Do-it-yourself water well: effective drilling methods. Well drilling technology: manual work and percussion-rope drilling Methods for drilling wells under water

The most effective and economical design for extracting groundwater is a borehole. This great alternative centralized water supply for agricultural, gardening or country house.

There are different ways to construct a water well. Let's look at the main drilling technologies and focus on general recommendations to create your own autonomous source of drinking water.

Choosing the type of water well

Drilling a water well is a rather labor-intensive process that requires the performer to have certain knowledge and skills. Depending on the geological features of the soil and the expected water needs, it is necessary to select optimal type wells and technology for its construction.

There are several types of well shafts:

1. filterless (artesian);
2. filter (sand wells);
3. wells.

Drilling artesian wells on water is carried out to porous limestone, the depth of which is more than 150 meters. An artesian well can provide several country houses uninterrupted water supply all year round(water does not freeze in such faces). The period of operation of a filterless artesian well reaches 50 years.

Water well drilling depth filter type(on sand) is 15-30 meters. The sand well device is a buried pipe, at the end of which there is a filter that filters out large sand fractions. Such a well is enough for a small country house or summer cottage.

The advantages of a sand well include:

• ease of drilling;
• low cost of well development.

Disadvantages of sand filter wells:

• low productivity (about 1 m3 per hour);
• service life - up to 10 years;
• high probability of siltation;
• penetration of surface and ground water into the bottom hole.

Tube (Abyssinian) well has a depth of 8-12 meters, is constructed using concrete factory rings. If there is a good spring on the site, the well quickly fills and accumulates water (average capacity - 2 m3 of water).

When choosing a wellbore design, you need to take into account the expected water needs and the regularity of its consumption. For a summer cottage with a seasonal stay, a filter shaft is suitable, but to provide water to a large private house, you need to equip an artesian well - the most reliable option autonomous water supply.

Drilling water wells: reviews and tips for choosing the type of well

Methods of drilling water wells: technology, advantages and disadvantages of the method

Drilling methods can be classified according to two main criteria.

1. According to the mechanisms used:
   • manual drilling;
   • mechanical drilling.
2. According to the operating principle of the drilling tool:
   • impact method;
   • rotational method;
   • shock-rotational.

Let's look at the most popular methods of drilling water wells.

Manual method of drilling wells

You can drill a well manually, the depth of which will not exceed 25 meters. Drilling is carried out until the waterproof layer is reached.

For manual drilling of water wells, the following equipment is used:

If the well depth is shallow, the drill string can be controlled manually. Drilling rods can be made from pipes, connecting them with threads or veneer. The drill head is attached to the end of the lower rod.

All technological process Manual drilling of a well can be divided into several stages:

For complete cleaning It is usually enough to pump out 2-3 buckets of dirty water groundwater. For this you can use a submersible pump

Manual drilling has both advantages and disadvantages. The advantages of the method include:

• low cost of work;
• invariability of the structure of the passable soil.

Disadvantages of this method:

• limited drilling depth;
• small well yield due to the small diameter of the structure;
• The service life of a “manual” well is from 2 to 10 years (depending on operating conditions).

Rotary method: reverse and forward flushing

Rotary (rotary) drilling method is the most common method of construction deep wells to the water.

The rotational method involves the use of special installations. Water wells are drilled using the following equipment:

Drilling rigs are equipped with a special pipe, in the cavities of which there is a rotating shaft with a bit. Due to the hydraulic installation, an impact is created on the bit. The soil from the well is washed out with drilling fluid.

There are two technologies for drilling wells with water:

Direct flush. The fluid is supplied through the wellbore in the direction from top to bottom. The solution, washing out the rock, exits through the annulus to the outside.

The advantages of the rotary direct flushing method include:

• universality of the method (you can create a well of any depth);
• large well flow due to large diameter drilling

The disadvantage of direct flushing is the erosion of the aquifer.

Backwash. The drilling fluid flows by gravity into the annulus. Subsequently, the solution is pumped out using a pump.

The advantage of drilling a well with water pressure with reverse flushing is that the maximum opening of the aquifer ensures the maximum flow rate of the well.

Main disadvantage this method- its high cost. The work requires the use of sophisticated equipment and qualified specialists.

Drilling wells with water: video

Percussion-rope drilling

With the percussion-rope method of drilling a well for water, soil breakdown is achieved by dropping a heavy tool (driving glass) from the tower.

When drilling on your own, you can use a homemade drilling rig and additional tools (downhole sleeve, rope, equipment for extracting soil).

Sequence of percussion-rope drilling:

To drill deep wells using the percussion-rope method, it is necessary to use special installations: UKS-22M2, UGB-1VS, UGB-50.

Auger method of well construction

The main working tool for auger drilling is the classic Archimedean screw (auger). Blades are welded to the drill rod, which bring the rock to the surface with rotational movements.

The auger method is suitable for drilling shallow wells (no more than 10 meters)

To implement this method, small-sized, easily transportable drilling rigs are used.

Advantages of the auger drilling method:

• the cost-effectiveness and effectiveness of the method when drilling small wells (up to 50 meters) on sandy-clayey soils;
• availability of the method;
• soil layers are not washed away.

Disadvantages of the auger method for constructing water wells:

• Suitable only for sandy soil;
• If during the work the auger hits a stone, the process will have to be stopped and drilling started in another place.

Core drilling method

The core method is rarely used for drilling water wells. More often it is used as a method of engineering-geological and hydrogeological research.

When drilling, equipment (ZiF 650, ZiF 1200) with an annular carbide or diamond bit is used. During the drilling process, through the cavity of the crown, it is possible to extract a column of rock and determine the presence of certain natural resources.

When drilling using the core method, annular destruction occurs and subsequent washout of soil occurs.

Advantages of the core method:

• high speed of well construction;
• the ability to drill very hard soil;
• Drilling rigs are compact and can be used in hard-to-reach areas.

Disadvantages of the core method:

• quick grinding of the working crown;
• the small cross-section (about 150 mm) does not allow the use of powerful submersible pumps.

Regardless of the drilling method, a water well must meet certain requirements:

• the aquifer must be opened qualitatively with minimal resistance of the near-filter zones;
• content metal elements in design - minimal;
• if different aquifers are not exploited together, then they must be isolated from each other;
• possibility of carrying out repair work;
• well reliability.

Drilling a water well is a complex technological process, the competent implementation of which will be the key to an uninterrupted supply of high-quality water throughout the entire life of the well.

Availability own well allows the homeowner to depend less on the central water supply (as far as possible), in addition, to prepare food and drinks based on natural clean water. Let's look at where to start the process of planning and drilling water wells.

Selecting a well type

Drilling water wells is a process that requires technical savvy and some preparatory steps. First of all, you should determine what type of well to drill, and also analyze whether the produced water is suitable for consumption.

The wellbore can be:

• Filter - sand well;
• Without filter - artesian well;
• A tubular well.

Artesian

It involves drilling to a depth of up to two hundred meters - porous limestone lies at this depth. The advantage of artesian water wells is the uninterrupted supply of water regardless of the time of year, since at such a depth the water will not freeze. The lifespan of a well reaches fifty years.

Drilling principle

Sandy

They drill to a depth of thirty meters. Such a well consists of a buried pipe, at the end of which a filter is installed that retains large mechanical impurities and sand. A sand well can provide water to a summer cottage or a small country house.

The advantage of a sand well is the ease of drilling and the relatively low cost of constructing and maintaining the well. The disadvantage is:

• low productivity;
• probability of siltation;
• ingress of ground or surface water into the well.

In addition, a sand well usually lasts no more than ten years.

Well

Scheme and installation of the Abyssinian well

A well installed to extract clean water is called an Abyssinian or tube well. It is drilled to a depth of fifteen meters, and the face is constructed with factory concrete rings. If there is a good spring on the site, the well quickly accumulates water.

When deciding on the type of well, consider the volume of water you need for consumption and the regularity of water consumption. For example, a sand well will fully provide a summer cottage where people live only in the spring and summer.

If you need to provide water to a house where you live all year round, an artesian well is suitable as the most acceptable option for autonomous water supply.

In order to approach well drilling technology wisely and without disastrous consequences, you should pay attention to several important nuances.

Intensity. With uncontrolled and massive water intake, the so-called suffusion of the soil can begin, as a result of which it sinks quite deep, which is especially deplorable for areas with residential buildings.

Depth. When drilling independently on a plain in Russia, the critical depth is twenty meters. If you want to drill deeper, ask the experts how much such work costs, and you will be pleasantly surprised, since drilling a deep well yourself will cost much more.

Term of use. The period of operation of any well greatly depends on how often and how much water will be taken from it. If you use a sand well rationally, it can last 15 years, but an artesian well will wither within five years if you pump water from it uncontrollably.

Exploration drilling and water analysis

Exploration drilling is carried out to determine the quality source of water on the site, as well as to analyze the produced water. Sometimes it serves as a temporary source until a decision on a capital well is finally made. The reconnaissance table is called a needle.

To do this, you need a drill rod, a drill assembly and casing, which will form one whole. The drill remains in the ground. Such a well is performed using percussion technology. No special drilling tools are required for this. The penetration is up to three meters per hour, and the maximum depth is up to fifty meters.

The simplest filter will have a spear-shaped tip at the end, a hole in the middle, and a ball valve at the top.

The water obtained in this way is sent to any natural resources research laboratory to be tested for minerals, activity of hydrogen ions, content of metals, alkalis, dissolved acids.

Drilling methods

Drilling methods are classified according to two parameters.

Depending on the mechanism used, drilling can be:

• Mechanical;
• Manual.

Depending on the principle of operation of the drill:

• Impact-rotational method;
• Shock;
• Rotational.

Let's look at what is remarkable about each technology for drilling water wells and how it is performed.

Manual method

It is quite suitable for performing the process independently if everyone is present the right tools. Such a well will be no more than thirty meters; the soil is pierced until a layer of water is reached.

To do this, you will need casing pipes, rods, a winch and drilling heads of different parameters. When creating a deeper well, a drilling derrick is needed to raise and lower the drill.

If you can’t find a rod, you can make one by connecting the pipes with veneer or thread. A drill head is attached to the end of the lower rod. The process looks like this:

1. A tower is placed above the location of the proposed well so that it is slightly higher than the length of the rod.
2. Using a shovel, dig a small hole for the drill.
3. Insert the drill into the recess and rotate it. You may need help because the drill will become more difficult to move as you go deeper.
4. After breaking half a meter, stop, take out the drill and clean it from the adhering earth.
5. Having reached the water layer, pump out three to four buckets of groundwater.

The last step is necessary to eliminate dirty water and can be done with a submersible pump.

Rotary method

This is a rotary method that is most often used when drilling deep wells. To do this, you will need a special installation equipped with a pipe. This pipe has a rotating shaft and a bit. The impact on the bit is carried out through a hydraulic installation. The soil from the drilled well is washed out with a special solution.

Thus, the pipe is located above the drilling site and, when the shaft and bit rotate, pierces the soil. The liquid can be fed down the barrel from top to bottom, then the solution, washing out the soil, comes out through the annulus. This method is called direct washing.

Backflushing can also be used, in which the solution flows by gravity into the annulus and, after penetration, is pumped out by a submersible pump.

Shock-rope method

The method is based on dropping the heaviest possible tool, usually a driving glass, from a tower at the location of the proposed well. If you want to use shock-rope technology yourself, you will need:

• Durable rope;
• The downhole nozzle is usually a strong metal pipe suspended on a rope;
• Tools for soil cleaning.

Technology and sequence of actions:

1. A tripod-shaped tower is made from steel pipes or strong logs. The height depends on the length of the downhole nozzle and should exceed it by 1.5 meters.
2. The downhole nozzle is made of a steel pipe, at the end of which there is a cutting device.
3. A cable is attached to the top of the glass.
4. By adjusting the cable, the glass is quickly released to the puncture site.
5. The soil is removed from the glass every half meter drilled.

To create a deep well, installations of the UGB-1VS type are used.

Screw method

The method takes its name from the main tool used - an auger or Archimedean screw. It looks like a drill rod to which blades are welded in a spiral fashion. By rotating such an auger, the soil is brought to the surface and collected.

For a deeper well, you will need to rent, since a self-made auger drills no more than ten meters deep.

It is worth noting that it is only suitable if the soil is rich in sandy rock. In addition, if the auger collides with a stone on its way, you will have to look for another place to pierce the soil and stop work.

Core method

It is used less and less these days for drilling wells under water. More often used for hydrogeological studies. For this, equipment like ZiF-650 is used, which extracts a column of soil, creating a so-called column.

Diagram of a core bit for drilling a well under water

The destruction of the soil is carried out in a circular manner, then it is washed away. The speed of such construction is quite high; in addition, it allows one to pierce hard rocks, but requires large expenses for the rental of serious geological equipment.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

INTRODUCTION

3.STAMPING WELLS

3.2 Calculation of cementing wells using the two-plug method

3.3 Liquidation plugging of the well

LITERATURE

well cementing rock rock

INTRODUCTION

Currently, well drilling, multi-purpose production and modern industry offer a large selection of technical means and technologies that require understanding in order to accept correct solution. In a market economy and fierce competition between subsoil users, appropriate requirements are placed on geologists, since the success of the entire enterprise may depend on their qualifications and knowledge, sometimes at the level of intuition.

1. GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT DRILLING WELLS

A borehole passes through the rock mass in order to reach the desired object - an ore body deposit, oil, gas, aquifer, etc. Thus, a well is an artificial excavation in a rock mass. At the same time, there are excavations similar in purpose, but of a different form - mining workings (shafts, adits, quarries), from which the well differs significantly in the smallest volume of excavation to the depth of excavation. In this sense, it is the most economical and the fastest to reach the object of the autopsy. In cross section, the well has the shape of a circle, since drilling is usually carried out using the rotation method, and the diameter of the circle is very small compared to the length of the well - a few centimeters, less often tens of centimeters at a drilling depth of hundreds of meters and even several kilometers.

Drilling, especially deep drilling, is a rather complex production that requires the use of special technical means, which are collectively called a drilling rig. It includes the following main components: a drilling derrick (or mast), power equipment or power drive - an engine, a drilling rig and a mud pump. Depending on the drilling method and design, installations are divided into rotary, impact, vibration, turbine, etc. Based on the method of transportation, they are also divided into stationary, mobile, self-propelled and portable.

1.1 Basic technical concepts, intended purpose of wells

The diameter of the well is determined by the diameter of the rock cutting tool and varies from 16 to 1500 mm.

Wellbore length is the distance from the wellhead to the bottom of the well, measured along its center line. Well depth is the difference between the wellhead and bottom marks on the depth scale (z-axis). Reaches 12500 m.

Well elements:

Wellhead- the beginning of the well, that is, the place where it intersects with the earth’s surface or with the surface of a mine working.

Borehole bottom- well bottom

Well walls- lateral surfaces of the well.

Wellbore - space in the subsurface occupied by a well.

According to the method of bottom hole development, drilling is divided into coreless and core drilling (Fig. 1.1.).

Coreless drilling is drilling in which rock is destroyed over the entire face area. Core drilling is drilling in which rock is destroyed along a circular face while preserving the core. Core is a column of rock formed as a result of circumferential destruction of the bottom of a well.

The main dimensions of the well are the diameters of drilling intervals in mm; diameters of external and internal casing columns in mm; depth of well intervals from the mouth to the bottom in m; total depth and length of the well from the mouth to the bottom in m.

The spatial location of the borehole is determined by: 1) wellhead coordinates x, y, z; 2) direction of the well; 3) well inclination angle; 4) well azimuth; 5) depth (Fig. 1.2.).

Based on the direction of drilling the well, the shape of the trunk and their number, wells are divided into the following groups: 1- vertical; 2- inclined; 3- horizontal; 4- rebels; 5- curved; 6- multi-barreled

A drilling rig is a complex consisting of a drilling derrick (or mast), drilling and power equipment necessary for drilling wells. Depending on the drilling method, drilling rigs are divided into rotary, impact, vibration, etc. Depending on the Vehicle are divided into stationary, mobile, self-propelled and portable:

According to their intended purpose, boreholes are divided into three main groups: geological exploration, production and technical.

1 - Geological exploration wells:

· Mapping

· Search engines

· Exploration

· Hydrogeological

· Engineering-geological

Seismic

· Structural

Support

· Parametric

2 - Production wells:

· Water intake

· Oil and gas

· Wells for underground coal gasification

Wells for brine extraction

· Geotechnological wells

3 - Technical wells:

· Blasting holes

· Shafts of pits and mines

1.2 Production drilling operations

Drilling as a production process consists of a number of sequential operations,

1. Transportation of the drilling rig to the drilling point;

2. installation of the drilling rig;

3. Drilling itself (boring a well), which includes:

a) clean drilling, i.e. direct destruction of rock with a rock-cutting tool at the bottom of the well;

b) cleaning the face of destroyed rock and transporting it from the face to the wellhead. When drilling with flushing or purging, as well as when drilling with augers, this operation is combined with the main one - clean drilling;

c) lowering and lifting operations are carried out to replace worn-out rock-cutting tools and to lift cores (rock samples).

4. Fastening the walls of the well in unstable rocks, i.e., capable of collapse (fractured, loosely connected, loose, friable and quicksand), which can be done in two ways:

a) securing pipe casing strings by lowering them into the well, which requires stopping drilling;

b) fastening with flushing fluids, securing the walls of the well, carried out simultaneously with drilling

5. Testing and research in the well (deviation measurement, logging, etc.

6. Plugging wells for the purpose of isolation and isolation of aquifers with different chemical composition water or for the purpose of isolating an aquifer from an oil and gas bearing formation.

7. Installation of a filter and water lift in a hydrogeological well and carrying out hydrogeological research (measuring the water level in the well, taking water samples, determining the flow rate of the well using test pumping).

8. Prevention and elimination of accidents in the well.

9. Removal of casing pipes and abandonment of the well after completing the task (liquidation plugging).

10. Dismantling the drilling rig and moving to a new drilling point

The listed drilling operations are sequential, that is, they can be performed sequentially by the same team.

If it is necessary to drill several wells and if there are backup drilling rigs in order to speed up exploration work, some work operations can be parallel, that is, performed by two or more specialized teams. For example, the drilling team performs the actual drilling and casing of the well; installation teams are engaged only in transportation, installation, dismantling of drilling rigs, and liquidation plugging of wells; the logging crew is engaged only in logging, etc.

1.3 Basic technological concepts and drilling indicators

Drilling indicators are parameters that characterize the quantity and quality of well drilling results. The most important of them are: speed, cost of 1 m of a drilled well, percentage of core recovery, direction of the wellbore, etc.

A drilling mode is a combination of parameters that can be changed by the driller.

For example, during rotary drilling, the main parameters of the drilling mode are: 1) axial load on the rock-cutting tool; 2) rotational speed of the drill bit;

3) quality of the cleaning agent (water, drilling fluid or compressed air); 4) volumetric flow rate, i.e. volume per unit time of the cleaning agent.

There are the following types of drilling modes: optimal and special.

The optimal drilling mode is the combination of drilling mode parameters that provide maximum speed drilling in given geological and technical conditions with a given standard size of rock-cutting tool and while ensuring the required quality indicators: proper direction of the wellbore and high core yield.

A special drilling mode is a combination of special technological tasks. For example, taking a mineral core using special technical means, straightening the wellbore, artificially bending the well in a given direction, etc. In this case, the drilling speed is of subordinate importance.

A drilling trip is a set of works spent on performing the following work operations: 1) lowering the drill bit into the well; 2) clean drilling, i.e. deepening the well (main operation); 3) lifting the drill string from the well.

2. PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ROCK AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON THE DRILLING PROCESS

Rocks are classified according to different criteria. By origin they are divided into: igneous or igneous; (deep and poured out); sedimentary (mechanical or clastic, chemogenic, organogenic); metamorphic, formed from igneous and sedimentary rocks at great depths under the influence of high pressures and temperatures.. For drilling, the physical and mechanical properties of rocks are important, which determine the rock’s resistance to destruction, and, consequently, productivity and costs. The physical properties of rocks characterize their physical state. Of the variety of physical properties of rocks, the following directly or indirectly affect the drilling process: mineral composition, degree of cohesion, porosity, density, specific gravity, structure, texture, granularity.

The mechanical properties of rocks are an external manifestation of physical properties and are expressed in the ability to resist deformation and destruction. These include: strength, strength, dynamic strength, hardness, elasticity, fragility, plasticity, abrasiveness, etc. In general, igneous rocks are the strongest, followed by metamorphic, then sedimentary, although there are not without exceptions. The strength of rocks is significantly influenced by the degree of their weathering. There is granite, and there is weathered granite, the strength of the second is much lower.

The study of the physical and mechanical properties of rocks is necessary 1) to select a drilling method and the most productive types of rock-cutting tools; 2) to develop rational technology for drilling and fastening the walls of the well; 3) to expand the geological knowledge of the work area. Special attention pay attention to the study of the physical and mechanical properties of core from reference wells, since the results of this study are used in drawing up projects for drilling new wells.

2.1 Classification of rocks by degree of connectivity

According to the degree of cohesion, rocks are divided into four main groups: rocky, cohesive, loose (loose) and floating. Rocks are characterized by varying, usually high hardness, due to the presence of molecular adhesion forces between mineral grains, which are not restored after the destruction of the rock. Based on their quartz content, rocks are divided into quartz-containing and quartz-free rocks. The former are characterized by greater hardness and abrasiveness. Cohesive rocks differ from rocks in being less durable. Typically these are some types of sedimentary rocks in which the clastic material is bound by a cementing mass of a different composition or structure. These include, for example, various sandstones. Loose rocks (loose) are a mechanical mixture of particles of minerals or rocks that are not interconnected. Floating rocks have the ability to flow; these are usually sands liquefied by water (quicksands), but rocks in a solid state, such as ice, are also capable of flowing.

2.2 Drillability and classification of rocks by drillability

Drillability is the resistance of a rock to penetration of a rock-cutting tool into it. Drillability is complex function, depending, firstly, on the mechanical and abrasive properties of rocks, and secondly, on the drilling technique and technology used, namely: the method, type and area of ​​destruction. Drillability is one of the main factors determining labor productivity in the process of drilling wells.

For rotary core drilling, all rocks are divided into twelve categories of increasing difficulty of drilling. The criterion for classification into one category or another is the mechanical drilling speed under standard conditions. It is not always possible to accurately determine the rock category based on the mechanical drilling speed in production conditions only visually. However, this is what is commonly practiced in core documentation. With this visual and subjective method, inaccuracies in assigning rocks to one category or another are not excluded, and the experience of a geologist is important here. Drillability depends on the drilling method. Therefore for different ways Drilling has developed its own classifications of rocks based on drillability, in which rocks are grouped into categories depending on their drillability index. Below is a classification of rocks according to their drillability using the core method. The criterion for assigning a rock to the appropriate category is the deepening of the well in 1 hour of net drilling time. The rate of penetration of category I rocks is 20-30 m/hour; XII category - 5-10 cm/hour.

Table 2.1

Classification of rocks by drillability for rotary mechanical drilling of wells

Category	Rocks typical for each category
	Peat and plant layer without roots; loose: loess, sand (not quicksand), sandy loam without pebbles and crushed stone; wet silt and silty soils; loess-like loams; tripol: weak chalk
	Peat and plant layer with roots or with a small admixture of small (up to 3 cm) pebbles and crushed stone; sandy loam and loam with an admixture of up to 20% small (up to 3 cm) pebbles or crushed stone; dense sands; dense loam; loess; loose marl; quicksand without pressure; ice; clay medium density(tape to plastic); chalk; diatomite; soot; rock salt (halite); completely kaolinized weathering products of igneous and metamorphosed rocks; iron ore ocher
	Loams and sandy loams with an admixture of over 20% small (up to 3 cm) pebbles or crushed stone; dense loess; grit; pressure quicksand; clays with frequent interlayers (up to 5 cm) of weakly cemented sandstones and marls, dense, marly, gypsumed, sandy; weakly cemented clayey siltstones; sandstones, weakly cemented by clayey and calcareous cement; marl; limestone-shell rock; the chalk is dense; magnesite; fine-crystalline gypsum, weathered; weak coal; brown coal; talc shales, destroyed of all varieties; manganese ore; iron ore, oxidized, friable; clayey bauxite
	Pebble, consisting of small pebbles of sedimentary rocks; frozen aquifer sands, silt, peat; dense clayey siltstones; clayey sandstones; marl is dense; non-1gtot1"ych limestones and dolomites; dense magnesite; porous limestones, tuffs; clay flasks; crystalline gypsum; anhydrite; potassium salts; coal; strong brown coal; kaolin (primary); clayey, sandy-clayey, combustible, carbonaceous shales , siltstone; serpentinites (serpentines) highly weathered and talcized; loose skarns of chlorite and amphibole-mica composition; crystalline apatite; highly weathered dunites, peridotites; kimberlites affected by weathering; martite and similar ores, highly weathered; soft viscous iron ore ; bauxite
	Pebble-crushed stone soils; frozen pebbles, bound by clay or sandy-clayey material with ice layers; frozen; coarse-grained sand and gruss, dense silt, sandy clays, sandstones on calcareous and ferruginous cement; siltstones; argillite; clays are argillite-like, very dense, dense and very sandy; conglomerate of sedimentary rocks on sandy-clayey or other porous cement; limestones; marble; marly dolomites; the anhydrite is very dense; weathered porous flasks; hard coal; anthracite, nodular phosphorites; schist-mica, mica, talc-chlorite, chlorite, chlorite-clay, sericite; serpentinites (coils); weathered albitophyres, keratophyres; serpentinized volcanic turs; weathered dunites; brecciated kimberlites; martite and yule-like ores, loose
	Anhydrites are dense, contaminated with tuffaceous material; dense frozen clays: dense clays with interlayers of dolomite and siderites; conglomerate of sedimentary rocks on calcareous cement; feldspathic, quartz-calcareous sandstones; siltstones with quartz inclusions; dense dolomitized, skarned limestones; dense dolomites; flasks; clayey shales, quartz-sericite, quartz-mica, quartz-chlorite, quartz-chlorite-sericite, roofing; chloritized and sheared albitophyres, keratophyres, porphyrites; gabbro; mudstones are weakly silicified; dunites not affected by weathering; weathered peridotites; amphibolites; coarse-crystalline pyrocoenites; talc-carbonate rocks; apatites, epidote-calcite skarns; bulk pyrite; spongy brown ironstones; hematite-martite ores; siderites
	Silicified mudstones; pebble of igneous and metamorphic rocks (river river); fine crushed stone without boulders; conglomerates of pebbles (up to 50%) of igneous rocks on sandy clay cement; conglomerates of sedimentary rocks on siliceous cement; quartz sandstones; dolomites are very dense; silicified feldspathic sandstones, limestones; the flasks are strong and dense; phosphorite plate; slightly silicified shales; amphibole-magnetite, cummingtonite, hornblende, chlorite-hornblende; weakly sheared albitophyres, keratophyres, diabase tuffs; affected by weathering: porphyry, porphyrite; coarse- and medium-grained weathered granites, syenites, diorites, gabbros and other igneous rocks; pyroxenites, ore pyroxenites; basalt-like kimberlites; calcite-bearing augite-garnet skarns; porous quartz (fissured, spongy, ocher); brown porous ironstones; chromites; sulphide ores; martite-siderite and hematite ores; amphibole magnetite ore
	Siliceous mudstones; conglomerates of igneous rocks on calcareous cement; silicified dolomites; silicified limestones and dolomites; dense layered phosphorites; silicified shales: quartz-chlorite, quartz-oericite, quartz-chlorite-epidote, mica; gneisses; medium-grained albitophyres and keratophyres; weathered basalts; diabase; andesites) diorites not affected by weathering; labradorites; peridotites; fine-grained, weathered granites, syenites, gabbros; weathered granite-gneys, pegmatites, quartz-tourmaline rocks; skarns are coarse- and medium-grained crystalline augite-garnet, augite-epidote; epidosites; quartz-carbonate and quartz-barite rocks; brown ironstones are porous; hydro-hematite ores are dense; hematite and magnetite quartzites; pyrite is dense; diaspore bauxite
	Basalts not affected by weathering; conglomerates of igneous rocks on siliceous cement; karst limestones; siliceous sandstones, limestones; siliceous dolomites; stratified silicified phosphorites; siliceous shales; magnetite and hematite quartzites, thin-banded, dense martite-magnetite; amphibole-magnetite and sericitized hornfels; albitophyres and keratophyres; trachytes; silicified porphyries; fine-crystalline diabases; silicified tuffs; cornified; weathered liparites, microgranites; coarse- and medium-grained granites, granite-gneisses, granodiorites; syenites; gabbro-norites; pegmatites; beresites; fine-crystalline augite-epidote-garnet skarns; datolithic-garnet-hedenbergite; coarse-grained garnet skarns; silicified amphibolite, pyrites; quartz-tourmaline rocks not affected by weathering; brown iron ores are dense; quartz with a significant amount of pyrites; dense barites
	Boulder-pebble deposits of igneous and metamorphosed rocks; quartz sandstones; Jaspilites; weathered, phosphate-siliceous rocks; quartzites are unevenly grained; hornfels with inclusions of sulfides; quartz albitophyres and keratophyres; liparites; fine-grained granites, granite-gneios and granodiorites; microgranites; pegmatites are dense, highly quartz-rich; fine-grained garnet, datolite-garnet skarns; magnetite and martite ores, dense, with layers of hornfels; brown ironstones silicified; vein quartz; porphyrites are highly silicified and hornfelsed
	Albitophyres fine-grained, horny; jaspilites not affected by weathering; jasper-shaped cherts; quartzites; The corneas are glandular, very hard; quartz is dense; corundum rocks; hematite-martite and hematite-magnetite jaspilites
	Monolithic jaspilites, flint, jasper, hornfels, quartzites, aegirine and corundum rocks completely unaffected by weathering

As can be seen from the table, in order to assign a rock to a particular category based on drillability, several definitions are additionally given to its name, clarifying the properties and condition of the rocks.

3. PLUGING WELLS

Well plugging is a set of works to isolate its individual intervals. Plugging is carried out to prevent well collapses and erosion of rocks in the space behind the casing pipes, to separate aquifers or other horizons for their study, to cover cracks, voids, caverns, to eliminate water ingress, and to absorb flushing fluid during drilling.

Rice. 3.1 General plugging scheme:

1 - casing string; 2 - cementing material; 3, 4, 5 - insulated, waterproof and aquifer layers, respectively.

When drilling for liquid and gaseous minerals, as well as for mineral salts, it is necessary to isolate the mineral layer from the overlying layers. Isolation of individual horizons in a well is necessary to prevent the penetration of groundwater and formation water into the mineral layer. When approaching the productive formation, the drilling of the well stops in the waterproof overlying formation. Then a string of casing pipes is lowered into the well, and the annular space between the bottom of the string and the walls of the well is filled with waterproof material. By plugging the annulus, the casing is protected from pressure compression and the corrosive effects of mineralized groundwater.

Permanent and temporary tamponing is used. Permanent packing is carried out on long time. With constant plugging, the near-borehole space is isolated from the wellbore. Temporary plugging is intended to isolate individual horizons and is carried out for the duration of the well test.

Tamponing is carried out to separate and isolate aquifers with different chemical compositions. For example, for isolating bitterly salty water from drinking water, isolating aquifers from oil and gas bearing formations, for conducting experimental water injection into a porous formation, for protecting casing pipes from corrosion mineral waters, to eliminate the circulation of groundwater along the wellbore when removing casing pipes and abandoning the well.

Clay, cement, clay-cement mixtures with fillers, quick-setting mixtures (FSS), bitumen and resins are used as cement filling materials.

Clay plugging is used when drilling shallow exploration or hydrogeological wells. If at the site of the planned plugging there is a layer of clay with a thickness of 2-3 m, then plugging is carried out by pressing the casing shoe into the clay, having previously drilled this last to 0.5-0.6 m.

If there is no clay at the bottom or if the thickness of its formation is insufficient, the lower part of the well is filled with viscous clay, a conical plug is inserted into the casing shoe, which squeezes the clay into the annulus. After plugging is completed, the plugs are drilled out.

Tamponing with cement is called well cementing. Cementing is used when drilling wells for water, oil, gas and in cases where it is necessary to obtain a strong and dense tampon for a very long time.

For cementing wells, well cement based on Portland cement is used.

After mixing with water, cement cement should produce a mobile solution, pumped over by pumps, which thickens over time and then turns into a waterproof cement stone. The cement mortar must be prepared as quickly as possible to prevent it from setting during injection into the well. Cement mortar is prepared in cement mixers or in special cementing units mounted on a vehicle.

The most widely used method of cementing during exploration drilling is to immerse the casing shoe in a cement slurry poured onto the bottom of the well. Downhole cementing is carried out to isolate the lower bottom-hole part of the casing string. Cement mortar is poured into the well through filling pipes to a height of 2-3 m.

After removing the filling pipes from the well, a string of casing pipes is lowered to the bottom. After the cement slurry has hardened, a plug is drilled into the casing pipes and the drilling of the well continues.

Temporary plugging of wells is carried out for a short period of separate research of aquifers (oil and gas-bearing) horizons.

To isolate individual sections of the well subject to research (pumping, injection), special tampons called packers are used. Based on the principle of operation, packers are distinguished between single and double action. Packers simple action They divide the well into two sections isolated from each other, and the double-action well into three.

The principle of operation of the packer is based on the fact that when the rubber cuff or cushion expands, the gap between the walls of the well and the pipe string on which the tampon is lowered is reliably sealed. The rubber cuff (cushion) in the well can be sealed mechanically, using water or compressed air.

A hydraulic packer (Fig. 8.2.) with two rubber chambers 3 (double-acting) is lowered into the well on a pipe string 1. Water supplied under pressure through pipes 2 into chambers 3 presses them against the walls of the well. Thus, the well is divided into three sections. After installing the packer, experimental pumping or filling is carried out through the filter pipe 4.

Tamponing without casing. To combat the loss of flushing fluid without reducing the diameter of the well, BSS is used different composition. The dosage of a mixture containing Portland cement, clay mortar, liquid glass, caustic soda and water depends on the quality of the cement and clay. By changing the quantity liquid glass and caustic soda regulate the properties of the mixture and its setting time. 20-35 minutes after preparation, the BSS loses its mobility, and after 1-1.5 hours its setting ends. Grouting mixtures based on synthetic resins are also used by mixing them with filler and then adding a hardener to the mixture.

Cement mixtures must be delivered to the place where the washing liquid is absorbed until mobility is lost. The mixture is delivered by one of following methods: 1) filling through the mouth of a shallow well; 2) pumping through the drill string, 3) in a core set, closed at the bottom with a clay plug, followed by squeezing out with flushing fluid; 4) using special cementing devices.

The cement mixture delivered to the absorption zone, after holding for the time required for its hardening, is drilled out.

3.1 Cementing a well using two plugs

If a large height of cement lifting in the annulus is required (at any distance from the bottom, up to the wellhead), pressure cementing with separating plugs is used. In this case, two separating plugs and a cementing head are used. The separating plugs are equipped with sealing rubber cuffs. The top plug is solid, and the bottom has an axial channel, covered with a glass disk or rubber membrane.

Flushing the annulus. Through outlet 1 (Fig. 8.1, a) of the cementing head, flushing fluid is pumped to flush the well. In this case, the casing string is suspended at the wellhead using a monitor clamp and does not touch the bottom.

Inserting the bottom plug into the casing pipes. To do this, the cementing head is unscrewed from the column and the lower plug is inserted into the mouth of the casing. After this, screw on the cementing head with the top plug fixed in it.

Injecting cement slurry into a casing string. Releasing the top plug and pushing it along the column. The retractable stoppers 6 of the cementing head are unscrewed, thereby releasing the upper plug, and a flushing liquid (clay solution or water) is pumped through the outlet to press through the plugs. Then the system, consisting of two plugs and cement mortar between them, will move downwards.

Pushing cement mortar into the annulus. When the lower plug rests against the thrust (retaining) ring fixed between the pipes and the shoe, then the increased pressure of the pump crushes the glass plate covering the hole in the lower plug, and the cement mortar is forced through this hole into the annular annulus (Fig. 8.1, c). The end of injection of cement mortar into the annulus corresponds to the moment the plugs converge (Fig. 8.1, d), determined by a sharp increase in pressure on the pressure gauge.

Removing the casing string from the monitor clamp and lowering the string to the bottom.

To do this, the column is lifted using an elevator, a hook, a traveling system and a drilling rig winch, removed from the fire monitor body and lowered to the bottom.

Maintaining the casing string under pressure (with closed bends 1 and 2) for 12-24 hours until the cement sets and hardens.

Removing the cementing head, drilling out the plugs and thrust ring, and cleaning the bottom.

Checking the result of tamponing. To do this, pump down the liquid level in the well below (at least 10 m) the static level of the plugged aquifer. If the water level in the well has not risen within 24 hours (not taking into account the rise in level to 1 m due to the moaning of drops along the walls of the pipes), then it is considered that the aquifer has been plugged and a report on this is drawn up.

Rice. 3.3 Scheme of plugging a well with cement using the “two plugs” method:

a - start of cement pumping; b - end of cement injection; c - the beginning of the rise of cement into the annulus; d - end of cementation

1 - shut-off valve; 2 - pressure gauge; 3 - head for cementation; 4 - top part traffic jams; 5 - rubber cuffs; 6 - lower part of the plug; 7 - casing pipe; 8 - top plug; 9 - bottom plug

3.2 Liquidation plugging of the well

Having drilled a well, a control measurement of its depth is carried out, measurements of zenith angles and azimuths are carried out at established intervals (usually 20 m) and geophysical research (logging). Then they begin to remove the casing and plug the well.

The purpose of liquidation plugging is to isolate all aquifers and mineral strata to be developed from the entry of water into them through the well and fractures from the isolated aquifer and to eliminate the possibility of groundwater circulation through the wellbore when casing is removed and abandoned.

For liquidation plugging of a well drilled in rocky and semi-rocky rocks, cement is used; in clayey rocks, plastic fatty clay is used. A well drilled using a clay solution and plugged with cement is washed with water before plugging to declay it. The cement slurry is pumped through drill pipes lowered to the bottom. As the well is filled with cement slurry, the drill pipes are raised. After lifting, the pump and drill pipes should be flushed with water to remove any remaining cement slurry.

When tamponing with clay, it is soaked, a thick clay dough is prepared, then clay cylinders are prepared using a clay press or by hand. Clay cylinders are lowered to the bottom of the well in a long core pipe and, having raised the core pipe 1.0-1.5 m above the bottom, pressed out using a pump with water pressure, usually at 1.0-1.5 MPa. For reliability, each portion of cement clay is compacted with a metal tamper.

For liquidation plugging of deep wells, the following have proven themselves to be effective:

1. Clay-cement mortar, produced on the basis of clay mortar of high viscosity (T = 50-80 s, and = 500-1500 N/cm2).

For 1 m3 of clay solution add 120-130 kg of well cement and 12 kg of liquid glass.

2. For plugging completed wells, a hardened clay solution (CMS) of the following composition is used: normal clay solution - 64%; formalin - 11%; TS-10 -25%. TS-10 is a dark brown liquid made from a mixture (in appropriate proportions) of shale phenols, ethylene glycol and sodium hydroxide solution.

In a number of exploration areas, sand is added to grouting solutions.

If there is complete absorption of the flushing fluid, wooden plugs are installed in the well interval above the absorption zone. A casing pipe with a cement plug is left at the mouth of the abandoned well. The number and depth of the well are marked on the pipe.

When performing liquidation plugging work, you should be guided by the approved instructions or rules for performing this type of work that are in force in the given region. A report on the implementation of liquidation plugging is drawn up in the form prescribed by the instructions or rules.

LITERATURE

1. Vozdvizhensky B.I. Exploration drilling / B.I. Vozdvizhensky, O.N. Golubintsev, A.A. Novozhilov. - M.: Nedra, 1979. - 510 p.

2. Sovetov G.A. Fundamentals of drilling and mining / G.A. Sovetov, N.I. Zhabin. - M.: Nedra, 1991. - 368 p.

Posted on Allbest.ru

...

Similar documents

Technology of drilling oil and gas wells. Patterns of rock destruction. Drill bits. Drill string and its elements. Well flushing. Turbine and screw downhole motors. Features of drilling wells in “well-reservoir” equilibrium.

presentation, added 10/18/2016


Wellbore and wellhead equipment. Characteristics and operating conditions of sucker rods. Contour and intra-circuit flooding. Classification of wells by purpose. Removing sand plugs with a hydraulic drill. Methods of influencing the bottomhole formation zone.

course work, added 10/26/2011


Method of percussion-rope drilling of wells. Rotor drive power. Use of all types of drilling fluids and air purge during rotary drilling. Features of turbine drilling and electric drilling. Drilling wells with downhole motors.

course work, added 10/10/2011


Geological structure, stratigraphy, tectonics, oil and gas content of the field. State of the well stock. State of the well stock, methods of their operation. Elimination of sand plugs by washing with water. Determining the installation depth of the flushing device.

thesis, added 12/31/2015


Features of drilling operations. Methods of control and regulation used in the process of drilling a well. general characteristics some advanced techniques that support the drilling process. Criteria for evaluation technical condition wells GIS organization.

cheat sheet, added 03/22/2011


Geological and technical conditions for drilling and core sampling. Drilling method and well design. Development of well drilling modes. Improving the quality of core sampling. Well curvature and inclinometry. Drilling equipment and tools. Construction of wells.

course work, added 02/05/2008


Characteristics of the geological section in the territory oil field, breed classification. Choosing a drilling method and constructing a well structure, calculating the depth of the conductor descent. Measures to combat spontaneous deviation of wells.

course work, added 12/01/2011


Characteristics of the geological structure of the Zhetybai field, its development system. Equipment and technology of oil and gas production. Studying the rules for flushing wells to remove sand plugs. Comparative analysis efficiency of forward and reverse flushing.

thesis, added 02/08/2015


Core drilling scheme, tools and technology. Core well design and drilling rigs. Well flushing and types of flushing fluid, conditions for their use. Purpose of clay solutions and their properties. Calculation of the required amount of clay.

course work, added 02/12/2009


Causes and mechanism of spontaneous wellbore bending, their prevention. Purpose and scope of directional wells. Goals and methods of directional drilling. Factors that determine the trajectory of the well bottom.

Drilling wells using water is also called hydrodrilling. This method is similar to conventional cable-rotary drilling. During work, the soil on the site is washed away under the pressure of water. This method is not used for every case; this way you can only drill loose soil, sandy loam, sandy soils. To drill hard and rocky rocks, you will have to turn to traditional in complex ways. The technology of drilling wells with water is completely unsuitable when it is necessary to go through layers of clay. Therefore, before starting work, it is necessary to conduct a hydrogeological study, which will show how applicable this method is for this site.

The process of drilling wells with water is simple. To work, you need to prepare in advance the equipment and casing pipe that will be lowered into the well. Water is also needed for drilling. Hydrochloric acid is added to it, the concentration of which will be 1:20000. This allows you to avoid possible contamination of the soil and aquifer during drilling.

It takes little time to drill wells with water, but it is important to prepare and calculate everything in advance. The maximum depth of the well, which is obtained as a result of using this method, is 15 m. The diameter can be from 50 mm to 300 mm. After all the casing pipes have been installed, it is necessary to cement the outer part of the well to a depth of 3 m.

Features of hydrodrilling a well with water pressure

Water is used for drilling wells simple technology. First you need to equip pits into which water will flow for drilling. They should be approximately 1-1.5 m from the future well.

A drilling rig is installed closer to the mouth, which will provide water pressure. Additionally, a small filter pit is constructed, which communicates with the others using a trench.

The water supply pump is placed near the mouth, one hose is lowered into the pit, and the second is located at the drilling rig; it will be lowered into the shaft. The connection between the tip and the swivel is carried out by a rod.

In order not to waste extra time, you should pre-order a hydrogeological study. It will show whether there is an aquifer on the site and at what depth it lies.

You need to make sure it fits exactly this technology for the type of soil that is on the site.

A fairly simple drilling rig is used for the job. It consists of a supply pump, hoses for supplying and discharging drilling fluid, and a swivel. Several pits will have to be made around the well, which act as filters and drainage of waste solutions.

In order not to pollute the soil, a special solution is used that does not cause any harm not only to the soil, but also to the aquifer. The water remains clean and drinkable. It must be remembered that the maximum depth of the source will be 15 m, i.e. the well is drilled into sand. All this requires constant maintenance of the source.

Drilling technology

A specific technology is used to drill wells with water. Complied with next steps carrying out work:

1. First you need to properly assemble the drill bit, prepare a mixture for flushing, and a clay solution.
2. Water is used to erode the soil. And the clay solution is a substance that will help strengthen the walls after the well is ready. The drilling fluid itself must be selected depending on the type of soil on the site. Specialists who will conduct a preliminary study for the presence of an aquifer on the site can help.
3. If preparatory work completed (casing pipe, mortar and clay are prepared), you can begin assembling the drilling rig.
4. The solution is supplied to the hoses through the pump, then a swivel is taken, which ensures the supply of water to the tip. Under strong pressure, water destroys the soil and begins to wash the rock upward.
5. The spent solution is sent to the pit, where the destroyed soil immediately settles to the bottom, and the solution itself falls into the earthen bowl, goes into the ground, and then reaches the tip of the drilling rig.
6. Pressure drilling of the well continues, gradually removing more and more rock. It is important to ensure that there are no clay or boulders on the path. In this case, drilling must be carried out using the traditional method, i.e., a drill.
7. As the bore progresses, it is necessary to lower the casing into it. It strengthens the walls and prevents soil from collapsing.
8. When the required depth is reached and water flows from the aquifer, the drilling process must be stopped.

When the well is ready, cementing is carried out at the top to a depth of 3 m.

It serves as a fortification. A caisson should be installed at the top; if necessary, automation and a hydraulic accumulator should be installed immediately.

Well repair

When using wells and boreholes, a situation often arises when the water quality deteriorates or the productivity drops to a level that makes using the source difficult. In this case, repairs are required; you can do it yourself.

There are many reasons for well failure, among them it should be noted:

1. The installed filters become clogged. Repair is required only when the pollution has become too severe and water stops flowing upward. If you do not forget about regular equipment inspections and maintenance, then clogging will occur much less frequently. The filter may also fail due to sand compaction if the well is used only in the summer.
2. If you do not regularly clean and maintain the sources, the water may become dirty and unsuitable for drinking. The reasons are contamination of pipes and aquifer. To accurately determine the cause, it is necessary to call specialists who will determine what measures are required for cleaning.
3. If the barrel is heavily contaminated, it is necessary to perform work to wash it. To do this, water should be pumped under pressure into the well to wash all the dirt up. It is important to immediately ensure that dirty water is drained away from the source so as not to contaminate it again.
4. Cleaning can also be done with air, which is also supplied under pressure. To provide such pressure, you will need to use special equipment, a compressor.
5. The simplest and most profitable method is to pump in water and then pump it out using a small pump specifically designed for this purpose. The method is simple: water is pumped under pressure and then released outside.

Hydrodrilling is a method that is good for loose or sandy soil. Almost anyone can make such a well; it doesn’t take much time and effort.

The decision to build your own water intake facility on the site is justified by several reasons, including:

• lack of centralized water supply;
• the desire to have a source of water with increased quality without treatment with chlorinating compounds;
• there is a great need for water for watering the garden - at current prices for life-giving moisture from the water supply network, running a household plot becomes an expensive pleasure, sometimes simply unprofitable.

Regardless of whether the work will be carried out by a third party or independently, the technology for drilling water wells should be as familiar as possible. This will help avoid deception by performers and extra costs for the implementation of the plan.

The choice of method depends on several factors:

1. Availability of water on site. To a first approximation, this can be determined by observations of environment, there are a number of signs indicating its presence or absence. You can also make several experiments with different objects to get an answer to this question.
2. Characteristics of soil composition typical for a given area, which determines the choice of drilling method. Such data can be obtained from a local hydrogeological organization, where you also need to clarify your own forecast estimates for the presence of water in the area.
3. Depth of upper-water (sand) layers and assessment of the depth of artesian (limestone) aquifers.

If such data is available, we can conclude that it is preferable to use one or another drilling technology.

Varieties of methods for passing well bores

Rotary drilling

Fig.3. Rotary well drilling tool

Typically used in oil exploration drilling. IN Lately, with an increase in the need for wells, it is also used in the construction of water intakes.

A feature of the method is its high energy consumption and its applicability on heavy or especially heavy soils with the inclusion of rock formations, as well as on solid limestone.

When rotating, the rotor destroys the rock, which is carried to the surface by the washing solution. It also contains cement. As a result, part of the site will be hopelessly damaged. In addition, upon completion of work, such a well requires long-term flushing with clean water to remove cement, which is part of the solution, from the pores of the rock.

For a small suburban area, such technology seems undesirable.

Hydraulic drilling

This is the easiest technology for drilling water wells. During the work, the soil inside the casing is washed away, which lowers under its own weight. Only at the beginning of the process, when the casing is still light, do you have to resort to turning it with a special wrench.

Fig.4. Drilling with soil erosion under pressure

To implement this method you will need:

• two pumps, one of them capable of supplying liquid under a pressure of at least 6 atm, the second - for pumping waste water back into the tank, corresponding to the performance;
• tank; capacity depends on the planned size and depth of the well and is calculated from the ratio:

V = Robs 2 (cm) x 3.14x H(cm), Where

V – tank volume,

R – internal radius of the casing,

3.14 – PI number.

So, for a well with a diameter of 273 mm (the maximum possible borehole diameter with this drilling method), inner diameter The casing will be 260 mm (radius 13 cm), the estimated well depth is 15 meters (15,000 cm), the required tank volume will be:

13 2 x 3.14 x 1500 = 756000 (cm 3) = 756 (liters).

Considering that it is impossible to work if there is no water in the tank, we assume the required tank capacity is 2 cubic meters. This expense will not become a burden, since proper use of the site involves the use of an intermediate heating tank in the garden watering system.

• hydraulic monitor - hose with metal pipe at the end. The outlet hole of which should be about 20 mm.

The process runs as follows:

1. Drilling is carried out with a garden drill, the diameter of which is larger diameter casing pipe by 30 - 40 mm. The depth of the preliminary hole is about 1.5 meters.
2. Installing the first section of casing into the drilled hole.
3. The hydraulic monitor is inserted into the casing hole and water is supplied under pressure. In this case, the casing pipe must be rotated around its axis, promoting its subsidence as the soil is washed away.
4. As the shaft deepens, flushing is periodically paused to install the next section of casing.
5. Water is pumped out as it accumulates, discharging the liquid back into the tank.

The disadvantage of this method is its applicability only on sandy and sandy loam soils, and there is also a limitation on the depth of the well. As a rule, they are no deeper than 12 - 15 meters, in rare cases they reach 20.

Impact method

The technology of drilling water wells using the percussion method is one of the most ancient methods used back in ancient China. It consists of the following:

1. A pit with a depth of about 1.5 meters and dimensions of 1.5 - 1.5 meters is torn off.
2. Drilling is being carried out to install the first section of casing pipe up to 2 meters deep.
3. A drilling rig is installed - a tripod with a height of at least 3 meters. The height of the drilling rig depends on the length of the casing sections; their maximum size is 6 meters.

Rice. 5. Homemade percussion drilling rig

The impact part, suspended on a cable from a winch, is inserted into the hole in the casing and released into free fall. When it hits the ground, it actively destroys it and it, in crushed form, gets inside the impact part (made from a pipe). The end of the striker has teeth cut and set apart like on a saw.

There is a valve installed inside the striker that allows loose soil to enter, but prevents it from spilling out during the next ascent. When passing through wet clay layers, a hammer is used without additional devices (a glass); the wet clay holds well in it due to adhesion to the walls. After traveling a distance of about a meter, the firing pin must be removed from the barrel and its cavity cleaned.

In the arsenal of professional drillers, the number of modifications of impactors reaches 10 types or more. Various designs are used to pass through soils with different properties. Thus, a wide selection of tools allows you to pass through almost any soil, except for rocks. The quality of the wells remains the highest. Therefore, although not productive, impact punching technology remains the most popular.

Auger drilling

This technology for drilling a well under water is becoming increasingly popular due to its high productivity and ease of implementation.

In essence, this is drilling with a rotating tool, in which the cutting part destroys the soil in the direction of movement, and the spiral auger carries it out. About 40–50% of the soil is brought to the surface, the rest is used to compact the walls. Thus, it is possible to drill without simultaneously casing the walls. The casing is lowered into the hole after drilling is completed.

Fig.6. Auger drill

This method has certain disadvantages that do not allow it to be used on sandy and other loose soils, as well as a limitation on the depth of the tables to 50 meters. Further deepening is carried out with periodic removal of the working tool for cleaning.

Drilling is done using a wide variety of equipment, and often done manually for wells to high water. Thus, the industry has mastered and produced various miniature drilling rigs, with the help of which boreholes are drilled to a depth of up to 50 meters in light and medium-heavy soils, excluding sandy ones.

Such equipment is actively used for the construction of water intakes in suburban areas, there is often no need to purchase it, but can be rented.

At the same time, powerful artesian wells with high flow rates are produced using equally powerful drilling rigs.

Fig.7. Drilling rig for industrial drilling

Perforation drilling

It is made by driving the “spear” with a headstock or a barbell. Typically used for equipment Abyssinian wells with a hand pump for pumping out water. The limited diameter of the well allows the work to be completed independently and in a short period of time.

In addition to the described methods, which are the most popular in practice, many techniques are used that combine the features of various methods.