What materials are called non-woven? nonwovens
NONWOVEN MATERIALS (FABRICS)
Non-woven fabrics are produced by methods that eliminate the processes of weaving and spinning. Flat nonwoven materials are produced by bonding fibrous webs using liquid and foam binders.
Nonwovens - flexible and durable products, relatively small thickness, relatively large width and indefinite length, formed from one or more layers of textile materials (fibers, threads) held together different ways.
PRODUCTION OF NONWOVEN CLOTHES. The production of nonwoven materials includes: the formation of a canvas from fibers evenly distributed in it or the formation of a mesh from longitudinally and transversely laid threads; bonding fibers in canvas or threads in a mesh; finishing (if necessary) of the resulting canvases in order to give them certain properties.
Non-woven fabrics can be produced in various ways: mechanical, physical-chemical and combined.
· Mechanical production method. Using this method, non-woven fabrics are produced by bonding canvas, a system of threads, textile fabrics and/or combining them with other (so-called frame) materials. Bonding occurs due to the forces of friction and adhesion of various components to each other when the working parts of the equipment act on the fibrous material. According to this production method, 4 groups of canvases are distinguished: knitting-stitching, needle-punched, felting and jet fabrics.
The knitting-stitching method is based on the principle of stitching a system of warp and weft threads in parallel lines of stitches of various weaves. Unlike the weaving process, where the fabric is formed by weaving two systems of warp and weft threads, three systems of threads are involved in the production of tufted fabrics.
Knitting stitching canvases are divided:
canvas-stitched fabrics that are made by stitching fibrous canvas with threads that are secured on a knitting machine with a thread system of any knitted weave. A special feature of this type of fabric is the presence of a large zigzag chain. They are used as thermal insulation (for example, batting), packaging materials, bases in the production of artificial leather;
thread-stitched fabrics They consist entirely of threads. They are formed by stitching a system of two threads - longitudinal and transverse - with a third system on a knitting machine by knitting them. They have a porous structure. This is how decorative linens, towels, and outerwear are obtained ;
fabric-stitched canvases in their structure they can be terry and pile. They are made on the basis of a lightweight frame stitched with a system of pile threads. The frame can be fabric, knitted fabrics, thread-stitched fabrics. The characteristics of non-woven knitting and stitching fabrics are the stitching density along the length, width, and the length of the thread in the loop.
Needle punched fabrics. Needle-punched technology for the production of non-woven fabrics involves entangling fibers with each other when piercing the canvas with special barbed needles using needle-punching machines. As a result, a very dense spatial structure is formed, characterized by high strength to mechanical stress. This technology produces cloth up to 15 m wide for paper machines, technical “sleeves”, patterned loop materials, relief floor coverings, products with a given shape, blankets, filters. The technology most often used in their production is "spunbond", allowing for high physical and mechanical properties(in particular isotropy), as well as resistance to various chemical compounds(alkalis, acids). The resulting material is not susceptible to rotting, fungi and mold, or root germination. Such paintings include needle-punched padding polyester, it looks denser and appears less warm in appearance. The connections between the fibers are established on special equipment using needle combs, which intertwine the fibers of the outer layers. This padding polyester guarantees the preservation of its properties after washing.
Felt fabrics are made by repeated mechanical impacts on the canvas and compaction of the fibrous mass of the canvas under the combined action of moisture, heat and mechanical load. These are, as a rule, wool fibers that can be felted in a humid environment with elevated temperatures. These include: felt, felted shoes, woolen technical felt and products made from it.
Inkjet canvases. The method is based on the bonding of fibrous canvas with thin jets of liquid or gas, which are released under pressure at high speed. The most common use is water jets. One of the representatives of inkjet fabrics is a non-woven fabric made of microfibers - microspan.
· Physico-chemical methods for the production of nonwoven materials. These methods are considered the most progressive. They are based on fast-paced physical and chemical processes of bonding fibers (or threads) due to adhesion (gluing) forces. Bonding can be carried out: with liquid binders, with solid binders, with thermal bonding, bonded using a paper-making method using a spunbond method. The methods for producing canvases using this technology are varied: impregnation with binders, formation from a melt or polymer solution, thermal bonding, etc. The most famous is the method of producing non-woven fabrics by impregnation with binders, or glue method.
Bonding with liquid and solid binders. When heated or dissolved, binders soften and glue the fabric structure together. They can be introduced into the polymer structure at the stage of preparing the fibrous mass in the form of powder, mesh, film, etc. Using this technology, so-called glued nonwoven materials are produced. Their basis is a fibrous canvas formed from homogeneous fibers or their mixtures with a mass of 1 m 2 from 10 to 1000 g. The fibers in the canvas are bonded with liquid polymer binders, most often aqueous polymer dispersions (latexes based on rubber or thermoplastic polyacrylates). Bonding with solid binders is based on the bonding of fibers and threads of the fabric with thermoplastic binders when heated. They are introduced into the structure of the fabrics in the form of powder, low-melting fibers, etc.
Papermaking method The production of non-woven fabrics is based on the molding of fibrous canvas hydrodynamically from a suspension of fibers containing a binder. With this method of producing nonwoven fabrics, you can use various raw materials, short fibers and high-performance equipment. In this way, fabrics for medical purposes are obtained.
Spunbond method based on gluing fibers or threads immediately after they are formed from solutions or melts of polymers. At the exit from the dies, they are almost simultaneously laid into the canvas. The main advantage of the spunbond method over others technological processes- elimination of operations for preparing fibrous raw materials, combining the stages of obtaining fibers and canvas.
· Combined method- this is a method that combines mechanical and physico-chemical technologies (needle-punched or jet fastening of the canvas with its further connection with binders; stitching the frame with pile threads while simultaneously securing them with the help of binding reagents).
This method includes the electroflocking method, in which short fibers are orientedly applied to a base (fabric, knitted fabric) pre-coated with glue. electric field high voltage in an electroflocking machine. This method is used to make artificial suede, fur, flocked carpeting, etc.
The variety of methods for producing non-woven fabrics forms the basis for the classification of non-woven fabrics.
CLASSIFICATION OF NON-WOVEN FABRICS. Non-woven fabrics are classified according to the production method. The classification of methods for producing nonwoven materials is shown in Fig. 11.1
Rice. 11.1. Classification of non-woven fabrics
RANGE OF NON-WOVEN FABRICS. Range canvas-stitched materials- These are materials such as fabrics and batting. Clothing is made from canvas-stitched non-woven fabrics: dresses, dressing gowns, children's clothing, sportswear, suits, coats; used for the manufacture of children's and sportswear:
thread-stitched non-woven fabrics. Dresses, blouses, shirts, suits, children's products, as well as household items are made from thread-stitched non-woven fabrics;
fabric-stitched non-woven fabrics. From fabric-stitched non-woven fabrics are made into terry: dresses, bathrobes, children's products; pile: coats, sportswear .
Needle-punched non-woven fabrics used for the manufacture of heat-insulating gaskets and hangers for garments.
From felted non-woven fabrics They produce clothing, household items, shoes, hats, and technical products.
Glued non-woven fabrics in clothing they are used for lining, which provides and maintains the shape of the product. Padding materials are divided into non-adhesive and adhesive. Non-adhesive cushioning materials include linen beading, cotton calico madapolam, calico, etc. Adhesive materials include: non-woven fabric, proclamelin, glued fabric “Syunt”, felt, doublerin, adhesive edge, adhesive web, etc.
Nonwoven, used for laying in sides, collars, straps, valves, slots, pocket leaves, and at the bottom of the sleeve of the product.
Proclamelin used as gaskets for dresses, suits, coats.
Glued fabric "Syunt" used as a cushioning material for women's summer coats, suits and coats made of faux fur. Filtz – needle-punched laminated fabric used in the manufacture of jackets as a lining for lower collars.
Doublerin – these are adhesive cushioning materials on a woven or knitted basis, which are used for duplicating stretch materials and knitwear, as well as for large-sized parts .
Glue thread - monofilament in the form of a vein made of thermoplastic polymer. Used for fastening folded and hemmed edges of parts.
Hot-melt adhesive web is a non-woven adhesive material made from melt blow molding. Issued on paper based and without paper, width from 10 to 40 mm. Used for hemming the bottom of products.
Adhesive mesh made of polymers high pressure, has a cellular structure, designed for dimensional stability of small parts.
Adhesive edge protects from stretching the cuts of the armhole, neckline, fold line of the lapel, border, etc. It is produced on a calico base or on a base made of thread-stitched non-woven fabric. It is more elastic and easier to fit along the rounded lines of the product. The width of the adhesive edge is 10, 15 and 20 mm. It can also be cut on the bias and reinforced with stitching or soutache.
STRUCTURE OF NONWOVEN FABRICS. The structure of nonwoven materials is complex and varied. Most non-woven fabrics are made from fibrous canvas. The structure of the canvas is determined by the nature of the arrangement of the fibers and their orientation in the canvas. Characteristics of the canvas structure are the coefficient of fiber curvature and fiber orientation. Fiber orientation is expressed by the angle of inclination of the fiber to the longitudinal direction of the canvas.
Stitched canvas fabrics have a porous and loose structure. Thread-stitched - porous structure. Fabric-stitched fabrics are made of terry and pile.
The following are used to characterize the structure of knitting-stitching non-woven fabrics: stitching density along the length PD and width PW, loop length l p, length of stitching thread in 1 m 2. The length of the stitching thread is determined by the formula:
The structure of needle-punched fabrics is characterized by the frequency of punctures per 1 cm 2 of fabric area and this indicator is called puncture density.
A feature of the structure of laminated fabrics is the presence of zones of bonding fibers or threads with binders.
· HOLLOFIBER– these are non-woven fabrics made of hollow fibers (in the form of microsprings located vertically in the fabric), obtained by thermal bonding. Literal translation of the word Holofiber®: Hollow (hollow or hollow), fiber (fiber). Such nonwoven fabrics and hollow fiber fillers are produced by the Termopol-Moscow Nonwoven Materials Plant under the brand name HOLLOWIFBER®. Holofiber fibers can quickly restore their shape after being crushed and have a high resistance to maintaining their shape over time. Fabrics made from these fibers are produced with different surface densities, widths and heights.
Developed the following types non-woven fabrics and fillers: Holofiber soft, Holofiber medium, Holofiber hard.
· HOLLOFIBER SOFT – This is a soft, elastic fabric that provides products with unique properties thermoregulation, while allowing the body to “breathe”, retains its shape, and the product can be washed. The canvas is used in the manufacture of outerwear and travel equipment without stitching, which significantly reduces labor costs in sewing production.
· HOLLOFIBER MEDIUM - this fabric is particularly sensitive to microclimate human body and therefore the most convenient, environmentally friendly, non-allergenic material for the manufacture of children's sets. The material has rapid recovery after crushing, which allows you to quality furniture without “rumpled places” and “extra folds” on the upholstery after prolonged sitting, and is also the best filler to create a soft toy.
· HOLLOFIBER HARD - This is a rigid synthetic non-woven fabric. It is used in particularly heavily loaded elements upholstered furniture, car interiors, etc., as a good substitute for foam rubber (with large thicknesses), for the manufacture of mattresses, and is a good sound and heat insulator.
· PERIO TEK - This is a non-woven material made of polyester fibers, thermally bonded together, consisting of 3 layers: two reinforcing and one load-bearing. The name PerioTek is made up of the first syllables of the phrase PERI occasionally ABOUT oriented TEK stura. The uniqueness of PerioTek technology lies in vertical installation fibers, which gives the nonwoven material improved volume recovery, which allows the product to retain its shape. Polyester fiber with a low-melting coating is used as a binding material. The structure of the PerioTek filler more actively resists compression, directing forces directly towards the pressure (like a spring). PerioTek is produced by the Whole World nonwoven fabrics factory based on various synthetic and natural fibers, with a density from 150 to 750 g/m², up to 2.2 meters wide and is used as a filler for upholstered furniture and mattresses.
· HOLLO-TEK TM - is a homogeneous fabric consisting of several layers located parallel to each other. HolloTek received its name from the English words “hollow” - hollow, “tek” - texture and because it consists of hollow spirally twisted polyester fibers coated with silicone. Polyester fiber with a low-melting coating is used as a binding material. To reduce friction between the layers and increase the uniformity of the web, after formation the layers are partially mixed with each other.
HolloTek is used as a filler in the production of upholstered furniture; for the production of bedding - bedspreads, blankets and pillows; Having low fiber migration, it is used in the production of outerwear.
· Sintepon - High-quality non-woven filler is made from polyester fibers, which are bonded thermally. Polyester fiber with a low-melting coating is used as a binding material. Using additional technological equipment, obtain a fabric structure that has a larger volume with a lower density: Sintepon Economy ™; Sintepon Standard ™; Sintepon Wool; Sintepon Melange ™ (contains natural cotton). All types of padding polyester can be reinforced with an additional layer. Synthetic winterizer is used for insulating lining in clothing, upholstered furniture, mattresses, bedding, quilting, sewing, decorative items new generation.
· Shelter™ - insulating non-woven filler. Shelter got its name from English word"shelter" - reliable shelter - this filler is environmentally friendly and does not cause allergies; It has good thermal insulation, breathability, moderate elasticity, uniform structure, good drapability, reduced fiber migration.
There are several types of Shelter materials: Shelter Standard ™; Shelter Soft™; Shelter Light™; Shelter AC ™ (with increased antistatic properties); Shelter AB ™ (obtained using nanotechnology, acquires antibacterial resistance). In accordance with GOST 29335-92 “Men’s suits for protection from low temperatures”, Shelter insulation is recommended for use under special conditions climate zone, making it indispensable in the manufacture of special insulated clothing for workers in the gas, fuel and oil industries.
· FIBERTECH™- this is a non-woven material, which is a volumetric layer of thin hollow fibers with elements of volumetric thermal bonding, specially treated with silicone. These fibers move independently of each other, and as a result, FIBERTEK insulation does not bunch up, does not cake, and retains its shape even after getting wet. To achieve the required strength and stability, the surface of the layer is reinforced with polypropylene fiber and mechanically quilted. FIBERTEK is produced in the form of layers various densities, width, thickness. Layers can be made without an outer shell, with a single-sided or double-sided outer shell with quilting at intervals of 10 - 25 cm.
· Spunbond - non-woven fabric made of 100% polypropylene. One representative of these nonwoven materials is fabric " Polartek". Nonwoven materials produced using the Spunbond method represent a fundamentally new class of products that occupy an intermediate position between paper and fabrics. Using this technology, fabrics can be produced with a surface density from 5 to 800 g/m2 and a thickness from 0.11 to 4 mm. With the help of additives, it can be given various properties: hydrophilicity, hydrophobicity, antistatic. Spunbond fabrics are used for the production of sanitary and hygienic and medical clothing; for the production of disposable clothing; home textiles; mattress production; for packaging products.
· Fleece- This is a synthetic “wool” made of polyester that does not absorb moisture, but conducts it. In addition, products made from this material are light, durable and hold heat well, thanks to the large amount of air contained in the so-called “air chambers”. It can also be one- or two-sided. Single-sided is usually used for sewing linen and shirts, double-sided for warmer clothes.
Nonwovens - This textile products made of fibers or threads joined together without the use of weaving methods. Large industrial production nonwoven materials appeared in the 40s. 20th century Modern nonwoven materials are one of the main types of textile products in many countries. Materials obtained by physical and chemical methods. Most nonwovens, so-called bonded nonwovens, are produced by methods in which the fibers are joined using adhesives (adhesives). The most common are glued nonwoven materials, the basis of which is the so-called fibrous canvas (a layer of textile fibers, the mass of 1 m2 of which ranges from 10 to 1000 g or more).
Briefly, according to the TSB definition, “Nonwoven materials are textile products made of fibers or threads interconnected without the use of weaving methods.”
Most often, the canvas is formed mechanically from several layers of carding coming from the removable drum of a carding machine. The canvas is produced by the aerodynamic method, in which the fibers are removed from the carding drum by a stream of air and, to form the canvas, are transferred to a mesh drum (condenser) or to a horizontal mesh with maximum speed up to 100 m/min and more. The canvas can also be produced from an aqueous dispersion of fibers on the mesh of a paper machine. Depending on the characteristics of fiber gluing, there are several methods for producing glued nonwoven materials. The most common method is based on impregnating the canvas with a liquid binder - synthetic latex. The canvas is immersed in a bath of binder or the binder is sprayed over the surface of the canvas.
Sometimes impregnation is used, similar to applying a pattern to the surface of a fabric using printing. The impregnated material is dried and processed in thermal chambers heated by hot air or infrared emitters. Canvas is usually formed from cotton, a mixture of viscose and polyamide fibers, or from textile waste, including non-spun ones. Nonwoven materials obtained by this method (speed 50 m/min or more) are used as lining and cushioning materials, for filters, as heat and sound insulating materials in the automotive industry, etc. With the hot pressing method, fibers are bonded with thermoplastics (polyamides, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, etc.) under pressure up to 2 MN/m2 (20 kgf/cm2) at elevated temperatures, usually on special calenders.
Gluing is preceded by heat treatment of a layer of fibers containing a binder, which is introduced into the canvas at the stage of its formation (in the form of fusible fibers, mesh, threads, etc.) or into an already formed canvas (in the form of powder). When producing nonwoven materials using paper-making machines (speed 100 m/min or more), a binder (latexes, fusible fibers, etc.) is introduced into the mass entering the machine, or into the already cast fabric. Such nonwoven materials are cheap and widely used in the production of disposable products (bed linen for hotels, towels, tablecloths, dressings).
With the spunbond method synthetic fibers, formed at the exit from the spinnerets of the spinning machine, pass through channels in which they are drawn out in the air flow, and then, when laid on a moving conveyor, form a web. The formed material is most often secured with a binder; in some cases, the stickiness of the fibers themselves is used. With the structure-forming method, the production of nonwoven materials is possible without the use of fibers: the fabric is formed as a result of the formation of condensation structures from solutions or aerosols of polymers (in the form of a porous, sometimes fibrous sediment, which may contain fillers, then washed out) or by curing foam, etc. Such nonwoven materials “ breathe" like fabric. They can be used instead of fabric or paper in technology (for filters, etc.) and for household purposes. Materials received by mechanical means. In the production of canvas-stitched nonwoven materials (technology “malivatt” - GDR, “arachne” - Czechoslovakia, etc.) in the canvas moving through the knitting-stitching machine, the fibers are fixed as a result of stitching them with threads, which are laid and connected in the same way as when warping on a knitted fabric car.
Such non-woven materials are used as thermal insulation (instead of woven batting, etc.) or packaging materials, as a basis in the production of artificial leather, etc. The productivity of one unit is 3-8 m/min or more. Thread-stitched nonwoven materials (malimo materials - GDR) are produced by stitching one or more thread systems. These nonwoven materials are used for decorative purposes, for beach and outerwear, towels, etc. Of particular interest are thread-stitched nonwoven materials with pile sagging loops (half loops), which successfully compete with woven terry materials (of the “frotte” type). Plain-stitched nonwoven materials are made by stitching a textile fabric with pile yarn (Malipol material - GDR), the use of which helps to improve the structure and properties of the fabric. For this purpose, fabric, “malimo” material, etc. are used. Non-woven materials for coats and skirts are stitched with wool yarn, the base for tufted carpets (550 cm wide) - with carpet yarn using needles pulling it through the fabric. When the needle moves back, the yarn is caught in the holder, resulting in loops.
To secure the loops, a binder is applied to the back of the carpet. Machine productivity is 5 m2/min or more. Using knitting and stitching machines, nonwoven materials are produced without the use of threads (Voltex materials - GDR, Arabeva - Czechoslovakia, etc.). Such nonwoven materials may consist, for example, of fabric and scrim made from long fibers. After pulling the canvas fibers through the woven frame, strong loops are formed on the reverse side of the nonwoven materials, and fluffy and high pile is formed on the front side. Such nonwoven materials are used as insulating pads in sportswear and demi-season coats, for the manufacture of hats, warm shoes, etc. The most promising are needle-punched nonwoven materials made by entangling fibers in canvas and stitching it with barbed needles. Piercing the material occurs when the board with needles moves downwards (all the way). When it moves upward, the material moves forward (machine productivity 5 m/min).
Such non-woven materials are used as carpets, which successfully compete not only with woven, but also with tufted carpets, since they do not require yarn for production. Needle-punched nonwoven materials are also used as blankets, cloth for paper-making machines, filters, etc. Nonwoven materials also include felted textile materials (see Felting), the manufacture of which uses the ability of wool fibers to felt (during mechanical or heat-moisture processing ). A fabric frame is sometimes introduced into the composition of such nonwoven materials. The technology for their production has a long history (this is how, for example, felt boots are obtained).
Lit.: Technology of production of nonwoven materials. M., 1967; Tikhomirov V.B. Chemical Technology production of nonwoven materials. M., 1971; Perepelkina M.D., Shcherbakova M.N., Zolotnitskaya K.N. Mechanical technology for the production of nonwoven materials. M., 1973.
The development process of the nonwoven materials industry in Russia can be divided into four stages:
The first stage is the formation of the industry (60–70s).
The second stage is its heyday (80s).
The third stage is a sharp decline in production (90s).
The fourth stage is the rise in production and prospects for the development of nonwoven materials at the present time.
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Nonwoven fabrics do not require interlocking yarns for internal cohesion. Essentially, they have no organized geometric structure. Nonwovens are the result of the interconnection between two fibers. This gives nonwovens their own characteristics, with new or best properties(absorption, filtration) and therefore opens them up to other applications.
So , non-woven fabric, what is it and where is it used? First of all, it is an independent product with its own characteristics and advantages, but also with disadvantages. Nonwovens are all around us and we use them every day, often without knowing it. Indeed, they are often hidden from view.
Non-woven fabrics can be made absorbent, breathable, drapeable, flame retardant, lightweight, lint free, molded, soft, stable, tough, tear resistant, water repellent if required. It is obvious, however, that not all of the mentioned properties can be combined in one nonwoven material.
Application of nonwoven materials:
- Personal funds and hygiene products such as baby diapers, feminine hygiene products, adult incontinence products, dry and wet wipes, and bra pads or nasal strips.
- Healthcare items such as operating room curtains, gowns and bags, face masks, bandages and swabs, bag liners, etc.
- Clothing: gaskets, insulation and protective clothing, industrial work clothing, suits for chemical protection, shoe components, etc.
- Home: napkins and rags, tea and coffee bags, fabric softeners, body wraps food products, filters, bed and table linen, etc.
- Automotive: trunk lining, shelves, oil and cabin air filters, molded liners, heat shields, airbags, strips, decorative fabrics, etc.
- Construction: roofing and tile lining, thermal and sound insulation, cladding, lifting, drainage, etc.
- Geotextiles: asphalt overlay, soil stabilization, drainage, sedimentation and erosion control, etc.
- Filters: air and gas
- Industry: cable insulation, abrasives, reinforced plastics, separators batteries, satellite dishes, faux leather, air conditioning.
- Agriculture, home environment, leisure and travel, school and office, etc.
Origin and advantages of nonwovens
In fact, nonwovens were the result of recycling waste or second-quality fibers left over from industrial processes such as weaving or leather processing. They were also the result of restrictions in raw materials, for example during and after World War II. These humble origins, of course, lead to some technical and marketing missteps; it is also largely responsible for two still lingering misconceptions about nonwovens: they are considered cheap substitutes; many also associate them with disposable products and for this reason view nonwovens as cheap, low-quality products.
Not all nonwovens are limited to single-use applications. Most of products are intended for long-term end use, such as gaskets, roofing, geotextiles, automotive or floor coverings etc. However, many nonwovens, especially lightweight ones, are indeed used as disposable products or incorporated into disposable items.
In our opinion, this is the main sign of effectiveness. Suitability for waste disposal is only possible for cost-effective products that concentrate on the basic required characteristics and provide them without excess.
Most nonwovens, disposable or not, are high-tech, functional elements such as ultra-high absorption or moisture retention, softness, outstanding barrier properties for medical applications in the operating room or better opportunities filtration due to their pore sizes and distribution, etc. It should also be noted that the non-flammable non-woven material is also not flammable.
They were not manufactured for the purpose of their use, but to fulfill other requirements. They have largely become disposable due to the sectors in which they are used (hygiene, healthcare) and due to their economic efficiency. And recycling very often creates additional benefits for users.
Since disposable items have never been used before, they are guaranteed to have all necessary properties, and are not reusable washed fabrics.
Raw materials for the production of nonwoven materials
Cellulosic man-made fibers of all lengths and purity levels and with distinctly different properties are at the disposal of the non-woven bonded fabric industry.
All of them are characterized by the ability to absorb quite a large number of moisture. It recommends their use wherever this property is useful for the production of non-woven bonded fabrics, and/or the use of non-woven bonded fabrics is another precondition.
Nonwovens are textile fabrics consisting of separated fibers that are properly positioned using application-oriented technologies. To ensure functionality finished product, they connect. For this reason, the choice of fibers and possibly binders has special meaning: This applies to fiber raw materials and fiber sizes. Typically, they have a larger share in the creation of non-woven fabrics than is the case in textile filament fabrics. Bonding agents can also affect the quality of nonwovens.
Fiber materials used for nonwovens
Almost all types of fibers can be used to produce bonded nonwoven fabrics. The choice of fiber depends on:
- required fabric profile;
- economic efficiency for the production of non-woven bonded fabrics;
- chemical fibers of both cellulose and synthetic origin.
Because a wide range of fabrics are either being developed or already in production, it is impossible to name and describe all fabrics and fibers. Most important details will be given below.
- Plant fibers.
The most important component of plant fibers is cellulose, which is hydrophilic and hygroscopic. Besides cellulose, plant fibers are also composed of several other substances that affect their properties. Cotton is the most important plant fiber used to produce non-woven bonded fabrics.
- Animal fibers.
Nonwovens-8
The field of nonwoven bonded fabrics has become so broad that to some extent it includes almost every type of fiber in existence. However, certain types of fibers have become predominant in certain areas.
The two main types of fibers are polyamide 6, commonly known as perlon, and polyamide 6.6, commonly called nylon to distinguish it from perlon. The number after the word "polyamide" indicates how many carbon atoms are present in each molecule that makes up the polyamide.
Nonwoven materials are textile fabrics that are made from various fibers without traditional weaving or weaving techniques.
According to the scope of application there are:
- for tailoring;
- household;
- technical;
- packaging;
- gaskets;
- artificial leather base;
- furniture.
According to the bonding method, nonwoven materials are made using the following methods:
- Chemical or adhesive bonding (glue method).
- Mechanical fastening: needle-punched, piercing methods, hydro-jet method (Spunlace technology).
Canvas stitched fabric It is made by carefully combing pre-prepared fibers and passing it through a special converter, which places the fibers perpendicular to each other. The resulting canvas is stitched on a knitting machine. These are: flannel, flannel, cloth, drape, batting.
Quality indicators: wear-resistant, highly elastic, low-crease, breathable, not subject to shrinkage.
Thread-stitched fabrics are obtained by weaving a system of two threads. In a special way. They are overlapped one on top of the other and secured with a chain stitch. This is: blouse fabric, dress fabric, used for sewing swimwear.
Such fabrics are: shape-stable, have low thermal conductivity, hygroscopic, breathable, practically do not fray when cut, and have good stretchability.
Fabric stitching fabrics are made by threading textile loops on a knitted base. These are terry cloths of the “jintars” and “teika” type, and artificial furs.
Such fabrics are highly hygroscopic, hygienic, and durable.
Glued sheets are made by gluing fibers with liquid adhesive solutions, dry plastic substances, due to adhesives applied to the fiber structure. Examples of such fabrics are: edging, thermal insulation fabrics, non-woven fabric, proclamelin, iso, artificial leather base.
Such fabrics are resistant to heat, washing and dry cleaning, have high elasticity and rigidity, and breathability.
Needle punched fabrics It is made by repeatedly punching the fabric with hot barbed needles. Representatives: batting, padding polyester, cushioning fabric, thermal insulation fabric.
Are different high strength, thermal insulation, shape-resistant.
Fabrics obtained by felting method: felt, felt, blanket fabrics. These are durable, heat-insulating fabrics.
Aeroforming: the process consists of mixing fibers with air, the resulting cotton wool is then sprayed onto a special tape. This technology is used to produce wipes and baby diapers.
Non-woven fabrics are special materials that are obtained without the use of flat weave thread technology. To produce such fabric, the raw material is rolled out to an even layer, and then stitched.
History of origin.
It is believed that non-woven fabric appeared in France in the 30s of the last century. By the way, the country still remains a leader in this industry. This fabric was made from viscose fibers.
In addition, at this time industry was rapidly developing in Europe, and equipment for the production of nonwoven materials appeared.
Over time, their manufacturing technologies began to be mastered in the USA, Japan and many other countries. Nowadays the cheapest place to buy non-woven fabric is in countries South-East Asia, where they began to actively develop its production.
In Russia, such fabric began to appear in the late 60s. In the Soviet Union, they began to produce equipment for the production of fabric using glue, felting and knitting-stitching methods. Active fabric production continued for about 20 years, but then began to decline.
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CPP white (page 2.5 mm) Width 80 cm. Density 190 g
PRICE: 14.40R ub. per linear meter. Add to Basket
HPP white GOST (page 2.5 mm) Width 130 cm. Density 220 g
PRICE: 27.60R ub. per linear meter. Add to Basket
HPP white GOST (page 2.5 mm) Width 154 cm. Density 200 g
PRICE: 27.00R ub. per linear meter. Add to Basket
CPP white (stitch 2.5 mm) Width 160 cm. Density 180 g
PRICE: 26.00R ub. per linear meter. Add to Basket
CPP white (stitch 5 mm) Width 160 cm. Density 160 g
PRICE: 25.00R ub. per linear meter. Add to Basket
HPP gray (stitch 2.5 mm) Width 154 cm. Density 190 g
PRICE: 21.00R ub. per linear meter. Add to Basket
HPP gray (stitch 2.5 mm) Width 75 cm. Density 190 g
PRICE: 12.50R ub. per linear meter. Add to Basket
HPP gray (stitch 2.5 mm) Width 130 cm. Density 190 g
PRICE: 18.50R ub. per linear meter. Add to Basket
HPP gray (stitch 2.5 mm) Width 80 cm. Density 190 g
PRICE: 10.20R ub. per linear meter. Add to Basket
HPP light (stitch 2.5 mm) Width 130 cm. Density 180 g
PRICE: 22.70R ub. per linear meter. Add to Basket
HPP light (stitch 2.5 mm) Width 154 cm. Density 180 g
PRICE: 24.20R ub. per linear meter. Add to Basket
HPP light (stitch 2.5 mm) Width 75 cm. Density 190 g
PRICE: 12.00R ub. per linear meter. Add to Basket
Floor cleaning cloth made of CPP (white) 50x75 density 180 g
PRICE: 9.50 R ub. a piece. Add to Basket
Floor cleaning cloth made of CPP (gray) 80x100 density 190 g
- Mode of production.
- Structure of the material.
- Features of raw materials.
This was largely due to shortages that began to appear everywhere. There was also a shortage of cotton. We had to look for an alternative, and the non-woven fabric became synthetic.
Moreover, now much more of it was needed. The material began to be used in mechanical engineering, construction and medicine, as well as Food Industry. With the collapse of the USSR, the production of such fabric, as well as everything else, decreased many times. But not for long.
There is practically nothing to replace these products, and the goods produced by Western factories were more expensive. New types of materials have appeared: you can buy non-woven fabric of such types as geotextiles and agrotextiles.
Now non-woven fabrics are produced in large volumes both in Russia and abroad. Due to competitive prices, synthetic products are especially popular, which are gradually beginning to displace natural ones. materials.
Non-woven fabric: production and characteristics of the material.
Production of products can be carried out different ways. For example, which has proven itself due to its strength and wear resistance, is manufactured using a mechanical method.
The fibers that form the basis of such fabrics are stitched together with threads. The result is a smooth, durable non-woven fabric, which is stitched with thick threads for reliability.
Canvas stitched fabrics have excellent thermal insulation properties. Due to this, they are often used as lining fabric when sewing clothes. Another area of application for this material is the production of artificial leather shoes.
Unlike canvas-stitched material, thread-stitched material is more reminiscent of terry cloth. It is obtained by stitching with one or more thread systems.
Non-woven fabrics have many advantages. They have good hygroscopic characteristics, are durable, inexpensive and last a long time. In addition, these materials are practical and environmentally friendly.
Some of their varieties can even be used in the production of products for newborns that will come into direct contact with children's skin.
Types of non-woven fabrics.
In stores you can now buy non-woven fabric of any variety. Their properties and technical characteristics depend on various criteria:
Compared with in the usual ways production in the textile industry (for example, weaving or spinning), such materials are quite simple to produce. The technology for their production is quite simple, which is why this fabric is inexpensive.
In addition to low cost, there are other advantages: saving human resources, opportunity full automation manufacturing process, the possibility of more rational use raw materials.
Therefore, today non-woven fabrics can be called the most modern and universal look textile products.
Buy non-woven fabric can be made from many types of raw materials. The range of such products is really very large: there are fabrics from natural materials, for example, cotton, linen, wool.
They are somewhat inferior to artificial fabrics in terms of durability and wear resistance, but they have an undoubted advantage - ethological purity and safety.
The choice of artificial materials is simply amazing. On sale you can find many products made from chemical fibers: polypropylene, viscose, polyamide.
In addition, recycled fiber raw materials are used to produce such products. This includes fibers that were produced from waste various industries industries such as rags and rags. There are also products made from a mixture of different fibers.
Externally, such products can also be quite different. You can buy non-woven fabric with various patterns, fleece, and durable embossing. The texture of the paintings also varies. There are almost smooth products, and those that have a corrugated, heterogeneous structure.
Where is the material used?
Non-woven fabric is widely used in industry, agriculture and other industries. Cleaning companies constantly use it in their work, and housewives do not forget to buy non-woven fabric for household needs.
Such canvases have high degree hygiene and are able to deal with almost any contaminant that can be found in the house. This universal material for wiping equipment and vehicles.
Non-woven fabric is used for the production of napkins, technical towels, and floor cleaning cloths. This fabric is reliable and inexpensive insulation for clothes and shoes.
Nonwoven materials are used to fill furniture and small toys, and are also used as packaging.
So non-woven fabric is an economical and in many cases irreplaceable material. Thanks to its technical characteristics, this fabric will not have competitors for a long time.
Non-woven fabric: features and scope of use.