How to insulate the end of a floor slab. Floors made of reinforced concrete slabs

When basement or the cellar in your house is heated, floor insulation loses its meaning. But when low temperatures underground, this issue acquires its relevance.

It is necessary to take into account that heat goes in our case from top to bottom, which means that water vapor will also move and diffuse out of the room. When performing thermal protection of such a ceiling, it is necessary to ensure the temperature on the floor surface is as close as possible to its value in the room itself. Also, this difference should not exceed 2 Co. From here it is easy to understand that our ceilings for this case need to be equipped with thermal insulation.

To reliably protect the insulation used from moisture, the thermal insulation is placed with cold side ceiling (from the basement), and a vapor barrier layer is installed above it. To ensure the floor has higher heat-protective properties, it is not laid on a solid base, but left underground space. It is better when the heat absorbed by your floor is insignificant (up to 12 W/m2xCo). This is most characteristic of wood. Concrete, marble and cement absorb heat with great intensity. Therefore, it is better to lay boards or their wood substitutes over a cold underground. You can use linoleum or other polymers.

Wooden floors

Before the beginning floor insulation It is necessary to ensure the dryness of the underground. This is most reliably achieved by using inlet and outlet. When arranging above the ground, the ground is well compacted and 15-20 cm of sand is poured, leaving the top air gap and only after that the logs are laid. If there is a basement or basement underneath the floor, it is best to use tightly fitted planks or lay water-resistant oriented strand board (OSB) over the joists.


The resulting surface is covered with glassine or waterproof film, on top of which insulation material is placed (preferably basalt or staple fiberglass). It is covered with OSB-3 or unedged boards. When the “rough” is ready, the final coating can be laid. It is important not to forget about the ventilation gap (at least 1 cm) between the floor and the floor, which is covered with a plinth. Since the plinth becomes the main insulation of the wall-floor angle, the thermal protection it provides can be increased by increasing its size or by laying a soft insulating layer under it.

Insulation of reinforced concrete floor panels

When prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs were chosen when arranging the floor, it always needs insulation, regardless of whether it separates the attic or basement. First, using a mixture of sand and cement, caulk (fill) all the seams of the joints and any detected flaws in the structure. When the surface leveling is completed, it is coated with waterproofing composition, and when it dries, cover it vapor barrier film and insulation, the thickness of which is selected after thermal engineering calculations. The film strips are laid on top of each other, gluing the joints with special tapes.


When using insulation with a polymer structure (for example extruded polystyrene foam) the need for steam is eliminated. When it is not possible to find the necessary insulation boards, you can use two layers of material. In this case, do not forget about the spread in the location of the joints of the layers. The insulation closes cement-sand screed, into which a metal or polymer reinforcing mesh is introduced. leveled with a leveling mass and covered with a waterproofing solution (for attic floors the latter is optional). Next, place the selected flooring: from and to or parquet.

When performing thermal insulation of any ceiling, the main factor in the quality of the work performed is accuracy and compliance with the necessary regulations. U reinforced concrete floors All insulation material is also selected taking into account further operational loads. For loaded floors, it is necessary to use high-strength, low-deformation insulation - a rigid mineral wool board with basalt fiber or dense extruded polystyrene foam. Non-load-bearing floors can be insulated with ordinary glass wool, polystyrene foam, polyurethane foam and all sorts of special backfills.

Insulation of wooden floors between floors

In most cases, such floors do not require insulation, since the temperature indicators of the rooms they separate are close to each other. The need to insulate interfloor structures arises only during construction or improvement. To do this, logs are attached to the beams with further arrangement of the rough and finished floor. The remaining space between the beams is filled thermal insulation material. A vapor barrier film is laid on the bottom of the insulation and a boardwalk is installed, to which the finishing layer is hemmed.

Insulation of wooden floors for the attic



When in the house cold attic, this is where the 6th part of the energy spent on heating the premises goes. Good thermal insulation will help retain heat and prevent mold on the ceiling. In cases where it is absent, the insulation of the ceiling is performed from the under-roof side. Choose basalt slabs or fiberglass, as well as foil insulation. Place it with foil in a warm room.

The insulation is laid on a plank between the joists; waterproofing and floorboards or OSB boards are placed on top for protection. A vapor-proof material is attached to the ceiling of the insulated room, which is hemmed with boards or plasterboard material.

Correct installation of floors in a brick house


Installation load-bearing beams in a brick (block) house, they are carried out in special, pre-prepared recesses in the walls. The structure is fixed using metal anchors. In external walls, beams are installed tightly. The depth of their embedding is at least 180 mm, of which 30 mm is width air gap beam-wall. To avoid rotting, before laying, the ends of the beams must be soaked with an antiseptic and wrapped in roofing felt and mastic, and then sealed with mortar. On interior walls the beams are laid using waterproofing.

Equipment for floors and ceilings for frame houses


Here it is necessary to insulate the floor above a ventilated basement or other cold room. For this purpose, volumetric ones will be most suitable mineral wool slabs and swearing. Several wooden blocks are installed on the underside of the logs, the gaps between which are filled with insulation, fixed plastic mesh or spring wire. To avoid damage by rodents, the bottom of the mats is covered with a continuous covering of material impregnated with rodents.

To prevent mold, rot and bad smell, the room and insulation need ventilation. Therefore, a small gap is left between the wall and the insulating mats. In places ventilation holes the ceiling is equipped with rigid thermal insulation. The warm side of the mats is covered with a vapor barrier film, which is joined to vapor barrier material walls.

A house is being built near Leroy Merlin in Khimki:

It interested me because, unlike other “monoliths,” here the end of the monolithic floor slab does not protrude onto the street, thereby eliminating a very serious cold bridge.

A simple task is actually not that easy to accomplish. The fact is that all such “monoliths” are covered with bricks. The external cladding is half a brick thick and cannot bear any significant load, including the cladding of higher floors.

Let's take a closer look at the house:

Some supports protrude from the monolithic floors (number 1 in the photo), on which the external masonry apparently rests. But how? I have not found a clear answer to this question.

Confirmation that the masonry begins in this place is the gap (number 2 in the photo) that formed between the new row (which rested on a concrete ledge) and the last row of the previous floor, which fell just short. I hope they will cover the crack with the solution.

Apparently I need to ask for an excursion. By the way, as a child I loved climbing construction sites, this is what it all led to

The cage outside the house is the mason's temporary place of work. As soon as a section of the wall is laid, the cage is moved to another place by crane, secured, and the mason continues the wall.

Here's another larger shot of the same house:

A mason is also working on these platforms, at the height of the 7th floor. It’s tough, of course, you have to have nerves like 12-gauge reinforcement.

In the corner we see a yellow level - German Stabila?

In private housing construction, the most popular are concrete and wooden floors. The ceilings of the first floors are often made of monolithic reinforced concrete or reinforced concrete slabs, for the second floors the floors are usually wooden. Unlike concrete, floors made of wooden beams the walls are not so heavily loaded, and wood is an affordable and environmentally friendly material.

Insulation of the interfloor ceiling is necessary if there is an unheated room on the floor below (for example, a garage or vestibule) or the room “extends” beyond the outer wall (for example, the ceiling cantilevers beyond the outer wall of the first floor).

If the rooms separated by a ceiling have a positive temperature, then they no longer need insulation, but to ensure tightness and sound insulation. This task is relevant for wooden floors, which do not have high sound absorption capacity.

A universal solution for providing thermal insulation, airtightness and sound insulation interfloor ceilings is the use of thermal insulation PIR boards PirroKraft and PirroUniversal.

PIR consists of a system of rigid closed cells that give the slab high strength. PIR boards are laid on top of the beams and form a continuous insulating layer that separates the floor covering from the load-bearing wooden beams.

  • Fire safety. PIR is fire resistant due to its special formula. The closed porous structure of PIR insulation prevents the combustion of polymers, allowing them only to char when exposed to flame. PIR does not support combustion, does not spread flame, does not melt or form burning melt droplets.
  • Moisture resistance. The material is non-hygroscopic and does not need protection from water vapor. The use of a vapor barrier layer is necessary only in rooms with wet processes - kitchen, bathroom, etc., in which the volume of water vapor released is significant for wooden floors.
  • Environmental friendliness .PIR boards are environmentally friendly to use, they do not contain styrene and formaldehyde, and are a chemically inert product with stable properties throughout their entire service life. The accumulation of dust, the development of bacterial populations and the occurrence of mold on the surface of the slabs and in areas adjacent to structural elements are excluded.
  • High strength. PIR boards are characterized by significant strength characteristics and low weight. The compressive strength exceeds 120 kPa and the tensile strength exceeds 150 kPa. The density of PIR boards is 30 kg/m 3, and the weight of a 100 mm thick board is only 3.1 kg/m 2!
  • In case of use mineral wool under the wooden floor beams it is necessary to hem a vapor barrier film. It is needed to retain small fibers of insulation, which fall down over time under the influence of vibration loads on the floor. In the case of PIR boards, such a layer is not needed. PIR boards do not contain harmful fibers; when working with them, no fibrous dust is generated that requires respiratory protection. This condition is especially relevant for rooms with already glazed window openings.
  • Thanks to laying PIR boards on top of the load-bearing layer of the floor (in the case of wooden beams), you are not tied to their spacing, and there is no waste from cutting the insulation.
  • PIR boards have less rigidity than extruded foam, so they absorb sound better.
  • The profiled ends of PIR slabs - “quarter” and “tongue and groove” - provide the slabs with high tightness of the joints.
  • PIR boards are easy to cut construction knife, hacksaw.
  • PIR boards are available in standard sizes: 1200x600 mm and 1200x1200 mm. For thermal and sound insulation of floors, slabs with profiled ends with a quarter thickness of 30 mm, 50 mm and 100 mm are recommended.
  • Thanks to the raw materials used and special linings, PIR boards do not allow rodents and insects to create population and habitat zones.
  • The use of PIR boards reduces the volume of required insulation, reduces delivery costs, increases installation speed, reduces the width of the foundation (foundation costs), and achieves high energy savings.

Technical characteristics of PIR boards PirroUniversal

Technical characteristics of PIR-boards PirroThermo

Technical characteristics of PIR boards PirroWall

Technical characteristics of PIR-boards PirroKraft

Instructions for insulating concrete interfloor slabs

    1 step

    Surface preparation. Free the base surface. Make sure it is level using a 2 meter lath.

    Step 2

    Laying PIR- PIR slabs R.O.
    To separate the floor screed and the load-bearing base (floor slab), it is possible to use profiled and non-profiled PIR boards. PIR boards are laid in rows, with offset joints in adjacent rows. Mechanical fastening No slabs to the base are required.

    Step 3

    Installation of damper tape (for the installation of “floating” floors).
    Attach a damper tape made of foamed polyethylene 4-10 mm thick or a special one to the wall around the perimeter of the room edge tape. The width of the strip should be such that after installation its upper edge is not lower than the finished floor level.

    Step 4

    A separating layer of polyethylene film thickness of at least 100 microns, foamed polyethylene or similar thick materials. This layer eliminates the possibility of mortar getting into the joints of the slabs. The rolled out separating layer sheets must have overlaps of at least 10cm. As an alternative, you can use any tape to seal the seams.

    Step 5

    The screed is made with a thickness of at least 40 mm. To distribute the loads, it is recommended to reinforce it with steel mesh. After completing the screed, you can begin installing the floors.

Instructions for insulating wooden interfloor ceilings

    1 step

    Preparing the base for laying PIR slabs. As a base for the slabs, a sparse plank flooring made from edged boards is installed. Boards can be laid in increments equal to the width of the board.

    Step 2

    Laying PIR boards. PIR boards are laid on top of the flooring in the transverse direction with offsets in adjacent rows. The recommended displacement is at least 20 cm. It is recommended to fix the laid slabs. To do this, they are fastened with 2-3 self-tapping screws (nails) to the boardwalk, while the head of the fastener should be recessed into the slab by 1-2 cm. Sealing the joints. Along the perimeter, in places where they adjoin the walls, the gaps between the PIR boards and the walls should be filled with polyurethane foam.

    Step 3

    Step 4

    Floor installation. First, the sheathing elements are laid on the insulation in increments (usually edged board), which are attached with self-tapping screws to the sparse boardwalk through the laid layer of insulation. A finishing floorboard is laid over the sheathing, or a continuous flooring of boards is made, OSB boards or other hard sheet materials for the subsequent installation of finished floors in accordance with your project.


The base for laying PIR boards must be level and clean. If necessary, a leveling screed is performed.
For better sound insulation of interfloor concrete floors, it is recommended to install “floating” floors. In floating floors, the base under the finished floor - the screed - should not be connected in any way to the walls and concrete floor. In this case, the effect of “sound bridges” will be eliminated.
Skirting boards in floating floors should only be attached to the floor or only to the wall.
When using brands of PIR boards with foil linings, a separating layer of polyethylene film with a thickness of 100 microns or more should be laid between the PIR board and the cement-containing layer.

To insulate the floor, the thickness of the PIR slabs is determined thermotechnical calculation. To install floating floors, it is enough to use slabs with a thickness of 30 mm.



Laying PIR boards is possible both on top of wooden beams and below. When laying on top of beams, a sparse plank flooring must first be installed. PIR-slabs PIRRO The recommended displacement of each subsequent row of slabs is at least 10 cm. Free overhangs of PIR slabs are allowed.
When installing a thermal insulation layer, the slabs can be secured against displacement with wood screws, while the screw head should be recessed into the slab by 1-2 cm. To ensure the tightness of the thermal insulation layer, the joints of the PIR slabs with external walls should be filled with polyurethane foam.
Installing a vapor barrier layer. Performed only for wet rooms. A vapor barrier layer is installed at the bottom of the beams. As a rule, vapor barriers are made from roll materials based on polypropylene. The sheets are attached to the bottom of the beams with overlaps of at least 15 cm.
Installation of ceilings. As the basis of the ceiling, continuous lining with boards or slabs of OSB, DSP, GVL can be used for the further installation of any type of ceiling (plaster, including based on gypsum plasterboard, tension, lath, etc.).

Floor installation. A sheathing is laid in increments on top of the PIR slab - a board or block, which is attached with self-tapping screws to the beams through the laid layer of insulation. Along the lathing, a continuous flooring is laid from boards or the above-mentioned slab materials for the subsequent installation of finished floors.

The ends of wooden beams must be treated with an antiseptic. To protect against capillary moisture in the wall, the beam should be supported on the wall through waterproofing material.
The end of the beam cannot be covered. Between street wall and the end of the beam should leave a gap of 10-20 mm for the release of water vapor from the wood.
The cross-section of wooden beams should be selected based on the overlapped span between the walls, the pitch of the beams and the floor structure. The most common beam cross-sections are 200x150 mm and 200x200 mm.
Do not forget that ceilings that cantilever out onto the street become part of the thermal contour of the house, and therefore a layer of vapor barrier must be introduced into their composition.
To speed up work, you can stack several PIR slabs in an even stack and cut them at the same time. This is due to the ease of processing the slabs.

Floor slabs

Factory-made floor slabs are a very popular option for floors in individual housing construction, because... the alternative is a monolithic concrete floor - a much more labor-intensive thing, difficult for inexperienced private developers. Unlike a monolith, slabs come with a factory-guaranteed maximum load, which is more than enough in a private home.

Description

There are two GOST standards for floor slabs in Russia:
  • GOST 9561-91 “Reinforced concrete hollow-core floor slabs for buildings and structures. Technical conditions."
  • GOST 26434-85 “Reinforced concrete floor slabs for residential buildings. Types and basic parameters."
These GOSTs are similar in content, and both GOSTs are valid. According to GOST 9561-91, floor slabs are divided into:
  • 1PC - 220 mm thick with round voids with a diameter of 159 mm, designed for support on two sides;
  • 1PKT - the same, for support on three sides;
  • 1PKK - the same, for support on four sides;
  • 2PK - 220 mm thick with round voids with a diameter of 140 mm, designed for support on two sides;
  • 2PKT - the same, for support on three sides;
  • 2PKK - the same, for support on four sides;
  • 3PK - 220 mm thick with round voids with a diameter of 127 mm, designed for support on two sides;
  • 3PKT - the same, for support on three sides;
  • 3PKK - the same, for support on four sides;
  • 4PK - 260 mm thick with round voids with a diameter of 159 mm and cutouts in the upper zone along the contour, intended for support on both sides;
  • 5PK - 260 mm thick with round voids with a diameter of 180 mm, designed for support on two sides;
  • 6PK - 300 mm thick with round voids with a diameter of 203 mm, designed for support on two sides;
  • 7PK - 160 mm thick with round voids with a diameter of 114 mm, designed for support on two sides;
  • PG - 260 mm thick with pear-shaped voids, designed for support on two sides;
  • PB - 220 mm thick, manufactured by continuous molding on long stands and designed to be supported on two sides.

This list does not include PNO type floor slabs, which are found in reinforced concrete manufacturers. In general, as far as I understand, slab manufacturers are not required to comply with GOST (Government Decree No. 982 of December 1, 2009), although many produce and label slabs in accordance with GOST.

Manufacturers produce slabs different sizes, you can almost always find the size you need.

In most cases, floor slabs are made prestressed (clause 1.2.7 of GOST 9561-91). Those. the reinforcement in the slabs is tensioned (thermally or mechanically), and after the concrete has hardened, it is released back. The compression forces are transferred to the concrete, and the slab becomes stronger.

Manufacturers can strengthen the ends of the slabs that participate in the support: fill round voids with concrete or narrow the cross-section of the voids in this place. If they are not filled by the manufacturer and the house turns out to be heavy (the load on the walls at the ends increases accordingly), then the voids in the area of ​​the ends can be filled with concrete yourself.

The slabs usually have special hinges on the outside, by which they are lifted by a crane. Sometimes reinforcement loops are located inside the slab in open cavities located closer to the four corners.

Floor slabs in accordance with paragraph 1.2.13 of GOST 9561-91 are designated as: type of slab - length and width in decimeters - design load on the slab in kilopascals (kilogram-force per square meter). The reinforcement steel class and other characteristics may also be indicated.

Manufacturers do not bother with designating the types of slabs and in price lists they usually write only the type of slab PC or PB (without any 1PK, 2PK, etc.). For example, the designation “PK 54-15-8” means a 1PK slab with a length of 5.4 m and a width of 1.5 m and with a maximum permissible distributed load of approximately 800 kg/m2 (8 kilopascals = 815.77 kilogram-force/m2 ).

Floor slabs have a bottom (ceiling) and top (floor) side.

According to paragraph 4.3 of GOST 9561-91, slabs can be stored in a stack with a height of no more than 2.5 m. Pads for the bottom row of slabs and gaskets between them in a stack should be located near the mounting loops.

Supporting the slabs

Floor slabs have a support zone. According to paragraph 6.16 of the “Manual for the design of residential buildings Vol. 3 (to SNiP 2.08.01-85)":

The depth of support of prefabricated slabs on walls, depending on the nature of their support, is recommended to be no less than, mm: when supported along the contour, as well as two long and one short sides - 40; when supported on two sides and the span of slabs is 4.2 m or less, as well as on two short and one long sides - 50; when supported on two sides and the span of the slabs is more than 4.2 m - 70.


The slabs also have a series of working drawings, for example, “series 1.241-1, issue 22”. These series also indicate the minimum support depth (it may vary). In general, the minimum depth of support for the slab must be checked with the manufacturer.

But there are questions regarding the maximum depth of support for the slabs. Different sources give completely different meanings, somewhere it is written that 16 cm, somewhere 22 or 25. One friend on Youtube assures that the maximum is 30 cm. Psychologically, it seems to a person that the deeper the slab is pushed into the wall, the more reliable it will be. However, there is definitely a limitation on the maximum depth, because if the slab goes too deep into the wall, then bending loads “work” differently for it. The deeper the slab goes into the wall, the lower the permissible stresses from loads on the supporting ends of the slab usually become. Therefore, it is better to find out the maximum support value from the manufacturer.

Similarly, slabs cannot be supported outside of the support zones. Example: on one side the slab lies correctly, and the other side hangs, resting on the middle load-bearing wall. Below I have drawn it:

If the wall is built from "weak" wall materials like aerated concrete or foam concrete, then you will need to build an armored belt to remove the load from the edge of the wall and distribute it over the entire area of ​​the wall blocks. For warm ceramics, an armored belt is also desirable, although instead of it you can lay several rows of ordinary durable solid brick, which does not have similar problems with support. With the help of an armored belt, you can also ensure that the slabs together form a flat plane, so there is no need for expensive ceiling plaster.

Laying slabs

The slabs are placed on the wall/armoured belt on cement-sand mortar 1-2 cm thick, no more. Quote from SP 70.13330.2012 (updated edition of SNiP 3.03.01-87) “Load-bearing and enclosing structures”, paragraph 6.4.4:

Floor slabs must be laid on a layer of mortar no more than 20 mm thick, aligning the surfaces of adjacent slabs along the seam on the ceiling side.


Those. the slabs are aligned to create flat ceiling, and the uneven floor can then be leveled with a screed.

During installation, the slabs are placed only on those sides that are intended for support. In most cases, these are only two sides (for PB and 1PK slabs), so you cannot “pinch” the third side, which is not intended for support, with the wall. Otherwise, the slab clamped on the third side will not correctly absorb the loads from above, and cracks may form.

Laying of floor slabs must be done before construction interior partitions, the slabs should not initially rest on them. Those. first you need to let the slab “sag”, and only then build non-load-bearing interior walls (partitions).

The gap between the plates (the distance between the sides) may vary. They can be laid closely, or with a gap of 1-5 cm. The gap space between the floor slabs is then sealed with mortar. Usually the gap width is obtained “by itself” when calculating required quantity slabs, their size and distance to be covered.

After installation, floor slabs can be tied together using, for example, welding. This is done in earthquake-prone regions (Ekaterinburg, Sochi, etc.); in ordinary regions this is not necessary.

In places where it is difficult to select a floor slab or where it is impossible to install it correctly, a monolithic floor should be poured. It must be poured after installing the factory slabs in order to correctly set the thickness of the monolith. You need to make sure the installation is tight monolithic ceiling, especially if a ladder will rest on it. The space formed between the floor slabs does not always have a trapezoidal shape or a shape with slab protrusions on which you can rest. If the monolith turns out to be rectangular and is not supported by the beveled edges of the adjacent slabs, then it can simply fall out.

Insulation

The ends of floor slabs lying on external walls must be insulated, because reinforced concrete has high thermal conductivity and the slab in this place becomes a cold bridge. Extruded polystyrene foam can be used as insulation. I drew an example:


To carrier outer wall 50 cm thick includes a slab with a support of 12 cm, which is insulated at the end with EPS ( Orange color) 5 cm thick.

Monolithic floors reinforced concrete slabs floors have long been known and have proven themselves in the construction of private and multi-storey buildings. To this day, they are in demand and popular, especially in the construction of cottages. large area. Reinforced concrete hollow-core floor slabs have a lot of advantages; the design of these slabs is such that, in addition to evenly distributing the load over the entire surface, they also additionally add rigidity and stability to the building.


General information and advantages of reinforced concrete slabs

The slabs are made of concrete, in which iron reinforcement is installed during pouring. The slabs have longitudinal voids along their length round shape, which in combination with reinforcement gives the structure a huge advantage. The reinforced concrete slab is able to withstand bending, does not break under high loads, it is very durable at correct operation during construction. Monolithic slabs factory-produced meet all the requirements for floors, they are durable and resistant to high temperatures. It is very important that the reinforced concrete slab is a good sound insulator and, in addition, retains heat.

Equally important is the fact that the use of slabs in construction greatly speeds up and simplifies the process; they can be installed where no other flooring method is suitable. For example, laying the floors of a private house with an area of ​​more than 100 m² using pouring will take a lot of time, in addition, labor costs, as well as financial costs, will be much higher than when laying the floor with reinforced concrete slabs.


Correct selection of slabs and calculations

When laying the floor of the first floor, you need to understand that a large load will be placed on it, so it is important to correctly calculate the weight of the structure and take into account everything, including total weight home and furniture or equipment that will be installed on the premises. The thickness of reinforced concrete slabs is standard and equal to 220 mm, but the slabs can be designed for different weight loads depending on their brand. Here, the reinforcement of the slab and what grade of concrete it is made of play a role.

Reinforced concrete slabs are produced in lengths of 2.4-6.8 meters, the width of such slabs, depending on the length, is 1.2-1.5 meters, and their weight is 0.9-2.5 tons. This allows the use of small equipment, cranes up to 3 tons lifting loads. It is not difficult to understand which slab you need; a marking is placed on the surface, for example, a PC 8-42-12 slab will be 4.2 meters long, 1.2 m wide, with a weight load of 800 kg/m².

Rules for installing slabs depending on the floor

When laying floor slabs, it is important to consider where they will be laid, since installation rules ground floor differ from laying floors between floors.

In the case of laying a basement floor, it is necessary to first carry out work to level the foundation, namely its upper edge. To do this, the upper edge of the foundation is not made of high formwork from boards; here it is necessary to pour a small layer of concrete to create a perfectly flat horizontal surface. Now a reinforced concrete slab can be laid on such a platform.

The slabs are laid taking into account their taper; it turns out that the lower part of the slab will fit smoothly with the adjacent row. There is a small seam at the top that needs to be sealed. cement mortar. This results in an almost flat floor surface in the shortest possible time. Depending on the type of floor you'll be laying, you may need to use a thin screed, but for most flooring materials, a slab without additional finishing is suitable.

In the case when a reinforced concrete slab is laid as a floor between floors, an additional reinforced concrete belt must be made on the walls made of bricks or blocks. This is something like a seismic belt, which is performed as follows. When the height of the walls is laid out to the required height, another row is laid, but one layer needs to be laid in order to leave an inner end around the entire perimeter, into which the slab will lie, and from the outside this place will be covered with brick. Before laying the slab, as in the first case, it is necessary to perform formwork and pour a thin layer of concrete with reinforcement. As a result, a niche is formed with a small gap for laying insulation materials, where the slab is laid. Thin layer reinforced concrete increases the strength of the surface and evenly distributes the load from the slab along the walls.

Insulation

The floor slabs themselves serve good insulation, since they are located inside the premises of the house, there is no need to insulate them, however, it is necessary to insulate the ends. The slab has high thermal conductivity, which is undoubtedly good, because the slab on the upper floor conducts heat from below and thus the floor becomes warm. But the stove will receive cold from the ends, so you need to protect it with a layer of insulation. In the niche that was formed during the reinforcement process, where the slab adjoins the wall, it is necessary to lay insulation. Then this space, like the rest of the cracks, is filled with concrete.

It is necessary to carry out insulation, otherwise condensation will form in these voids, which the slab will absorb and gradually collapse. In addition to the destruction of the slab, humidity will appear in the room, and in places where there is reinforcement, rust will appear, which will not be covered with any putty.

Actually, this completes the process of creating floors and interfloor ceilings; now you can begin finishing the floor with materials. As already mentioned, you may have to apply a thin leveling layer of screed

With these types of work, construction equipment can greatly help you, for example