and those from Catalonia used the Catalan language. As early as the 17th century, the latter was in use among the inhabitants of Grosh el-Veda.
A significant part of Algerians by origin are not Arabs (about 72.7%), but Berbers (self-name - Amazigh; the word "Berber" is of Arabic origin) - Kabyles (10.3%), Chaouyas (3.5%). The self-identification of Algerians as Arabs occurred in the wake of Arab nationalism at the beginning of the 20th century. Groups that identify themselves as Berbers live predominantly in the mountainous regions of Kabylia, east of the city of Algiers. They, like most Arabs, are Muslims. The Berbers made unsuccessful attempts to gain autonomy, but the Algerian leadership only agreed to subsidize the study of Berber languages in schools.
Europeans today make up less than 1% of the population and live exclusively in the largest urban areas. However, during the colonial period this figure was significantly higher (15.2% in 1962). In 1830, the French colonization of Algeria began, which continued until the mid-20th century. The European population consists mainly of French, Spanish (in the western part of the country), Italians and Maltese (in the east) and other Europeans in even smaller numbers. European colonists, known as Pied Noirs, were concentrated on the coast and made up the majority of the population of Oran (60%) and, in significant proportions, others major cities such as Algeria or Annaba. Almost all of them left the country during or immediately after Algeria's independence from France. At the beginning of the 1980s, about 150 thousand French lived in the country.
Previously, there were 140 thousand Jews. But after Algeria gained independence and adopted discriminatory citizenship laws, Jews emigrated to France (90%) and Israel (10%). In the early 1980s, about 10 thousand Sephardi Jews lived in the country, and in the mid-1990s there were only 50 people.
As of January 1, 2015, about 650 Russians live in Algeria. Some of the Russians living here are descendants of Soviet engineers and military personnel who rebuilt the young country after gaining independence in 1962. Another certain share falls on those who came here for work (trade, local factories, under a Rossoboronexport contract). A significant part are Russian women who married local men.
Algeria is the second francophone country in the world in terms of the number of native speakers, although the language itself has no official status. As of 2008, 11.2 million Algerians are able to write and read French. French, as before, is most widely studied as a foreign language. Many Algerians speak it fluently, although, as a rule, they do not use it in everyday life. Since independence, the Algerian government has pursued a policy of linguistic Arabization of education and bureaucracy, with some success, although many universities continue to teach in French. Recently, schools have begun to include French in learning programs elementary school. It begins to be taught as soon as children master the Arabic language. French is also used in the media, government and trade.
The number of Russian speakers in the country is relatively small. The Russian language has been studied in Algeria since 1958. Today he is studying at the University of Algiers as a foreign student for four years. About 12-15 Russian-speaking Algerians graduate annually. The Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs is actively negotiating to open the same courses at the University of Oran (which took place during the Soviet Union).
The main religions of the state: Sunni Islam - 99% of the population, Catholicism and Protestantism - 1%. The area of modern northern Algeria was an important Christian land 2 thousand years ago, during the Roman Empire. During the resettlement of Germanic tribes to north Africa (Vandals), Christianity did not decline, since the latter were followers of the faith of Christ. For a short time, in the 6th-7th centuries, these lands entered the orbit of influence of the Byzantine Empire, after which they were conquered by the Arabs, entered the Arab Caliphate and fell under the influence of Islam. Significant revival Catholic Church in Algeria was experienced a thousand years later, during the French colonial expansion of the 19th century. Before the Arab conquests, the Berbers of the mountains and deserts maintained their own local beliefs and customs.
Almost all Muslims belong to the Sunni branch of Islam, with the exception of about 150-200 thousand Ibadis in the Mzab oasis in the Ghardaya region. Shiites are also present in small numbers.
About 200-250 thousand Christians live in Algeria, including 45 thousand Catholics and 150-200 thousand Protestants, mostly Pentecostals. According to a 2015 study, approximately 380,000 Muslims in the country have converted to Christianity.
The Jewish community was quite significant, 140 thousand people. After Algeria gained independence and adopted a new citizenship law in 1963, according to which it was granted only to those whose father or grandfather practiced Islam. Most of the Jewish community emigrated to France (90%) and Israel (10%), where they received citizenship. Moroccan Jews, Jews of the Mzab Valley and the city of Constantine, due to oppression, increased taxes and the conversion of synagogues into mosques, also eventually emigrated to Israel. By 1969, there were approximately 1 thousand Jews left in the country, and in the mid-1990s there were only 50 people.
The literacy rate in 2015 was 80.2%: 87.2% among men, 73.1% among women. Literacy in 2003 was 70%: 79% among men, 61% among women. In 1976, 60% of Algeria's indigenous population was illiterate, and in the same year compulsory 9-year education for children aged 6 to 15 was introduced. Expenditures on education in 2008 amounted to 4.3% of the country's GDP (97th place in the world). In 1997, the level of expenditures on education amounted to 5.7% of national GDP and 27% in the structure of public expenditures of the state budget. Despite the allocation of significant government funds, overpopulation and a serious shortage of teachers place severe pressure on the educational system. During the 1990s, a wave of terrorist attacks aimed at state secularized educational institutions swept across the country. In 2000, the state government began a major overhaul of the education system.
The educational system of Algeria is similar to the French one (this is due to the former French colonization of the country). Over time, the need for skilled labor forced the colonialists to introduce an education system for the local population. With independence, Algerians continued (and even increased) their achievements in the cultural sphere and especially in education. Both Arabic and French are now taught in Algerian schools, with state language is mandatory.
Algerian school system consists of basic, general secondary and vocational secondary education:
As of 1995, all Algerian children studied in public schools primary schools, and 62% of children of the corresponding age are in the general secondary education system.
There are 43 higher education institutions, 10 colleges and 7 institutes of the system in Algeria higher education. The University of Algiers (Université d’Alger; founded in 1879) has about 26 thousand students. There are also universities in Oran and Constantine. With the help of the USSR, a number of institutes and technical schools were created at one time to ensure qualified personnel mining and oil industry in Bou Merdas. The supply of doctors in 2007 was 1.21 doctors per 1000 people. In 1977, the number of hospital beds per 1000 people was 2.6, and in 1996 - 2.5; There were 1,250 people per doctor, and in 1996 there were 2,322 residents. By 2009, the situation had worsened significantly (1 doctor per 4836 inhabitants), dentists - 1 per 511 inhabitants, midwives - 1 per 711 inhabitants.
In 1955, in Algeria there were 158 hospitals with 33,338 beds (3.4 beds per 1 thousand inhabitants): 147 general hospitals (including 12 military hospitals with 4,821 beds), 7 tuberculosis dispensaries with 1,399 beds, 2 children’s hospitals with 506 beds, 1 psychiatric, 1 oncological.
Health care expenditures in 2013 amounted to 6.6% of the country's GDP (135th place in the world).
The mortality rate of infants under 1 year of age as of 2015 was 20.9 ‰ (83rd highest in the world); boys - 22.7 ‰, girls -19.2 ‰. Infant mortality in 1980 was 125.0 ‰, in 2006 - 30 ‰ (80th place in the world); boys - 30.86 ‰, girls - 24.45 ‰ (2009). The maternal mortality rate in 2015 was 140 cases per 100 thousand births (75th highest in the world).
Medical education is provided by the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Algiers and its branches. Traditionally Substantial part The country's doctors are educated in France, Russia and other CIS countries.
There is a medium level of danger in severity infectious diseases. There are problems with food and water, which provoke concomitant diseases: bacterial diarrhea is not treated in the state. There are about 350 inpatient departments of the maternal and child health service. Algeria's five-year economic development plans provide for an active policy of territorial redistribution of the population based on the decentralization of industry, special programs for the development of the most backward areas and the construction of modern infrastructure in villages.
In Algeria, pensions are paid for old age (from 60 years), for disability and in case of loss of a breadwinner. Temporary disability benefits are paid only from the 4th day of illness. Women receive maternity benefits. Assistance is provided for large families. Insurance premiums workers and employees make up 4.5% of earnings. The current legislation on social security of the population does not apply to workers engaged in agriculture.
According to the UN, Algeria has one of the lowest housing rates in the world. Government officials have publicly stated that the country has a negative balance of 1.5 million housing units. The refugee problem only makes this problem worse.
Among lawyers, women make up 70%, among judges - 60%, and they dominate in medicine. Increasingly, women contribute significant income to households, sometimes more than men. 60% of university students are women (according to university research).
Demographic research in the country is carried out by a number of state scientific institutions:
The country's demographic status has been recorded since 1831. Laws from 1882-1901 extended civil registration to the entire territory of Algeria. During colonial times, only the European and Jewish populations of Algeria were satisfactorily counted. In 1964-1971, a system of individual population movement cards was introduced - thus, it was possible to cover about 70% of demographic events.
The French authorities began conducting population censuses in Algeria in 1906. A total of 9 such censuses were carried out, the results of which were widely published