Shall is modal. Using the modal verb should in English

The modal verb should is quite popular among modal verbs and, during the development of the language, acquired new shades and became a full-fledged and separate lexical structure. The modal verb should in English has different shades of meaning, can be followed by all infinitive forms and form constructions that carry additional meaning in addition to the main one. How this word is used, as well as its possible functions and equivalents, will be discussed further.

Main characteristics

The use of the modal verb should is characterized by the presence of situations with recommendations and advice, since its original meaning is “should, worth, recommended.”

Like many other modal verbs, it cannot have a to after it. It has a so-called “understudy” that is similar in meaning - ought to, but they have some fundamental difference between themselves, which does not allow one structure to be replaced by another at will.

Of course, should cannot have any ending –s in the third person, since English grammar provides for completely different rules for the formation and use of modal verbs, different from the standard ones. However, this modal has one atypical feature: it can be an auxiliary word, and this is most clearly seen in the Subjunctive Mood topic:

If you had asked me to do it earlier, I should have done that work immediately – If you had asked me to do it earlier, I would have done that work immediately

Note: the use of the verb should in this example is typical of British English; in colloquial speech, where the difference between the first person and others is erased, the auxiliary word would is more often found.

Temporal forms and abbreviations

Should is a modal verb that did not immediately acquire the status of a full modal. Initially, the difference between shall and should was only that the second option was used in the past tense instead of shall, for example, in cases with tense agreement. However, over time, it acquired new shades of meaning and became independent.

The tense with this word can be different, which is expressed, like other modals, through infinitive forms. But compared to other cases, all forms of Infinitive except Indefinite used with this modal carry additional meaning.

Here are examples of sentences with a continuous infinitive:

· You should be preparing for your exam, why are playing games? – You need to study for an exam, why are you playing games?
· Father is working, although he should be sleeping as tomorrow he’ll have to wake up early - Father is working, but he should sleep, since tomorrow he will have to get up early

These sentences with the word should show more than just a recommendation. It says that something should be happening right now, BUT IT'S NOT HAPPENING. Sentences in the past tense with a perfect infinitive are formed in a similar way, when it is necessary to show that something should have been done in the past, but this was not done, as well as the Perfect Continuous Infinitive with a similar principle:

· Charley should have been there last night, when his wife was in hospital - Charlie should have been there last night, when his wife was in the hospital (but he wasn’t)
· You should have been working for 30 minutes - You should have been working properly for thirty minutes (but you’re not working)

Question forms

Questions with should are formed according to the principle of any modal: the modal verb is placed in first place before the subject. You cannot use any auxiliary words:

· Should he retell the story? – Should he retell the story?
· Should I come to her or she is still angry? – Should I come to her or is she still angry?

Negation

To express negative forms, it is customary to use the familiar particle not. At the same time, should not is a less colloquial form; in speech and sometimes in writing, abbreviations are often used:

· They shouldn’t return, they haven’t picked up enough mushrooms yet – They shouldn’t return, they haven’t picked up enough mushrooms yet
· Alice shouldn’t try to do this job once again; everything will be in vain – Alice shouldn’t try to do this job again, it will all be in vain.

The pronunciation of the short form will also be special. The “o” sound in the word “not” is omitted, the entire structure is pronounced together. Moreover, in two versions of the language - British and English - the vowel sound of the verb will be slightly different. The English transcription shouldn't be [ʃʊdnt]; The American version provides a reduced sound - [ʃədnt].

Contact will

Since should is originally a form of shall, it obviously has some connection with will, which in some places resembles this verb and even has similar functions. According to the rules of grammar, shall and will, as we know, are not only modal verbs; most often they are used in the form of auxiliary words. Accordingly, should also acquired the possibility of being used as an auxiliary verb, which, as mentioned earlier, is most relevant in the Subjunctive Mood topic.

Possible equivalent

Sometimes the structure to be supposed to acts as a construction that can serve as a replacement for a given verb. However, you should not consider it as a full-fledged analogue of this modal. The only similar meaning it can convey is should with Perfect Infinitive. This construction is used when it is necessary to show that an action should have been performed, but was not performed:

Peter was supposed to come after lunch = Peter should have come after lunch - Peter should have come after lunch (but he didn’t come)

Functions in a sentence

It is believed that this verb can have three main meanings:

1. Commitment:

· You shouldn’t break your promises – You shouldn’t break your promises
· Betty should come in order to pay for the dress she rented - Betty should come to pay for the dress she rented

· He should consider another way to solve the problem - He should think about another way to solve the problem
· They should continue working on their project as it is perfect – They should continue working on their project because it is wonderful

3. Something that is expected naturally, something obvious and taken for granted:

· If it’s a bottle of an old wine, it should be delicious – If this is a bottle of old wine, then it should be amazing
· It is the latest news about the accident; it should be tragic - This is the latest news about the accident, and it certainly should be tragic

All these meanings are unique in their own way. Various exercises on comparing modal verbs and using the appropriate infinitive forms will help you hone your skills in using this modal in speech and writing. Any difficulties can be avoided by knowing the basic functions of the modal verb, as well as the rules for its use in certain situations.

Affirmative form	Negative form	Interrogative form
I shall (I'll)	I shall not (shan’t)	Shall I not (shan’t I)?
he will (he'll)	he won't (won't)	Will he not (won’t he)?
she will (she'll)	she will not (won’t)	Will she not (won’t she)?
we shall (we'll)	we shall not (shan’t)	Shall we not(shan’t we)?
you will (you'll)	you won't (won't)	Will you not (won’t you)?
they will (they'll)	they will not (won’t)	Will they not (won’t they)?

Use

The verb shall in English is used:

• 1. As an auxiliary verb in combination with an infinitive without the particle to to form the future tense in the 1st person singular and plural.

I shall go to the cinema. I will go to the cinema.
We shall translate this text tomorrow. We will translate this text tomorrow.

Note. There is a tendency to use will instead of shall with the first person.

I will be busy tonight. I'll be busy tonight.
We will have an English lesson tomorrow. We will have an English lesson tomorrow.

• 2. As a modal verb in the following cases:

a) in the 2nd person in a question, if an answer is expected in the future tense, to clarify the desire of the person to whom the question is addressed.

Shall do you work tomorrow? - Will you work tomorrow? -
Yes, I shall. (No, I shan’t.) Yes, I’m working. (No, I do not work.)

b) with the 2nd and 3rd person singular and plural to express the speaker’s firm intention.

You shall have a doll. You will have a doll.
Not shan't come here. He won't come here. (I will not let.)

c) with the 2nd and 3rd persons to express orders.

Each competitor shall wear a number.
Each participant in the competition must have a number.

Members shall enter the names of their guests in the book.
Members (of the club) must enter the names of their guests in the book.

Please note:

In colloquial speech with the 1st person singular and plural, will is often used instead of shall, which emphasizes desire and intention.

d) in questions in the 1st and 3rd person singular and plural to receive instructions, orders, advice or suggestions.

Shall I wait for you? Should I wait for you?
Shall I help you to pack the things? Should I help you pack your things?
Shall we meet at the theater? Meet me at the theater?
Shall he begin to read? Should I start reading to him?
Where shall we put this? Where do we put it?
Which one shall I buy? Which (tie, suit, etc.) should I buy?

The verb will in English is used:

• 1. As an auxiliary verb in combination with an infinitive without the particle to to form the future tense with the 2nd and 3rd person singular and plural.

They will go on an excursion on Sunday.
They will go on an excursion on Sunday.

• 2. As an auxiliary verb with the 1st person singular and plural instead of shall.

We will go there at 5 o'clock.
We will go there at 5 o'clock.

• 3. In interrogative form in the 2nd person to express a polite request, offer, invitation.

Will you type this, please. Will you print this? (Please print this. Print this, please.)

Will you give him this letter? Will you give him this letter? (Give him this letter, please.)

Will anyone who witnessed this accident please telephone the nearest militia station. Anyone who witnessed this incident is asked to call the nearest police station.

Will you come to tea tomorrow? Will you come for tea tomorrow? (Come for tea tomorrow, please.)

Will you have some more tea? Would you like some more tea?

• 4. As a modal verb in the following cases:

a) in the 1st person singular and plural to express desire, intention, determination.

I will go with you on an excursion. I will go on an excursion with you (I really want this).
We will work tomorrow till eight o'clock. We will work until eight o'clock tomorrow (at our own request).

b) in the 2nd and 3rd person singular and plural to express orders, obligations (more often used in schools or military institutions).

You will stay home tonight. You'll stay home tonight.
All boys will attend roll-call at 9 o’ clock. All boys must report for roll call at 9 o'clock.

c) in a negative form to express reluctance, refusal to fulfill a request, resistance to human efforts (if we are talking about inanimate objects).

Not won't go to the director and talk with him. He doesn't want to go to the director and talk to him.
The pen won't write. The pen doesn't write.
The door won't open. The door doesn't open.

Remember the general rule for using shall and will:

SHALL is used in all persons to express an action that occurs under the influence of external influence (order, instruction, etc.).

WILL is used in all persons to express an action that occurs under the influence of an internal impulse.

An infinitive phrase with the preposition for consists of a combination of the preposition for + noun (in the general case) or pronoun (in the objective case) + infinitive.

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Modal verbs

General characteristics of modal verbs

Modal verbs in English are special verbs that differ from all other verbs in grammatical characteristics and modal meanings.

The following modal verbs exist in English:

can

could

may

might

In addition to the main modal verbs, the following phrases can be used in the modal meaning:
to be able to, had better, used to.

What do modal verbs express?

Modal verbs, unlike all other verbs, do not denote an action or state, but express an attitude towards it, that is, the possibility, ability, necessity, desirability of performing an action, for example:
You may wait here. - You can wait here (permission)
You can wait here. - You can wait here. (existing opportunity)
You must wait here. - You must wait here (necessity)

Most modal verbs have more than one meaning, which makes it possible to represent the attitude to the action expressed by the semantic verb in all its diversity.

Grammatical features of modal verbs

Modal verbs are considered insufficient, or defective, since they do not have a number of grammatical forms (infinitive, forms with the ending - ing) and do not form complex verb forms. Modal verbs must, ought to, should, need have only one temporary form. Verbs can, may, to be to have the form of present and past tense (Present Simple, Past Simple): can- could; may - might; to be to - was to/were to. Modal verb to have to has the form of present, past and future tense (Present, Past, Future Simple): have to (has to), had to, shall/will have to. In missing tenses, modal verbs are replaced by modal phrases:
I can do the work on time. - I can complete the work on time.
I will be able to do the work on the time. - I can complete the work on time.

A modal verb cannot express an action; the semantic verb that follows it does it for it. Therefore, a modal verb is not used without a semantic verb. The modal verb and the infinitive of the semantic verb that follows it form a compound verbal predicate. The infinitive is usually used without the to particle(except for verbs ought to, to have to, to be to and revolutions to be able to, used to):
You can see him at the institute. - You can see him at the institute.
Not must leave for London tonight. - He must leave for London this evening.
She should be more careful about her health. - She should be more attentive to her health.
You ought to give up smoking. - You should quit smoking.

Modal verbs do not change for persons and numbers, therefore in the third person singular ( he, she, it ) V Present Simple they have no ending -s:
I can do it. - I can do it.
Not can do it. - He can do it.

Modal verbs form interrogative and negative forms without the help of auxiliary verbs do or did(except for the verb to have to):
Can did you read this text? - Can you read this text?
I cannot (can't) read this text. - I can't read this text.
Do you have to go home? - Should you go home?
We don't have to go home. - We don't have to go home.

Modal verbs can be used with the perfect infinitive of the semantic verb to express the past:
You should help her. - You have to help her
You should have helped her. - You should have helped her.

Modal verbs can be used without the infinitive of the semantic verb in dividing questions and in short answers to questions:
- You can tell me the truth, can"t you? - You can tell me the truth, right?
- Can you meet me? -Can you meet me?
- Yes, I can. - Yes I can.

CAN

Forms

Modal verb can has two temporary forms: can (Present Simple) - could (Past Simple).

In missing forms instead of a verb can modal phrase is used to be able to(in negative sentences to be not able to/to be unable to).

Meaning and usage

1. Ability

Verb can used in the present tense to express an ability (innate or acquired, physical or mental) determined by a person’s physical data, knowledge and skills:
She is only 3 but she can read rather well.- She is only three years old, but she can already read quite well.
I can type.- I can type (on a typewriter).

In relation to the past:

can form applies could or modal phrase to be able to/ to be unable to at the appropriate time:
He couldn't (was unable to) swim when he was a little boy.- He couldn't swim when he was little.
I have never been able to speak in public.- I could never speak in front of a large audience.

If an action in the past occurred as a result of certain specific conditions, especially due to luck, and did not become a consequence of abilities determined by the physical data, knowledge and skills of a person, then the form is used was able to/were able to or phrase managed to do something:
We missed the last train yesterday but we were able to get a taxi.- Last night we missed the last train, but we managed to catch a taxi.

In relation to the future:

can form applies will be able to:
At the end of the course you will be able to speak English fluently. - At the end of the course you will be able to speak English fluently.

Verb can used to express an ability that arises as a result of a combination of circumstances. In this sense it can be translated as “to be able to”:
Can you take those home? - You can take me home?
He can't come to that birthday party. - He can't come to my birthday.

Verb can used in the present tense in combination with verbs of physical perception ( to see, to hear, to feel, to taste, to smell) to describe the intense manifestation of the corresponding feeling at the moment of speech:
I can't see you.- I do not see you.
Can you hear that strange noise? - Do you hear this strange noise?

In relation to the past:

To convey this meaning in relation to the past instead can form applies could:
I listened carefully but couldn't hear anything.“I listened carefully, but didn’t hear anything.”

2. Opportunity

Verb can used to express the possibility of performing this or that action. He points to:

possibility of a general plan:
There's a lot of snow here. We can ski. - There is a lot of snow here. We can go skiing.
Friendship cannot stand always on one side. - Friendship should be mutual. (proverb)

The verb is also used in this meaning could, but he, unlike can, expresses a less likely action.

- an opportunity that occurs from time to time:
She can be very tough sometimes. - Sometimes she can behave very harshly.
It can be cold and windy here.- It can be cold and windy here.

In relation to the past

To convey the meaning of possibility in relation to the past instead can form applies could:
In his time such wound could be mor tat. “In his time, such a wound could have been fatal.”
I could go home on foot when I worked not far from here.- I could walk home when I worked not far from here

If the verb can, expressing possibility, is combined with the infinitive of the active voice, then it is translated into Russian by the word Can(you can, maybe and so on.):
I can do this work today. - I can do this work today.

If the verb can, expressing possibility, is combined with the infinitive of the passive voice, then it is translated into Russian by the word Can:
This work can be done today. - This work can be done today.

If the verb can in the negative form is combined with the infinitive of the passive voice, then it is translated by the word it is forbidden:
This work can't be done today. - This work cannot be done today.

Combination cannot but combined with the active infinitive is translated I can't not, I can't not:
I cannot but see the difference. - I I can't help but see the difference.

3. Request, permission or prohibition

• can used to make a request or ask permission to perform some action. It sounds less polite than a verb could, which is also used in this meaning:
Can you give it to me?-Can you give it to me?
Can I use your phone? - Can I use your phone?

Use of the negative form in interrogative sentences can"t makes the request more persistent:
Can't I go with you, please? - Shouldn't I go with you? Oh please!

In affirmative sentences, the verb can used to give permission to perform some action:
You can stay here if you like.- You can stay here if you want.

In relation to the past:

To convey this meaning in relation to the past instead can form applies could:
On Saturdays we could stay up late. - On Saturdays we were allowed to stay up late.

If permission for any action in the past was given and the action occurred, then instead of the form could the phrase is used was/were allowed:
Didn't have a visa so he was allowed to enter the country.- He had a visa, so he was allowed to enter the country.

In negative sentences the verb can used to refuse a request or prohibit performing any action:
- Can I borrow your pen?-Can I borrow your pen?
- No, you can't. I need it myself.- No you can not. I need it myself.
You can't smoke here.- You can't smoke here.

4. Strong doubt

In interrogative and negative sentences, the verb can can express strong doubt, surprise and disbelief regarding any action. Form could occurs in the same situations, but she expresses the necessary emotions a little weaker. Verb can in such cases it is translated into Russian as really, it can't be that, it's unlikely:
Can it be true?- Is that really true? Can't be a good father.- He can't be a good father.

In this meaning the verb can, as well as could, can be used:

with a simple infinitive if the action refers to the present tense:
Can (Could) she be your age? You look much younger.- Is she really the same age as you? You look much younger.
You can"t (couldn"t) be thirsty already. You"ve just had a glass of water. - It may not be that you were already thirsty. You just drank a glass of water.

with infinitive Continuous
Can (Could) they still be waiting for us?- Are they still waiting for us?
Can't (couldn't) still be working. He's 80 years old.- It's unlikely he's still working. He is already eighty years old.

I can"t (couldn"t) have told her that! - I couldn't tell her that!
Can't"t (couldn't) have left without saying good-bye. “He couldn’t leave without saying goodbye.”

with infinitive Perfect Continuous, if doubt is expressed regarding an action that is performed over a period of time:
He can't have been working since morning. He's written just a paragraph. - It can't be that he's been working since the morning. He only wrote one paragraph.

In indirect speech

In indirect speech the verb can is replaced by the form could:

Useful Expressions

Expressions can't help doing And couldn't help doing used to indicate an action that could not have been prevented:
They can't help doing it.- They can't help but do it.
I couldn't help laughing.- I couldn’t help laughing.

COULD

Forms

Modal verb could in its own modal meanings has one tense form.

Meaning and usage

1 Opportunity

Verb could, like a verb can, is used to express the possibility of a general plan, but unlike it indicates a less probable action:
- Where is Nick?- Where is Nick?
- Couldn't be in the attic. He could be still fixing his telescope. - It could be in the attic. He may still be repairing his telescope.

In this meaning, along with the verb could, the verbs are also used may And might. Unlike the verb could These verbs express an assumption with a slightly higher degree of probability, however, in speech this often does not matter:
Couldn't/could be driving the car himself. - Perhaps he drives the car himself.

2. Request

In interrogative sentences the verb could used to make a request or ask permission to perform some action. It sounds much more polite than a verb can, which is also used in the same meaning, and is more preferable in speech:
Could you lend me some money? -Can you lend me some money?
Could you give a hand with this bag?- Could you help me carry this bag?

Along with the form could a modal verb is also used to express a polite request would.

3 Strong doubt

In interrogative and negative sentences, the verb could can express strong doubt, surprise and disbelief regarding a particular action. In this meaning it is also used can, but he expresses these feelings more definitely and emotionally:
Couldn't have won the election. - He maybe he won the election.
Could she make such jam herself?- Does he really make this jam himself?

The attribution of an action to some time in such sentences is determined by the form of the infinitive.

4 Possibility if condition exists

Verb could expresses the possibility of action in the future (subject to any condition):
If the work is not done today, I could stay here for the night. - If the work isn't done today, I can stay here overnight. Could the flight be delayed by fog? - Could the flight be delayed due to fog?

5 Opportunity/ability in the past

Verb could can express a possibility that existed in the past. To do this, it is used in the form of the subjunctive mood (in combination with the perfect infinitive). This grammatical construction is used in the following cases:

- if some action could happen and we do not know whether this action happened or not:
Anybody could have taken my notes. I put them here. - Anyone could have taken my notes. I put them here.

- if the action could have happened, but did not happen:
I could have given him a lift but he didn’t ask for it. - I could have given him a lift, but he didn’t ask me.

- if an action could have happened, but did not happen, and we want to express reproach or dissatisfaction about it:
You could have told me about it before. - You could have told me about this earlier.

6 Offer

Verb could It is also used when we want to address someone with a proposal:
You could have supper with us.- You could have dinner with us.
Could I offer you some coffee? - Would you like to have some coffee?

However, proposals from could sound more uncertain than sentences with can:
We can phone him now.- We can call him now.
We could phone him now.- We could call him now.

MAY

Forms

Modal verb may has two forms: may (Present Simple) - might (Past Simple).

In modern English might, as the past tense form of a verb may, is used almost exclusively in indirect speech and in historical narratives of this type:
In Middle Ages peasants might have the right to graze cattle on common land.- In the Middle Ages, peasants could have the right to graze livestock on communal lands.

Meaning and usage

1 Resolution

Verb may used to ask or give permission to perform some action. Verb may sounds more formal and polite than a verb can/could, which is also used in this meaning:
You may take that car. - You can take my car.
May I borrow your umbrella?- Can I borrow your umbrella?

Permission to do something can be requested using the form might, but in this case this request will sound very polite and even hesitant:
Might I make a suggestion? - I couldn't Would I make a suggestion?

In relation to the past:

To convey this meaning in relation to the past instead of a verb may turnover applies to be allowed to followed by an infinitive:
You may stay here. - You can stay here.
I was allowed to stay here.- I was allowed to stay here.

2 Opportunity

Verb may might, however might indicates a less likely action:
It may rain tonight.- It might rain tonight.
She may not believe you.- She may not believe you.

In interrogative sentences the verb may Rarely used in this meaning:
When may we see you next?- When can we see you again?

The question is often framed as a sentence. Do you think...? or using turnover to be likely:
Do you think he may accept our offer?- Do you think he will accept our offer? Is it likely that the train will he late? - The train might be late? Are they likely to catch this train? - Can they get on this train?

3 Opportunity in the past

Verb may, as well as might, in combination with the perfect infinitive, can be used to express the possibility of action in the past. Both verbs can convey uncertainty about whether an action has occurred:
I may/might have been there.- Perhaps I have been there.

If it is known for sure that an action occurred or did not occur, then only the verb is used might+ perfect infinitive

4 Wish

Verb may can be used to express wishes in phrases of the following type:
May you live to be a hundred!- We wish you to live to be a hundred years old!
May there never be wars!- Let there never be wars!

In indirect speech

In indirect speech, instead of may the form used might:

MIGHT

Forms

Verb might has only one temporary form.

Meaning and usage

1 Resolution

Verb might, as well as may, is used if we want to ask or give permission to perform some action. Unlike may, verb might sounds more polite, and sometimes indicates indecisiveness on the part of the speaker:
Might I open the window?- Will you allow me to open the window?
Might he see his father? - Could he see his father?^

2 Opportunity

Verb might used to express the possibility of action related to the present and future. The form is also used in the same meaning may, however, it indicates a more likely action:
Couldn't be waiting outside.- He might be waiting outside.
They might want to come with us.- They might want to come with us.
Do you think we might not be able to pay?- Do you think that he might not pay?

3. Opportunity in the past

Verb might, as well as may, in combination with the perfect infinitive, can be used to express the possibility of action in the past. Both verbs can convey uncertainty about whether an action has occurred:
The letter may/might have been sent to the wrong address. - The letter was sent to the wrong address.

If it is known for sure that the action occurred, then only the form is used might not+ perfect infinitive:
We might not have bought the tickets.- We might not buy tickets. (But we bought them.)
They might not have met.- They might not have met. (But they met.)

If it is known for sure that the action did not occur, then only the form is used might+ perfect infinitive:
We might have won the first prize. - We could win first prize. (But we didn't win it.)

4 Assumption, proposal, request

Verb might used to express an assumption, proposal or request with a hint of uncertainty:
Might not feel better if he drinks less beer.- Perhaps he will feel better if he drinks less beer.
It might be better for us to stay out of it.“Perhaps it’s better for us not to interfere with this.”

5 Reproach

Verb might used to express reproach or remark. Form might+ the simple infinitive refers to the present and future tense. Might+ the perfect infinitive expresses a reproach for an imperfect action in the past:
You might do it yourself. - You could do it yourself. (Action is still possible.)
You might have done it yourself. - You could do it yourself. (The action has not been completed and is no longer possible.)

Useful expressions:

Expression might as well used to indicate an action that is permissible in certain circumstances:
It's not far, so we might as well go on foot.- It’s not far here, we could easily walk there.

Expression might just as well used to indicate an action that would be better in certain circumstances:
The traffic is so slow that we might just as well walk.- Transport moves so slowly that we could just as easily walk.

MUST

Forms

Modal verb must form Present Simple.

Meaning and usage

1 Responsibility

Verb must used to express an obligation, duty, or the need to perform an action due to certain circumstances. This action can relate to the present and sometimes the future. In this meaning the verb must translated as must, must, must and so on.:
Don't have to get up earlier in the morning. - He must get up earlier in the morning.
They must wear uniform on duty. -Ha They need to wear uniforms while on duty.

In relation to the past:

To express should in the past tense instead must to have to V Past Simple ( had to ):
He had to stop smoking. - He had to quit smoking.
Girls had to wear dark dresses to school. - Girls had to wear dark dresses to school.

In relation to the future:

To express obligation in the future tense, a modal verb is used instead of must to have to V Future Simple ( will/shall have to ):
He"ll have to train very hard for these matches.- He will have to train a lot to prepare for these matches.
You will have to thank your grandfather for his wonderful present.- You will need to thank grandfather for his wonderful gift.

In this meaning must often used in written instructions, orders, rules, job orders and so on.:
Staff must be at their desks by 9.00. - Personnel must be at work by 9:00.
Doors must be lacked on the inside. - Doors must be locked from the inside.

In answers to the question containing must, used in an affirmative answer must, and in the negative - needn"t.
- Must I go there?- Do I need to go there?
- Yes, you must. - Yes, it is necessary.
- No, you needn't.- No, don't.

Besides the verb must the meaning of duty can be conveyed by modal verbs should And to have to. They often replace each other, but there are also differences between them.

Verb must used to express advice, recommendation or invitation:
You must see this film. It's superb. - You should watch this movie. He's excellent.
You must come and see us in summer. - You should come visit us in the summer.
You mustn't leave your suitcases here. This place is full of thieves. - You must not leave suitcases here. This place is full of thieves.

3 Ban

Verb must in a negative form expresses a prohibition on any action:
You mustn't park here.- You shouldn't park here.
Mustn't take more than two pills at once.- He should not take more than two tablets at a time.

In this meaning must often used in announcements, orders and rules:
Candidates must not ask more than five questions.- Candidates should not ask more than five questions.
Staff must not smoke when serving customers.- Staff should not smoke while serving customers.

4 Irritation

In interrogative sentences must may express irritation or dissatisfaction with some repetitive action:
Must you always interrupt me when I"m speaking? - Do you have to interrupt me when I speak?

5 Confident Guess

Verb must used to express an assumption with a high degree of probability. In such cases must translated as must be, probably, probably, in all likelihood. In this meaning must used:

with a simple infinitive if the action refers to the present:
You must be that son's friends.- You must be my son's friends.
Don't have to be really interested in this job. - He must be very interested in this work.

with infinitive Continuous, if the action refers to the moment of speech or the current period:
The pavement is wet. It must be raining.- The sidewalk became wet. It's probably raining.

with a perfect infinitive if the action refers to the past:
They must have learned the news from my mother.- In all likelihood, they learned the news from my mother.

with infinitive Perfect Continuous, if the action is performed over a period of time:
She must have been working at school for about twenty years. “She’s been working at the school for probably twenty years now.”

In the meaning of assumption, the verb must used only in affirmative sentences. To convey assumptions in negative sentences, other linguistic means are used:
They can't have recognized me then. - They hardly recognized me then.
I"m nearly sure they didn"t recognize me then. “I’m almost sure they didn’t recognize me then.”

In relation to the future:

To pass this value in relation to the future instead must words and phrases used: probably(probably), to be likely/to be unlikely, I don't think...:
He won't probably call me in the evening. - He'll probably call me in the evening.
It "s likely to snow tomorrow. - It will probably snow tomorrow.
She is unlikely to come to your party. - It's unlikely that she will come to your party.
I don't think he will win the bet. - It is unlikely that he will win the bet.

In indirect speech

In indirect speech the verb must, as a rule, does not change. When expressing advice, it can be replaced by a verb advise with infinitive:

Useful expression

Expression if you must know is colloquial in nature and is translated into Russian as if you want to know, by the way, so that you know:
If you must know, I have never seen this girl before.- If you want to know, I've never seen this girl before.
If you must know, I am the author of this book. - Just so you know, I am the author of these books.

TO HAVE TO

Forms

Modal verb to have to has the forms Present Simple ( have/has to ), past simple ( had to ), Present Perfect ( have/has had to ) and Future Simple ( will/shall have to ).

Interrogative and negative verb forms to have to are formed like semantic verbs:

in Present Simple And Past Simple using an auxiliary verb do/does And did respectively:

Time	Affirmative form	Interrogative form	Negative form
Present Simple	I/you/we/they have to go He/she/it has to go	Do I/you/we/they have to go? Does he/she/it have to go?	I/you/we/they do not (don't) have to go he/she/it does not (doesn't) have to go
Past Simple	I/you/he/ she/it/ we/they had to go	Did I/you/ he/she/it/ we/they have to go?	I/you/he/ she/it/we/ they did not (didn't) have to go

in Present Perfect And Future Simple by changing the word order (interrogative form) and using a negative particle not(negative form):

Time	Affirmative form	Interrogative form	Negative form
Present Perfect	I/you/we/they have had to go He/she/it has had to go	Have I/you/we/they had to go? Has he/she/it had to go?	I/you/we/they have not (haven"t) had to go He/she/it has not (hasn"t) had to go
Future Simple	I/we will/shall ("ll) have to go you/he/she/it/ they will ("ll) have to go	Will/Shall I/we have to go? Will you/he/she/it/they have to go?	I/we will not (won"t)/shall not (shan"t) have to go you/he/she/it/they will not (won't) have to go

Meaning and usage

Modal verb to have to expresses the forced obligation and necessity of performing some action (in the affirmative and interrogative forms) and the absence of such obligation or necessity (in the negative form) and is translated as have to, have to, need.
Do you have to be in school so early? - Do you need to be at school so early?
We had to take a taxi to go to the airport.- We had to take a taxi to get to the airport.
I"ve had to remind him two times to return my book.- I had to remind him twice to return my book to me.

Modal verbs to have to, must And should express an obligation and often replace each other. However, there are certain differences between them.

In addition, the verb to have to V Past Simple And Future Simple used instead of a verb must:

In British English, along with the forms have/has to And don"t/doesn"t have to forms are often used have/has got to And haven"t/hasn"t got to. These forms differ in meaning:

• have/has to and don"t/doesn"t have to express a repeated, usual action:
I have to take the children to school every day.- I have to take the children to school every day.
Doesn't have to take the children to school on Saturdays.- He shouldn't take the children to school on Saturdays.

• have/has got to and haven"t/hasn"t got to express a one-time action:
I've got to take the children to school this Saturday.- I need to take the children to school this Saturday.
He is glad he hasn't got to take the children to school this Saturday. - He's glad he doesn't have to take the kids to school this Saturday.

Besides the verb to have to(in the shape of don"t / doesn't have to) the absence of the need to perform some action can be expressed by a modal verb need in negative form ( needn"t). The differences between these verbs mirror the differences between to have to And must:

• needn"t expresses the absence of a need for action from the speaker’s point of view in the form of advice or orders:
You needn't go on foot. I will give you a lift. - You don't have to walk. I'll give you a ride.
You needn't call me Mrs. Smith. We all use first names here.-You don't have to call me Mrs. Smith. We all call each other by name here.

• don"t/doesn"t have to indicates a fact caused by external circumstances:
Doesn't have to cook for himself. Fie gets his meals in the cafe. - He doesn't you need to cook for yourself. He eats in a cafe.

NEED

Forms and grammatical features

Verb need can be either a semantic or a modal verb. Acting as an ordinary, regular semantic verb, it means “to need something” and is used in all tenses:
We need some water. - We need water.
Did the windows need washing? - Did the windows need to be washed?
I will need your help a week from now. - I will need your help in a week.

Like a modal verb need is an insufficient verb:
it has only one temporary form - Present Simple.

Modal verb need used with an infinitive without a particle to.

Meaning and usage

1. The need to perform an action

Verb need in combination with a simple infinitive expresses the need to perform an action related to the present or future, or the absence of such a need. To Russian need translated as necessary, necessary, necessary. Verb need in a modal meaning it is used in interrogative and negative sentences, as well as in affirmative sentences that contain adverbs with a negative meaning hardly, scarcely and only:
Need I tell them about it?- Do I need to tell them about this?
You needn't clean the window. It is not dirty.- You don't need to wash the window. It's not dirty.
You hardly need to remind us of it. - To you there is hardly any need to remind us of this.

In modern English, a regular, semantic verb often appears in a modal meaning. to need. The interrogative and negative forms of this verb are formed using an auxiliary verb. They very often replace forms of the modal verb. Instead of Need I say? used Do I need to say? , instead of needn't say - don"t/ doesn"t need to say :
You don't need to go there.- You don't have to go there.
She doesn't need to carry bags by herself. We'll help her. “She doesn’t have to carry the bags herself.” We will help her.

No need for any action along with the verb need expresses and modal verb to have to .

2. No need for the past

Verb need in a negative form ( needn"t) in combination with the perfect infinitive indicates an action in the past that was performed although it was not necessary:
You needn"t have come so early. - It’s a shame you came so early. (This was not necessary.)
I needn"t have made this promise. - I made this promise in vain. (I didn’t have to do it.)

Form needn"t+ the perfect infinitive differs in meaning from the Past Simple form of the semantic verb to need (didn't need to). Form didn't need to also indicates an action in the past that was not necessary, but this action still did not happen.
I needn"t have got up so early. - I didn’t need to get up so early. (But I got up.)
I didn't need to get up so early. - I didn't have to get up so early. (And I didn't get up.)

Form needn"t+ perfect infinitive is often used with a verb could, which in combination with the perfect infinitive indicates an action that could have been performed instead of an action that was not necessary:
- You needn"t have walked on foot. You could have taken a taxi. - You didn’t have to walk. You could have taken a taxi

Instead of form needn"t+ perfect infinitive form can be used shouldn't+ perfect infinitive. There are only some stylistic differences between these forms:
shouldn't+ perfect infinitive indicates criticism on the part of the speaker, a needn"t+ the perfect infinitive does not imply such criticism:
She shouldn't have stood in a queue. - She shouldn't have stood in line. (It was unreasonable of her.)
She needn"t have stood in a queue. - She didn’t need to stand in line. (This was not necessary.)

Useful Expressions

Need anybody know? - Is it really necessary for someone to know about this?
They needn"t be told this. - They don’t have to say it.
I needn"t tell you that.. - I don’t need to tell you that...

SHOULD

Forms and grammatical features

Verb should should does not have its own lexical meaning and is used to form the future in the past (Future-in-the-Past) and forms of the subjunctive mood:
I said I should miss him.- I said I would miss him.
If I were you I should read as many English books as possible.- If I were you, I would try to read as many English books as possible.

Like a modal verb should

Meaning and usage

Modal verb should used to express duty, moral obligation, advice or recommendation and is translated into Russian as should, should, should, ought to:
You should spend more time with your children.- You should spend more time with your children.
Shouldn't ring me up and apologize. - He should call me and apologize. Should I inform the police about it?- I have to report this to the police.

In this meaning should used:

with a simple infinitive if the action refers to the present or future:
She should eat more fruits and vegetables. - She should eat more fruits and vegetables.
You shouldn't be late for the meeting. - You shouldn't be late for the meeting.

with infinitive Continuous, if the action refers to the moment of speech or the current period:
We shouldn't be telling you all this. - We don't have to tell you all this.
Should you be watching TV the whole day? - Should you watch TV all day?

should expresses a modal verb ought to. These verbs do not differ in meaning. Just ought is used in speech much less frequently than should.

Advice or recommendation will sound more insistent if instead should use modal phrase had ("d)better(affirmative form) or had ("d)better not(negative form). This phrase is used:

in cases where urgent measures are needed:
The entrance door is open. You'd better call the police.- The front door is open. You must call the police.
I hear our bank is in trouble. We'd better withdraw the money.- I heard that our bank has problems. We need to get the money from there.

to express a warning or threat:
We"d better not drink the water from this well. It can be bad. - We better not drink the water from this well. It can be bad.
You"d better put that bag back or I"ll report theft.- Return my bag to its place, otherwise I will report it stolen.

In addition to the verb should, the meaning of obligation can be conveyed by modal verbs must And to have to. They often replace each other. However, there are certain differences between them:

• must expresses the need for some action from the speaker’s point of view:
You must work hard to improve your English.- You have to work hard to achieve success in English.
She mustn"t tell everyone about her problems. It will only make things worse. - She shouldn't tell everyone about her problems. This will only make things worse.

• to have to expresses the need for some action due to external circumstances:
I have to work hard to improve my English. I am going to need English in my work.- I need to work hard to achieve success in English. I will need English for work.
She doesn't have to tell everyone about her problems. She will be the talk of the town.“She has no need to tell everyone about her problems.” The whole city will be gossiping about her.

• should expresses the need for some action from the point of view of common sense:
You should work hard to improve your English. Good English will help you to get a good job.- You should work hard to achieve success in English. Good knowledge of English will help you get a good job.
She shouldn't tell everyone about her problems. It won't help to solve them. - To her You shouldn’t tell everyone about your problems. This won't help solve them.

2 Reproach or disapproval

Verb should, like a verb ought to, used to express reproach for an imperfect action and disapproval of a completed action. In this meaning, these verbs are used with the perfect infinitive. In this case, it is important in what form the modal verb is used:

affirmative form should/ought to combined with the perfect infinitive shows that the action was desired, but it did not happen (in this case should/ought to expresses reproach):
You ought to have cleared up the mess long ago.- You should have cleared up this misunderstanding a long time ago. (But they didn’t find out.)
She should have been more attentive to her family. - She should have been more attentive to her family. (But she didn’t do that.)

negative form shouldn't/ oughtn't to combined with the perfect infinitive shows that this action occurred, but was undesirable (in this case should/ought to expresses disapproval):
She shouldn't have opened my letter. - She shouldn't have opened my letter. (But she did it.)
I oughtn't have called him.- I shouldn't have called him. (But I called.)

3. Probability

Verb should can express the probability of a particular action. In such cases it is translated as it should, probably should. In this meaning should used:

She should be at home. - She should be at home.
You shouldn't have any difficulty in translating the text.- You should not have any difficulties translating this text.

with infinitive Continuous, if the action refers to the moment of speech or the current period:
Should her plane be taking off now? - Should her plane be taking off now?
Shouldn't be working on this project from morning till night.- He probably works on this project from morning to night.

with a perfect infinitive if the action refers to the past tense:
The train should have arrived by now. - The train has probably already arrived.
They should have started the rehearsal.- They should have already started rehearsing.

Besides the verb should will. These verbs can replace each other. However, there are differences between them:

• should expresses probability with less certainty than will:
This book should be interesting for you. - This book will probably be interesting for you. (I assume this is a possibility.)
This book will be interesting for you. - This book will be interesting for you. (I am sure about that.)

• should not used to express a probability that is unpleasant for the speaker. In such cases it is used will:
I don't want to go there in summer. It will be hot there.- I don’t want to go there in the summer. It will be too hot there. .

4. Surprise, bewilderment or indignation

Verb should used to express surprise, bewilderment or indignation at some action. In such cases, it is used only in direct and indirect questions that begin with the words why And how:
Why should I go there?- Why on earth should I go there? How should I know his address?- How do I know his address?
I don't know why you should think that you can do it.“I don’t know why on earth you decided you could do this.”

In indirect speech

In indirect speech should should expresses advice, in indirect speech verbs are often used instead to advise(advise), to warn(to warn), etc. with the infinitive:

OUGHT THAT

Forms

Modal verb ought to has only one temporary form.

Verb ought to always used with an infinitive with a particle to.

Meaning and usage

Verb ought to used to express obligation, moral duty, advice regarding action related to the present and future. To Russian ought to translated as should, should, should:
You ought to visit your parents more often.- You should visit your parents more often.
Don't oughtn"t to do it the other way. - He shouldn't do it any other way.
Ought I to put this box here?- Should I put this box here?

In this meaning ought to used:

with a simple infinitive if the action refers to the present or future:
This letter ought to be sent back.- This letter should be sent back.
She ought to be more serious.- She should be more serious.

with infinitive Continuous, if the action refers to the moment of speech or the current period:
We ought to be studying for the exam now.- We should be preparing for the exam now.
I ought to be writing the last chapter this week.- This week I have to write the last chapter.

Meaning of duty/advice along with verb ought to expresses and modal verb should. These verbs do not differ in meaning. Just ought is used in speech much less frequently than should.

Modal phrase had better conveys the meaning of advice or recommendation more strongly than should or ought to.

2. Reproach or disapproval

Modal verb ought to, like a verb should, used to express reproach for an imperfect action and disapproval of a completed action. In this meaning, these verbs are used with the perfect infinitive. In this case, it is important what form the modal verb is in.

In indirect speech

In indirect speech ought to remains unchanged. In cases where the verb ought to expresses advice, in indirect speech verbs can be used instead to advise, to warn u etc. with infinitive:

TO BE TO

Forms

Modal verb to be to has the forms Present Simple ( am/is/are to ) and Past Simple ( was/were to ). The interrogative and negative forms are formed as in other cases of using the verb to be:

Time	Affirmative form	Interrogative form	Negative form
Present Simple	I am to come He/she/it is to come you/we/they are to come	Am I to come? Is he/she/it to come? Are you/we/they to come?	I am not to come he/she/it is not to come you/we/they are not to come
Past Simple	I/he/she/it was to come you/we/they were to come	Was I/he/she/it to come? Were you/we/they to come?	I/he/she/it was not to come you/we/they were not to come

Meaning and usage

1. Necessity in accordance with the plan, agreement, schedule

Verb to be to used to express the need to perform an action due to a plan, agreement or schedule. It is translated into Russian as must, agreed, agreed, to be u etc. It is often found in this meaning in official announcements:
We are to meet at the cinema. - We agreed to meet at the cinema.
The prime minister is to make a special statement tomorrow.- The Prime Minister will make a special address tomorrow.

Regarding the past:

To convey this meaning in relation to the past, the form is used Past Simple combined with a simple or perfect infinitive. The infinitive form has great semantic meaning:

the perfect infinitive shows that the action was planned but not carried out:
He was to have given me the answer yesterday, hut I still don"t have it. - He should have given me the answer yesterday, but I still don’t have it.
The plane was to have landed an hour ago.- The plane was supposed to land an hour ago.

a simple infinitive shows that the action was planned, but does not make it clear whether it was carried out or not.
They were to be married on Sunday. - They were supposed to get married on Sunday. (This probably happened, but We don't know for sure.)

In relation to the future:

To convey this meaning in relation to the future instead of a modal verb to be to modal verb is used to have to in the shape of Future Simple:
Will not have to go there alone. - To him you'll have to go there alone.

2 Order or order

Verb to be to used in affirmative and interrogative sentences in order to give an order or order or ask for instructions:
You are to stay here until I return. -You must stay here until I return.
What are we to do?- What should we do?

3 Ban

Verb to be to used in negative sentences to indicate prohibition:
You are not to take these things with you. - You shouldn't take these things with you.
Not is not to watch television today. - He is not allowed to watch TV today.

4 Predetermined action

Verb to be to is used to express the predetermination of a particular action and is translated as destined or was destined:
They did not know that they were never to meet again. “They didn’t know that they were never destined to meet again.”
If we are to live in the same building we should get to know each other better. - If we are destined to live in the same house, we should get to know each other better.

Useful Expressions

What is to be done?- What to do?
You are not to say anything.- You don't need to say anything.

SHALL

Verb shall shall used to form future tenses in the first person singular (Future Simple, Future Continuous, Future Perfect, Future Perfect Continuous). In these cases the verb shall simply indicates an action in the future:
I shall work in a big office. - I will work in a large office.
We shall be seeing each other at the meeting. - We'll see you at the meeting.
I shall have done the work by the end of the day. - I will do this work by the end of the day.
Next Monday we shall have been working here for two years. - Next Monday it will be two years since we have been working here.

In some cases verb shall

Modal verb shall has only one temporary form - Future Simple and, like the auxiliary verb, is used in the first person singular and plural. It forms interrogative and negative forms in the same way as an auxiliary verb.

Short affirmative form "ll used only in colloquial and informal written speech.

Shortened negative form shan"t practically not used by Americans.

Meaning and usage

1. Forecast for the future

Modal verb shall, as well as will, is used to predict the future (verb will can replace shall and in the first person singular and plural):
I"m afraid I shall/will be late. - I'm afraid I might be late.
We shan"t (won"t) make enough money to start our business.- We won’t earn as much money as we need to start our own business.

2 Intent

Modal verb shall, as well as will, is used to express intention. In this meaning it is rare, but at the same time it sounds more significant than will and can be used in all persons:
I shall/will do it as soon as I can. - I I'll do it as soon as I can.
We shall/will fight and we shall win. - We will fight and we will win. Don't shan't come here.- He won't come here. (We will not allow this.)

3 Promise

Modal verb shall, as well as will, is used if we want to make a promise. Verb shall expresses a much stronger promise than will, and can be used in all persons:
I shall/will ("ll) buy you this car for your birthday. - I will buy you this car for your birthday.
You shall go with us. I promise.- You will come with us. I promise. Modal verb shall(but not will) is used if we want to ask for advice:
Shall we wait any longer for him? - Shall we wait for him some more?
What shall I wear tomorrow? - What do I need should I wear it tomorrow?

5 Offer

Modal verb shall(but not will) is used if we want to hear a proposal from someone or offer something ourselves:
Shall we take a taxi?- Shouldn't we take a taxi?
Let's meet at the cafe, shall we?- Let's meet at the cafe, okay?

By using shall(but not will) we can offer our help to someone:
Shall I bring you some water?- Should I bring you some water?
Shall I help you pack?- Should I help you pack your things?

6 Order

Verb shall can express an official order or command, usually in writing. In this meaning it is used in the third person and is translated as it should:
The committee's decision shall be final. - The decision of the commission shall be considered final.
The chairman and secretary shall be elected annually.- The chairman and secretary must be elected annually.

In indirect speech

shall should or would(depending on the meaning) or gives way to the infinitive (if we are talking about a proposal or promise):

WILL

Forms and grammatical features

Verb will can be either an auxiliary or a modal verb. Acting as an auxiliary verb, will used to form future tenses (Future Simple, Future Continuous, Future Perfect, Future Perfect Continuous). In these cases the verb will simply indicates an action in the future:
The film will start in five minutes. The film will start in five minutes. They will be playing tennis at 10 o"clock tomorrow. - Tomorrow at ten o'clock they will play tennis.
The book will have been published by the end of the year. - The book will be published forged by the end of the year.
Tomorrow I will have been working on this play for two months.- Tomorrow it will be two months that I have been working on this play.

In some cases verb will not only indicates an action in the future, but also conveys a number of modal meanings, acting as a modal verb.

Modal verb will has only one temporary form - Future Simple and forms the interrogative and negative forms in the same way as the auxiliary verb.

Meaning and usage

1 Forecast for the future

Modal verb will, as well as shall, is used to predict the future:
It will rain tomorrow.- It will rain tomorrow.
Your help won't be needed. - Your help will not be required.

Together with will/won't verbs and phrases are often used that express hopes, expectations, fears, doubts and so on.: to think, to expect, to believe, to suppose, to hope, to fear, to assume, to be afraid, to be sure, doubt and m. P.:
Everyone believes they will win the game. - Everyone thinks they will win this game.
I don't think he will come. - It is unlikely that he will come.

Different degrees of confidence in the forecast verb will often conveyed using adverbs perhaps, probably, possibly, surely:
They will probably bring their children with them. - They will probably bring their children with them.
Perhaps she"ll change her mind. - Perhaps she will change her mind.

2. Spontaneous decision

Verb will used to express a spontaneous decision made at the moment of speech:
The phone's ringing. I'll answer it. - The phone rings. I'll come.
I won't eat this beefsteak. It looks rare. - I won't eat this steak. It looks like it's not cooked through.

In this meaning will used predominantly in the first person. Intentions towards other persons are conveyed through speech to be going to:
Are you going to leave without giving me the answer? -Are you leaving without giving me an answer?
She"s going to clean the carpets now. - She will clean the carpets now.

A deliberate decision or planned intention can also be conveyed using the phrase to be going to:
I am not going to have porridge for breakfast. I"m on a diet. - I won’t eat oatmeal for breakfast. I am on a diet.

3. Determination, intention, refusal

Verb will used to express the determination to perform or not to perform this or that action in the present or future:
I will help you with this task.- I will definitely help you complete this task.
They will take part in the competition. - They will certainly participate in competitions.

Form won't expresses a persistent refusal to perform some action in the present:
Don't sell the house.- He stubbornly refuses to sell the house.
The door won't open.- The door won't open.

Using a verb will The threat is often expressed:
You"ll regret this!- You will regret this! He"ll pay for his mistakes.- He will pay for his mistakes.

4. Request

Verb will
Will you please open the window? - You won't you open the window?
Will you call back later?- Call later, please.

In such cases, the request sounds somewhat harsh. A more polite request can be expressed using modal verbs would or could :
Would please give me that book? - You Could you give me that book over there?
Could you go faster?- Could you go faster?

An informal request can also be expressed using:

dividing question:
You"ll write to those, won"t you? - You'll write to me, won't you?

imperative sentence:
Mind your own business, will you? - Mind your own business, okay?

5 Offer, promise

Verb will used to express a proposal, a promise to perform this or that action:
What will you have for dessert?- What will you have for dessert?
I will help you to tidy the room.- I'll help you clean the room. We won't leave you here.- We won't leave you here

6 Order

Verb will used to express an order that can be given by a person with authority over other people (army commander, coach, ship captain, school principal and so on.). In this meaning it is translated by the word as it should:
The team will report to the gymnasium for the training. - The team must report to the gym for training.
You will not mention it to anyone. - You should not tell anyone about this.

7 Repetitive, habitual action

Verb will is used to denote a repeated action when we want to draw attention not so much to this action, but to characterize the person who performs this action. From a grammatical point of view, it replaces the semantic verb in Present Simple:
An Englishman will always show you the way in the street. - Any Englishman will always show you the way.
Boys will be boys. - Boys are boys.

In relation to the past:

To convey this meaning in the past, the verb is used would or turnover used to :
On Sunday he used to go/would get up early and go fishing. - On Sundays he got up early and went fishing.

Sometimes verb will indicates a repeated action that a person persistently performs or persistently refuses to perform. In this meaning the verb will may, contrary to the rules, be used in a subordinate clause:
If you will go to bed so late, no wonder you're tired.- If you always go to bed so late, it's no wonder you're tired.
If she won't read, how can she know literature?- If she doesn't want to read, how can she study literature?

8 Assumption, probability

Verb will used to express an assumption that we consider most likely. It is used in this meaning:

with a simple infinitive if the action refers to the present or future:
Ring his work number. He'll be at work now. - Call him at work. He's probably at work now.
They won't have difficulty in finding the way home.“It probably won’t be difficult for them to find their way home.”

with infinitive Continuous if the action refers to the moment of speech or a certain period in the future:
Will not be expecting us now.- I'm sure he's waiting for us.
She will be staying at her mother's.- She will probably stay with her mother.

with a perfect infinitive if the action refers to the past:
Will not have finished his call.- He probably finished talking on the phone.
She won"t have returned from the trip. - It is unlikely that she returned from the trip.

Besides the verb will the meaning of the probability of an action can also be conveyed by a modal verb should. These verbs often replace each other.

In indirect speech

In indirect speech, the modal verb will behaves like an auxiliary verb, that is, if the past tense is used in the main clause, it is replaced by would or gives way to the infinitive (if we are talking about an offer, promise or request):

WOULD

Forms and grammatical features

Verb would can be either an auxiliary or a modal verb. Acting as an auxiliary verb, would used to form the future in the past (Future-in-the-Past) and forms of the subjunctive mood:
Didn't say that he would get the book as soon as possible. - He said that he would get the book as soon as possible.
I would call on you, but I"m leaving for Moscow. - I would call on you, but I’m leaving for Moscow.
If I were you, I wouldn't do it. - Ha If I were you, I wouldn't do this.

Like a modal verb would has only one temporary form.

Meaning and usage

1 Wish, proposal, invitation

Verb would used to express wishes, proposals and invitations:
- I"d like some coffee please. - I would like some coffee.
- What would you prefer? - What would you preferred?
- What would you like to do? - Whatever did you want to do?
- Would you like me to open the door? - Would you like me to open the door?
- Would you like to go for a walk? - Would you like to take a walk?
- I"d like to.- With pleasure.
- I"d love to.- With great pleasure.

2 Preference

Turnover would rather ("d rather) in combination with an infinitive without a particle to used to express preference and has the meaning “would prefer”:
I"d rather play cards than dominoes. - I'd rather play cards than dominoes.
- Would you like wine?- Would you like some wine?
- I'd rather have beer.- I would prefer beer.

Using negative form would rather not You can politely decline an offer or request:
- Are you coming with us? -Are you coming with us?
- I"d rather not. - I think no.

3 Request

Verb would used to express a request:
Would you please close the window? - Could you close the window?
If you would sign here. - Sign here, please.
Would you be so kind as to keep me informed?- I would be very grateful to you if you would keep me informed.

Modal verb will also expresses a request, but it sounds less polite than a request with would:
Will you give me a lift home? - Will you give me a ride home?
Would you give me a lift home? - You do not could you give me a ride home?

Except would a polite request is expressed by a verb could. Would And could in this meaning they often replace each other. However, there is a slight difference between them:
would indicates readiness or desire to comply with a request, while could indicates the ability to fulfill a request:
Could you lend those some money? - Could you lend me some money? (Do you have this option?)
Would you lend me some money? - Could you lend me some money? (Do you have such a desire?)

4. Repeated, characteristic action in the past, refusal

Verb would used to express an action in the past that occurred frequently or constantly:
In fine weather he would often go for long walks. - In good weather, he often went for walks.
We tried to stop him eating at night but he would do it.“We tried to convince him not to eat at night, but he still did it.”

Form wouldn't indicates a refusal or persistent reluctance to perform a particular action in the past:
They wouldn't say where they had found the coin. - They refused to say where they found the coin.
The car wouldn't start this morning. - This morning the car wouldn't start.

Besides the verb would to describe repeated actions in the past, the phrase is also used used to:
Every morning he would/used to take a cold shower. - Every morning he took a cold shower.

However, between would And used to there is an important difference:

• would denotes only actions:
Wouldn't often go fishing in summer. - In the summer, he often went fishing.

• used to denotes both actions and states:
Not used to wear a beard when he was a student. He used to quarrel about it with his mother.- When he was a student, he wore a beard. He often quarreled with his mother about her.

6. Wish

Verb would used to express a wish. In such cases it is used in the subjunctive meaning in constructions I wish... would And If only...would:
I wish you would come here sooner. - I wish you would come here soon.
If you would only help me with this problem!- If only you could help me solve this problem!

DARE

Forms and grammatical features

Verb dare can be either a semantic verb or a modal one, expressing one main meaning - to dare to perform some action. Semantic verb to dare combines with an infinitive with a particle to and is used in all tenses:
I didn't dare to tell him about my departure. “I didn’t dare tell him about my departure.” She doesn't dare to say anything in his presence.“She doesn’t dare say anything in his presence.”
I dare you to catch me.- I bet you won't catch me.
Wouldn't dare to criticize our plan. - He wouldn't dare criticize our plan.

Modal verb dare used with an infinitive without a particle to and has two temporary forms - Present Simple ( dare ) and Past Simple ( dared ).

Affirmative form of the verb dare occurs rarely, mainly in sentences with a negative meaning:
I hardly dare tell you the reason. - I don't I dare to show you the reason.

Along with the forms given in the table, the verb dare forms interrogative and negative forms as a semantic verb - with the help of auxiliary verbs:
Dare you see? = Do you dare see?
I daren"t tell = I don"t dare tell
he dared not go = he didn't dare go

These forms are now used in speech much more often than forms without auxiliary verbs.

Meaning and usage

Modal verb dare expresses reproach, indignation, indignation about some action. It is used especially often in sentences beginning with How:
Don't you dare come up to me!- Don't you dare come near me!
How dare they suggest such a thing! - How dare they offer such a thing!
How dared he use my name!- How dare he use my name!
- I"m going to smash this vase! - I I'll break this vase!
Just dare! - Just try!

Useful Expressions

How dare you!- How dare you!
I daresay you are aiming for the promotion. - I assume you are seeking promotion.

Shall and will are auxiliary verbs with which we express the future tense in English. However, is everything as simple as it seems? Yes, it's simple, you just need to figure it out. The main thing is to always remember: in English there are no verbs that have only one meaning.

Shall/will: rule

To construct a sentence in the future tense, you need to follow the correct word order: subject + auxiliary verb (will) + regular verb + everything else. Example: “I will eat everything I see” - “I will eat everything I see.”

This is the basic rule about shall/will. It is worth noting that in Russian we rarely say “I will (am)” - we use the perfect form of the verb. In English there is no such possibility, since it is an analytical language - its speakers use auxiliary verbs. In order to understand how the future tense works in English, you just need to remember that we also have something similar, just rarely used.

Below is the official rule about will/shall in the table:

Shall is a relic of the past

Previously, we used shall with the pronouns “I” and “we”. This had to be done according to the official rules. However, over time, shall fell completely out of use, and we now use both “I” and “we” with “will.”

Shall is now a relic of the past. If we want to sound dark and medieval in Shakespearean style, then we can say: “I shall come back” - something like - “I deign to return.”

Will: main job

The verb will did the main work. With its help we build the future tense.

“I will be back,” says the Terminator, threatening that he will return. Or rather, he abbreviates: “I"ll be back,” but under the apostrophe and two “l” lies will.

However, will is not only used to indicate time.

Will: other functions

There is a novel “All the King's Men” - about a tough, scary politician who destroyed everyone in his path because he looked to the future, had a strong will and was angry and tough in character. His name, at first glance, was cheerful and unobtrusive - Willie.

Do you know why Willie? Because his name is the power of the verb Will.

If you think about this verb, you can think of the politician Willie, because he is just as powerful, just as deceptive. Using his example, you can understand some of the functions of this multilateral verb.

For example:

• Will expresses the future tense. Politician Willie looks to the future, planning his cruelties. spontaneity, looking forward. Example: “I will destroy my enemies!” - “I will destroy my enemies!”

• Will expresses pretentious, arrogant (almost political) politeness. Example: “I am the Boss, if you will.” - “I am the Master here, if you wish.”

• Denial of Will or negative Will means stubbornness: it cannot be budged either in the present or in the future. Example: “The door won’t open, I can’t get in!” - “The door doesn’t open, I can’t get in!”

• Will is not only a verb, it is also a noun - like the Russian “will”. Verb and noun complement each other. Example: “I did it of my own free will.” - “I did it of my own free will, no one forced me.”

• The noun will can give rise to another variation of the verb will - not aimed at the future, but radiating power and desire. This option is used very rarely. Example: “Because I will it.” - “Because I wish it so.”

• Will is like an order from politician Willy. Example: “You will do that because I want it” - “You will do this because I want it.”

• There is also some kind of hypocrisy in will, a hidden order disguised as a question - a purely political move. Example: “Stop that, will you?” - "May be enough?"

This is how you can analyze the verb will using examples and this way it is easier to understand, since his nature is truly versatile.

We have examined the rule about shall/will, now let's move on to other forms of these verbs. New forms - new shades of meaning that will make your speech richer and more diverse.

Could/Should/Would: rules

Could/should/would are not only past tense forms of can/shall/will.

In fact, only can/could are forms of the present and past. Example: "I can swim." - “I could swim when I was a child.”

Also used for in we do not agree on tenses: one part can be used in the past, the other in the future. In English, all parts must be in the same tense:

“I said I could explain everything about will/shall but I lied.” - “I said I could explain everything about will/shall, but I lied.”

Shall in the form should does not acquire a connotation of action in the past - it becomes a modal verb of obligation. Meaning - strong advice. Example: “You should move, you are in my way.” - “As soon as you move, you are on my way.”

Would is the past tense form of the future tense verb will. This in itself is strange - hence the conclusion - it is unrealistic. Would is often used for the subjunctive mood. Example: “If I were you, I would totally go for it.” - “If I were you, I would definitely do it!”

An unreal situation is described here, and would plays the role of an unreal future.

In addition, would is used to agree tenses in indirect speech. Example: “He said he would kill for me.” - “He said that he would kill for me.”

Should, need, etc.) always come first in a verb group. All of them, with the exception of ought, are accompanied by a verb in the base form.

I must leave fairly soon. / I have to leave very soon.

I think it will look rather nice. / I think it will look pretty good.

Things might have been so different. / Things must be so different.

People may be watching. / People can watch.

Ought is always accompanied by a to-infinitive verb.

She ought to go straight back to England. / She must go straight back to England.

Sam ought to have realized how dangerous it was. / Sam should have realized how dangerous it was.

You ought to be doing this. / You should have been doing this.

Form

Modal verbs can only have one form. Thus, the "-s-" form for the singular third person present tense, the gerund, the present participle, and the simple past form "-ed" are eliminated.

There's nothing I can do about it. / I can't do anything about it.

I'm sure he can do it. / I'm sure he can do it.

In spoken and informal written English, the modal verbs shall and will are shortened to "ll." In turn, would is shortened to "d." In this form they are added to the pronoun.

I'll see you tomorrow. / I will see you tomorrow.

I hope you'll agree. / I hope you agree.

Posy said she’d love to stay. / Posy says she really wants to stay.

The modal verbs shall, will, would are never shortened if they come at the end of a sentence.

Paul said he would come, and I hope he will. / Paul said he would come, and I hope he does.

In spoken English, the abbreviated forms "ll and "d can be attached not only to pronouns, including nouns.

My car'll be outside. / My car will be at the exit.

The headmaster'd be furious. / The director will be angry.

When reading the abbreviation "d", you must also remember that it is also a short form for had.

I'd heard it many times. / I've heard this many times.

Time

You should have heard by now that I’m O.K. / You should have heard by now that I'm fine.

They ought to have arrived yesterday. / They were supposed to arrive yesterday.

If you want to say that you don't think something happened, you use should not have or ought not to have followed by a past participle verb.

You shouldn't have had any difficulty in getting there. / You shouldn't have had any difficulty getting there.

This ought not to have been a problem. / It shouldn't have been a problem.

Should have or ought to have are also used to say something you expected to happen but has not yet happened.

Yesterday should have been the start of the soccer season. / The football season was supposed to start yesterday.

She ought not to have been home by now. / She shouldn't have come home by this time.

Must

When you are sure that an event actually occurs or has happened, use must.

Oh, you must be Sylvia’s husband. / Oh, you must be Sylvia's husband.

He must know something about it. / He must know something about it.

When you are absolutely sure that an event did not happen or is not taking place, use cannot or can’t.

This cannot be the whole story. / This can't be the whole story.

He can’t be very old - he’s about 25, isn’t he? / He can't be very old - he's 25, right?

Must not or mustn’t are not used in this meaning.

When someone wants to say that they are almost certain that some event will happen, they use must have followed by a verb in the past participle form.

This article must have been written by a woman. / This article must have been written by a woman.

We must have taken the wrong road. / We must have chosen the wrong path.

To describe a situation in which someone does not think that some event took place, he uses can't have, also accompanied by a verb in the past participle form.

You can't have forgotten me. / You shouldn't have forgotten me.

He can't have said that. / He couldn't say it.

Will

If you want to say that an event will definitely happen in the future, you use will.

People will always say the things you want to hear. / People will always say the things you want to hear.

They'll manage. / They can handle it.

Will not or won't are used to say that an event will definitely not happen or does not take place.

You won't get much sympathy from them. / You won’t really endear them to you.

Other ways to express probability

There are several ways to indicate probability and certainty without using modal verbs. For example, you can put:

1) bound to, followed by a verb in the base form.

It was bound to happen. / should have happened.

You're bound to make a mistake. / You were doomed to make a mistake.

2) An adjective such as certain, likely, shure or unlikely, followed by a subordinate clause with a to-infinitive as a predicate or a conjunction that.

They were certain that you were defeated. / They were sure that you were defeated.

I am not likely to forget it. / I'm not inclined to forget it.

Thus, modal verbs describe the probability of an action, the attitude of the actor or author to the action; they come first in the verb group, although, as a rule, they do not take on signs of tense.