Hip roof truss system: drawings of a hip roof truss system and calculations using calculators. Hip roof: design and drawing Hip roof with a rectangular base

Construction of your house on personal plot or in the countryside makes us wonder about the shape of the roof. Hip roof(or in other words hip) is becoming more and more popular. Its tent-like design has both advantages and disadvantages. In order to install such a roof, it is not necessary to call professionals. You can assemble the frame with your own hands. To do this, you need to be able to make calculations and have at least some idea of the design. The roof is attached in the same way as on other structures. To be sure, you can call a friend or neighbor.

1-Corner rafter. 2-Short rafters.3-Riding beam.
4-Central intermediate rafters. 5-Intermediate rafters.

The main advantage of the roof is its aerodynamics, which resists strong winds. Air currents go down the slopes without causing harm, without even entering attic space. The main disadvantage is this complex frame, its installation and what attic rooms small. The area is equal to the area of the ceiling, but the useful volume is very small. The design of a hip roof (in the classic version) is a pyramid with a square (4 triangular slopes) or rectangular (2 triangular, 2 trapezoidal slopes) base. Both triangular slopes (hips) and trapezoidal ones either rest on the walls of the house or extend beyond them.

The basic one is quite simple and can be calculated using many methods. The hip roof is built using the Pythagorean system and table for calculating triangles and trapezoids. Calculating the area of slopes and hips is not difficult, but calculating the location of sloped and ordinary rafters takes a lot of time.

So, let's start construction. We assemble the frame with our own hands. Then the roof is attached. Device rafter system quite complicated. We will tell you step by step how to make a frame, secure the roof, how to calculate this or that so that your hip roof looks decent.

Roof construction: basic rules

Subject to the following rules:

When constructing the ridge system and rafters, the same type of wood is used.
Intermediate boards have a steeper angle of inclination, and therefore their size must be at least 50x150 mm.
The short members are attached to the rafter components located at the corners, rather than to the ridge board.
The design uses intermediate (central) rafters, which must be secured to the ridge board.
They must rest against the upper end of the harness and the ridge board. In order to do the installation yourself, you need to imagine the house and make a drawing.

skate ( central part structures), which is the load-bearing axis;
the power components of the rafter system are slanted rafters, one end of which protrudes beyond the building, and the other is fixed to the ridge;
the central rafters are fixed at the ends of the ridge and extend to all the walls;
intermediate rafters extend from the ridge and run along the slopes;

Hip roof: start of work

The installation of the hip roof should be done before installing the ceiling.

At the very beginning of work around the perimeter of the house (on top of the walls), we lay timber (wooden or metal beam) to distribute weight over the entire surface.

At the very beginning of work, we lay a beam (wooden or metal beam) around the perimeter of the house (on top of the walls) to distribute the weight over the entire surface. It's called Mauerlat. We attach it to the wall of the house with special studs. Then we proceed as follows:

first mark the axis (from the end of the house to top harness);
we calculate 1/2 the thickness of the ridge beam and mark the installation location of the first element of the rafter system;
after this, the measuring rod (one end) is applied to the marked line and the place of the intermediate rafter is marked;
in order to calculate the overhang of the rafters, we place one end of the beam on and the other on the outer corner of the wall;
the location of other elements of the central rafters is calculated by moving the slats along the side wall and marking the dislocation of each rafter;
at the other three corners the actions are repeated.

Calculation of roof elements

To calculate, you will need a measuring rod. It is made of simple plywood and is 5 cm wide. There is also a special table of relationships between and their length. Based on the data given in the table, the leg length of each rafter is the product of the coefficient (intermediate or angular) of its projection.
To increase the accuracy and reliability of calculations, be sure to make calculations using this table.

To increase the accuracy and reliability of calculations, be sure to perform calculations using this table.

Calculation example

Using a batten we measure the projection (horizontal) of the intermediate rafter. Using this table, we find the angle of inclination that suits our case and multiply the data.

The calculation of the overhang length of the rafters is carried out in the same way. We multiply the projection (horizontal) by a coefficient. You can calculate these data using the Pythagorean theorem for right triangle: a2+b2=c2. In this case, a and b are horizontal and vertical projections.
Corner (oblique) elements. On one side, all rafters have an oblique cut, which is needed for fastening to ridge beam. The ridge itself has an undercut with a double bevel (for reliable fixation of parts in the corners of the house). The rafter (corner) calculation is carried out as follows:

measure the full from the corner;
its projection is the product of the squares of the lengths of the projections of the rafters (central).

We multiply this number by a coefficient (according to the table) and find out the length of the corner rafter.

Then we begin to calculate the area of the triangular slopes (hips). It is calculated using the Pythagorean theorem. To make calculations easier, we represent the slope in the form of two right triangles. After this, we calculate the area of the trapezoid of the side surface of the roof using the formula. In the end . The data of all areas is summed up, and the minimum area (or footage) of the roof is displayed.

Frame: DIY installation

Strengthening the roof directly depends on the dimensions of the building. An additional truss (beam between adjacent sides) is installed.

First, we install the verticals for the ridge beam (for a pyramidal roof, one post in the middle is enough). Then we begin installation (of the same length) diagonal rafters. After this, they begin to install sloped, and then ordinary (in increments of 60 cm) rafters, which are attached using a notch to the ridge and the mauerlat. The cutting can be done either with your own hands or with a power tool. Next, we attach the splices to the diagonal guides to connect the Mauerlat and mowing beams (at an angle of 90 degrees relative to the ridge).

Remember! Ordinary beams should not touch the mounting points of the Mauerlat.

Strengthening the roof directly depends on the dimensions of the building. An additional truss (beam between adjacent sides) is installed. A stand or truss truss is mounted on it. If the building area is very large, then double beams are used for the diagonals.

Tools and materials

You will need the following tools and materials:

saw or chainsaw;
grinder or jigsaw;
hammer, nails, dowels;
plane or jointer;
axe;
drill, electric drill;
beams and boards (preferably from the same type of wood);
roofing material;
special steel brackets. You can make them yourself from a rod (8-10 mm), bending the ends and sharpening them.

In this way, you can build hip roofs in the form of a regular pyramid, elongated to one side, or a truncated pyramid.

In this article we will tell you what a hip roof is, why it is so named, what types of structural elements consists of. We will also analyze the technology of its construction. In addition, after reading the article, you will learn why roofs of this type are considered one of the most difficult, and for what reasons their construction takes more time than, say, gable roofs.

What is a hip roof

Many can say that a hip roof is exactly the roof shown in the photo above. That is, these are four identical triangular-shaped slopes. In fact, the picture shows classic version roof structure of this modification. But this is just one example. And at its core is home square shape.

If we talk about tent structures, they got their name due to the fact that all the roof slopes rest on one point, like a tent. And there may be several stingrays, but not less than four. For example, if the building has round shape, then the roof structure can be constructed from five or six slopes. And this is not the limit. It’s just that the more slopes, the more complex the design. And since many private houses have a rectangular shape, the classic model is most appropriate here.

The tent-type roofing structure is designed and formed on the principle of symmetry. That is why it is erected over buildings of the appropriate shape - round, square, hexagonal, octagonal and so on. In general, there is no problem in erecting it over a rectangular building, as shown in the first figure, but it is structurally difficult, so most often in such cases, preference is given to a hip roof.

Structural elements of a hip roof

The construction of a hip roof consists of several standard elements. Next we will deal with the classic modification.

Hip roof ridge. It should be noted that there is no ridge as such, in the classical sense of this design, here. There is a so-called ridge knot. This is the connection point of the upper ends rafter legs. It is the ridge knot that forms the peak of the tent structure.

Stingrays. In our case there are four of them. They are formed by rafters and frames. The latter are still the same rafter legs, only their upper ends rest not on the ridge unit, but on the main rafters. That's why the sprigs have a shortened length. Their number is determined by the size of the slope. The larger the area, the more roof racks will have to be installed to ensure the required load-bearing capacity of the roof.

Stingray overhangs. They can be formed by the rafter system by extending the rafters beyond the walls of the building. Or with the help of fillies - these are short rafters that are attached to the main elements of the rafter system in order to lengthen them.

On our website you can get acquainted with the most . In the filters you can set the desired direction, the presence of gas, water, electricity and other communications.

Advantages of a hip roof

The tent-type roofing structure is quite complex to design and difficult to install; in any case, it is a labor-intensive process. But architects and designers say that hip roofs have quite serious advantages over other structures. It's not for nothing that they are so popular among suburban developers. What are these advantages:

Excellent aerodynamic qualities. They allow a roof of this shape to cope not only with strong winds, but also with hurricane gusts.

It is possible to erect a hipped roof structure at an angle of inclination of the slope within 20-50° . This solves the problem of clearing snow from the roof. That is, at this angle, snow precipitation does not linger on the roof. This means that it is not necessary to clean the hip roof in winter.

Under this type of roof easy to organize attic. True, since such a roof does not have gables, it will be necessary to install skylights. However, installing windows of this type is not a problem today, so this cannot be considered a minus in modern construction.

Original form– always stands out among other types of roofs.

Construction technology of hip roof structures

First of all, the hip roof is calculated. That is, they determine the quantity necessary elements, their dimensions and cross-section. This important point, on which will depend load bearing capacity the entire roof structure. Here, they mainly take into account the size and shape of the house, snow and wind loads in the region where construction is taking place, as well as whether living quarters will be organized under the roof.

Actually it's difficult process, requiring knowledge and experience in performing calculations. Today on the Internet on various construction portals there are special online calculators with which such calculations can be made. Some of them, according to experts, can calculate the simplest options quite accurately. But the final calculation must still be done by a professional - not a single calculator will “tell” what formulas and errors are included in it.

Now we move on to analyzing the rafter system of the hip roof. In this design, both hanging and layered rafters can be used.

Features of layered rafters

A support must be installed under the layers. Usually this is timber large section, which supports the ridge assembly. That is, the main rafter legs will rest on it with their upper ends.

This support post is attached either to load-bearing beam, or to the carrier interior wall, or to concrete slab ceilings That is, only a reliable foundation is installed under it. In this case, the rafters are attached to the support different ways. The photo below shows one of the options where special U-shaped metal perforated brackets are used, as the simplest option.

Hanging rafters on a hip roof

As for the hanging rafters, they are connected at the top point with a special knot. Let's figure out how they do it. So, classic roof tent type - these are four main rafters that rest with their lower ends on the corners of the house. Or rather, in a laid Mauerlat, to which they must be attached.

If the angle of inclination of the slopes is known, then according to this parameter, one rafter leg is installed, secured to the Mauerlat and temporary supports placed under it. These can be racks made of slats or boards, jibs.

Then install in exactly the same way three remaining rafters. But it must be taken into account that the four rafter legs must rest against each other. This is the basis for the reliability of the design.

Now it is necessary secure the upper ends of the rafters together so that they do not “move apart” to the sides. There's enough here big choice fasteners. Modern ones are perforated metal plates, which are bent and laid between two rafters and secured to them with wood screws.

The photo above shows another option for attaching rafter legs, constructed from double boards with a section of 50x200 mm. Please note that a small piece of board (50x200 mm) is installed between two oppositely mounted rafters. At the same time, the rafter legs themselves do not completely rest against each other. The gap is left specifically so that two other rafters located in a perpendicular plane fit into it. That is, in this case, a piece of board performs the functions connecting element. All elements of the rafter system are attached to it.

So, the main rafters are installed and secured. Now all that remains is to install the spigots. There is nothing complicated here; they are cut to the required length and evenly installed over the area of the slopes. It is important to carry out high-quality fastening to the main rafter legs. For example, in the same photo above you can see that bolts or studs were used as fasteners. This is one of the most reliable types of fastening. As for fastening the lower ends, here the fastening is carried out to the Mauerlat.

Hip roof elements

In principle, the roof is ready. All that remains is to dismantle the temporary supports, fill the sheathing and lay the roofing material. But it is necessary to indicate that the hip roof and its design can be different sizes. If such a roof is built over a small gazebo, then these operations can be limited. If the project plans a tent structure over big house, then the number of elements is increased, with the help of which the reliability of the roof is increased. What other elements are used in the construction of hip roofs:

Support posts. They are usually installed under the main rafters. The frequency of installation depends on the cross-section of the rafters and the cross-section of the racks. The thicker the rafter legs, the more often you will have to install supports. If you choose boards for supports of a larger cross-section, the pitch can be increased.

Struts. They are used instead support posts. These elements got their name because they are installed at an angle of 45°.

Rigel, they are puffs. These are horizontally mounted beams, with the help of which the rafter legs oppositely located at the corners are pulled together. Their purpose is to absorb the bursting load that acts on the walls of the building. The cross-section of the puffs is selected according to the principle - the higher this element is located, the larger it should be in cross-section.

Very rarely, but sometimes installed sloping run. This is a horizontal beam that is installed under the rafters and edges of one slope. Racks must be installed underneath it.

Video description

We invite you to watch the video, which schematically shows one of the options for constructing a hip roof:

Conclusion on the topic

It is very important to understand the fact that hip roofs require symmetry in the shape of the house itself. This is the main and only requirement that allows such roofs to be constructed. Concerning roofing, and accordingly the type of sheathing, then there are no restrictions.

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During the construction of a country cottage or a house in the village, we often wonder how to make a hip roof? Today this is the most popular roofing option. By design, a hip roof is a tent. At the same time, we can highlight both the positive and negative aspects of a device of this design. Please note that it is not necessary to resort to the help of specialists to construct a roof. It is quite possible to install a hip roof with your own hands. But for this you need to make all the calculations yourself. It is also important to familiarize yourself with the design of the rafter system of the house. Our website can help with this, where you can find photo projects of houses with a hip roof. The hip roof is attached in a similar way to other structures. If you wish, you can always turn to your friends for help - extra hands won’t hurt.

The main advantage of the roof is aerodynamics (resistance to heavy winds). The air currents seem to slide down the slopes and do not cause harm to the attic spaces.

At the same time, we will immediately highlight the disadvantage - the complex frame and its installation. The hip roof structure is a pyramid with a square or rectangular base. In the first case, we are talking about a slope with 4 triangles. In the second case - about 2 triangular and 2 trapezoidal slopes. Triangular slopes are also called hips. They, together with the trapezoidal slopes, rest on or extend beyond the walls of the house.

Hip roof - drawing

The basic roofing scheme of a house is calculated using several methods. To build a hip roof, you will need a system and a Pythagorean table for calculating triangles and trapezoids. Actions for calculating pitched and hip areas is not a big deal. Before, it is necessary to take into account a number of nuances. Calculating the location of sloped and ordinary rafters can cause difficulty. This procedure can be time consuming. But for preliminary stage for the installation of the roof - this is a working moment. The main thing is to make the correct calculations so as not to buy more later. additional material or not rebuild the tent.

So, let's start construction. The first step is to assemble the frame. After this, you can attach the roof. Installing a rafter system is by no means an easy task. Therefore, in our article we will give step by step instructions for creating a frame. We will tell you how to fasten the roof and how to calculate this or that element of the rafter system. As a result, the hip roof of your country cottage will acquire an aesthetic appearance.

Construction of a hip roof: basic rules

When making a roof, you must adhere to following rules:

Hip roof - let's get to work

Do not forget that the installation of the hip roof must be completed before the installation of the ceiling begins.

First of all, lay the timber around the perimeter of the house and on top of the walls. A beam is a beam made of wood or metal. Its installation is necessary to distribute the weight over the entire surface. After this, the timber receives the status of a mauerlat. To secure it to the wall of the house, special studs are used.

mark the boundaries of the axis (from the end of the house along the top frame);
calculate half the thickness of the ridge beam and mark the place where the first structural element will be installed;
then, attach one end of the measuring rod to the marked line, and mark the location of the central rafter;
hipped roof - calculation of the overhang of the rafters: install one end of the beam on the overhang of the roof, and place the other end on the outer corner of the wall;
to position the remaining elements of the central rafters, move the rail along the side wall;
Repeat the algorithm in the same way on the remaining three corners.

Types of hip roofs and their calculations

To calculate, you need to prepare a measuring rod. It can be made from ordinary plywood, 5 cm wide. We recommend using a special table for the calculations on the relationships between the rafters and their length. According to the table, the length of the leg of each rafter is the product of its projection coefficient. To increase the accuracy and reliability of calculations, follow the recommendations in the table. Thanks to them, calculating a hip roof will not be difficult.

Hip roofs and an example of their calculation

Using a batten, a projection (horizontal) of the intermediate rafter is created. Using the table, we calculate the angle of suitable inclination. Finally, we multiply the obtained data.

The length of the rafter overhang is calculated in the same way. The projection (horizontal) is multiplied by a coefficient. You can also use the Pythagorean theorem to calculate this data. Approximate formula: a2+b2=c2. According to such a system, coefficients a and b will act as horizontal and vertical projections.

Each rafter has an oblique cut. It serves as the basis for attachment to the ridge beam. At the same time, the skate itself also has a protective fixation - it has an undercut with a double bevel.

Features of calculating corner rafters:

the entire length of the rafter is measured from the corner;
projection is defined as the product of the squares of the lengths of the rafter projections.

The resulting number must be multiplied by a coefficient (use the table) - thus, the length of the corner rafter is calculated.

After this, you need to calculate the area of the triangular slopes. To do this, we again resort to the Pythagorean theorem. To make it easier to count, imagine the ramp as two right triangles. Next, using the formula, calculate the area of the trapezoid of the side surface of the roof. On final stage The roof is being calculated. In this case, all areas are summed together. The resulting value will be the minimum area (footage) of the roof

A hip roof can be one- or two-level, have four or more slopes. For the right choice sections of its elements, it is necessary to perform a sketch and a correct calculation, which comes down to several formulas. In the article we will talk about the design of a hip roof and the method for calculating its rafter system.

A hip roof is one of the most common options when building a house or gazebo that has a circular, square or rectangular plan with a slight difference in the lengths of the sides. This design is good decision for houses of relatively small area or two-story cottages with a small base. The roof got its name because of the pyramidal shape of the traditional eastern tent, formed by one peak and triangular slopes.

Hip roof options

The name “hipped roof” combines several roofing options that have structural differences.

A single-level hip roof is geometrically a tetrahedral pyramid. A two-level roof is more complex design: top part- pyramid, middle - cube or parallelogram, bottom - truncated pyramid. It was as if the top of the roof had been cut off from the base and lifted up. The middle part is sometimes made in the form of a glass lantern or finished in the color of the walls.

A hip roof can have not only four slopes, but also six or eight slopes. This shape is more reminiscent of a cone than a pyramid, and is most common when building gazebos with a round base. The most difficult thing in implementing such a design is connecting the rafters in the center.

The rafter systems differ not so much aesthetically as structurally:

hanging;
layered.

A hanging rafter system rests exclusively on the walls of the house, while a suspended rafter system has a support located in the center of the building and rests on a load-bearing wall or on a pillar specially erected inside the house.

a - design of hanging rafters; b - design of layered rafters; 1 - rafter; 2 - crossbar; 3 - tightening; 4 - stand; 5 - strut; 6 - run; 7 - lying down

The choice of design depends on the size of the span (8 m is suitable hanging system, 12 m - layered is required) and the maximum length of the beam for construction (when connecting the rafter leg in length, the installation of a vertical support is required).

In practice, a layered system is often used as it is more reliable and maintainable. If there is no suitable bearing wall or a pillar for support, the base can be created from timber by bandaging at the level of the mauerlat.

Basic diagrams and elements of the rafter system

As we wrote, a hipped roof is geometrically a pyramid, so all calculations are carried out based on the rules that apply to the pyramids and triangles that make it up.

Essential elements

In order not to be confused in the future with terms, we will name the main elements of the rafter system of a hipped roof, schematically shown in the figure below, and tie them to the geometric image of a hipped roof in the form of a pyramid.

Hanging rafter construction

Mauerlat. The foundation and support of a roof, especially in a structure with hanging rafters. Located along the perimeter of the building (ABCD), resting on the walls or attached to them outside. To construct the Mauerlat, large cross-section timber is used.
Sloping rafters. Roof angles that converge at a central point and form a pyramid. On the pyramid diagram (without taking into account overhangs): AK = DK = CK = BK = Lн. The longest rafter legs in the structure.
Ridge knot (K). The most difficult knot in a structure for a carpenter. If the base of the house is not square, and the ridge forms an edge, the hip roof is transformed into its “sister” - a ridge roof. In a structure with layered rafters, section KF (H) is the central support.
Central rafters. They converge at the ridge unit with slanted rafters. They are the height of each slope, which is an isosceles triangle. On the diagram of the pyramid (without taking into account the overhangs) there is a segment KE, length Lt.
Narozhniki. These are shortened rafters running parallel to the central one in both directions.

Now consider structures with layered rafters.

Transomless design with layered rafters

Along with the already designated elements: slanted (1) and central (2) rafters, as well as the ridge (3), new elements appear. The central support (stand) or headstock (4), which rests on the ties (5) connecting the mauerlat diagonally. This is an option for making a rack that rests not on the masonry, but on an element of the rafter system.

In the absence of central rafters and to strengthen the ridge assembly with the headstock (2), it is supplemented by crossbars (3), connecting oppositely placed sloping rafters (1) in pairs (see figure above).

Reinforcement elements

For greater strength and rigidity of the structure, especially in a climate prone to strong winds, or with a large building area, and therefore a large length of rafter legs, the main structural elements are supplemented with reinforcement elements.

Option to strengthen the truss structure

Along the axis of the building, an additional beam is embedded into the opposite beams of the mauerlat (1). The basis of the structure, as before, is made up of central (4), shortened (springs) (5) and slanted (3) rafters. Sloping rafters strengthen cranial bars(6), secured at the bottom. This is a reinforcement for both the mowed legs and the riggers leaning on them. The ties (7) fasten the oppositely located rafters and serve as a base for installing the racks (8). They are fixed on top of the Mauerlat and on top of the bench and rest on them.

When especially long lengths For rafter legs, struts are used - supports placed not vertically, but at an angle of 45-60°. In practice, struts are installed when the length of the wall is more than 9 m (for a gable or four-pitch wall).

The system of strengthening the main elements also helps to save lumber. The cross-section of the main elements in such a design can be taken to be reduced. Another way to save is the formation of overhangs by adding rafters ending on the mauerlat with fillets - bars or boards of a smaller cross-section.

Calculation of the rafter system of a hip roof

The calculation is based on the following initial data:

length of the house;
width of the house
ridge height.

Let's consider the procedure and formulas for calculations using a conditional example, using the geometric image of a hip roof (see above):

house length: AB = DC = 9 m;
house width: AD = BC = 8 m;
height of the ridge located in the geometric center of the roof: KF = 2 m.

Calculation of the lengths of rafter elements

1. Length of beams Mauerlat.

AB + DC + AD + BC = 9 + 8 + 9 + 8 = 34 m

2. Central rafters(excluding overhangs). They are the hypotenuse of a right triangle, in which one leg is the height of the ridge, and the second is half the width (8/2 = 4 m) or length (9/2 = 4.5 m) of the house.

Let's remember the Pythagorean theorem:

3. Sloping rafters(excluding overhangs). They are the hypotenuse of a right triangle, in which one leg is half the width or length of the house, and the second is the corresponding central rafter. For a roof with a ridge in the geometric center of the roof, the lengths of the slanted rafters are the same.

4. Narozhniki. The shortened rafters are located parallel to the central one, with a pitch depending on the length of the rafters. Let's consider a table compiled taking into account weather loads for the Moscow region.

Table 1. Data correspond to atmospheric loads in the Moscow region

Rafter spacing, cm	Rafter length, m
Rafter spacing, cm	3,0	3,5	4,0	4,5	5,0	5,5	6,0
215	100x150	100x175	100x200	100x200	100x250	100x250	—
175	75x150	75x200	75x200	100x200	100x200	100x200	100x250
140	75x125	75x125	75x200	75x200	75x200	100x200	100x200
110	75x150	75x150	75x175	75x175	75x200	75x200	100x200
90	50x150	50x175	50x200	75x175	75x175	75x200	75x200
60	40x150	40x175	50x150	50x150	50x175	50x200	50x200

Our central rafters are 4.472 m long and 4.924 m long. The rafters will be shorter, so you can look at the column - 3.5 m.

To calculate the lengths of narozhniks, let’s remember school and use the properties of similar triangles.

If in the figure AB is the central rafter, then MN is the frame, AC is half the length of the wall (4.0 and 4.5 m, respectively), AM is the step depending on the number of frames. MC for each narozhnik is calculated separately.

MN = (AB · MC) / AC

We will calculate the options for choosing the most economical arrangement of shortened rafters, the results of which will be summarized in a table.

Table 2. Calculation of lumber for frames

Pride step, cm	Beam cross-section, mm	Long side bars: AC = 4.5 m, AB = 4.472 m				Short side spigots: AC = 4.0 m, AB = 4.9242 m
Pride step, cm	Beam cross-section, mm	quantity per half slope	AM, m	length in half slope, m		quantity per half slope	AM, m	length in half slope, m	volume of lumber for two slopes, m3
215	100x175	1	2,25	2,356	0,165	1	2,0	2,461	0,172
175	75x200	2	1,5	2,981 + 1,491	0,268	1	2,0	2,461	0,148
140	75x175	2	1,5	2,981 + 1,491	0,235	2	1,333	3,282 + 1,641	0,258
110	75x150	3	1,125	3,354 + 2,236 + 1,118	0,302	3	1,0	3,693 + 2,462 + 1,231	0,332
90	50x175	4	0,9	3,578 + 2,683 + 1,789 + 0,894	0,313	3	1,0	3,693 + 2,462 + 1,231	0,259
60	40x175	6	0,643	3,834 + 3,195 + 2,556 + 1,917 + 1,278 + 0,639	0,376	6	0,571	4,218 + 3,515 + 2,812 + 2,109 + 1,406 + 0,703	0,413

Obviously, for our example, options with long steps are less expensive. However, you should also take into account the requirements for fastening the roofing material and the costs of the sheathing. From this point of view, the answer will not be so obvious.

Calculation of roof area taking into account overhangs

Since the previous calculation was made without taking into account the eaves overhang, which in our example is performed using fillies, we will consider this part of the roof again as a simple geometric figure.

Let us take the length of the overhang (DC) to be 0.5 m. To determine the area of the slope, we again use knowledge about the properties of similar triangles:

EF / BC = AG / AD

BC - 8 and 9 m for short and long walls respectively.

AD - 4.924 and 4.472 m for short and long walls, respectively.

AG - 4.924 + 0.5 = 5.424 m and 4.472 + 0.5 = 4.972 m for the short and long walls, respectively.

EF = (AG ∙ BC) / AD
EF = (5.424 ∙ 8) / 4.924 = 8.812 m - for the short side
EF = (4.972 ∙ 9) / 4.472 = 10.006 m - for the long side

The area of the slope is calculated using the formula:

S = (EF ∙ AG) / 2
S = (8.812 ∙ 5.424) / 2 = 23.9 m 2 - for the short side
S = (10.006 ∙ 4.972) / 2 = 24.88 m 2 - for the long side

Total area of roofing material:

2 (23.9 + 24.88) = 97.56 m2.

Advice! When calculating the material, take into account the cutting, especially if it is sheet material, like slate or corrugated board.

Attention! The article discusses the calculation of only the main elements of the rafter system, which can help in drawing up a preliminary construction budget.

The roof of a building is its main protection. Variety of shapes, types roofing structures allows you to achieve an individual look for a private home or cottage. One of the most interesting options is a hip roof.

What it is?

A hip roof is a modification where all sides slope down towards the walls, usually at a fairly gentle slope, although a hip roof by definition is a hipped roof with a steep slope as it rises to its peak. Thus, the roof has no gables or other vertical sides.

They can be built in the most different forms. Each ridge is central over a building rectangle. The triangular edges are called hip ends and are bounded by the hips themselves. The "hips" and running rafters are on outer corner buildings and rise to the ridge. Where the building has internal corner, valley is the space between inclined surfaces. They provide a compact, durable appearance designs. The pitch of the roof may vary.

In modern domestic architecture, such structures are usually found in bungalows and cottages and are an integral part of some styles; their rafter system may differ.

The structure is self-supporting, requiring less diagonal bracing than a gable. Thus, the roof is much better suited for areas where hurricanes are common. It doesn't have big, flat ends to catch the wind and is inherently much more stable than a gable. However, for such an area, the structure must be steep, preferably at least 35 degrees from horizontal or steep.

When the wind flows over a sloping hip, the roof can behave like an airplane wing. An elevator is then created on the leeward side. If the slopes are less than 35 degrees horizontally, the roof will be susceptible to lifting.

A possible disadvantage is that indoors under the roof less space, access to maintenance is more difficult, the hips of the roof are more difficult to ventilate and there is no bridgehead with a window for natural light.

Peculiarities

This type of roofing can have a significant impact on the overall appearance. There are literally dozens of options in domestic architecture, but one of the most popular is the hipped roof.

There are several ways to make it, but in general builders arrive at two basic forms. First it is a square, or a pyramid. To cover a square building, four triangular sections meet at one point in the center of the structure, like a pyramid.

But if your building is not square, if it is a rectangle, in that case you will have pieces of different sizes. The rafters do not meet at one point; instead, the two longer sides will be separated by a ridge running parallel to the direction of the building. In principle, the two edges will be similar to the first option. However, rather than leaving the ends open, the triangular sections slope outward from the edges of the ridge, with four slanted sides.

Advantages and disadvantages

There are several advantages to choosing this design. Because they don't have valleys, they are less likely to leak. This means the attic insulation is functioning properly.

This roof holds up well in strong winds. Its aerodynamic qualities and short eaves prevent lifting and help provide greater stability to the house. This makes her much best choice than a traditional gabled one because it is less likely to blow away or break apart during a severe thunderstorm or tornado. A house always has differences, especially if you think through the design.

Along the perimeter it has large area surfaces for ventilation. This prevents many roofing problems such as premature aging and cold aisles. In addition to proper ventilation, simple lines make work easier drainage system away from the home and fix potential leaks and other problems typically associated with faulty gutters.

Solar panels operate on maximum power when installed on a southern slope. Since the roof consists of four planes, the orientation of the house does not affect the use of solar energy.

However, there are also disadvantages. The structure costs more initially, and the trusses that support the roof are more difficult to construct. In addition, more roofing materials are required to cover the additional two slopes. The design also limits the number available attic space. Because of this, homeowners who want to use the attic for storage or to convert it into additional living space should not choose this option.

Advantages:

preferable in hilly stations where winter seasons there is heavy snowfall;
have continuous fascia on all sides, making it easier to install gutters;
well suited for warm climates;
have cornices along all directions, which help ensure complete protection of the house from the sun, as well as other atmospheric hazards;
one of the most important advantages is the ability to provide water drainage.

Flaws:

complex construction procedure;
require additional raw materials, which increases the cost;
from time to time they need maintenance to ensure long service life.

Kinds

One-story and two-story houses can have a hipped or hip roof with a bay window, but all roofs of this type can be classified as follows:

the mansard roof is a variation with two different angles, the lower ones are much steeper than the upper ones.
the tent is a type of polygonal roof with a steep slope;
single or double slope.

Installation stages and subtleties

Before you start installing the roof, you need to find out how many materials are needed to do the job yourself step by step. Measure the length of the roof and the width of one side. Multiply these numbers and then double the result by square centimeters. If it is corrugated metal, it is usually supplied in sheets measuring 91.44 x 182.88 cm (548.64 square cm). Divide the roof size squared by 548.64 to get required amount sheets.

While the wood on the roof is in good condition, you need to put embossed paper. It is worth making sure that the rolls overlap by at least two centimeters and are fastened to the tree.

The first sheet is laid overlapping, and to wooden frame it is attached using self-tapping screws. The corrugation should raise the roof towards the ridge. Place the sheet in one bottom corner with a 2-inch overhang at each edge. Drill a hole in top corner on the passage, and not on the crest of the corrugation. Secure the screw and waterproof washer. The screws should be spaced about 15 centimeters apart in all directions. However, when working along the edge, place the screws 7 centimeters apart.

Once the first sheet is in place, you need to install the rest of the bottom row of corrugated metal roofing. The sheets must overlap by at least 10 centimeters. At the other end, make sure there is a 5cm overhang.

Place the next row of corrugated metal roofing so that the bottom is above the top of the first row. This will help the water flow down the roof. Secure the roof in place as you did for the first row and continue working, adding row after row until you reach the ridge line.

When approaching the ridge line, you need to carefully place the top row to ensure that the corrugated metal roofing does not extend beyond the ridge on each side. Instead, it should extend all the way to the ridge so that the tops of the sheets on their side are almost touching each other. To finish, you will need a special roof. Place the sheet so that it covers the tops on both sides.

Preparation

Tent structures can be designed on square as well as rectangular buildings. The roof can follow triangular sides and also combine trapezoidal ones. Some look like pyramids, while others may have a more symmetrical structure. We always make high-quality and well-verified drawings and calculate the amount of material.

Generally, there are three main factors that contribute to the design or style of decoration:

Cornices: hips with deep eaves which can help in shading the window from sunlight. This circuit helps in cooling the inside of the house and provides reduction in energy bills with reduced energy consumption.
Force: For those areas where winds and cyclones are more common, these roofs are built with high precision so that they have a long service life.
Style: Famous for their unique styles and graceful appearance.

Construction takes place on sloping sides, so they must be done with high precision and safety.

One of the most important and basic steps is to take measurements before installation. This should be done by experienced people with a calculator. Measurements are taken along the width and length of the building, then they are used to calculate the dimensions of the curb slab, as well as the length of the rafters.

Calculation

Construction requires due attention to some basic factors such as measurements, layout, area, framing and rafter alignment.

The purpose of the plan is to represent the direction as well as changes in the dimensions of the complete structure, calculate the length, width and other parameters. The size of the roof usually depends on the type of house and its dimensions. If doing the calculations yourself, then a pre-designed hip guide is a good place to start.

The angle of hip extension from each corner should be 45 degrees, but other dimensions are also acceptable in some cases. The order is as follows:

start with a layout rectangular shape building;
find the center line in the middle part;
draw a 45 degree line from each corner to the center line, which can help establish location specifications for the rafters;
draw a ridge line between the intersection points of the running rafters;
calculate the distance between the rafters and lay them in accordance with the frame plan;
create correct diagrams on paper for designing the hips so that these figures can help in the correct layout in the next steps.

Tent construction is considered the best choice for covering awnings. Experts say it guarantees better performance for coastal as well as windy locations and also provides an attractive view.

Tools

The best helpers roofers who simplify the construction of the roof are considered:

hammer;
clamps;
chisels;
screwdriver;

mallet;
pliers;
compass;
bore gauge and others.

Carrying out work

Once you're done with the measuring part, it's time to cut the rafters to these specifications. These parts will later be used to build the roof. Building a half-hipped roof with your own hands requires experience in order to properly attach the rafter beams.

Ridge slabs act as a frame that rests around the roof. You must begin the installation procedure by positioning the standard rafters on the desired side of the tongue plates. The process continues until the durability or strength of all spine boards has been increased and they can be adjusted to their weight. The angle of inclination is important and should not be forgotten. The log house is carried out in the direction required by the standards.

Before moving in the direction of building the thighs, you need to ensure correct alignment according to the angles. For this type of calculation it is necessary to use a frame square.

Now is the time to move on to fixing the rafters. Experts suggest starting with one side at a time and trying to apply more pressure for each adjustment on board. This pressure will provide much top scores. Once the rafters are finished, you can start trimming them so they can provide a great linear layout. Corner rafters are known as running rafters and need to be connected to the adjacent ones that are already installed.

Once you've completed the installation, it's time to install the jacks. It is good to start with one part and then move towards the end, although this process is long but if done accurately it can certainly produce the desired result.

In case you do not have proper knowledge about the installation process, you need to seek help from experts. It is important to ensure accuracy because the sheathing, ventilation and drainage will then be connected between them. If the roof includes a chimney, you will have to go through several more procedures to achieve the ideal roof structure. Building a house is difficult; if you lack experience, it is better to consult a specialist.

This type of roofing is the most common and simplest type. It slopes on all four sides, so no matter how you look at it, the roof slopes towards the gutters. The sides are equal in length and meet to form a ridge at the top.

The hip is the least complex style, and generally has the lowest cost when compared to other styles. "Broken" or "peak" roofing is also very popular. They are easy to distinguish because they form a triangle shape at the end of the house and in other parts. The gable style has an interesting and varied look"colonial" type.

Monopoly roofing - unusual stylish project. It is designed to form a single inclined surface and is often not attached to any other. In some countries this species is popular as a modern alternative and has a striking and distinctive appearance. The monoroof is designed for more high level than others, because of this the price is usually higher.

An alternative option for converting a hip to a gable loft. However, this creates a limited amount extra space, which is typically used to access an attic with a ladder. Building a conversion to a gable loft – best use space compared to the side attic.

The most important factor To accomplish the conversion is a gigantic change in the roofline. This will allow you to achieve huge amount additional area, maximizing loft conversion potential. Exterior finishing can be tiled or slated to match the roofing, finished in block and painted. The openings built into most end walls will be double glazed windows. It provides natural light either in the attic or on the stairs.

For more information about the rafter system of hip roofs, see the following video.