Speech etiquette. What is speech etiquette

Etiquette communication plays a key role in the life of every person. We are forced to observe rituals and put etiquette rules into practice. Speech, gestures, facial expressions - all this shapes our behavior, which varies depending on with whom the dialogue is being built, what goal is being pursued, what kind of relationship we have with the interlocutor, etc. It is unacceptable to make mistakes in the communication process. Behavior rules and good manners are instilled in childhood, at the time of active comprehension of the world. In youth, their observance seems to be an unnecessary formality, and only with age comes the realization of how important it is for modern man communication etiquette.

Every person moving in society must be able to use their native language. But this must be done competently, observing behavior rules and culture speech etiquette. We don't always have to communicate with people who adhere to these rules. Depending on the conditions of communication and the goals pursued by opponents, the type of speech may change. Typically, such a “switching” occurs unconsciously and is dictated by the characteristics of human relationships. For example, the liberties that we can take in the presence of loved ones are unacceptable in the company of strangers. And the way we communicate with children is noticeably different from the way we build conversations with people of our own age. Below are examples of how you can disrupt through the use of certain words and modulation.

Examples of violations of speech etiquette

Anyone can encounter problems related to speech culture. People are not used to thinking about what they say and how it looks from the outside, so they quite often make mistakes in speech. The most common violations of speech etiquette are:

• non-compliance with the rules of speech etiquette ritual in a specific situation (did not greet, did not apologize, forgot to thank);
• choosing expressions that are inappropriate under the circumstances and in relation to the partner.

• phrases with “thieves” words and jargon inserted into them (“at last”, “in kind”, “person”, “freaky”, “I don’t get it”);
• obscene language.

Sometimes a tinge of sarcasm can be carried by phrases in which the addressee’s first and patronymic names are used too often: “Hello, Ivan Ivanovich. I heard you went to England, Ivan Ivanovich. When are you going there again, Ivan Ivanovich?”

Thanks to a person’s use of certain formulas of speech etiquette in his speech, one can learn a lot about his character, level of education, position in society, place of residence (whether he is a city dweller or a villager), professional position, attitude towards his interlocutor, etc. Moreover, to obtain valuable information can be obtained even without knowing the person personally. It is enough to turn to several works of art to understand who literary heroes are in life. Characters in stories, novels, and novels also often make mistakes in communicating with others and do not observe behavior rules : arrogant commanding tone, rudeness, demonstration of power do not form the best side of the human image.

One of bright examples impolite behavior is Chekhov's story “The Triumph of the Winner.” One of the heroes, Alexey Ivanovich Kozulin, likes to use orders (“! Eat this very piece of bread with pepper!”), which is humiliating for the opponent and emphasizes the difference in social roles.

Rudeness, ignorance, and inability to empathize are demonstrated by another Chekhov hero, Khirin, a character in the play “Anniversary.” This gentleman’s remarks (“Is your head on your shoulders or what?”, “Well, damn me, I don’t have time to talk to you! I’m busy”) emphasize his indifference to others and speak of a low speech culture.

Rules of speech etiquette - examples

Any communication is built through the use different rules, helping the persons participating in the conversation to conduct a dialogue culturally, intelligently, and competently. Depending on the situation, it is customary to be guided by certain formulas. But this is not so simple, because a person’s ability to apply necessary formulas This is precisely the main difficulty of speech etiquette. That is why it is so important during a conversation not only to be as polite as possible, but also to skillfully use : examples, which most clearly reflect the diversity of human contacts, can be taken from Everyday life, because the culture of communication begins at home. For example, before going to bed it is customary to wish everyone good night, and after waking up - good morning. Behind Tasty dinner you should thank the hostess, even if we are talking about your mother or spouse. When we come to work, we greet our colleagues and superiors, leaving workplace- we say goodbye. We thank you for the service provided, and we apologize for the inconvenience caused. Everyone follows the rules of speech etiquette, even without suspecting it. Today it’s hard to even imagine what speech would be like without these rules. It is unlikely that the participants in the conversation would be pleasant to each other if such restrictions did not exist.

In various etiquette situations, it is customary to use predetermined phrases, expressions and words that form : examples This kind of “blanks” is known to everyone, and they are used in 3 cases: at the beginning of a conversation, in the main part of the conversation and in the final part (at the moment of farewell).

Thus, an introduction or greeting begins with the use of greeting formulas that allow you to continue the conversation in a given direction. The choice of formulas depends on the interlocutors (their age, gender, status). You can focus on the emotional component (“Hello! How glad I am to see you!”), use a democratic form of greeting (“Hello!”) or phrases of wishes (“Good afternoon!”).

During the main conversation, it is important to gain the interlocutor’s favor and earn a reputation good man. To do this, you should follow Golden Rule- express your thoughts clearly and clearly.

In the final part of the conversation, it is customary to use the generally accepted form “Goodbye!” (if it is necessary to end the conversation with an official note) or “Bye!” (if the interlocutors have friendly or family relations). It’s also a good idea to use health wish formulas (“Be healthy!”, “Don’t get sick!”) or use the general phrase “All the best!”

Speech etiquette - examples

Success in society depends on how well a person masters the art of oratory, how skillfully he uses words as tools of thought and persuasion. IN modern world It is important not only to be able to construct your own speech, but also to defend your position, observing etiquette rules, and adequately respond to the statements of your opponents. In order to perfectly master the art of practical verbal influence, it is important to study from childhood speech etiquette: examples , which are given in works of art or given from life, will help in mastering and consolidating the rules of speech communication.

Speech etiquette - examples from literature

Most bright reflection speech etiquette found in Russian literature. Today the old system of speech etiquette is practically destroyed. The words sir, master, father, darling, Your Excellency, dear sir, mother have come out of the speech address. Rarely do our contemporaries pronounce such literary sayings as “Peace to your home”, “I have the honor to bow”, “Your most humble servant”, “You have bothered me”, “My darling”, “Be healthy!” (meaning “for now”), “If you please ask.”

Meanwhile, the heroes of Russian works of art are most often endowed with rich internal moral qualities, and also pay great attention to compliments as a form of speech etiquette. This emphasizes the spirituality of Russian culture. Prevail in literary works basically general compliments that can be used in almost any situation: “She was so good!” (P. Aleshkin “Russian Tragedy”), “...I love people like you, cute” (A. Kuprin “The Pit”), “Tanyukha is a woman, a real woman...” (A. Komarov “Zebra”).

Getting to know the works of Russian classics is an excellent opportunity to enrich and diversify your speech. But the main task is not so much to replenish your vocabulary with new words, but to acquire the ability to competently structure your speech and select words that can be used in different situations, as literary heroes do. which are given in the books will help you master verbal speech.

Speech etiquette - examples from life

Every day we encounter different life situations, requiring us to comply with etiquette rules. So, meeting someone (even a stranger) on the street or in in public places, it is customary to say hello. At the same time, it is appropriate to greet even strangers with whom you had to ride in the elevator or climb the stairs. Coming out public transport, you should ask those in front if they are going to go out. If the answer is negative, you should correctly ask people to let you through to the exit. When passing someone on the stairs or making your way through the checkout line, you should tactfully apologize. When communicating on the phone, it is important to monitor your intonation and be extremely polite. When a person is speaking in front of an audience (lecturer, colleague presenting a project), it is tactless to interrupt or correct him. It is better to wait until the end of the speech or pause and speak out, trying not to offend or hurt his self-esteem. When talking with others, it is forbidden to focus on social differences. Position in society and the degree of material security play an important role, but it is not at all necessary to emphasize this. There are a lot of etiquette situations that require us to observe the rules of decency and polite attitude towards people; each case is individual and requires a special approach.

Speech etiquette - examples of communication

A person’s manner of communication reflects not only the degree of his culture and level of upbringing. Speech can tell a lot about each of us - about ideology, class, political views. Speech etiquette of each country has its own national specifics. Possesses it and : examples, reflecting its feature, are as follows:

• applying the “you” form to a single person;
• using first and middle names when addressing an interlocutor;
• the absence of personal addresses that are neutral in terms of social status and the use of impersonal forms of constructing phrases (sorry, I can’t tell you, I’m sorry);
• constructing phrases according to the principle of inflection - by coordinating words by changing endings (while the construction of sentences in European languages ​​occurs due to the addition of articles, auxiliary verbs, prepositions);
• allowing for almost any word order in a sentence (unlike many other languages, where the structure of sentences is rigidly fixed);
• the ability to use words in figurative meaning, allegories, metaphors (the meaning of the phrases “ravenous appetite”, “golden hands”, etc. is difficult to explain to foreigners).

Words of speech etiquette - examples

The leading role in speech etiquette is played by individual words (phrases), which are usually used during a conversation. Such appeals are a reflection of the relationships that are established between interlocutors in the process of communication. In addition, they are able to classify the participants in a conversation. We are talking about the use of stable, stereotypical formulas. Below are , examples, often used in Russian speech, are given in brackets:

• words of address (you/you, gentleman, girl, young man);
• words of request (allow me, allow me);
• words of apology (sorry, excuse me, I beg your pardon);
• words of wishes (have a good day/mood, good luck, good luck);
• words of invitation (I invite, allow me to invite);
• words of gratitude (thank you, thank you, I express my gratitude);
• words of congratulations (congratulations, please accept congratulations);
• words of greeting (hello, hello, glad to see you);
• words of condolences (I offer my sincere condolences, I share your grief);
• words of consolation/sympathy (I sincerely understand/sympathize, don’t worry, everything will be fine);
• words of agreement/refusal (will be done/unable to help, I don’t mind/forced to refuse).

I'm sorry!

Unfortunately, we often hear this form of address. Speech etiquette and communication culture- not very popular concepts in the modern world. One will consider them too decorative or old-fashioned, while another will find it difficult to answer the question of what forms of speech etiquette are found in his everyday life.

Meanwhile, the etiquette of verbal communication plays a vital role for a person’s successful activity in society, his personal and professional growth, and the building of strong family and friendly relationships.

The concept of speech etiquette

Speech etiquette is a system of requirements (rules, norms) that explain to us how to establish, maintain and break contact with another person in a certain situation. Speech etiquette norms are very diverse, each country has its own peculiarities of communication culture.

speech etiquette - a system of rules

It may seem strange why you need to develop special rules of communication and then stick to them or break them. And yet, speech etiquette is closely related to the practice of communication; its elements are present in every conversation. Compliance with the rules of speech etiquette will help you competently convey your thoughts to your interlocutor and quickly achieve mutual understanding with him.

Mastering the etiquette of verbal communication requires acquiring knowledge in the field of various humanitarian disciplines: linguistics, psychology, cultural history and many others. To more successfully master communication culture skills, they use such a concept as speech etiquette formulas.

Speech etiquette formulas

The basic formulas of speech etiquette are learned at an early age, when parents teach their child to say hello, say thank you, and ask for forgiveness for mischief. With age, a person learns more and more subtleties in communication, masters different styles of speech and behavior. Ability to correctly assess a situation, initiate and maintain a conversation with stranger, competently expressing one’s thoughts distinguishes a person of high culture, educated and intelligent.

Speech etiquette formulas- these are certain words, phrases and set expressions used for three stages of conversation:

starting a conversation (greeting/introduction)

main part

final part of the conversation

Starting a conversation and ending it

Any conversation, as a rule, begins with a greeting; it can be verbal and non-verbal. The order of greeting also matters: the youngest greets the elder first, the man greets the woman, the young girl greets the adult man, the junior greets the elder. We list in the table the main forms of greeting the interlocutor:

At the end of the conversation, formulas for ending communication and parting are used. These formulas are expressed in the form of wishes (all the best, all the best, goodbye), hopes for further meetings (see you tomorrow, I hope to see you soon, we’ll call you), or doubts about further meetings (goodbye, farewell).

The role of words for any communication is difficult to underestimate. Successful interaction with the environment often depends on a precisely selected phrase that is appropriate for a particular case. Speech etiquette regulates the use of expressions, terms, words for each situation. It contains established rules for polite conversation or writing. Etiquette in everyday life speech activity contains a set of verbal clichés for greeting, farewell or getting to know each other. Every person says them throughout the day. The term speech etiquette also refers to the rules for using appropriate vocabulary and intonation. Development modern languages is largely determined by the rules of everyday use of words.

Compliance with speech etiquette contributes to better mutual understanding between interlocutors. In a conversation with an unfamiliar person, in small talk, for standard situations it is enough to use one of the standard phrases. The culture of speech is regulated by the inappropriateness of etiquette to utter abusive and slang expressions at official meetings. People around you simply will not take such an interlocutor seriously.

Any successful communication is determined by the duration, content of the speech, and the method of presenting information. Too long frequent remarks will tire the listener, and the paucity of statements can offend, show a person’s isolation or disdain for those present. In different words you can describe a phenomenon from a positive or negative side, accurately show or distort the essence of what is happening. The essence of what is said is always important: falsity, unreliability of statements affects the attitude towards the interlocutor.

The main purposes of modern speech etiquette:

1. Promotes successful communication in accordance with the current social group. Clear rules help to minimize negative reactions to what is said and quickly select the right words.
2. Draws attention to the interlocutor, the author, the speaker, the attention of the desired audience.
3. The role of speech etiquette is manifested as function indicating the purpose of the meeting, social status those present.
4. Regulates necessary emotional situation activities or the degree of impact on others, causing certain reactions to words.
5. Helps effectively show your attitude towards your interlocutor. Using specific words, you can express respect, disdain or sympathy for the addressee.

The situational appropriateness of speech is determined by the purpose of what was said, the environment in which communication takes place, the social group of those present, and the reason for the meeting. The emotional coloring of any remark depends on the events taking place. Swearing or exaggerated scientific statements will appear inappropriate in different settings.

Types of speech etiquette

The norms of existing speech etiquette differ for different methods of transmitting information. There are rules for telephone communication and personal meetings. IN telephone conversation you need to take into account the duration, intonation, vocabulary, and in personal conversations, posture, gestures, and accompanying behavior are important. For business correspondence, there is a special etiquette that takes into account the style, choice of the desired font or text design.

• Business, official. Here, formalities are observed; specialized terms and clericalisms are used in the vocabulary. When conducting negotiations and business correspondence, it is necessary to emphasize respect for the opponent.
• Casual style Speech etiquette is largely simplified; abbreviations, lexical errors, and variations in the choice of the right words are allowed.
• Familiar. Accepted only among close friends or family. The simplest style of communication, where restrictions are set only by the participants themselves.

Linguistic and behavioral means

Speech etiquette has different ways delivering the necessary information. There are certain means of giving a conversation or letter an appropriate coloring for the occasion:

1. Vocabulary. This can be either standard clichés of expressions of sympathy, congratulations, greetings, or the deliberate use of scientific terms that correspond to the audience of slang expressions.
2. Speech stylistics. Constructing phrases in accordance with the occasion of the conversation.
3. Intonation. The right tone of expression successfully helps to express emotions.
4. Behavioral. Restrictions on certain actions in conversation, promoting respectful communication, the use of certain techniques that influence the public.
5. Grammar. For example, respect can be shown by calling your interlocutor in the plural.

The means of communication are not limited to just words. In personal communication, people show their emotions through facial expressions and body position. A facial expression, a polite bow can add the necessary emotional coloring to a conversation. The most polite words spoken with a sour expression on your face will only cause bewilderment, but a sincere smile can correct a mistake or mistake.

Speech etiquette formulas

A person learns the basic formulas of communication from childhood. These are standard clichés for expressing gratitude, greetings, and farewells. These expressions are used according to etiquette according to the occasion. Forms of speech etiquette are different for everyday and official communication. Respectful greeting "Hello!" universal, and “Hello!” You can only tell someone you know well.

In any communication, there are three stages of conversation, for which the corresponding formulas are adopted:

1. Start. Greeting phrases would be appropriate here depending on the time of day at which the communication takes place and the formality of the meeting: “Hello!”, “Good afternoon!”, “Hello!”
2. Development. Phrases of approval, indignation, and sympathy are used.
3. Completion. For farewell, the universal remarks “Goodbye!”, “See you!” or more familiarly “Bye!”, “See you soon!”.

There are various formulas that express emotions and attitudes towards what is happening. When spoken with the right intonation, they can support or correct the actions of the interlocutor. The ability to distinguish the subtleties of using the right words according to etiquette comes with an increase in the level of education and culture.

There are various speech cliches for situations:

• Sorrow. These are expressions of sadness due to tragic events, for example, “I’m sorry.”
• Congratulations. The phrase depends on the occasion, you can say the universal “Congratulations!” , mention happy event“Happy Anniversary!”, “Happy New Year!”, “Happy Birthday!”.
• Support. They are pronounced to encourage the interlocutor in their endeavors - “You will succeed!”, “You can handle it!”.
• Approval or Disagreement with actions or requests. “This is impossible!”, “I have to refuse”, “I agree.”
• The offensiveness of the interlocutor's actions.“How dare you!”
• . “Please forgive me!”, “I apologize!”
• Requests.“Could you...”, “Please...”.
• Compliments. "You look wonderful!".

Speech etiquette of different social groups

The culture of behavior and verbal communication differs for different social circles or groups. In a company of people of the same profession or people of a certain status, a certain vocabulary or tone of expression is adopted, different from everyday life.

The criteria for speech etiquette are determined by the following characteristics:

• Age. The words used and the manner of conversation among teenagers differ from the principles of communication among older people.
• Level of education or upbringing. Depending on the knowledge gained, the vocabulary and awareness of the appropriateness of certain behavior changes.
• Profession. The speech and etiquette of doctors and scientists is distinguished by the use of specialized terms and professional slang. Conduct is governed by certain ethics that prohibit certain speech, disclosures, or criticism of colleagues.
• National characteristics and traditions.

Modern speech etiquette is also built on the principles of hierarchy. The relationship between a boss and a subordinate, people of different social levels, oblige them to use certain words and expressions, to monitor their gestures and intonation.

Speech etiquette is the rules governing the use of linguistic means and techniques. With the help of appropriate expressions, intonations, and accompanying gestures, you can get the desired reaction in the appropriate environment. Etiquette varies depending on the social group or purpose of the meeting.

Speech etiquette is a set of requirements for the content, form, order, nature and appropriateness of situational statements accepted in a certain culture. This concept also includes expressions and words that people use to make requests, farewells, and apologies. It is also necessary to include here various shapes addresses, intonation features. Etiquette standards even get their names based on the countries or places where they are applied. As an example, we can cite the so-called “Russian speech etiquette” as a form of ethics inherent exclusively to Russians. Linguists, historians and cultural scientists, psychologists, regionalists, ethnologists and geographers study this phenomenon.

Speech etiquette and its boundaries

In the broadest sense of this word, it can be interpreted as any more or less successful moment(act of) communication. That is why speech etiquette is associated with certain postulates of communication that make the interaction of all participants in communication possible and more successful. These postulates include:

Quality (the speech message must have proper basis and not be deliberately false);

Quantity (balance and harmony between brevity and conciseness of presentation and its spatial vagueness);

Attitude (relevance to the addressee);

Method (clarity, precision of transmitted information for the recipient).

Speech etiquette and its peripheral postulates

If we consider the above rules solely as necessary for the effective execution of the task of transmitting information, then politeness and tactfulness can be thrown out of there. This means that requirements such as truthfulness and relevance can also be omitted in some valid cases.

Speech etiquette and its levels

In a narrow sense, this concept can be characterized as a system of certain linguistic means that are required to establish contacts and relationships. The elements of this system can be considered at different levels:

Level of vocabulary and phraseology (this includes set expressions and special words);

Grammatical level (use plural for polite address, for example, the pronoun “you”);

Stylistic level (cultured, literate speech, refusal of obscene and shocking words);

Intonation level (polite intonation, use of softening euphemisms);

Orthoepic level (for example, using the word “hello” instead of “here” or “great”);

Organizational and communicative level (prohibition on interrupting the interlocutor, interfering in someone else’s conversation).

Speech etiquette in everyday practice

This norm is somehow tied to the communication situation. The rules of speech etiquette are a set of parameters that correspond to the situation, the personality of the interlocutor, the place, motive, time and purpose of the conversation. First of all, these are criteria for phenomena that are focused on the addressee, but the personality of the speaker himself is undoubtedly taken into account. The rules of communication may vary depending on the situation and topic. There are more specific vocabulary norms (for example, speeches during a feast, at a funeral, etc.).

Good manners - one of the most important indicators educated, cultured person. From early childhood, we are instilled with certain behavior patterns. To a cultured person it is necessary to constantly follow the norms of behavior established in society - observe etiquette.Knowledge and adherence to etiquette standards allows you to feel confident and free in any society.

The word "etiquette" came into the Russian language from French in the 18th century, when the court life of an absolute monarchy was taking shape and broad political and cultural ties between Russia and other states were established.

Etiquette (French)etiquette ) - a set of rules of conduct and treatment accepted in certain social circles (at the courts of monarchs, in diplomatic circles, etc.). Typically, etiquette reflects the form of behavior, treatment, and rules of courtesy accepted in a given society, inherent in a particular tradition. Etiquette can act as an indicator of the values ​​of different historical eras.

At an early age, when parents teach their child to say hello, say thank you, and ask for forgiveness for pranks, learning occurs. basic formulas of speech etiquette.

Speech ethics - it's a system of rules speech behavior, norms for using language means in certain conditions. Speech communication etiquette plays an important role for a person’s successful activity in society, his personal and professional growth, and the building of strong family and friendly relationships. To master the etiquette of verbal communication, knowledge from various humanitarian areas: linguistics, history, cultural studies, psychology. To more successfully master cultural communication skills, they use such a concept as speech etiquette formulas.

In everyday life, we constantly communicate with people.

Any communication process consists of certain stages:

Starting a conversation (greeting/introduction);

Main part, conversation;

The final part of the conversation.

Each stage of communication is accompanied by certain cliches, traditional words and fixed expressions - speech etiquette formulas. Given formula exist in the language in ready-made form and are provided for all occasions.

To the formulas of speech etiquette words of politeness include (sorry, thank you, please), greetings and farewells (hello, greetings, goodbye), appeals (you, you, ladies and gentlemen). Greetings came to us from the west: good evening, good afternoon, good morning, and from European languages ​​- farewells: all the best, all the best.

The sphere of speech etiquette includes ways of expressing joy, sympathy, grief, guilt, accepted in a given culture. For example, in some countries it is considered indecent to complain about difficulties and problems, while in others it is unacceptable to talk about one’s achievements and successes. The range of conversation topics varies across cultures.

In the narrow sense of the word speech etiquette can be defined as a system of linguistic means in which etiquette relations are manifested. Elements and formulas of this system can be implemented at different language levels:

At the level of vocabulary and phraseology: special words, set expressions, forms of address (thank you, excuse me, hello, comrades, etc.)

At the grammatical level: for polite address, use plurals and interrogative sentences instead of imperatives (You won't tell me how to get there...)

On a stylistic level: maintaining the qualities of good speech (correctness, precision, richness, appropriateness, etc.)

At the intonation level: using calm intonation even when expressing demands, dissatisfaction, or irritation.

At the level of orthoepy: use of full forms of words: з hello instead of hello, please instead of please, etc.

On organizational and communicative level: listen carefully and do not interrupt or interfere in someone else’s conversation.

Speech etiquette formulas are characteristic of both literary and colloquial, and rather reduced (slang) style. The choice of one or another speech etiquette formula depends mainly on the communication situation. Indeed, the conversation and manner of communication can vary significantly depending on: the personality of the interlocutors, the place of communication, the topic of conversation, time, motive and goals.

The place of communication may require participants in the conversation to comply with certain rules speech etiquette established specifically for the chosen place. Communication on business meeting, a social dinner, in the theater will differ from behavior at a youth party, in the restroom, etc.

Speech etiquette depends on the participants in the conversation. The personality of the interlocutors primarily influences the form of address: you or you. Form You indicates the informal nature of communication, You - to respect and greater formality in conversation.

Depending on the topic of conversation, time, motive or purpose of communication, we use different conversational techniques.

INTRODUCTION

What is meant by speech etiquette is used in the speech of each of us every day and repeatedly. Perhaps these are the most common expressions: we speak to someone many times a day, greet our acquaintances, and sometimes strangers, say goodbye to people, thank someone, apologize to someone, congratulate someone, congratulate someone we wish good luck or give someone a compliment, we condole with someone, sympathize with someone, ask, offer, etc. This is speech etiquette, which is a set of verbal forms of courtesy, politeness, that is, something that cannot be done without.

In the process of education and socialization, a person, becoming an individual and increasingly mastering the language, learns the ethical norms of relationships with others, including speech relationships, in other words, masters the culture of communication. But for this he needs to navigate the communication situation, the role characteristics of his partner, and correspond to his own social characteristics and satisfy the expectations of other people, strive for the “image” that has developed in the mind of a native speaker, act according to the rules of the communicative roles of the speaker or listener, construct the text in accordance with stylistic norms, master oral and written forms of communication.

Possession of speech etiquette contributes to the acquisition of authority, generates trust and respect. Knowing the rules of speech etiquette and observing them allows a person to feel confident and at ease, and not experience awkwardness and difficulties in communication. Strict adherence to speech etiquette in business communication leaves clients and partners with a favorable impression of the organization and maintains its positive reputation.

1. THE CONCEPT OF SPEECH ETIQUETTE AND ITS FUNCTIONS

The concept of “etiquette” is a philosophical, ethical concept. The origin of the word “etiquette” is French word. Initially it meant a product tag, a label, then it began to be called a court ceremony. It is in this meaning that the word “etiquette” has become widespread in German, Polish, Russian and other languages. The word “etiquette” entered the Russian language in the 18th century, under Peter I, when broad cultural and political ties were established in Russia with other states. At this time, special etiquette manuals were created for young people. Etiquette determines all our behavior.

These are not only the rules that we follow at the table or at a party, these are generally all the norms of our relationships. With the help of such rules learned from childhood, we regulate our relationships with others, establish or discover in communication relationships like: “senior - junior - equal.” So, speech etiquette is a set of requirements accepted in a given culture for the form, content, order, nature and situational relevance of statements. Culture of Russian speech: Textbook for universities / Ed. OK. Graudina. - M.: Publishing house Norma, 2001. P. 319. .

Well-known researcher of speech etiquette N.I. Formanovskaya gives the following definition: “Speech etiquette refers to the regulating rules of speech behavior, a system of nationally specific stereotypical, stable communication formulas accepted and prescribed by society to establish contact between interlocutors, maintain and interrupt contact in the chosen tonality.” The study of speech etiquette, in her opinion, occupies a special position at the intersection of linguistics, theory and cultural history, psychology and other humanities disciplines.

In the broad sense of the word, speech etiquette characterizes almost any successful act of communication, therefore speech etiquette is associated with the so-called postulates of speech communication, which make the interaction of communication participants possible and successful. These are postulates - postulates of quality (the message should not be false or without proper foundation); quantity (the message should not be too short or too lengthy); relationship (the message must be relevant to the addressee) and method (the message must be clear, concise, and not contain words and expressions that are incomprehensible to the addressee). Violation of one or more of these postulates to one degree or another entails a communicative failure.

Speech etiquette in the narrow sense of the word can be characterized as a system of linguistic means in which etiquette relations are manifested. Aleksandrov D.N. Rhetoric: Tutorial for universities. - M.: UNITY - Dana, 1999. P. 217. . Elements of this system can be implemented at different language levels: at the level of vocabulary and phraseology: special words and set expressions (Thank you, Please, I beg your pardon, Excuse me, etc.), as well as specialized forms of address (Mr., Comrade, etc. .); at the grammatical level: using the plural for polite address (including the pronoun you), using interrogative sentences instead of imperative sentences (Won’t you tell me what time it is)?

Could you move a little? etc.): at the stylistic level: refusal to use words that directly name obscene and shocking objects and phenomena and use euphemisms instead of these words; at the intonation level: the use of polite intonation (for example, the phrase: Please, close the door - can sound with different intonation depending on whether it implies a polite request or an unceremonious demand); at the level of orthoepy: use: Hello instead of Hello, Please instead of Please, etc.; at the organizational and communication level: prohibition on interrupting the interlocutor, interfering in someone else’s conversation, etc.

Speech etiquette is the rules of speech behavior developed by society, mandatory for all members of society, nationally specific, firmly fixed in the system of speech formulas, but still historically changeable Formanovskaya N.I. You said: "Hello!" (Speech etiquette in our communication). - M.: Znanie, 1989. P. 5. Speech etiquette talks about how to behave in various extralinguistic contexts, how to correctly establish and maintain verbal, and, accordingly, friendly business contact. Speech etiquette is associated with the culture of speech behavior and is inseparable from the communication situation in which it is used.

Speech etiquette performs certain functions:

1) first of all, it is necessary to highlight the contact-establishing function (it is also called both sociative and phatic - from the Latin “to speak”). This function manifests itself in such speech acts when the speaker attracts the attention of the interlocutor, prepares him for the actual communication of information, that is, this function serves the verbal contact of the interlocutors. After all, in fact, when we say to our interlocutor: Who do I see! - We don’t have a task to meaningfully exchange knowledge about who exactly the person saw. This is just a signal: I remember you, I’m glad to meet you unexpectedly, our relationship is relaxed, etc.

2) appellative, or calling function. When we say: Citizen! or: Excuse me, please, how do I get there? - we have no other goal than to attract the attention of the interlocutor, to call him for further conversation.

3) the calling, appellative function is associated with the function of orientation towards the addressee in connection with his role positions in speech interactions. This function is also called conative. In fact, we can say to one: Dear Alexander Ivanovich!, to another (or in other conditions): Sasha, and to a third, (or in other conditions): Sanya. And all this will depend on who says it to whom, in what setting and in what mutual relationships. The conative function is closely related to the concept of politeness.

4) the function of expressing one’s will in relation to the interlocutor, influencing him (this function is also called voluntary). When we say to someone standing at the door, for example: Come in, please!, we are influencing the behavior of the interlocutor, encouraging him to enter. At the same time, we invite him not to “pass” (past or along something), but rather to come closer. Is it difficult for you to move? - we ask for action, encourage a person to be active, while at the same time not expecting him to answer “whether it is difficult” for him or not.

5) and, finally, the emotive function associated with the expression of a person’s emotions, feelings, and relationships.

We say to the interlocutor: I am so glad to see you; Happy to meet you; Very nice... And all speech etiquette in general is a means of expressing emotionally meaningful relationship Formanovskaya N.I. You said: "Hello!" (Speech etiquette in our communication). - M.: Knowledge, 1989. P. 16. . Speech etiquette has national specifics. Each nation has created its own system of rules of speech behavior. For example, in Russian society Of particular value are such qualities as tact, courtesy, tolerance, goodwill, and restraint. Tactfulness is ethical standard which requires the speaker to understand the interlocutor, avoid inappropriate questions, and discuss topics that may be unpleasant for him.

Precaution is the ability to foresee possible questions and the wishes of the interlocutor, the willingness to inform him in detail on all topics relevant to the conversation. Tolerance means being calm about possible differences of opinion and avoiding harsh criticism of the views of your interlocutor. You should respect the opinions of other people and try to understand why they have this or that point of view. Closely related to such a character quality as tolerance is self-control - the ability to calmly respond to unexpected or tactless questions and statements from an interlocutor.

Goodwill is necessary both in relation to the interlocutor and in the entire structure of the conversation: in its content and form, in intonation and choice of words. That. respect for another person, politeness and goodwill helps to verbally express speech etiquette; it, when used appropriately and in moderation, ultimately forms a culture of behavior.

2. SUSTAINABLE COMMUNICATION FORMULAS

Speech etiquette is socially defined and nationally specific rules of behavior, implemented in a system of stable formulas and expressions (stereotypical statements) used in situations of establishing, maintaining and breaking contact with an interlocutor, in the You - You system of forms of communication, in the choice of socio-stylistic tonality of communication with the orientation of the addressee and the communication situation as a whole. Culture of Russian speech: encyclopedic Dictionary- reference book / Ed. L.Yu. Ivanova. - M.: Flint; Science, 2003. P. 575. . Speech etiquette is a special area of ​​language and speech, and therefore a professional look at it from the point of view of linguistics is necessary.

When people talk to each other, they create some kind of text. This text is constructed according to linguistic laws, and individual sentences - statements in it interact from the grammatical and semantic aspects. Both texts and their elements - statements - can be very diverse depending on various reasons: written or oral form of speech, contact or distant position of interlocutors, specific or general addressee, intended for official or informal communication, topic and much more.

All the variety of statements is difficult to classify, but we can rightfully say that among them there are those that constitute a special group of stereotypes, stable formulas of communication. Stereotypes and stable formulas do not arise anew in every act of speech, but are reproduced as units deposited and stored in our linguistic consciousness in the form of a kind of stock of ready-made typified phrases. Stereotypes in communication arise as a result of frequent and typical attachment to a frequently repeated typical communication situation. Generally speaking, standardization of certain processes, including communication processes, is a useful thing.

True, we must clearly distinguish where this is good and where it is bad. Official business speech cannot do without standards, stereotypes, and formulas. So, any act of communication has a beginning, a main part and a final part. If the addressee is unfamiliar to the subject of speech, then communication begins with acquaintance. Dating is undoubtedly the sphere of influence of etiquette. After all, getting acquainted means establishing a connection with a person, a relationship with him for communication. At the same time, there is always a willingness to make contact, regardless of what it is caused by - simply a kind attitude, sympathy or business considerations.

Acquaintance can occur directly or indirectly. Of course, it is advisable for someone to introduce you, but there are times when you need to do this yourself. Etiquette offers several possible formulas: Let's get acquainted! I want to meet you! I would like to meet you! These expressions are arranged in order of increasing politeness in showing their intention. There are also more relaxed ways, for example: Let's get acquainted - in this case, the form of the future tense (we will) practically loses the meaning of the future itself, but rather plays an incentive role.

Official, stylistically elevated expressions are: Let me introduce myself to you. The words allow, allow, as part of the formulas of speech etiquette always turn out to be an indicator of the stylistic heightened expression. Next, after these introductory phrases, there follows an introduction by first name, patronymic or last name, if the acquaintance is purely official. This form of presentation is chosen, which is then expected when addressing: if you want to be called by name, give the interlocutor exactly these “coordinates”; if you need more respect, call yourself by your first name and patronymic. In Russian speech it is customary to call the name, first name and patronymic, last name in the nominative or instrumental case: My name is Olga Sergeevna.

My name is Volodya. After the introduction has taken place, it is possible to indicate an unofficial name, accepted in a narrow circle, which is familiar to the acquaintance. In this case, the words “call” and “name” are used: My name is Tamara, but you can call me Toma; My name is Varvara, but just call me Vava. The second line of the dialogue - the response line usually expresses satisfaction, joy at meeting you: It’s very nice to meet you! Or simply: Very nice! I am glad! And even: Happy to meet you! Other phrases are not excluded. If the acquaintance occurs through an intermediary, he, as a rule, says: Meet me, please! or: Meet me! - and names the names of those he meets.

Often, a mediator, introducing a person, uses a phraseological turn: I ask you to love and favor, as a request, an invitation to a friendly attitude. Official and informal meetings of acquaintances and strangers begin with a greeting. Official greeting formulas include: Hello! Good afternoon There is also a group of stylistically elevated greetings: Greetings! I'm glad to welcome you! Let me (let me) welcome you! Along with greetings, to enhance signs of goodwill, we also use information about life, affairs, health: How are you living? How are you doing?

Or, in a more casual conversation: How is life? How are you? How is your health? If we know a person well, the state of his affairs is generally known to us, we clarify: What’s new? How is it going? How are you? What's new at work? As a wife? etc. If the meeting is unexpected, then the greeting is accompanied by an expression of surprise: What a pleasant meeting! What a surprise!, What a meeting!, Who do I see!, What destinies?, How many years, how many winters! and we say much more in this case. The initial formulas of communication are opposed to the formulas used at the end of communication - these are farewell formulas.

But, first of all, the interlocutor must be prepared for farewell. It’s impossible to imagine that in the middle of a meaningful conversation, and even at the end of it, without any transition you can say “goodbye.” Therefore, etiquette requires that we somehow lead the interlocutor to the end of the contact. This could be a mention of the late hour, gratitude for a pleasant evening, an apology for wasting time, compliments to the hostess if you were visiting. Farewell is accompanied by various kinds of requests and invitations: Come! Come in! Do not forget! Write! Call! And the person leaving may ask: Don’t remember him badly! Although, unlike the previous ones, this phrase is used less often. When parting, wishes are also accepted: I wish you good luck, success!, and to the departing person: Have a safe journey! Good morning!

During communication, if there is a reason, people make invitations and express congratulations. Congratulations are one of the brightest etiquette situations. They usually congratulate you on a holiday, on success, on the successful completion (and sometimes a successful start) of some business. Moreover, the nature of the holiday dictates the form of congratulations. Our language allows us to express congratulations very emotionally: Heartily congratulations! From the heart! Heartily! The reason that serves as the basis for congratulations turns into an independent congratulatory formula: Happy birthday! Happy holiday! Happy New Year! Congratulations are often associated with the presentation of a gift - an action that is certainly etiquette and requires appropriate speech rituals: Accept my modest gift! This is a keepsake for you!

On the occasion of the wedding, allow me to give you a gift! A wish often accompanies a congratulation, following it as a continuation of the remark. In the design of expressions, wishes have a lot in common with congratulations: With all my heart (with all my soul) I wish you... Three accepted wishes are consistently combined at once: I wish you happiness, health, success! The most common formula of gratitude in response to a greeting, congratulation, invitation, or wish is: Thank you! If this is a response to an invitation or proposal, it may contain an additional shade of agreement or refusal. Other formulas of gratitude are also possible: I am very grateful to you, I am so grateful to you, allow me (let me) thank you. There are other ways: I offer my gratitude.

Please accept my gratitude. Those. again, there are many expressions that speakers choose depending on who and in what setting their speech is addressed. And, of course, each of the ways to thank usually corresponds to the measure of service. For a ticket coin given in transport, you can say: Thank you! Thank you But, for example, the following phrase would sound funny: There are no words to express my gratitude to you! An apology is a verbal atonement for a wrongdoing. There may be more or less guilt. An apology for a minor offense, without explaining the guilt itself, since it is self-evident (someone accidentally pushed someone, stepped on someone’s foot, did not have time to let them pass), is quite sufficiently expressed by the formula: Sorry! or: Sorry! They also add: Please!

But if the guilt is great, then, perhaps, it is more common to use: Sorry! Often there is a need to explain what exactly we are asking for forgiveness for: “Please excuse me for the late call! Sorry for causing you so much trouble!” I apologize, and also Please forgive me, not to mention phrases such as: Accept my apologies, I must apologize to you! I can't help but apologize to you! - all these are stylistically elevated ways of apologizing. And again, it’s all about the art of choice: who says them to whom, in what relationships, officially or unofficially. A request, one way or another, burdens the interlocutor, and the speaker usually takes this into account, so asking for something without “please” is not accepted.

A request is an incentive speech action, and therefore is expressed most typically by the imperative mood of verbs: Please, please pass it on! Be kind! A person can acutely feel that it is difficult for the one to whom he is making a request, then he chooses other forms: If it is not difficult for you. If you don't mind. Don't refuse the courtesy. Don't think it's hard work. Do me a favor. Invitation, encouragement, advice in their linguistic expression are similar to a request. Only a request and an invitation are more likely focused on the interests of the addressee (I ask - I need this, I invite - this pleases me), and advice, a proposal, are more “oriented” towards the interests of the addressee (I advise, I suggest - this is useful to you) Goykhmpn O .I. Nadeina T.M. Speech communication: Textbook. - M.: INFRA - M, 2005. P. 117. .

When asking, we must be delicate enough to defend our own interests, and when advising, we must again be delicate enough not to rudely invade the inner world of our interlocutor. But, of course, the interests of the one who invites, offers, and the one to whom it is directed are often combined. There is a similarity in the structure of the phrase both when asking and when giving advice. On the one hand: Please bring me a cup of coffee; on the other hand, please put on a warm scarf. Both are the imperative form of the verb, and such phrases can be freely replaced by the following: I ask you to bring me a cup of coffee and I ask you to wear a warm scarf.

But in the latter case, it is the speaker, “I”, who really needs the person to dress warmly. In addition to a request, invitation, advice, proposal to the interlocutor, when the will (and goals) of the speaker encourage the addressee to take one or another action, our speech also expresses an invitation to joint (relative to “I” and “you”) action. In casual friendly communication, these are, first of all, verbal forms of the first person plural: Let's go..., Let's go..., Let's see... and specially motivating forms: Let's go... An invitation, request, advice, proposal must be answered, that is, one must express agreement or refusal, and in some cases - permission or prohibition to do something. Consent or permission is unlikely to offend our interlocutor, but refusal and prohibition require special tact.

Consent is given: With pleasure! and with joy! and permission is expressed with the word: Please! Refusal from the standpoint of etiquette is a more complex speech action: you need to make sure that the interlocutor is not offended. There are special “softening” agents in the tongue. Firstly, we express our regret that we cannot fulfill the request, respond to the offer: Unfortunately, I can’t... There are other ways to refuse: I would love to, but... It’s inconvenient for me to refuse, but... I would be happy to allow, but... Well, if the request outrages us, then we exclaim: No, no, and no again!!! Or this: This is out of the question! Or: Under no circumstances! Emotionally expressive ways of expressing categorical disagreement and prohibition occasionally have to be used, but at the same time we must be aware of how we influence the interlocutor and what feelings we awaken in him.

In the Russian language (as in others) there are a lot of words, expressions, stable formulas that convey negative assessment, dissatisfaction, scolding, and generally a variety of negative emotions. This is a completely different area of ​​linguistic units and a different scope of their application. But situations where you need to console, show sympathy, express condolences, cheer up your interlocutor, create a good mood in him, directly relate to the field of speech etiquette. True, condolences are expressed officially, and take the form of stylistically lofty phrases such as: Please accept my condolences, Please accept my deep condolences, Allow me to express to you my sincere condolences, etc.

But consolation and sympathy are very diverse and vary from a socio-stylistic point of view, depending on who says them, to whom and in what situation. There are many phrases of sympathy in everyday life: This is nothing! It's OK! All this is nonsense! A reminder that troubles are inevitable in life can also serve as a consolation: Anything can happen; It's nothing you can do; You can't change anything here; All will pass; Everything will work out, etc. And there may also be calls to fight emotions: Don’t lose heart! Don't give in to the mood! and other phrases. As a rule, with sympathy and consolation, the speaker does not limit himself to just one phrase, he strings them one on top of the other, repeats, convinces, creates a whole text, and can add compliments here: You are such a strong person!

You can cope with adversity! Thus, a compliment, approval, as well as consolation and sympathy, encourage the interlocutor and lift his spirits. We are often inclined to believe even exaggerated compliments; we are ready to accept a compliment that is a little more than what we objectively deserve. Obviously, the whole point is that the speaker subjectively evaluates the interlocutor; it is the point of view of the addresser that can reveal the special merits of the addressee. This supports our tendency to believe our own high opinions. Psychologists note how important it is for a person to think well about himself, to have his own positive image. When giving compliments or expressing approval towards someone, we must remember that there is something good in every person.

To highlight, emphasize this good thing, do not be stingy, evaluate the best features in a person - this is the art of a compliment and its positive role Culture of Russian Speech: A Textbook for Universities / Ed. OK. Graudina. - M.: Publishing House Norma, 2001. P. 301. . Just as in consolation, sympathy, and in a compliment, all attention is focused on the interlocutor; there is “you” in the phrases, but there is no “I”. You look wonderful! This dress suits you very well! The most common compliments used are related to appearance. A compliment on appearance can mark a successful hairstyle or clothes: This suit suits you very well! This color suits you! You have great taste and dress so elegantly! But, of course, it's all about when it's appropriate to give which compliment.

If, for example, after a report or speech, a woman has the right to wait for the approval of her business qualities, and the speaker praises her clothes, the effect of such a compliment may be exactly the opposite - after all, she is waiting for approval of the thoughts that she expressed, the manner of speaking, the ability to defend her point of view, and reason logically. A compliment addressed to loved ones also creates a good mood for the interlocutor: You have a lovely daughter; You have such a handsome husband; You have a charming wife! Thus, all of the above situations are the most common in terms of the implementation of speech etiquette in them.

3. SPEECH ETIQUETTE AND CULTURE OF SPEECH

Culture - in a certain sense of the word, is enlightenment, education, erudition, the presence of certain skills of behavior in society, good manners. The culture of communication is that part of the culture of behavior that is expressed mainly in speech, in the mutual exchange of remarks, in conversation. This broad area also affects what is called speech culture. Speech culture is a complex concept. In everyday life, in everyday life, this means correct, literate speech. But the culture of speech is also a whole branch of linguistics, sometimes called orthodology (“ortho”, like “ortho”, in Greek “correct” - “correct speech”) Formanovskaya N.I. You said: "Hello!" (Speech etiquette in our communication). - M.: Knowledge, 1989. P. 151. .

The culture of speech, as a science of language, is precisely concerned with the development and organization of various rules, and the rules of speech are of interest to each of us. Speech culture refers to mastery of the norms of oral and written language. literary language, that is, the rules of pronunciation, stress, grammar and word usage. Usually, from these positions, speech is assessed as correct and incorrect, use as acceptable and unacceptable. For example: correct “last” (in line) and incorrect “last”; it is correct to “put” and incorrectly to “lay down”. The second area of ​​interest in the culture of speech is speech skills, the ability to choose a stylistically appropriate option, expressively and intelligibly express a thought.

A high culture of speech presupposes a fairly high level of general human culture, a conscious love of language, and a culture of thinking. The pinnacle of speech culture, the standard and “reference point” of phenomena perceived as normative, is recognized as the literary language, where the cultural traditions of the people and the achievements of wordsmiths and writers are consolidated and accumulated, as in a treasury. Speech etiquette is directly related to the culture of speech and is inseparable from the communication situation in which it is used.

In addition, speech etiquette is closely related to the category of politeness - an ethical category that is reflected in language and serves as one of the characteristics of a person. The ethical socio-cultural concept of politeness as a respectful attitude towards a communication partner is connected with speech etiquette in two ways. On the one hand, any violation of the norms of speech behavior is a demonstration of impoliteness.

This violation may be due to:

a) violation of the ritual of speech etiquette in the appropriate situation (did not say hello, did not thank);

b) choosing the inconsistency of the situation and role characteristics partner (for example, using “you” - a formula with the expected “you”).

The idea of ​​correct cultural speech includes a certain idea of ​​the norm in the field of speech etiquette. In general, a language norm is the rules of pronunciation, grammatical and other linguistic means, and rules of word usage accepted in the social speech practice of educated people. The norm is the most important condition for stability and unity national language. A norm, like a law, does not allow each speaker to act according to his own whim. Therefore, we can say that a person who knows the norms native language, masters the culture of speech, and vice versa, those who master the culture of speech always adhere to the norm.

This does not exclude, of course, the stylistic diversity of his speech, but precisely presupposes such diversity as the embodiment of speech mastery. So, speech etiquette, as an element of the speech and behavioral culture of the people, is associated with the concept of linguistic norms. Every native speaker knows the previously discussed stable communication formulas - for example, the formula for apologizing for awkwardness; however, the norm is to greet only one: Excuse me! I'm sorry! - and others are rejected, for example: I'm sorry! (moreover, sometimes “justifications” are given for such a distinction, such as: you cannot apologize to yourself, you can only ask for an apology from others, etc.).

The very use or non-use of units of speech etiquette can also be the subject of normalization, for example: apology formulas are appropriate if the speaker is causing concern to his interlocutor, but one should not apologize too often, as this puts the interlocutor in an awkward position. In addition, a violation of the norms and rules of the literary language, especially if it looks like negligence, can itself be considered a violation of speech etiquette. So, the requirements of speech etiquette form a kind of hierarchy.

To some extent, they are an integral part of the active and passive language practice of every native speaker. On the other hand, these requirements are associated with a certain level of speech culture, more or less high. Elements of speech etiquette are present in the everyday practice of any native speaker who easily recognizes stable formulas of communication in the flow of speech and expects the interlocutor to use them in a certain situation. Elements of speech etiquette are absorbed so deeply that they are perceived by the “naive” linguistic consciousness as part of the everyday, natural and logical behavior of people.

But the boundary between everyday speech practice and the norm in speech etiquette is inevitably fluid. Practical use Speech etiquette is always somewhat different from normative models, and not only because of the participants’ insufficient knowledge of its rules. Deviations from the norm, or too meticulous adherence to it, may be due to the speaker’s desire to demonstrate his attitude towards the interlocutor or to emphasize his vision of the situation. Thus, speech etiquette is not a rigid system of rules; it is quite plastic, and this plasticity creates a fairly large “room for maneuver.”

Currently, there is a clear trend towards increasing the general and linguistic culture of people, developing a “linguistic sense”, linguistic taste, interest in language, bringing the culture of behavior and speech etiquette to automaticity. CONCLUSION It is impossible to name a linguistic culture in which etiquette requirements for speech activity would not be presented. In the speech etiquette of almost all nations, common features can be identified: almost all nations have stable formulas for greeting and farewell, forms of respectful address to elders, etc. however, these features are realized in each culture in its own way. The origins of speech etiquette lie in the most ancient period of the history of language.

The most ancient ideas about the effectiveness of the word are superimposed by later layers associated with various stages of the evolution of society and its structure. In modern, especially urban culture, the culture of industrial and post-industrial society, the place of speech etiquette is radically rethought. On the one hand, the traditional foundations of this phenomenon are being eroded: mythological and religious beliefs. Ideas about an unshakable social hierarchy, etc. Speech etiquette is now considered in a purely pragmatic aspect, as a means of achieving a communicative goal: to attract the attention of the interlocutor, to demonstrate respect to him, to arouse sympathy, to create a comfortable climate for communication.

On the other hand, speech etiquette remains an important part of the national language and culture. It is impossible to talk about a high level of language proficiency if this proficiency does not include knowledge of the rules of speech communication and the ability to apply these rules in practice. The ability to comply with ethical and speech standards has always been highly valued in society. Knowledge of ethical standards and the ability to follow them in behavior and speech indicate a high level of human development.