Definition of Ms. Flammable liquids: description, fire classes, extinguishing and storage rules
Facilities that process or use flammable liquids pose a major fire hazard. This is explained by the fact that flammable liquids are easily flammable, burn more intensely, form explosive vapor-air mixtures and are difficult to extinguish with water.
Combustion of liquids occurs only in the vapor phase. The rate of evaporation and the amount of liquid vapor depend on its nature and temperature. The amount of saturated vapor above the surface of a liquid depends on its temperature and atmospheric pressure. In a state of saturation, the number of evaporating molecules is equal to the number of condensing ones, and the vapor concentration remains constant. Combustion of steam-air mixtures is possible only in a certain concentration range, i.e. they are characterized by concentration limits of flame propagation (NKPRP and VKPRP).
Lower (upper) concentration limits of flame propagation– the minimum (maximum) content of a flammable substance in a homogeneous mixture with an oxidizing environment, at which it is possible for a flame to spread through the mixture to any distance from the ignition source.
Concentration limits can be expressed in terms of temperature (at atmospheric pressure). The liquid temperature values at which the concentration of saturated vapors in the air above the liquid is equal to the concentration limits of flame propagation are called the temperature limits of flame propagation (ignition) (lower and upper, respectively - NTPRP and VTPRP).
Thus, the process of ignition and combustion of liquids can be represented as follows. For ignition, the liquid must be heated to a certain temperature (not less than the lower temperature limit of flame propagation). Once ignited, the rate of evaporation must be sufficient to maintain continuous combustion. These features of the combustion of liquids are characterized by flash and ignition temperatures.
In accordance with GOST 12.1.044 " Fire and explosion hazard of substances and materials", the flash point is the lowest temperature of a condensed substance at which, under special test conditions, vapors are formed above its surface that can ignite in the air from an ignition source; stable combustion does not occur. The flash point corresponds to the lower temperature limit of ignition.
Flash point used to assess the flammability of a liquid, as well as when developing measures to ensure fire and explosion safety of technological processes.
Ignition temperature is the lowest value of liquid temperature at which the intensity of its evaporation is such that, after ignition by an external source, independent flaming combustion occurs.
Depending on the numerical value of the flash point, liquids are divided into flammable (flammable) and combustible (GC).
Flammable liquids include liquids with a flash point of no more than 61 o C in a closed crucible or 66 o C in an open crucible.
For flammable liquids, the ignition temperature is usually 1-5 o C higher than the flash point, and for flammable liquids this difference can reach 30-35? C.
In accordance with GOST 12.1.017-80, depending on the flash point, flammable liquids are divided into three categories.
Particularly dangerous flammable liquids– with a flash point of -18 o C and below in a closed crucible or from -13 o C and below in an open crucible. Particularly dangerous flammable liquids include acetone, diethyl alcohol, isopentane, etc.
Constantly dangerous flammable liquids– these are flammable liquids with a flash point from -18 o C to +23 o C in a closed crucible or from -13 o C to +27 o C in an open crucible. These include benzyl, toluene, ethyl alcohol, ethyl acetate, etc.
Dangerous when elevated temperature LVZH– these are flammable liquids with a flash point from 23 o C to 61 o C in a closed crucible. These include chlorobenzene, turpentine, white spirit, etc.
Flash point of liquids, belonging to the same class (liquid hydrocarbons, alcohols, etc.), naturally changes in the homologous series, increasing with increasing molecular weight, boiling point and density. The flash point is determined experimentally and by calculation.
The flash point is determined experimentally in closed and open type devices:
- in a closed crucible Martens-Pensky device according to the methodology set out in GOST 12.1.044-89 - for petroleum products;
– in an open crucible on the VNIIPO TV device according to the method given in GOST 12.1.044-89 - for chemical organic products and on the Brenken device according to the method set out in the same GOST - for petroleum products and oils.
Table 11
| No. | Name and number of the technological unit (apparatus, pipeline) | Inert gas pressure on the line in front of the apparatus, MPa | Minimum required purge time, s | Maximum permissible oxygen concentration in exhaust gases, % vol. |
| Block No. 1 (tank (E-1 ÷ E-7), E-13, E‑13A industrial park tit. 8212 and all pipelines) | 0,4 | no more than 0.5 | ||
| Block No. 2 (capacity E-8, E-9, E-10, E-11, E-12 of the industrial park tit. 8212 and all pipelines) | 0,4 | no more than 0.5 | ||
| Block No. 3, tanks (E‑1 ÷ E-12) industrial. parka tit. 8213 and all pipelines | 0,4 | no more than 0.5 | ||
| Unit No. 4 (tank E-2/1, E-2/2, E-3, E-4 pump tit. 8221 and all pipelines) | 0,4 | no more than 0.5 |
7.4.2 Safety precautions during operation technological process, when performing routine production operations
Reliable trouble-free industrial operation. The KT-1/1 installation park is ensured by strict adherence to technological standards, all mandatory instructions, and qualified technological training of operating personnel.
Persons at least 18 years of age who have passed an annual medical examination, are trained in safe techniques and methods of work, methods of providing first aid to victims, and are knowledgeable about the properties of those used in industry are allowed to work. installation park KT-1/1 harmful substances and have passed the exam for permission to work independently.
Technological equipment, monitoring, control, signaling, communication and emergency automatic protection (ESD) means must be subject to external inspection at the following intervals:
Technological equipment, pipeline accessories, electrical equipment, protective equipment, process pipelines- before the start of each shift and during the shift at least every 2 hours by operators senior to the shift;
Means of control, management, actuators, emergency protection, signaling and communication means - at least once a day by employees of the instrumentation and automation service;
Ventilation systems - before the start of each shift by the shift supervisor;
Fire extinguishing means - before the start of each shift by the shift supervisor;
Automatic fire extinguishing systems - at least once every 10 days by specially appointed persons and annual testing together with fire department workers.
The results of inspections must be recorded in the check-in and check-out log.
To safely conduct the technological process, together with an external inspection, it is necessary:
The regime should be carried out in accordance with the technological regulations of the industry. installation park KT-1/1;
Change the temperature and pressure of the product in apparatus and pipelines slowly and smoothly, in order to avoid possible damage to the equipment due to sudden temperature deformations or water hammer;
Monitor the liquid level in containers and tanks, and prevent a sharp drop in the liquid level to prevent blocking or dumping of pumps;
Sampling of BBF and drainage of containers should be carried out in serviceable and clean overalls and shoes, using individual respiratory and eye protection equipment;
During sampling, to avoid poisoning, the operator should stand on the windward side of the sampling point;
Warm up and start up steam pipelines in accordance with the instructions for the safe operation of steam pipelines and hot water;
In the event of depressurization, the pipeline must be immediately disconnected from technological system, before repairing the pipeline;
Take urgent measures to eliminate leaks in flange connections of devices, equipment, and pipelines;
Ensure the serviceability of control and automation devices, alarms and interlocks;
Systematically monitor the operation of safety valves;
Provide uninterrupted operation ventilation systems;
When carrying out repair work related to the possible release of vapors of harmful products, maintenance and repair personnel must wear protective equipment;
Keep sewer grates clean to ensure constant flow drain water into the sewer;
Keep all production premises, workplaces, passages, vestibules, technological equipment, apparatus, devices in full working order and clean, without cluttering them with foreign objects;
Before starting a shift, each operator must thoroughly clean his/her workplace;
To provide safe work The methanol park must be protected due to the strong toxicity of methanol. All pipelines transporting methanol must be painted Brown color and are indicated by triple yellow rings. Warning signs - danger signs - must be attached to the fencing of methanol tanks and to the tanks themselves;
During operation pumping equipment it is necessary to ensure that there are guards on the moving parts, to monitor the operation of the mechanical seals, since their depressurization may lead to the release of the product and further gas contamination of the room;
If knocking or extraneous noise appears in the pumping equipment, or if the mechanical seal is missing in the pump, take measures to stop it and turn on backup equipment. Stop the faulty pump, remove the voltage, prepare for repair (disconnect from the process flow diagram, relieve excess product pressure, drain, install standard plugs, rinse with water or steam). Preparation of pumping equipment for repair is carried out by the team’s technological personnel in compliance with industrial requirements. security.
Features of starting, stopping and operating industrial equipment. installation park KT‑1/1 in winter time:
Before starting the industrial In winter, the KT-1/1 installation needs to include a system of heat tracers;
Instrumentation devices with impulse lines, drainage and flare lines must be heated. It is necessary to periodically check the heating of instrumentation cabinets;
It is necessary to periodically check the operation of heat traces, the permeability of lines, and sampling devices;
To avoid solidification, pump viscous liquids continuously, and when the liquid movement stops, pump the system with a lighter product;
Control over dead-end areas should be strengthened and drainage systems;
It is necessary to establish the flow of product through the bypasses of the control valves;
Warm up frozen pipelines only with water vapor or hot water. The heated area must be disconnected from the operating system. The restored patency of the pipeline should be checked by carefully opening the shut-off valves;
Platforms, roads, stairs, industrial crossings. The park of the KT-1/1 installation must be cleared of snow, ice and sprinkled with sand;
Icicles and ice crusts must be removed in a timely manner;
To carry out repair work in open pumping stations, mobile units for heating workplaces must be provided;
Warming of frozen sections of pipelines containing explosive and fire hazardous and toxic substances is carried out only after the section has been disconnected and a preliminary inspection for defrosting.
Warming up the cold drainage devices vessels should only be carried out with the fittings closed.
Putting equipment and pipelines into operation with faulty instrumentation devices;
Work on faulty equipment and pipelines;
Working with faulty or out of adjustment safety valves;
Increase the level and pressure of the product in vessels and pipelines above the established values specified in the technological regime standards;
Leave equipment and pipelines turned off without excess product pressure;
Carrying out repair work on existing equipment and pipelines;
Carry out repair work with a tool that produces a spark;
Personnel not engaged in a given shift should be on its territory and in production premises without permission from management.
The use of faulty measuring instruments and automation equipment is prohibited. Metrological control and supervision is carried out in accordance with regulatory documents enterprises.
Checking the operation of alarm systems and automatic protections should be carried out in accordance with technical specifications their operation according to approved schedules.
If control devices fail, you must:
Disconnect the faulty valve for repair;
Until the fault is eliminated, operate in manual bypass control mode;
Take immediate action to eliminate the valve malfunction.
It is prohibited to carry out technological processes and operate equipment with faulty or disabled monitoring and control systems.
7.4.3 Basic requirements for fire safety of production
In order to ensure the reliability and safety of industrial work. park of the KT-1/1 installation, a number of measures are provided to ensure fire safety conducting the technological process:
Tightness of fittings, equipment and pipelines;
Automatic control technological process (control) using a control system located in the control room;
Closed discharge system, which helps prevent industrial gas contamination. installation park KT-1/1, thereby reducing the likelihood of fire and explosion;
System for emergency release of apparatus and pipelines, as well as their release from products before repair;
Equipping the technological process with emergency protection means that warn of deviations from the technological regime standards, excluding the possibility of product releases through safety valves;
System for purging equipment and pipelines with nitrogen (inert gas), water vapor before repair and before start-up after repair;
Access to equipment located in an open area is provided;
External fire extinguishing is provided from the fire water supply system;
Protection of buildings, structures, apparatus, equipment and pipelines from secondary manifestations of lightning and static electricity was carried out;
Prevention of explosions in rooms with a normal environment, due to the possible penetration of flammable gases and vapors into them, is ensured by a supply ventilation system.
7.4.3.1 Primary fire extinguishing media
For the timely elimination of sources of possible fires, primary fire extinguishing means are used, which include:
Boxes with sand, shovels, which are located in the equipment yard, in an accessible place;
Water vapor;
Nitrogen (inert gas);
Fire extinguishers OP-8, OP-10;
Asbestos blankets.
Fire extinguishing means and fire-fighting equipment must be in good condition, fire-fighting equipment must be painted red.
7.4.3.2 Fixed fire extinguishing equipment
System fire protection industrial equipment The KT-1/1 installation fleet includes the following stationary facilities:
Prom. parks tit. 8212, 8213:
Fire monitors (15 pcs). The fire monitors are permanently connected to the enterprise’s high-pressure fire-fighting water supply system, which provides a pressure at the barrel outlet of 70 mm of water. Art.;
For supply and exhaust ventilation systems, automatic and remote shutdown in case of fire is provided;
To extinguish a fire indoors transformer substation(TPP) carbon dioxide fire extinguishers are used.
Pumping tit. 8221 and prom. park tit. 7206 is equipped with an automatic foam extinguishing system.
Fire extinguishers or an asbestos blanket can be used to extinguish small fires. Fire extinguishers are located in the pump room. 8221 prom. installation park KT-1/1. Calling the fire brigade can be done by telephone directly connected to the frequency converter, or by telephone – 01, or using manual fire detectors (IPR) installed on the industrial tablet. installation park KT-1/1, at entrance doors pump room tit. 8221 and control system rooms.
7.5 Methods and means of protecting workers from
industrial hazards
7.5.1 Optimal sanitary and hygienic working conditions for workers
Conditions under which industrial maintenance personnel work. installation park KT-1/1 are harmful.
Persons at least 18 years of age who have previously passed medical commission. In addition, each employee is required to undergo annual X-ray examinations and medical examinations.
For harmful petroleum products and substances used and produced, maximum permissible concentrations (MACs) in the air of the working area are established according to sanitary standards, namely, mg/m3:
For saturated hydrocarbons (C 1 ÷ C 10) - 300 (average shift), 900 (maximum one-time);
For methanol - 5 (average shift), 15 (maximum one-time);
For unsaturated hydrocarbons (C 1 ÷ C 10) - 100 (average shift), 300 (maximum one-time)
For foaming agent PO-6K – 0.1 mg/dm.
According to industry standards, service personnel are provided with special clothing, special shoes, milk, personal respiratory protection equipment (RPP) - gas masks (filter, hose).
Filtering gas masks (grade DOT-600) are used when the oxygen content is not less than 20% by volume and the content of harmful substances is not more than 0.5% by volume - mainly during sampling, accidents, sudden gas emissions, for the evacuation of victims.
Hose gas masks (brand PSh-1) are used when the oxygen content is less than 20% by volume and the content of harmful substances is more than 0.5% by volume, mainly during repair work inside devices, wells, and pits. Working with a hose gas mask must be done with a backup.
Respirators of the “Petal” type are used to protect the respiratory system from dust.
Industrial sanitation is a system of sanitary, technical and hygienic measures. Its task is to create optimal meteorological conditions, the optimal physical and chemical composition of the air environment, lighting, microclimate in production premises, noise levels, vibrations, and non-ionizing radiation.
Industrial sanitation standards:
1.Natural light factor:
In the control room 1,2
Pumping 0.2
2.Artificial illumination, lux:
In the control room (fluorescent lamps) 300
In the pump room tit. 217L (incandescent lamps) 50
On open areas, pedestals (incandescent lamps) 10
In the office of the senior master (fluorescent lamps) 300
In the rest room (fluorescent lamps) 200
Indoor ventilation chamber (fluorescent lamps) 20
Inside the transformer substation
(fluorescent lamps) 100
In the room, instrumentation and automation (fluorescent lamps) 150
3.Noise, decibel 80
Noise in the control room, decibel 50
4. Room temperature, °C
During the cold period 15÷22
Warm period 16 ÷ 27
5. Indoor humidity, %
During the cold period 75
Warm period 55 ÷75
6. Air speed, m/s
During the cold period 0.1÷0.4
Warm period 0.1÷0.5
Due to increased background noise in the room pump repair and maintenance is performed by technical staff wearing headphones.
In addition, service personnel must observe personal hygiene and promptly, at least once a day, carry out wet cleaning of the premises, in the food room - after each meal.
Work clothing must be sent for cleaning in a timely manner. Technological personnel are provided with equipped household and shower facilities.
7.5.2 Collective defenses
Collective protection means for process personnel in industry. The KT-1/1 installation park, depending on its purpose, is divided into the following classes:
Means for normalizing the air environment and lighting workplaces;
Means of protection against damage electric shock, from static electricity;
From noise;
From high and low ambient temperatures;
From exposure to chemical factors.
To provide sanitary standards air environment in production premises uses supply, exhaust and natural ventilation, heating, measurements by a sanitary and hygienic laboratory of the air environment in work area according to the approved schedule.
To means of lighting normalization production premises and jobs include: lighting general and local lighting, light openings, portable lamps, temporary lighting devices, natural light.
Means of protection against electric shock include:
Fencing devices;
Current isolating devices;
Devices protective grounding and zeroing;
Lightning rods;
Devices for remote shutdown of electric motors.
ESD protection includes grounding devices.
To protect against high and low temperatures, thermal insulation of equipment, apparatus and pipelines, and enclosing devices are provided.
The means of protection against exposure to chemical factors include the following devices: sealing, remote control, safety signs, supply and exhaust ventilation.
In prom. The following noise protection methods were used in the KT-1/1 installation park:
Warning signs at the entrance to premises where the use of personal noise protection equipment is mandatory.
To protect against noise, the fans are installed on vibration-isolating supports, flexible inserts are used on the air ducts, as well as noise suppressors.
When servicing pumping equipment directly at the workplace, maintenance personnel must be equipped with personal noise protection equipment.
7.5.3 Individual means protection
Industrial workers installation park KT-1/1 for protection against exposure to harmful production factors must use special clothing, shoes, and gloves.
A protective helmet is used to protect the head from possible injuries.
By doing individual species During work, it is additionally necessary to use safety glasses and gas masks. Headphones are used to protect your hearing from noise.
It is PROHIBITED for service personnel to be in the workplace without special clothing and shoes.
To protect the respiratory system from exposure hydrocarbon gases, petroleum product vapors, gas masks with filter boxes of the DOT‑600 brand are used, protecting the respiratory organs from hydrocarbons. Filtering gas masks are used when the oxygen content in the air is at least 20% vol. and the content of harmful vapors and gases is not more than 0.5% vol. Filtering gas masks are used to escape from a gas-contaminated area; work in them is not allowed.
Work in pits where accumulation of hydrocarbons is possible is permitted only in hose gas masks and in accordance with the MOR permit.
Individual filter gas masks must be stored in special cabinets with cells. Transferring a gas mask from one person to another is PROHIBITED.
In addition, prom. The KT-1/1 installation fleet is equipped with:
Two sets of hose gas masks PSh-1 with a set of masks and a life belt, with a rope for working inside the apparatus and pits. Hose gas masks are used when the oxygen content in the air is less than 20% vol. and the content of harmful substances is more than 0.5% vol.;
An emergency supply of gas rescue equipment: three sets of filtering gas masks of the DOT-600 brand and two hose gas masks with rescue belts, ropes and a set of helmet masks of all sizes. The emergency supply of gas rescue equipment must be stored in a special, sealed cabinet;
Medical kit with necessary set medicines to provide first aid to the victim.
Workwear is washed centrally, in the company's dry cleaning department. It is prohibited to wash workwear with flammable and combustible liquids and dry them in industrial areas. installation park KT-1/1 to avoid poisoning and fire.
To all industrial workers In the park of the KT-1/1 installation, milk is dispensed to neutralize the effects of harmful substances on the body.
7.6 Additional safety measures during production operation
7.6.1 Safe methods handling pyrophoric deposits
Pyrophoric compounds capable of spontaneous combustion upon contact with atmospheric oxygen are formed during transportation, storage and processing of oil and petroleum products on unprotected surfaces of pipelines and technological equipment.
Externally, pyrophoric compounds are a black sediment, similar to soot, covering the internal surface of apparatus and pipelines.
As long as pyrophoric compounds are covered with liquid or come into contact with vapors and gases that do not contain oxygen, they do not oxidize. After the pyrophoric compounds dry and come into contact with oxygen in the air, they begin to spontaneously ignite, reaching a red heat.
Deposits of pyrophoric iron compounds are formed under operating conditions with a lack of oxygen and quickly oxidize under the influence of atmospheric oxygen. This reaction is exothermic and provides sufficient energy to ignite any combustible material in the presence of pyrophoric deposits.
Pyrophoric compounds belong to group IV.
The formation of pyrophoric compounds is associated with the effect on iron and its oxides:
In the gas and vapor phase (above the surface of the oil product) - hydrogen sulfide contained in gases and vapors of oil products;
In the liquid phase (under the surface of the oil product) - elemental sulfur and dissolved hydrogen sulfide.
Depending on the composition and place of formation, the pyrophoric activity of deposits (the ability to spontaneously combust) can be different. The activity of pyrophoric deposits is determined by their ignition temperature. Distillates of light petroleum products containing elemental sulfur and hydrogen sulfide form the most active pyrophoric compounds.
The porous structure of pyrophoric deposits and impurities of organic substances contribute to their rapid oxidation. Of particular danger are pyrophoric deposits saturated with heavy petroleum products and oils, since the latter themselves can heat up, promoting spontaneous combustion of pyrophoric compounds.
Pyrophoric deposits, which have been subjected to slow oxidation for a long time, become less active pyrophoric compounds. The slow exposure of pyrophoric deposits to oxygen leads to their gradual oxidation, with the release of elemental sulfur, which fills the pores and covers the deposits with a protective film.
Fresh, unoxidized pyrophoric compounds, when interacting with atmospheric oxygen, are capable of strong heating and, in the presence of a flammable substance, can be a source of explosion or fire.
Explosions and fires resulting from spontaneous combustion of pyrophoric compounds most often occur during emptying and opening of process equipment containing petroleum products. The activity of pyrophoric compounds increases with increasing temperature environment, but facts of spontaneous combustion of pyrophoric compounds at an air temperature of – 20 °C have been established.
The main methods of combating pyrophoric compounds are:
Alkalinization of oil and petroleum products to remove hydrogen sulfide and sulfur;
Use of materials resistant to hydrogen sulfide corrosion;
The use of corrosion inhibitors that form a protective film on the metal surface that prevents the effects of hydrogen sulfide and the formation of pyrophoric compounds.
In preparation for repair work prom. KT-1/1 installation park or piece of equipment requires:
Provide measures for the decontamination of pyrophoric compounds with their subsequent removal;
Steam equipment and pipelines with water steam after taking the equipment out of operation and freeing them from petroleum products;
After freeing the apparatus from condensate, open the lower fitting or hatch and take an air sample from the apparatus to analyze whether it contains dangerous concentrations of petroleum product vapors (the vapor concentration should be no more than 10% of the lower concentration limit explosiveness).
When preserving industrial KT-1/1 installation park or piece of equipment requires:
Provide measures to prevent contact of pyrophoric compounds with air;
Clear deposits from vessels containing corrosive sediments, oil residues, pyrophoric compounds, if it is impossible to prevent contact of deposits with air;
Leave all pipelines, vessels and apparatus under excess pressure of inert gas.
The inner walls are cleaned of pyrophoric compounds by simultaneously moistening them with jets of water supplied from a hose.
Dirt and deposits removed from the devices are removed from the territory of the commodity park, ensuring that they are sufficiently moistened during transportation.
7.6.2 Methods for neutralization and neutralization of products
production in case of spills and accidents
In the event of a spill of solidified petroleum products (fuel oil, vacuum distillate), the spill site is sprinkled with sand. Contaminated sand is removed to a safe place.
When MTBE, methanol spills or BBF breaks through leaks in flange connections, severe gas contamination is created and there is a danger of explosion. In order to prevent poisoning of people in other areas when a gas wave spreads, it is necessary to notify neighboring sections about the accident.
Spills of MTBE and methanol are washed away with water into industrial sewers.
In case of leakage and spread of BBF, set up the supply of water vapor to the leakage point, take urgent measures to eliminate the source of the leakage, up to stopping the corresponding unit.
In the process of preparing and carrying out industrial repairs. of the KT‑1/1 installation, the cleaning products of the devices are collected in a certain place and immediately removed from its territory.
Maintenance personnel cleaning up leaks and spills must have a personal filter gas mask with them. The duration of protection and the conditions for using a filter gas mask are limited. Gas contamination in emergency situations must be eliminated by GSO soldiers.
In all emergencies, action should be taken in accordance with the “Emergency Localization and Elimination Plan”.
7.6.3 Personal protective equipment for workers
Table 12
| Prom. KT‑1/1 installation park | Process plant operator | GOST 12.4.045-87 | 1 year | as it gets dirty | ||
| GOST 12.4.137-84 | 1 year | |||||
| GOST 29335-92 | 2 years | as it gets dirty | ||||
| GOST 29335-92 | 2 years | as it gets dirty | ||||
| Safety helmet | GOST 12.4.128-83 | before wear | ||||
| Combined mittens | GOST 12.4.010-75 | 2 months | ||||
| Safety glasses | GOST 12.4.013-97 | before wear | ||||
| Balaclava | GOST 17-635-87 | 1 at 3 years | as it gets dirty | |||
| Gas mask brand DOT-600 | before wear | check once every 3 months | ||||
| Mittens KR | TU 2514-002-51906831-01 | 1 month | ||||
| Cloth mittens | GOST 12.4.010-75 | 3 per year | ||||
| Anti-noise headphones | GOST 12.4.208-99 | before wear | ||||
| Earplugs | GOST R 12.4.010-75 | before wear | ||||
| Protective shield NBT-1 | GOST 12.4.023-84 | before wear | ||||
| Rubber, rubber-fabric suit (type L-1), when cleaning equipment. | TU 17 RF 04-5056-82 | duty | as it gets dirty | |||
| Underwear | GOST 28039-89 | 1 year | ||||
| Petal-type respirator (when working with a catalyst) | GOST 12.4.028-76 | 4 pieces per shift | ||||
| Prom. KT‑1/1 installation park | Engineering and technical worker | Suit made of cotton fabric with fire retardant impregnation, MVO | GOST 12.4.045-87 | 1 year | as it gets dirty | |
| Leather boots with a hard toe cap or leather boots with a hard toe cap | GOST 12.4.137-84 | 1 year | ||||
| Jacket with insulating lining (optional in winter) | GOST 29335-92 | 2 years | as it gets dirty | |||
| Trousers with insulating lining (optional in winter) | GOST 29335-92 | 2 years | as it gets dirty | |||
| Safety helmet | GOST 12.4.128-83 | before wear | ||||
| Combined mittens | GOST 12.4.010-75 | 2 months | ||||
| Safety glasses | GOST 12.4.013-97 | before wear | ||||
| Balaclava | GOST 17-635-87 | 1 at 3 years | as it gets dirty | |||
| Gas mask brand DOT-600 | before wear | check once every 3 months | ||||
| Anti-noise headphones | GOST 12.4.208-99 | before wear | ||||
| Earplugs | GOST R 12.4.010-75 | before wear | ||||
| Underwear | GOST 28039-89 | 1 year |
Note: According to the “Catalog of free distribution of special clothing, special shoes and other personal protective equipment to employees of OJSC Gazpromneft - Omsk Refinery” approved. General Director 07/10/2002 and “Additions to the catalog of free distribution of special clothing, special shoes and other personal protective equipment to employees of OJSC Gazpromneft-ONPZ” approved. 01.11.2006
7.6.4 Possibility of accumulation of static electricity charges, their danger and methods of neutralizing them
Prom. The KT-1/1 installation park is supplied with electricity according to reliability category I and has 2 independent power sources:
1 - from TP-115B, KTP-1, 1st busbar section, 0.4 kV;
2 - from TP-115B, KTP-1, 2nd busbar section, 0.4 kV
An “AVR” system is provided between the power supply inputs. When one of the power sources is turned off, the backup power supply from another independent source is automatically switched on.
Power supply to the “ADVANT” system and instrumentation devices is supplied from the “AVR” system through a special device uninterruptible power supply UPS. In the event of a complete shutdown of power supply from 2 independent sources, power supply of the “ADVANT” system and instrumentation devices is provided from batteries within 30 minutes for trouble-free industrial shutdown. KT‑1/1 installation park.
Static electricity is generated as a result complex processes associated with the redistribution of electrons or ions when two dissimilar substances come into contact.
In practice, static electricity in most cases is formed by rubbing dielectrics against each other or dielectrics against metal.
Static electricity at oil refining industry enterprises occurs:
When pouring, pumping, draining and filling dielectric liquids ( liquefied gases, gasoline, oil and many others), electrification especially increases when liquid enters a tank or apparatus as a falling stream;
When dielectric liquids flow through a hose, pipelines and apparatus;
When mixing these liquids with stirrer blades or air;
When liquids spill or spray during their transportation in transport containers;
When compressed and liquefied gases exit the nozzles, especially if they contain suspended substances, sprayed liquid or dust;
When leather and rubberized belts rub against belt pulleys, etc.
A spark manifestation of a charge of static electricity is possible, for example, when the funnel is removed from the vessel into which the flammable liquid is poured, in contact with the walls of the tanks of any object (float, chips, etc.), on the surface of the flammable liquid, at the moment of its entry into the container falling jet and other cases.
To prevent the occurrence of static electricity charges and protect against secondary manifestations of lightning, the following measures are provided:
All metal and electrically conductive non-metallic equipment, equipment, communications, industrial metal structures. the KT-1/1 installation park is connected to a grounding device and represents a continuous electrical circuit throughout its entire length, the resistance of the grounding loop should not exceed 4 Ohms;
All devices and pipelines are sealed;
The diameters of all pipelines are calculated and accepted taking into account the permissible speeds of fluid movement through pipelines in accordance with GOST 12.4.124 “SSBT. Means of protection against static electricity. General technical requirements";
To prevent the occurrence of dangerous spark discharges during the movement of gases and vapors in pipelines and apparatus, the presence of solid particles in gas and steam flows is excluded;
In order to prevent the loading of petroleum products by a free-falling jet and to prevent the accumulation of static electricity, the supply of products is provided below the liquid level and the distance from the ends of the loading pipes to the bottom of tanks and containers is no more than 200 mm.
Inspection and measurement electrical resistance Grounding devices for protection against static electricity must be made in accordance with the PUE and PEEP once a year.
A list of equipment used for processing or moving dielectric substances, a list of dielectric substances capable of being electrified in this equipment with the formation of dangerous potentials, as well as the main technical events for protection against static electricity are presented in Table 12.
Flammable and combustible liquids differ in characteristics such as flash point. Flash point is the temperature of a liquid at which vapors above the surface of the liquid can ignite when exposed to an open flame source. Flammable liquids have a flash point no higher than 61°C, flammable liquids – higher than 61°C.
Types of flammable liquids and flammable liquids
Flammable liquids are of three categories: especially dangerous (first category), constantly dangerous (second category), dangerous at elevated air temperatures (third category). The flash point of especially dangerous flammable liquids is -13°C. A characteristic feature of especially dangerous flammable liquids is the need for certain conditions for their transportation, because If the seal of a storage vessel is broken, liquid vapor can quickly spread and ignite at a distance from the container. Such liquids include acetone, some types of gasoline, ether, petroleum ether, diethyl ether, hexane, isopentane, cyclohexane.
Second-class flammable liquids have a flash point from -13 to +23°C. Such liquids have the ability to ignite when room temperature when their vapors combine with air. These are liquids such as ethyl alcohol, benzene, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, ethylbenzene, octane, toluene, isooctane, lower alcohols, dioxolane and dioxane
Third-class flammable liquids are flammable liquids with a flash point from +23 to +60°C. Such liquids will only ignite if there is a source of fire in the immediate vicinity. These include the following liquids: turpentine, solvent, white alcohol, xylene, cyclohexanone, amyl acetate, butyl acetate, chlorobenzene.
Flammable liquids have the property of spontaneous combustion at a flash point above 61°C. Flammable liquids include fuel oil, oils (vaseline, castor), diesel fuel, glycerin, ethylene glycol, hexyl alcohol, hexadecane, aniline. Such liquids can be stored in open containers and reservoirs (for example, barrels), including in the open air. When working with flammable and combustible liquids, remember to comply with fire regulations storage, transportation and use.
Over the past decade, it has increased reservoir Park storage of oil and petroleum products, a significant number of underground reinforced concrete tanks with a volume of 10, 30 and 50 thousand m 3, metal above-ground tanks with a volume of 10 and 20 thousand m 3 were built, tank designs with pontoons and floating roofs with a volume of 50 thousand m 3 appeared, in In the Tyumen region, reservoirs with a volume of 50 thousand m were built on a pile foundation.
Means and tactics for extinguishing oil and petroleum product fires are being developed and improved.
Tank farms are divided into 2 groups.
The first is raw material parks of oil refineries and petrochemical plants; bases of oil and petroleum products. This group is divided into 3 categories depending on the capacity of the park, thousand m3.
St. 100........................................ 1
20-100.................................... 2
Up to 20................................................... 3
The second group is tank farms, which are part of industrial enterprises, the volume of which is for underground tanks with flammable liquids 4000 (2000), for gas liquids 20,000 (10,000) m 3. Figures in parentheses are for above-ground tanks.
Classification of tanks.According to the material: metal, reinforced concrete. By location: above ground and underground. By form: cylindrical, vertical, cylindrical horizontal, spherical, rectangular. By pressure in the tank: at a pressure equal to atmospheric, the tanks are equipped with breathing equipment, at a pressure above atmospheric, i.e. 0.5 MPa, with safety valves.
Reservoirs in parks can be placed in groups or separately.
For DVZh total capacity
a group of tanks with a floating roof or pontoons is no more than 120, and with fixed roofs - up to 80 thousand m 3.
For gas liquids, the capacity of a group of tanks does not exceed 120,000 m3.
The gaps between above-ground groups are 40 m, underground - 15 m. Driveways are 3.5 m wide with hard surfaces.
Fire-fighting water supply must ensure water flow for cooling ground-based tanks (except for tanks with a floating roof) over the entire perimeter in accordance with SNiP.
The water supply for extinguishing should be 6 hours for above-ground tanks and 3 hours for underground tanks.
Sewerage in an embankment is calculated based on the total consumption of: produced water, atmospheric water and 50% of the design cost for cooling the tanks.
Features of fire development. Fires in tanks usually begin with an explosion of a steam-air mixture in the gas space of the tank and the breaking off of the roof or an outbreak of a “rich” mixture without tearing off the roof, but with a violation of the integrity of its individual places.
The force of the explosion is usually greater in those tanks where there is a large gas space filled with a mixture of oil product vapors and air ( low level liquids).
Depending on the force of the explosion in a vertical metal tank, the following situation may be observed:
the roof is completely torn off and thrown to the side at a distance of 20-30 m. The liquid burns over the entire area of the tank;
the roof rises slightly, comes off completely or partially, then remains in a semi-submerged state in the burning liquid (Fig. 12.11);
the roof is deformed and forms small gaps at the points of attachment to the tank wall, as well as in the weld
ny seams of the roof itself. In this case, flammable liquid vapors burn above the formed cracks. In the event of a fire in reinforced concrete buried (underground) tanks, the explosion causes destruction of the roof, in which holes are formed large sizes, then during a fire the coating may collapse over the entire area of the tank due to high temperature and the impossibility of cooling their supporting structures.
In cylindrical horizontal, spherical tanks, the bottom most often collapses during an explosion, as a result of which the liquid spills over a large area, creating a threat to neighboring tanks and structures.
The condition of the tank and its equipment after a fire occurs determines the method of extinguishing and
Class 3 includes substances and products containing substances of this class that:
- are liquids;
- have a vapor pressure of no more than 300 kPa at a temperature of 50 °C and are not completely gaseous at a temperature of 20 °C and a normal pressure of 101.3 kPa;
- have a flash point no higher than 60 °C.
Class 3 also includes:
- diesel fuel, light heating oil and gas oil with a flash point above 60 °C, but not above 100 °C;
- liquid substances and solid substances in a molten state with a flash point above 60 °C, which are offered for carriage or transported in a hot state at a temperature equal to or above their flash point;
- liquid desensitized explosives.
NOTE 1. Flash point is the lowest temperature of a liquid at which its vapors form a flammable mixture with air.
NOTE 2. Liquid desensitized explosives are explosives dissolved or suspended in water or other liquid substances to form a homogeneous liquid mixture to suppress their explosive properties.
A common property of dangerous goods of this class is their ability to form a flammable concentration of vapors above the surface at any ambient temperature above their flash point. Vapors from flammable liquids may easily ignite upon brief contact with an ignition source such as a burning match, a heated surface, etc. The flammable concentration of vapors can spread over long distances from the leak site.
Besides, saturated couples flammable liquids with increasing temperature create significant pressure in containers, which can lead to depressurization of the container.
In empty containers with residual flammable liquids, an explosive concentration of vapors with air is formed.
Danger signs indicating dangerous properties Class 3 cargoes are shown in Fig. 1.
Rice. 1. Danger signs for dangerous goods of class 3
Substances of class 3, depending on the degree of danger they exhibit during transportation, belong to one of the packaging groups:
Packing group I: substances with a high degree of danger;
Packing group II: substances with a medium degree of danger;
Packing group III: substances with a low degree of danger.
The degree of danger (packing group) of flammable liquids is determined in accordance with table. 1.
Table 1
Criteria for assigning packaging groups for
flammable liquids
Examples
Class 3 dangerous goods include, for example:
UN No. 1170 Ethyl alcohol solution;
UN No. 1202 Diesel fuel;
UN No. 1203 Motor gasoline;
UN No. 1230 Methanol;
UN No. 1263 Paint;
UN No. 1308 Zirconium suspended in flammable liquid
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