Cheat sheet: The concept of worldview, its structure and historical types. The concept of worldview and its structure
Introduction........................................................ ........................................................ .......................
Chapter 1................................................ ........................................................ ............................
The concept of worldview......................................................... ...................................................
Its structure........................................................ ........................................................ ...............
Historical types................................................... ........................................................ ......
Features of the philosophical worldview
Its difference from myth, religion and science
Basic problems of philosophy.
The problem of the “main question” of philosophy in classical and non-classical philosophy
The structure of philosophical knowledge.
The status and role of philosophy in modern culture
Bibliography
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this work is to give an idea of the worldview as a whole, its structure, historical types, aspects and forms, as well as the philosophical worldview as a special form of worldview. And also highlight the features of the philosophical worldview and indicate the difference from myth, religion and science.
Indicate the main problems of philosophy, separately highlight the problem of the “main question” in classical and non-classical philosophy.
And also describe the structure of philosophical knowledge and turn in work to philosophy in modern culture
The material is distributed into logically complete groups, the main ideas of which are reflected in the titles. So the content test work at the same time it is also his thesis plan.
CHAPTER 1: THE CONCEPT OF WORLDVIEW, ITS STRUCTURE AND HISTORICAL TYPES.
1. CONCEPT OF WORLDVIEW
Man is a rational social being. His activities are expedient. And in order to act expediently in difficult real world, he must not only know a lot, but also be able to do it. Be able to choose goals, be able to make this or that decision. To do this, he needs, first of all, a deep and correct understanding of the world - a worldview.
Man has always wondered what his place is in the world, why he lives, what is the meaning of his life, why life and death exist. Every era and social group has some idea of how to resolve these issues. The sum of all these questions and answers form a worldview. It plays a special, very important role in all human activities.
There are two ways to master the universe:
1) through psychological associations, through images and ideas;
2) through a logical system of concepts and categories.
There are 2 levels of worldview:
1) emotional-figurative - associated with the world of sensations (art, mythology and religion);
2) logical-rational (philosophy and sciences that form the worldview).
Worldview is a system of ideas about the world and a person’s place in it, about a person’s relationship to the surrounding reality and to himself, as well as the basic life positions of people, their beliefs, ideals, and value orientations, determined by these views. This is a way for a person to master the world, in the unity of a theoretical and practical approach to reality. Three main types of worldview should be distinguished:
Everyday (ordinary) is generated by the immediate conditions of life and experience transmitted over generations,
Religious – associated with the recognition of the supernatural principle of the world, expressed in emotional and figurative form,
Philosophical - appears in a conceptual, categorical form, to one degree or another relying on the achievements of the sciences of nature and society and possessing a certain measure of logical evidence.
Worldview is a system of generalized feelings, intuitive ideas and theoretical views on the world and the place of a person in it, on the multilateral relationship of a person to the world, to himself and to other people, the system of not always conscious basic life attitudes of a person of a certain social group and society, their beliefs, ideals, value orientations, moral, ethical and religious principles of knowledge and ratings. Worldview is a kind of framework for the structure of an individual, class or society as a whole. The subject of a worldview is an individual, a social group and society as a whole.
Based on the lessons of the past, A. Schweitzer stated: “For society, as well as for the individual, life without a worldview represents a pathological violation of the highest sense of orientation.”
The basis of a worldview is knowledge. Any knowledge forms a worldview framework. The greatest role in the formation of this framework belongs to philosophy, since philosophy arose and was formed as a response to the ideological questions of humanity. Any philosophy performs a worldview function, but not every worldview is philosophical. Philosophy is the theoretical core of a worldview.
The structure of a worldview includes not only knowledge but also its assessment. That is, the worldview is characterized not only by informational, but also by value (axiological) saturation.
Knowledge enters the worldview in the form of beliefs. Beliefs are the prism through which reality is seen. Beliefs are not only an intellectual position, but also emotional condition, stable psychological attitude; confidence in the correctness of one’s ideals, principles, ideas, views, which subjugate a person’s feelings, conscience, will and actions.
The structure of a worldview includes ideals. They can be both scientifically based and illusory, both achievable and unrealistic. As a rule, they are facing the future. Ideals are the basis of the spiritual life of an individual. The presence of ideals in a worldview characterizes it as a proactive reflection, as a force that not only reflects reality but also orients it towards changing it.
Worldview is formed under the influence of social conditions, upbringing and education. Its formation begins in childhood. It determines a person’s life position.
It should be especially emphasized that a worldview is not only content, but also a way of understanding reality. The most important component of a worldview is ideals as decisive life goals. The nature of the idea of the world contributes to the setting of certain goals, from the generalization of which a general life plan, ideals are formed that give the worldview effective force. The content of consciousness turns into a worldview when it acquires the character of beliefs, confidence in the correctness of one’s ideas.
Worldview has a huge practical significance. It affects norms of behavior, attitudes towards work, towards other people, the nature of life aspirations, tastes and interests. This is a kind of spiritual prism through which everything around us is perceived and experienced.
2. STRUCTURE OF WORLDVIEW
The structure of the worldview includes:
1) Knowledge is a set of information about the world around us. They are the initial link, the “cell” of the worldview. Knowledge can be scientific, professional (military), everyday practical. The more solid a person’s stock of knowledge is, the more support his worldview can receive. However, the worldview does not include all knowledge, but only those that a person needs to navigate the world. If there is no knowledge, then there is no worldview.
2) Values are a special attitude of people towards everything that happens in accordance with their goals, needs, interests, one or another understanding of the meaning of life. Values are characterized by such concepts as “significance”, “usefulness” or “harmfulness”. Significance shows the degree of intensity of our attitude - something touches us more, something less, something leaves us calm.
Utility shows our practical need for something. It can characterize material and spiritual values: clothing, shelter, tools, knowledge, skills, etc.
Harmfulness is our negative attitude towards some phenomenon.
3) Emotions are a person’s subjective reaction to the influence of internal and external stimuli, manifested in the form of pleasure or displeasure, joy, fear, etc.
Life constantly gives rise to a complex range of emotions in people. These may include “dark” emotions: uncertainty, powerlessness, sadness, grief, etc.
At the same time, people have a whole range of “bright” emotions: joy, happiness, harmony, satisfaction with life, etc.
Moral emotions give a powerful impetus to worldview: shame, conscience, duty, mercy. A clear expression of the influence of emotions on the worldview are the words of the famous philosopher I. Kant: “Two things always fill the soul with new and increasingly stronger surprise and awe, the more often and longer we think about them - this starry sky above me and the moral law is within me."
4) Will - the ability to choose the goal of activity and the internal efforts necessary for its implementation.
This gives the entire worldview a special character and allows a person to put his worldview into practice.
5) Beliefs - views actively accepted by people that correspond to their vital interests. In the name of beliefs, people sometimes risk their lives and even go to their death - so great is their motivating power.
Beliefs are knowledge combined with will. They become the basis of life, behavior, actions of individuals, social groups, nations, peoples.
6) Faith is the degree of trust a person has in the content of his knowledge. The range of human faith is very wide. It ranges from practical obviousness to religious beliefs or even gullible acceptance of outlandish fictions.
7) Doubt - a critical attitude towards any knowledge or values.
Doubt is an essential element of an independent worldview. Fanatical, unconditional acceptance of any views without one’s own critical reflection is called dogmatism.
But you can’t go over a certain limit here, because you can go to the other extreme - skepticism, or nihilism - disbelief in anything, loss of ideals.
Thus, a worldview is a complex, contradictory unity of knowledge, values, emotions, will, beliefs, faith, and doubts that allows a person to navigate the world around him.
The core, the basis of a worldview is knowledge. Depending on this, the worldview is divided into ordinary, professional and scientific.
1) An ordinary worldview is a set of views based on common sense and everyday life experience. This spontaneously emerging worldview covers the widest strata of society, is very important, it is a really “working” worldview of many millions of people. However scientific level this worldview is not high.
2) A higher type of worldview is professional, formed under the influence of the knowledge and experience of people in various fields of activity, etc. This could be the worldview of a scientist, writer, politician etc.
Worldview ideas that arise in the process of scientific, artistic, political, and other creativity can, to a certain extent, influence the thinking of professional philosophers. A striking example of this is the enormous influence of the work of L.N. Tolstoy and F.M. Dostoevsky on domestic and world philosophy, but even at this level a person is not immune from mistakes.
3) The highest level of worldview is a theoretical worldview, to which philosophy belongs. Unlike other types of worldview, philosophy is not only the creator of a worldview, but also professionally analyzes the worldview and subjects it to critical reflection.
The concept of the structure of a worldview presupposes the identification of its structural levels: elemental, conceptual and methodological.
The elemental level is a collection ideological concepts, ideas, views, assessments that develop and function in everyday consciousness.
The conceptual level includes various ideological problems. These can be various concepts of the world, space, time, social development of man, his activity or knowledge, the future of humanity, etc.
The methodological level - the highest level of worldview - includes the basic concepts and principles that form the core of the worldview. The peculiarity of these principles is that they are developed not simply on the basis of ideas and knowledge, but taking into account the value reflection of the world and man.
Being included in the worldview, knowledge, values, behavior are colored by emotions, combined with will and form the conviction of the individual. An obligatory component of the worldview is faith; it can be both rational and religious faith.
So, a worldview is a complex, intense, contradictory unity of knowledge and values, intellect and emotions, worldview and attitude, a reasonable justification of faith.
The life-practical worldview is heterogeneous; it develops depending on the nature of education, the level of intellectual and spiritual culture, and the national and religious traditions of its bearers.
1) HISTORICAL TYPES OF WORLDVIEW ARE
1) mythological,
2) religious
3) philosophical.
Historically, the first was the mythological view of the world (myth - legend, tale; logos - word, doctrine, concept, law) a product of imagination, an attempt by people to explain the world, the origin of the earth, rivers, lakes, the secrets of birth and death, etc. Human psyche requires a myth. This is the main way of understanding the world in primitive society - worldview.
The mythological worldview is characterized by an indistinct separation of subject and object, the inability of man to distinguish himself from environment. In the process of cognition, the unknown is comprehended through the known; Man knows his own existence and the existence of the race, from which he does not initially distinguish himself.
The basic principle for solving ideological issues in myth is genetic, i.e. the origin of the world and nature was explained by who gave birth to whom (the book of Genesis). Myth combines two aspects: diachronic (a story about the past) and synchronic (an explanation of the present and future). The past was connected with the future, which ensured the connection of generations. People believed in the reality of the myth; the myth determined the norms of behavior in society, the value system, and established harmony between the world and man. This animation of myth is expressed in primitive forms of religion - fetishism, totemism, animism, primitive magic. The evolution of ideas about the mysterious spiritual forces underlying natural phenomena takes the classical form of religion. Along with mythology, there was also religion.
Religion(from Latin religio - piety, holiness) is a form of worldview, the foundation of which is the belief in the presence of certain supernatural forces that play a leading role in the world around humans and specifically in the fate of each of us. In the early stages of the development of society, mythology and religion formed a single whole. So the main elements of religion were: worldview (in the form of myth), religious feelings (in the form of mystical moods) and cult rituals. Religion is a belief in the supernatural, based on faith.
The main function of religion is to help a person overcome the difficulties of existence and elevate him to the eternal. Religion gives meaning and stability to human existence, cultivates eternal values (love, kindness, tolerance, compassion, home, justice, connecting them with the sacred, supernatural). The spiritual principle of the world, its center, the specific starting point among the relativity and fluidity of the world's diversity is God. God gives integrity and unity to the whole world. He directs the course of world history and establishes the moral sanction of human actions. And finally, in the person of God, the world has a “higher authority”, a source of strength and help, giving a person the opportunity to be heard and understood.
The problem of God, translated into the language of philosophy, is the problem of the existence of the absolute, the supramundane rational principle, actually infinite in time and space. In religion, this is the beginning of the abstract-impersonal, and the personal, expressed in God.
The mythological and religious worldview was of a spiritual and practical nature and was associated with a low level of mastery of reality and human dependence on nature. Later, with the development of civilization, people began to rise to a theoretical understanding of worldview problems. The result of this was the creation philosophical systems.
Philosophy is an extremely generalized, theoretical vision of the world.
The term "philosophy" comes from the Greek "phileo" (love) and "sophia" (wisdom) and means "love of wisdom", of theoretical reasoning. The term “philosopher” was first used by the ancient Greek scientist and philosopher Pythagoras (580-500 BC) in relation to people striving for high wisdom and the right way of life.
The very concept of wisdom carried a sublime meaning; wisdom was understood as a scientific comprehension of the world, based on selfless service to the truth.
Wisdom is not something ready-made that can be learned, solidified and used. Wisdom is a search that requires effort of the mind and all the spiritual powers of a person.
As a result of this emergence, the development of philosophy meant dissociation from mythology and religion, as well as going beyond the framework of everyday consciousness.
Philosophy and religion as worldviews often solve similar problems of explaining the world, as well as influencing human consciousness and behavior.
Their fundamental difference is that religion, in solving ideological problems, is based on faith, and philosophy is a reflection of the world in a theoretical, rationally understandable form.
1) The original types of worldview are preserved throughout history.
2) “Pure” types of worldview are practically never found and in real life they form complex and contradictory combinations.
CHAPTER 2. FEATURES OF THE PHILOSOPHICAL WORLDVIEW, ITS DIFFERENCE FROM MYTH, RELIGION AND SCIENCE
1. FEATURES OF THE PHILOSOPHICAL WORLDVIEW
The worldview is formed not only by philosophy, but also by scientific (natural, technical, social) disciplines, as well as by various forms of social consciousness - political, religious, etc. However, only philosophy gives it a holistic and complete form, which integrally unites and generalizes all worldviews, formed in the human mind from various sources. Worldview exists on two levels:
1) sensual as a worldview, spontaneous perception of the surrounding reality and
2) rational - at the level of the mind as a worldview, a logical basis for processes and phenomena. A worldview at a rational level is the deepest understanding of the world. It is based on the theoretical justification of the laws of development of objective processes. But it can only be carried out on the basis of their sensory perception (one’s own or other people), therefore the worldview understanding of the world must be considered in the unity and interaction of the sensory and rational levels.
The philosophical worldview was formed historically in connection with the development of philosophical knowledge itself. Worldviews at the pre-philosophical level among primitive man were presented in the form of myths, legends, tales, etc. In the late period of primitive society, a religion arose, which from its own positions formed worldviews in connection with ideas about the creation of the world, the origin of people and animals, life and death, etc. Both myths and religion did not go down in history along with primitive society, when there was no science yet, but only practical skills and illusory ideas about them existed. The mythological-religious worldview continued to accompany social development at all its subsequent stages, but no longer as the only forms of worldview, but as views remaining from the past, coexisting along with the philosophical form.
In addition, the philosophical worldview as the highest type of worldview is a rational explanation of the world based on theoretical and logical analysis.
The main feature of the philosophical worldview is its criticality in relation even to its own initial theses.
The philosophical worldview appears in a conceptual, categorical form, to one degree or another relying on the achievements of the sciences of nature and society and possessing a certain measure of logical evidence.
The main features of the philosophical worldview:
Conceptual validity;
Systematicity;
Versatility;
Criticality.
The focus is on the person with his relationship to the world and the world’s relationship to this person.
Despite its maximum criticality and scientific nature, philosophy is extremely close to the everyday, religious and even mythological worldview, for, like them, it chooses the direction of its activity very arbitrarily.
2. ITS DIFFERENCE FROM MYTH, RELIGION AND SCIENCE
The origins of philosophy were mythology and religion , but unlike the latter, philosophy is in explaining the world and man relies not on faith, but on the power of reason , on his ability to scientific research reality, as a result becomes the basis of the scientific worldview .
Unlike other types of worldview, philosophy is characterized by evidence, logical validity, argumentation, and the systematic nature of knowledge.
Therefore, philosophy, forming a holistic understanding of the world, is
core worldview, its theoretical basis.
Unlike science, religion and art, which also form a certain worldview system, the philosophical worldview has a number of distinctive features.
The place of philosophy in the spiritual culture of society. The specificity of the philosophical worldview and the philosophical way of solving the eternal problems of human existence become obvious when comparing philosophy with science, religion and art.
Philosophy and science. The connections between science and philosophy are fundamental, and many of the greatest philosophers were also outstanding scientists. It is enough to recall the names of Pythagoras and Thales, Descartes and Leibniz, Florensky and Russell. Science and philosophy are similar in that they are spheres of rational and demonstrative spiritual activity, focused on achieving truth, which in its classical understanding is “a form of coordination of thought with reality.” However, there are at least two major differences between them:
1). any science deals with a fixed subject area and never claims to formulate universal laws of existence. Thus, physics discovers the laws of physical reality; chemistry - chemical, psychology - psychological. At the same time, the laws of physics are very indirectly connected with mental life, and the laws of mental life, in turn, do not work in the sphere physical interactions. Philosophy, unlike science, makes universal judgments and strives to discover the laws of the entire world. Moreover, if any philosophical school refuses the task of constructing universal world schematics, it must provide a universal justification for its reluctance to deal with such problems;
2). Science has traditionally abstracted itself from the problem of values and from making value judgments. She seeks the truth - what is in the things themselves, without discussing whether what she has found is good or bad, and whether there is any meaning to it all. In other words, science primarily answers the questions “why?” "How?" and “where from?”, but prefers not to ask metaphysical questions like “why?” and for what?". Unlike science, the value component of knowledge cannot be eliminated from philosophy. Claiming to solve the eternal problems of existence, it is focused not only on the search for truth, as a form of coordination of thought with existence, but also on the knowledge and affirmation of values, as forms of coordination of existence with human thought. In fact, having ideas about goodness, we try to restructure both our own behavior and the surrounding circumstances of life in accordance with them. Knowing that there is something beautiful in the world and having formed a system of corresponding ideal ideas, we create a beautiful work of art in accordance with it, change material reality for the better, or eliminate ugly things.
In the interpretation of the relationship with science, philosophy has two dead-end extremes. This, on the one hand, is natural philosophy, as an attempt to build universal pictures of the world without relying on scientific data, and, on the other, positivism, which calls on philosophy to abandon the discussion of metaphysical (primarily value) issues and focus exclusively on generalizing the positive facts of science. The passage between the Scylla of natural philosophy and the Charybdis of positivism implies a constant creative and mutually enriching dialogue between science and philosophy: the attention of specific sciences to universal philosophical models and schemes of explanation and, conversely, the consideration by philosophical thought of theoretical and experimental results obtained in modern scientific research.
Philosophy and religion. Like philosophy, a religious worldview offers a person a system of values - norms, ideals and goals of activity, in accordance with which he can plan his behavior in the world, perform acts of assessment and self-esteem. Like philosophy, religion offers its own universal picture of the world, which is based on the act of divine creativity. The value-based and universal nature of the religious worldview brings it closer to philosophy, however, there are fundamental differences between these two most important spheres of spiritual culture. The fact is that religious ideas and values are accepted by an act of religious faith - the heart, not the mind; personal and non-rational experience, and not on the basis of rational arguments, as is typical of philosophy. The system of religious values is transcendental, that is, superhuman and superrational, in character, emanating either from God (as in Christianity) or from his prophets (as in Judaism and Islam), or from holy ascetics who have achieved special heavenly wisdom and holiness, as this is characteristic of many religious systems in India. At the same time, a believer may not rationally substantiate his worldview at all, while the procedure for logical substantiation of his ideas is obligatory for a person who claims to have a philosophical worldview.
Religious philosophy itself is possible, as a rational attempt to build a holistic religious worldview, free from dogmatic church blinders. Brilliant examples of such philosophy, in particular, were provided by the domestic philosophical tradition at the turn of the century (see V.S. Solovyov, P.A. Florensky, N.O. Lossky, S.L. Frank, brothers S.N. and E.N. .Trubetskoy). Theology (or theology) must be distinguished from religious philosophy. The latter, in a number of its sections, can use the language, methods and results of philosophy, but always within the framework of recognized church authorities and verified dogmatic definitions. The branch of philosophy that studies the nature of religious experience, its place in culture and human existence is called the philosophy of religion. It is clear that philosophy of religion can be studied not only by a believer, but also by an atheist philosopher.
The relationship between philosophy and religion varies from era to era, from culture to culture, ranging from a state of peaceful coexistence and almost dissolution in each other (as in early Buddhism) to irreconcilable confrontation, as was typical in 18th century Europe. Currently, there is a growing trend towards dialogue between philosophy, religion and science with the aim of forming a synthetic worldview that harmoniously synthesizes modern scientific facts and theoretical generalizations with time-tested religious values and fundamental movements of systematic philosophical thought.
Philosophy and myth. Much brings myth together with philosophy; more precisely, myth was the basis of philosophy
However, despite all the closeness, there is still a boundary between philosophy and myth. The fact is that the language of philosophy is the language philosophical categories and as rigorous evidence as possible. Emotions, appeals to personal experience, fantasies and imagination are the exception rather than the rule here. But without this, a myth cannot exist. Its element is personal experience and empathy, confession and passion, flights of fancy and emotional catharsis (purification). Of course, the deepest symbols and images can exist in philosophy, but they are always only the initial object for subsequent rational interpretation; as if a figurative and semantic “gene” for the subsequent development of an integral philosophical worldview.
Thus, philosophy is in some ways similar and in some ways different from all other important spheres of spiritual culture (or spheres of spiritual creativity) of man. This determines its “central-connecting” position in the spiritual culture of humanity, which does not allow this culture to disintegrate into a bad multiplicity of ideas, values and worldviews at war with each other. Here we come to the problem of the diverse functions that philosophy performs in human cultural existence.
Difference from religious-mythological and everyday types of worldview?
Firstly, there is a departure from anthropomorphism: the philosophical worldview no longer tries to transfer the properties of man and human relationships to the world as a whole.
Secondly, the philosophical worldview gradually replaces the sensory images on which the myth rests with abstract concepts, and the associative connections with the image of the myth with logical connections of concepts.
Finally, thirdly, the philosophical worldview is presented not as a dogma that should be accepted without reasoning, but as one of the possible ways of understanding and explaining the world, allowing criticism and replacement in the best ways. This stimulates the development of justification for philosophical systems and serves as the basis for changing and improving the philosophical worldview.
Of course, all these features of the philosophical worldview were formed gradually. The first philosophical constructions are still filled with elements of mythology. For Thales, the world is still full of gods. Heraclitus speaks of the Sun as a living being, looked after by the goddess of justice Dike and her servants Erinyes. For Empedocles, all processes in the world are determined by the struggle of love and hatred. However, gradually all these mythological and anthropomorphic elements disappear. The water of Thales, the air of Anaximenes, the fire of Heraclitus and the earth of Xenophanes are replaced by Parmenides with the abstract concept of being. If before Parmenides philosophers only proclaimed their theses, then Parmenides for the first time resorted to logical proof, which from his student Zeno already acquired the distinct form of proof by contradiction, based on the law of excluded middle.
Thus, a philosophical worldview—philosophy—was gradually formed, which at first included well-known scientific knowledge– mathematical, astronomical, medical. It was as holistic as myth, but unlike myth it was abstract, rational and critical.
CHAPTER 3. MAIN PROBLEMS OF PHILOSOPHY. THE PROBLEM OF THE “MAIN QUESTION” OF PHILOSOPHY IN CLASSICAL AND NON-CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY.
1. MAIN PROBLEMS OF PHILOSOPHY
In ordinary consciousness for many centuries there has existed, and is still often found today, the idea that philosophy does not have its own real problems. It is no coincidence that the symbol of the philosopher was a bear sucking its own paw. For example, on the title page of J. Brucker’s book “A Critical History of Philosophy,” published in the 40s of the 18th century, there was an image under which was placed the aphorism: Ipse alimenta sibi (your own food).
In modern philosophy there is a whole movement - positivism, which declares the problems of philosophy meaningless, pointless. However, the problems of philosophy are no less real than in any science. And despite the fact that the composition of the problems and their expression among philosophers of different eras and peoples is different, they to one degree or another have something in common, and this circumstance alone suggests that they are not accidental, but are generated by some deep reasons.
Philosophical problems- these are problems not about objects (natural or created by people), but about a person’s attitude towards them. Not the world (in itself), but the world as the abode of human life - this is the starting point of view of philosophical consciousness.
"What do I know? What should I do? What can I hope for?" , - it is in these questions that, according to Kant, the highest interests of the human mind are contained.
Philosophical questions - these are questions about the fate, purpose of man and humanity.
It is not philosophers who come up with these questions. Life creates them. They appear as fundamental contradictions in living human history, having an open, independent character. Passing through the entire human history, appearing in a certain sense as eternal problems, they acquire in different eras, in different cultures and its specific unique appearance. Philosophers - to the best of their strength and abilities - they solve these eternal, life-meaning questions. The character itself philosophical problems is such that a simple, unambiguous, final result of their resolution is impossible, their theoretical solution is conceived not as a final solution that resolves the problem, but as solutions designed to:
Summarize the past
Determine the specific face of the problem in modern conditions
Think about the future pragmatically
Universal problem philosophy is the problem of the relationship between the world and man. She has many faces : “subject - object”, “material - spiritual”, “objective - subjective”, etc.
Philosophers have long been afraid to identify the main one in this universal problem, the so-called fundamental question of philosophy.
2. THE PROBLEM OF THE “MAIN QUESTION” OF PHILOSOPHY IN CLASSICAL AND NON-CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY
First, let's look at classical and non-classical philosophy: classical and non-classical philosophy are terms that emerged from natural science. Euclid's geometry, Newtonian physics are considered classical At the end of 19, beginning. In the 20th century there was a departure from the classics - the creation of non-classical physics and geometries. The same processes occur in philosophy. The crown of classical philosophy is considered to be German classical philosophy (from Kant to Hegel). The main problem is the problem of rational, reasonable knowledge. Moreover, the mind is considered not only as an individual, but also as a super-individual, embodied in concepts, thoughts, ideals, in what Hegel called social consciousness. Man masters the world only with the help of his mind. This philosophy is dominated by faith in reason, in its perfection and omnipotence. Reason is believed to lead to enlightenment of the masses and democracy. Classical philosophy believes that there is a rational order in the world; in nature, society, in man himself. The task of man is to comprehend the laws of nature and society with the help of reason. The beginning of the 20th century - the rapid development of science, anti-humanism in everything (wars, murders, etc.). All this cast doubt on the idea of the omnipotence of reason. In addition, there were discoveries in the field of biology, human psychology (Freud's discovery), etc. An expanded understanding of Freud's ideas leads to a new understanding of man. The first attempt to rethink classical philosophy was Marxism. He was the first to emerge from classical philosophy into practice, human activity, but otherwise he adhered to classical theories. Other philosophical movements of the 20th century break with classical theory in general. They are no longer based on reason, their ideal becomes irrationalism, i.e. super-rationalism. At the core there is something that does not contradict reason, it is above reason. Thus, the task of non-classical philosophy becomes the knowledge of the laws not of the objective, but of the subjective world: internal states, human experiences. A person is considered in irrationalism as a subject of communication, as his internal sensory connection with the world (be it the world of another person or society). In classical philosophy, the epistemological approach dominated. In philosophy, chapter 20, an axiological approach becomes established. Axiology is the science of values. The subject of analysis is fear, melancholy, care, despair. Philosophy becomes psychological.
Knowing what classical and non-classical philosophy is, let’s consider the “main question” from different angles:
In Marxist philosophy, this question was formulated by F. Engels: “The great fundamental question of all, especially modern philosophy, is the question of the relationship of thinking to being.”
This approach to formulating the main question of philosophy is based on the fundamental facts of human life:
There are material and spiritual phenomena (consciousness, will, thinking);
Each person distinguishes himself from everything that surrounds him and distinguishes himself from everything else;
He correlates his goals with reality, evaluates reality.
The “dual” nature of the human, the “doubling” of man himself and his world in consciousness is the basis for highlighting the relationship between the material and the spiritual as the main question.
The basic question of philosophy has two sides :
1) what comes first - spirit or matter? Depending on the answer to this question, philosophers are divided into two main directions.
Representatives of the first - materialists - take matter as a basis, and consider consciousness as something secondary, dependent on matter.
Varieties: metaphysical materialism, vulgar materialism, dialectical materialism.
Representatives of the second - idealists - consider the spirit, consciousness to be primary, and the material world to be secondary.
Idealism exists in two main varieties: -subjective idealism - representatives of which consider the consciousness of a person, a subject, to be primary;
Objective idealism - supporters of which consider the primary spirit to exist independently of man.
Materialism and idealism are monistic directions in philosophy (Greek monos - one), since both directions take one principle as a basis.
Along with philosophical monism, there is a current of dualism (Latin dio - two), whose supporters consider matter and consciousness as two parallel principles.
2) Is the world knowable?
Most philosophers answer this question in the affirmative.
However, some philosophers deny the possibility of knowing the world in whole or in part. These were representatives of agnosticism (Greek a - no, gnosis - knowledge). Some philosophers, while recognizing the knowability of the world, expressed doubt about the reliability of knowledge; they were called skeptics, and the direction was skepticism (Greek skepticosis - criticizing).
Considering the main question of philosophy, it should be noted that not all philosophers agree with it. Moreover, most philosophers, in the past and now, do not even consider the solution of this particular question to be their most important task.
In various philosophical teachings, the problems of ways to achieve truth, problems of moral duty, freedom, practice, etc. are brought to the fore:
French philosopher A. Camus “I consider the question of the meaning of life the most urgent of all questions”;
Russian philosopher N.A. Berdyaev - the main problem is the problem of human freedom: its essence, nature, purpose;
German philosopher P. Rickert - the problem of evil and violence.
But nevertheless, any philosopher, considering this or that problem, in one way or another considers the relationship “world - man”, which means whether he wants it or not, he turns to the main question of philosophy.
CHAPTER 4. STRUCTURE OF PHILOSOPHICAL KNOWLEDGE. STATUS AND ROLE OF PHILOSOPHY IN MODERN CULTURE
1. STRUCTURE OF PHILOSOPHICAL KNOWLEDGE
As a theoretical discipline, philosophy has a number of sections:
Ontology (ontos-being, logos-teaching) is the doctrine of being or the origins of all things.
Epistemology (gnosis-knowledge, logos-teaching) is the doctrine of knowledge. This is the section where problems of the nature of knowledge and its capabilities are studied. The prerequisites of knowledge are explored, the conditions for its reliability and truth are identified. Epistemology includes the following chapters and departments:
Psychology of cognition – studies the subjective and individual processes of cognition.
The logic of knowledge is the science of generally valid forms and means of thought necessary for rational knowledge in any field of knowledge. (dialectical logic, class logic, propositional logic, relational logic, etc.)
Criticism of knowledge - analyzes the relationship between objective and subjective elements.
General history of knowledge, evolution of knowledge.
Axiology (axios – value) – the doctrine of values.
In the structure of philosophical knowledge, they also distinguish:
Social philosophy - analysis, study of the social structure of society, people in it.
Philosophical anthropology – the study of man. (from the problem of origin to the cosmic future.)
Philosophy of culture is a section where the essence and meaning of culture is studied and explored.
Philosophy of law is a doctrine, a science about the most general theoretical and worldview problems of jurisprudence and state science.
Philosophy of history.
History of philosophy.
Independently, no less important are the following sections:
Dialectics - (the art of conversation, argument) - the doctrine of the most general natural connections and the formation, development of being and knowledge. Method of cognition.
Aesthetics is a science that studies the sphere of a person’s aesthetic relationship to the world and the sphere of people’s artistic activity. (includes the theory of aesthetic values, the theory of aesthetic perception, the general theory of art.).
Ethics is a philosophical science, the object of study of which is morality, morality, as a form of social consciousness, as one of the aspects of human life.
There are known attempts at a clear classification within philosophical knowledge, for example:
Methodological department of philosophy (logic, ontology, epistemology)
Systematization of scientific knowledge data.
Evaluating department of philosophy (area of issues related to the facts of evaluating human activity).
However, modern philosophers refuse to construct multi-level classifications, since there are no taboo topics for philosophy.
2. STATUS AND ROLE OF PHILOSOPHY IN MODERN CULTURE
Modern philosophy receives a new form by expanding all its main functions, giving them relevant theoretical and practical content. This is due to the further development of philosophical problems proper, overcoming lack of spirituality, utilitarian technocratic thinking, narrow practicality and formalism. Modern philosophy, as a new stage in the development of theoretical thought, reflects the state of society and the position of man in the world in relation to the post-industrial era and the corresponding level of scientific achievements. It is a theoretical model of the emerging information technology civilization, its co-evolution with the surrounding natural and cosmic environment, helps to find solutions to global problems of mankind, comprehend deep integration processes in the world community, and correctly understand other pressing problems.
The formation of modern philosophy has the necessary prerequisites. Among them:
1) social, due to the development of information technology production, changes in the nature of social relations and social structure, and the growth in the number of layers of the population belonging to the middle class throughout the world. The formation of post-industrial society is associated with the emergence of a new type of worker, combining high level professionalism and culture with knowledge of the foundations of new philosophical thinking;
2) scientific, related to outstanding discoveries in the field of fundamental sciences (synergetics, vacuum theory, anthropic principle, microelectronics, etc.), which determined the development of the modern scientific picture of the world;
3) theoretical, determined by new developments in the field of philosophy itself, its expanding connections with practice.
The most important achievements of modern philosophy are the civilizational approach to the analysis of social phenomena and the principle of anthropocentrism in its updated content. The world is considered as a complex multi-level self-developing system with multivariate possibilities for the interaction of its fragments. Modern philosophy has had to abandon the idea of progress as a linear process. Historical development is considered as a transition from one relatively stable phase of structural organization to another, to a new level of organization of elements and methods of their self-organization.
Modern materialism has received real opportunities for positive contacts with various directions of world philosophical thought. And such interaction, carried out on a principled basis, strengthens his ideological positions and provides the opportunity for further creative development of fundamental theoretical problems and social practice.
It is also worth noting that the transition of humanity to a qualitatively new stage of development in social, spiritual, cultural relations is today only a real possibility of its recovery from the global crisis, but it is far from being a realized state. Difficulties and dangers in carrying out this task stem mainly from the person himself: the low level of its awareness, society’s lack of understanding of the causes and mechanisms of the functioning of natural, anthropological and social phenomena in their interaction as specifically special elements of a single world existence.
Conclusion: Humanity must fully master the achievements of spiritual culture, the science of rational management and regulation of world processes. This task cannot be solved without modern philosophical knowledge about the world. What Once again proves the status and important role of philosophy in modern culture
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Alekseev P.V., Panin A.V. Philosophy: Textbook. – 3rd ed., revised. and additional – M.: TK Welby, Prospekt Publishing House, 2003.
2. http://pedlib.ru/Books/2/0279/2_0279-41.shtml
3. http://shpori4all.narod.ru/
4. Lecture from the site http://referatik.com.ua/
5. Kononovich L.G., Medvedeva G.I. Philosophy: a textbook for higher education educational institutions. – Rostov n/d.: publishing house “Phoenix”, 2000
6. http://ihtika.net/?qwe=vf&fold2=4296&isutfff=1
Philosophical Dictionary, M.: 1979.
"Culture and Ethics". M, 1973. p. 82
PREFACE
In the context of growing social contradictions and crisis phenomena in the life of modern society, philosophical knowledge plays a special role, determining the nature of people’s ideological and value orientations. Despite the well-known inertia of thinking associated with a negative attitude towards philosophy as a science that does not produce practical results, it should be noted that this kind of ideas does not correspond to modern realities.
This circumstance was pointed out by Aristotle, who noted that of all the arts, the most beautiful is philosophy, despite all its practical uselessness, for it studies the eternal, the persistent, the imperishable. Today we can say with confidence that preserving people’s lives in times of crisis in the environmental, economic, social, political and spiritual spheres of life in modern society is so eternal.
Philosophy has always been focused on the formation of new values in relation to the world as a whole. This circumstance acquires particular significance in turning points, critical epochs, which is also inherent in the modern stage of development of civilization. In such eras, there is always an intense search for ways to further develop humanity, and the task of philosophy itself is not only to clarify ideological structures that determine the image of the world and people’s lives, but also to identify the meaning of life of new values.
This task, associated with determining the strategy for the survival of mankind, directly depends on philosophical developments and students’ assimilation of new ideological orientations in the context of globalization.
It is philosophy, which has accumulated centuries of experience of human culture, that should help people comprehend the new challenges of the time and outline strategic directions achieving a stable future. Reflecting the self-awareness of the modern era, philosophy occupies a central place among the disciplines of the humanities, contributing to the formation of new views on the place and role of man in nature.
The proposed course of lectures, prepared by teachers of the Department of Philosophy and Law, is aimed at the formation and development of this type of worldview, which is characterized by a critical understanding of the picture of the world, natural and social reality, an orientation towards humanistic values, respect for national traditions, a deep understanding of the achievements of modern science and social practices.
CHAPTER I . PHILOSOPHY IN THE HISTORICAL DYNAMICS OF CULTURE
TOPIC 1. PHILOSOPHY AS A SOCIO-CULTURAL PHENOMENON
1.1. The concept of worldview, its structure, functions and historical types
In everyday life, every person in one way or another encounters the phenomena of good and evil, life and death, justice and injustice, thinks about questions about the meaning of his presence in the world, about the structure of the universe, about the problems of transitory existence on Earth and the possibility of eternal existence, realizes his life choice determines the guidelines for one’s attitude towards other people, society and the world as a whole. All these and other questions are resolved by each new generation of people in specific historical conditions. The result of such a decision is the establishment of vital factors (moral norms, interests, knowledge, material and spiritual values, etc.), which serve as the basis for human behavior and activity, his attitude towards people, the world, and himself. A person understands himself, people, the world, his place in life based on his choice. The system of views, a person’s knowledge about himself, about the world, about his attitude towards it and his place in it forms the basis worldview.
Worldview includes in its structure knowledge, beliefs, values, ideals and other components.
Knowledge is a set of reliable information about natural phenomena, the life of society, man himself, etc. Knowledge is the main component of a worldview. Thanks to the presence of knowledge in the worldview, it can act as a kind of symbolic model of the world, including ideas about the structure of society, about a person’s attitude towards it, as well as programs for one’s own behavior.
Beliefs represent human needs formed or formed on the basis of knowledge to think and act in accordance with chosen life guidelines or values. The main element of beliefs are the principles or certain rules of a person’s relationship to the world, other people, various phenomena and events, and to himself. Beliefs act as individual means regulation of relations in society and human behavior, but also serve as a specific compass in achieving life goals.
Since beliefs are based on values (beliefs can also be explained as the conscious need to follow certain value guidelines), together they form a normative and regulatory mechanism of human life in society. Values constitute the content of the principles of thinking and action.
Value is a concept that characterizes objects and processes, their properties (including ideas, knowledge) that are vital (in positive, negative and neutral meanings) for a person.
Values determine the rules and way of life of a person in society. The active role of values manifests itself in the form of legal, political, religious, moral and other beliefs and principles.
In the course of historical development, values are constantly updated. In the life of modern society, environmental values, expressing activities to preserve nature and ensure normal natural conditions for human existence, acquire particular importance.
At all times, material and spiritual guidelines and values have played a fundamental role in choosing a life position. Highest value, integrating and regulating the manifestations of other values, are ideals.
Ideal - a mentally constructed, more perfect in comparison with the present, proper state of reality, to which one should strive.
Values and ideals are always adjusted to the socio-economic, spiritual and, in general, specific historical characteristics of culture. Ideals are associated with resolving the contradiction between the existing economic, political, social and other conditions of human development and his constant desire to improve these conditions and himself.
An important feature of the worldview is the comparative characteristics of the phenomena of the world, the interpretation of its origin and variability. All this indicates the presence in the worldview of elements of worldview, which is based on the ability of logical, rational thinking.
A person’s attitude towards the world, events, people, himself, understanding his place and role in the connections of reality, understanding the changes taking place are always emotionally charged and experienced in a certain way. Therefore, the worldview is always formed, develops and manifests itself in the life of every person in connection with his worldview and worldview.
Worldview develops in the process of human activity, his adaptation to social and natural conditions of existence and plays an active role in a person’s practical change in the surrounding reality and himself.
In the structure of the worldview, the following interconnected components can be distinguished: 1) cognitive, based on general knowledge about the world, nature, society, and man; 2) value-based, including values, ideals, beliefs; 3) emotional-sensual, based on attitude, worldview, i.e. a certain experience of one’s rational and active attitude to the world and events in it; 4) practical, setting the content and direction of human behavior and activity in relation to nature, society, and the person himself in order to satisfy material and spiritual needs.
Worldview does the following Features: 1) organizes and systematizes individual knowledge about nature, society, and man in order to create a generalized picture of reality; 2) forms value orientations and normative patterns of human behavior and activity; 3) accumulates cultural achievements and transmits them in the form of ideals, life goals, individual and public interests into the system of social relations; 4) activates, regulates and directs the cognitive and practical activities of people in accordance with their beliefs, ideals, and moral standards; 5) “includes” a person in the natural world and the life of society as their component and induces him to act in accordance with their laws, etc.
Worldview , Thus, it is not only a generalized system of knowledge about the world, society, man himself, his role and place in them, but also a set of beliefs, values, ideals, regulatory norms of behavior and human activity in his relations with the world and society.
In modern educational literature According to philosophy, it is customary to distinguish five main types of worldview: mythological, religious, philosophical, everyday and scientific.
Historically, the first type of worldview is mythological .Mythology (from Greek mifos- legend, log O s- doctrine) is a set of legends, tales that are formed spontaneously in the process (experience) of the everyday life of people, in whose view the world and earthly nature are controlled by supernatural forces, with which it is necessary to conform one’s behavior.
The characteristic features of the mythological worldview are: ideas about the organic unity and interconvertibility of man and natural phenomena; endowing natural objects with human qualities (anthropomorphism); views on similarity, the absence of boundaries between living and nonliving (hylozoism); indissolubility of sensory-figurative and rational reflection of reality, faith and knowledge (syncretism of myth).
Subject of philosophy. The relationship of philosophy to mythology, religion, science.
Philosophy itself is a worldview, that is, a set of views on the world as a whole and on a person’s relationship to this world.
Along with philosophy are other forms of worldview, such as: mythological, religious, everyday, artistic and naturalistic. Philosophy differs from the listed forms of worldview in that it relates, first of all, to the scientific sphere of social consciousness, and within itself it contains a specific categorical apparatus, based in its development not on any one scientific discipline, but for all sciences, for the entire unified cumulative experience gained by humanity over the entire period of its development.
The essence of philosophy lies in thinking about universal problems in the “world-man” system.
Philosophy, in my opinion, is a form of spiritual activity aimed at posing, analyzing and, of course, solving fundamental ideological issues related to the development of a holistic view of the world and man in it.
Thus, philosophy appears in 2 forms: 1) as information about the world as a whole and a person’s attitude to this world and 2) as a set of principles of knowledge, as a universal method of cognitive activity.
Initially, Philosophy is the love of wisdom.
As I already said, philosophy is one of the forms of worldview. Worldview is a description of the world in words and concepts, representing the sum of people's knowledge about the world and about themselves. Philosophy explores each of the forms of worldview I have already listed (everyday, religious, mythological...). Moreover, each of these forms limits the other, and some of them even contradict.
Philosophy comes to the conclusion that each of these forms has its place, that is, it has the right to exist, has the necessary rational grain, and therefore, they all exist necessarily.
In conclusion, I would like to say that Philosophy differs from all other sciences in that it is a theoretical worldview, the ultimate generalization of the knowledge previously accumulated by humanity.
The concept of worldview, its structure, functions, historical types.
Worldview is a set of ideas and knowledge about the world and man, about the relationships between them; it is a system of a person’s stable views on the world and his place in it.
The role of worldview is to manage the life of people as a whole. Worldview gives a person a holistic system of values and ideals. It organizes the world around us and makes it understandable. The absence of a coherent worldview turns life into chaos, and the psyche into a collection of disparate experiences and attitudes. The loss of higher ideological guidelines in life can lead to suicide, drug addiction, alcoholism, and crime.
Unlike attitude, which is an individual way of perceiving and reacting to the world, worldview is universal. Worldview is the knowledge and beliefs of people.
In human history, there are 4 main forms of worldview: ordinary, mythological, religious and scientific-philosophical.
Briefly about each of them:
I think it’s not difficult to guess that the most ancient of the listed forms of worldview is the everyday worldview, since it arose among ancient people. This form of worldview is based on everyday life experience and arose long before philosophy. U modern man The everyday worldview develops in childhood.
The second historically emerged form is mythological. It is like a set of myths, tales and legends created by folk imagination that describe natural and social phenomena in artistic form (belief in supernatural forces).
The 3rd form of worldview, closely intertwined with the mythological, is religious. Religion is a form of worldview based on belief in a supernatural, spiritual principle that creates the visible world, but is independent of it. Religion presupposes the emergence of rituals that do not yet exist in the mythological worldview.
Well, the 4th form of worldview, far from the least important, is the scientific and philosophical form. It arises as a result of the study of nature and man, as a result of the accumulation of knowledge about the world and man. Based on knowledge, not faith, relies on clear concepts, logical.
The philosophical worldview has gone through the following stages of its evolution:
Cosmocentrism (omnipotence and power of external forces - the Cosmos);
Theocentrism (god);
Anthropocentrism (the problem of man).
Worldview is formed on the basis of knowledge about the world and society accumulated by humanity in the process of historical development and personal experience.
The structure of the worldview is represented by the following levels: 1) everyday-practical - here the everyday worldview is formed in the form of a worldview, 2) rational-theoretical - a generalized and conceptually designed model of the worldview is created in the form of a worldview, expressing the intellectual side of a person’s relationship to the world and revealing their essence in the form concepts, categories, theories, concepts, etc.
If we consider the structure of the worldview at the present stage of its development, we can talk about ordinary, religious, scientific and humanistic types of worldview.
· The everyday worldview is based on common sense and everyday experience.
· The scientific worldview is based on objective knowledge and represents the modern stage in the development of the philosophical worldview.
· The humanistic worldview is based on the recognition of the value of every human person, the right to happiness, freedom, and development.
The term “worldview” appeared and entered scientific circulation at the end of the 18th century in connection with the scientific creativity of representatives. But this does not mean at all that it was then that all the conceptual provisions of this phenomenon were formed. First of all, it should be said that many ideas, without which no worldview today can be imagined (no matter what type we are talking about, mass or individual), came to the ideological conglomerate from completely different ones. Moreover, the worldview itself was expressed mainly through the content of such spiritual phenomena as philosophy, mythology, metaphysics, religion.
Worldview, its essence and structure, as a rule, were expressed through those ideas of individuals, which they formulated in the process of generalizing the knowledge that was acquired as a result of social practice. As a result of such generalizations, an understanding of worldview was formed as a specific form of consciousness of an individual, which reflects his views on the surrounding reality and his place in this reality.
In numerous sources one can find a variety of definitions of worldview, but despite all their dissimilarity, it can be argued that they all almost equally interpret the structure of worldview as a polysyllabic phenomenon.
The structure of the worldview in philosophy includes the following essential components, as knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and ideals with the help of which a person expresses his attitude to the surrounding reality and forms his own position in this world.
The structure of the worldview as one's own essential elements, includes:
- information and knowledge system;
- views, attitudes and criteria for assessing the surrounding world;
- attitudes and beliefs that predetermine a person’s behavioral motives;
- human ideals are images that predetermine the development of man and his movement as an active, world-transforming subject.
But the structure of the worldview does not end there, since all the elements listed above can be classified into objective (this includes knowledge) and subjective (these are mainly views, beliefs and ideals).
All components of the ideological structure have a very specific functional purpose.
Knowledge, which is a processed system of scientific information in a certain way, helps a person to comprehend the world around him and the phenomena occurring in it. Within this component, certain inconsistencies may also be observed, which are objective and quite explainable. For example, people can have approximately comparable intellectual potentials, but at the same time be completely different in their worldviews.
The structure of the worldview, which includes people’s views, involves their consideration as judgments, which, unlike knowledge, express the individual’s subjective conclusion about reality. For example, representatives of scientific and completely different views of the issue
Knowledge, like views, does not always act as a factor motivating behavior. More important, in terms of this issue, are beliefs. Formed on the basis of an idea, beliefs reflect a synthesis of objective knowledge and aspirations, which consolidates a person’s social position in society and his activities.
The structure of a worldview provides for the presence of ideals as its organic element. In the simplest understanding, an ideal is an image that captures the anticipated, perfect, something for which a person has a strong desire and a high (from the point of view of criteria) attitude. As a rule, they embody the best examples of human thinking and behavior.
Thus, a worldview is a systemic unity of its constituent components. The relationships between these components may change over time, and then one of them may become dominant not only at the social level.
1. The concept of worldview, its structure and main types
The concept of worldview, its structure and main types. Modern stage Historical development is characterized by an unprecedented complication of relationships between all aspects of society, between continents, countries, and regions. The transformations taking place throughout the world and the exacerbation of global problems have significantly increased interest in general issues social development. The conceptual study of these issues has important methodological significance for studying the processes occurring in modern world, connections of the past, present and future in the history of mankind. In this situation, the importance of a person’s philosophical understanding of his relationship to reality increases, since we are talking about a person’s ability and capabilities to navigate in conditions when there is a change in the deep ideological attitudes accepted in a given society.
Various aspects of the world, playing a significant role in human life, are reflected in his consciousness and are expressed in various forms of social consciousness. Each such form is not only a reflection of a certain aspect of reality, but also a factor that determines a person’s orientation and determines the direction of his goal-setting activity in a given area of life. Mastering the world around us, going through trial and error, discoveries and losses, man accumulated the necessary knowledge, generalized it and systematized it. This knowledge was passed on from generation to generation, enriched with new acquisitions, discoveries, improved, and helped a person survive and realize himself as an individual.
As man and society emerged and developed, the need to understand the world around us and to reveal its “secrets” grew. The individual has always been interested in questions about how the world works, what is man’s place in it, is man the creator of his own destiny, can he become the master of those forces in the fight against which he has to assert his existence, is it possible to achieve happiness, what is the meaning of human existence and many more etc. When analyzing questions of this kind, the mind inevitably moves from general considerations to specific dimensions of human existence: how to build your attitude towards nature, society, each other, what knowledge and values should you be guided by? The answers to these and other questions are given by the worldview that is formed in culture.
The concept " worldview "is inseparable from the concept of "person". Worldview is a way of spiritual orientation of a person in the surrounding reality, a certain view of the world. This is the system most general ideas and knowledge about the world and a person’s place in it, the values and beliefs of the individual. A complex of such ideas is necessary for an individual to organize his activities, behavior, communication, for self-affirmation, determine his life line and behavior strategy.
The most important components of the worldview are: firstly, the image of the subject himself; secondly, a picture of the world and thirdly, life strategy individual.
When studying worldview, they also distinguish stages of ideological mastery of the world: “attitude”, “worldview”, “worldview” . Attitude- the first stage of a person’s ideological development, which represents a sensory awareness of the world, when the world is given to a person in the form of images that organize individual experience. Worldview- the second stage, which allows you to see the world in the unity of the parties, to give it a certain interpretation. Worldview can be based on various reasons, not necessarily theoretically justified. The worldview can be both positively and negatively colored (for example, the worldview of absurdity, tragedy, shock of existence). Worldview- the highest level of ideological development of the world; a developed worldview with complex interweavings of multifaceted relationships to reality, with the most generalized synthesized views and ideas about the world and man. In the real dimensions of a worldview, these stages are inextricably linked with each other, mutually complement each other, forming a holistic image of the world and one’s place in it.
Analyzing the structure of the worldview, we can highlight its following aspects: educational , axiological , praxeological. Each of these aspects of the worldview represents a complex subsystem, where individual components (aspects) can also be identified.
Cognitive The worldview side necessarily includes the so-called naturalistic and humanitarian aspects. The naturalistic aspect of the cognitive side of the worldview is knowledge and ideas about nature, space, the universe, and the natural essence of man. Here we consider questions about how the world arose, what life is, and in what relation it relates to inanimate things, in what forms life exists in the Universe.
The humanitarian aspect of the cognitive side of the worldview is awareness of one’s social nature, one’s place in the “world of people.” It unites the sociological, socio-political, ethical and aesthetic views and ideas of the individual. How society is structured and functions, what is the direction of the historical process, what is the meaning of history, is social development predictable - these kinds of questions and the answers to them form the essence of humanitarian issues.
In the system of worldview occupies an important place axiological (value) side worldview. The concept of “value” is used to indicate the human, social and cultural significance of phenomena of reality; The value side of the worldview has always acquired its most current significance in the era of the collapse of cultural tradition and the discrediting of the ideological foundations of society.
Two types of a person’s value relationship to the world are the so-called objective and subjective values. Object values include a variety of objects human activity, social relations and natural phenomena included in their circle, which are considered from the point of view of ethical issues. Subjective values are the methods and criteria on the basis of which procedures for assessing relevant phenomena are carried out. These are attitudes and assessments, imperatives and prohibitions, goals and projects that are fixed in the public consciousness in the form of normative ideas and act as guidelines for human activity. They are formed in the process of socialization of the individual.
Thus, the axiological side of the worldview regulates human activity and is to a certain extent connected with the praxeological side.
Purpose praxeological subsystems - to ensure a close connection between the cognitive and value components of the worldview and human activity. This is the spiritual-practical side of the worldview, since here the worldview carries out a kind of “fitting” of various programs of activity, behavior and communication into a practical situation. Thus, the worldview includes certain regulations for the spiritual and practical activities of the individual. Such regulations can be set through mythological, religious, scientific, philosophical and other views. In addition to regulations and principles, the praxeological side of the worldview also includes such a component as belief. Conviction is a form of deepening, rooting knowledge and values into a worldview system; it is faith in the correctness of the acquired ideas. Knowledge may not translate into beliefs, but beliefs are based on rational knowledge. Beliefs are a link in the transition from knowledge to practice. Only when knowledge becomes beliefs does it become an element of a worldview (therefore, a worldview is often defined as a set of beliefs of an individual). Conviction helps a person in life, makes it possible to make choices and resolve difficult situations, which sometimes seem insoluble.
So, the praxeological side of the worldview includes regulatory principles of activity, behavior, communication and belief. Beliefs synthesize knowledge and worldview views, belief in their truth, social values and ideals, and a person’s readiness to act. Thus, the chain of ideological development of a person includes: knowledge, values, beliefs and the will to act.
Worldview as a form of human understanding of the surrounding reality has existed as long as humanity has existed in its modern understanding. However, its content varies significantly in different historical eras, as well as among individual people and social groups. Conventionally, we can distinguish the main historical types of worldview.
Historically, the first type was a worldview based on mythology. Man's sense of existence, emotional perception and understanding of nature accessible to him were expressed in ancient legends about the omnipotence of the gods and the exploits of heroes, carried out in a metaphorical, artistic and figurative form. With all the diversity of ancient myths (primitive society, ancient Indian, ancient Chinese, ancient Greek, etc.), they revealed similar human ideas about the world, its structure and man. The world here, as a rule, was presented in the form of chaos, a collision of accidents and the actions of demonic forces. Mythological consciousness did not record the differences between the natural and the supernatural, between reality and imagination. It is also significant that the consciousness of the people of primitive society was completely indifferent to the contradictions found in the legends. In myth, thinking and action, morals and poetry, knowledge and beliefs are fused together. Such integrity, syncretism (indivisibility) of mythological consciousness was a historically necessary way of spiritual mastery of reality. Summarizing the above, we can conclude that mythological worldview is a set of ideas about the world based on fantasy and belief in supernatural forces, their similarity with manifestations of human activity and human relationships. This assimilation of the natural world to the human world is called “anthropomorphism.”