Quicklime: features and scope of application. Technical characteristics and properties of lime, area of its use and types Construction quicklime lump lime grade i
GOST 9179-77
Group Zh12
INTERSTATE STANDARD
BUILDING LIME
Specifications
Lime for building purposes. Specifications
Date of introduction 1979-01-01
INFORMATION DATA
1. DEVELOPED AND INTRODUCED by the Ministry of Construction Materials Industry of the USSR
2. APPROVED AND ENTERED INTO EFFECT by Resolution of the State Committee of the Council of Ministers of the USSR for Construction Affairs dated July 26, 1977 N 107
3. INSTEAD GOST 9179-70 regarding technical conditions
4. REFERENCE REGULATIVE AND TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS
Item number |
|
5. EDITION (October 2001) with Amendment No. 1, approved in March 1989 (IUS 7-89)
This standard applies to construction lime, which is a product of calcination of carbonate rocks or a mixture of this product with mineral additives.
Construction lime is used for preparing mortars and concretes, binding materials and production of construction products.
1. Classification
1. CLASSIFICATION
1.1. Construction lime, depending on the hardening conditions, is divided into air lime, which ensures the hardening of mortars and concretes and their preservation of strength in air-dry conditions, and hydraulic lime, which ensures the hardening of mortars and concretes and their preservation of strength both in air and in water.
1.2. Airy quicklime, depending on the content of calcium and magnesium oxides in it, is divided into calcium, magnesium and dolomite.
1.3. Air lime is divided into quicklime and hydrated (slaked), obtained by slaking calcium, magnesium and dolomite lime.
1.4. Hydraulic lime is divided into weak and strong hydraulic.
1.5. Based on its fractional composition, lime is divided into lump lime, including crushed lime, and powdered lime.
(Changed edition, Amendment No. 1).
1.6. Powdered lime, obtained by grinding or slaking (hydration) of lump lime, is divided into lime without additives and with additives.
1.7. Based on the slaking time, quicklime is divided into fast-slaking - no more than 8 minutes, medium-slaking - no more than 25 minutes, slow-slaking - more than 25 minutes.
2. Technical requirements
2.1. Lime should be produced in accordance with the requirements of this standard according to the technological regulations approved in in the prescribed manner.
(Changed edition, Amendment No. 1).
2.2. Materials used in the production of lime: carbonate rocks, mineral additives (granulated blast furnace or electrothermophosphorus slag, active mineral additives, quartz sands), must meet the requirements of the relevant current regulatory documents.
2.2.1. Mineral additives are added to powdered lime in quantities allowed by the requirements for the content of active CaO + MgO in it according to clause 2.4.
2.3. Air quicklime without additives is divided into three grades: 1, 2 and 3; quicklime powder with additives - into two grades: 1 and 2; hydrated (slaked) without additives and with additives - into two grades: 1 and 2.
2.4. Airborne lime must meet the requirements specified in Table 1.
(Changed edition, Amendment No. 1).
2.4.1. The moisture content of hydrated lime should not be more than 5%.
2.4.2. The grade of lime is determined by the value of the indicator corresponding to the lowest grade, if according to individual indicators it corresponds to different grades.
2.5. (Deleted, Amendment No. 1).
Table 1
Indicator name | ||||||||
quicklime | hydrate |
|||||||
calcium | magnesian and dolomite | |||||||
Active CaO+MgO, not less: | ||||||||
Without additives | ||||||||
With additives | ||||||||
Active MgO, no more | ||||||||
SB, no more: | ||||||||
Without additives | ||||||||
With additives | ||||||||
Unquenched grains, no more | ||||||||
Notes:
1. The MgO content for dolomite lime is indicated in parentheses.
2. CO in lime with additives is determined by the gas-volume method.
3. For calcium lime of the 3rd grade, used for technological purposes, the content of unslaked grains is allowed, by agreement with consumers, no more than 20%.
2.6. Hydraulic lime chemical composition must meet the requirements specified in Table 2.
table 2
Chemical composition | Norm for lime,%, by weight |
|
weakly hydraulic | highly hydraulic |
|
Active CaO+MgO: | ||
No more | ||
No less | ||
Active MgO, no more | ||
CO, no more | ||
2.7. The tensile strength of samples, MPa (kgf/cm), after 28 days of hardening should be no less than:
A) when bending:
0.4 (4.0) - for weakly hydraulic lime;
1.0 (10) "highly hydraulic"
b) when compressed:
1.7 (17) - for weakly hydraulic lime;
5.0 (50) "highly hydraulic"
2.7.1. The type of hydraulic lime is determined by its compressive strength, if according to certain indicators it belongs to different types.
2.9. The degree of dispersion of powdered air and hydraulic lime must be such that when sifting a lime sample through a sieve with mesh N 02 and N 008 according to GOST 6613, at least 98.5 and 85% of the mass of the sifted sample passes, respectively.
The maximum size of crushed lime pieces should not be more than 20 mm.
(Changed edition, Amendment No. 1).
2.9.1. By agreement with the consumer, it is possible to supply lump hydraulic lime used for technological purposes.
2.10. Air and hydraulic lime must withstand the test for uniformity of volume change.
3. Acceptance rules
3.1. Lime must be accepted by the technical control department of the manufacturer.
3.2. Lime is accepted and shipped in batches. The batch size is determined depending on the annual capacity of the enterprise in the following quantities:
200 tons - with an annual capacity of up to 100 thousand tons;
400 t " " " over 100 to 250 thousand tons;
800 tons " " " 250 thousand tons.
Acceptance and shipment of batches and smaller masses is allowed.
(Changed edition, Amendment No. 1).
3.3. The mass of supplied lime is determined by weighing it in vehicles on railway and truck scales. The mass of lime shipped in ships is determined by the vessel's draft.
3.4. The manufacturer accepts and certifies products and assigns the type and grade of lime based on data from the factory technological control of production and data from current control of the shipped batch.
Journals with data on current control of the shipped batch, used for acceptance of products, must be numbered and sealed with an official seal.
3.4.1. Factory technological control of production is carried out in accordance with technological regulations.
(Changed edition, Amendment No. 1).
3.4.2. Current quality control of the shipped batch is carried out based on these tests of a general sample. The total sample is made up of at least two shifts of work at the enterprise and at least eight one-time samples. Samples are taken for lump lime - from vehicles supplying products to the warehouse, for powdered lime - from each mill or hydrator operating in a given silo. The total sample for lump lime is 20 kg, for powdered lime - 10 kg. Selection of single samples is carried out evenly and in equal quantities. A total sample of lump lime is crushed to a piece size of no more than 10 mm.
3.4.3. Samples taken for routine monitoring of the shipped batch are thoroughly mixed, quartered and divided into two equal parts. One of these parts is tested to determine the indicators provided for by the standard, the other is placed in a hermetically sealed container and stored in a dry room in case control tests are necessary.
3.5. Lime quality control is carried out by state and departmental quality inspections or by the consumer, using the specified sampling procedure.
3.5.1. A total sample is taken from each batch, obtained by combining and thoroughly mixing single samples. The total sample for lump lime is 30 kg, for powdered lime - 15 kg.
3.5.2. When shipping lime in bulk, a sample is taken at the time of loading or unloading; when shipping lime in containers, a sample is taken from the warehouse finished products or when unloading at the consumer.
3.5.3. When delivering lime in bulk in wagons, a sample is taken in equal parts from each wagon; upon supply of lime by car- equal shares from every 30 tons of lime; when supplying lime in bags - in equal shares from 10 bags randomly selected from each batch; upon delivery by water transport- from transport belts or other types of loading and unloading equipment.
3.5.4. The selected total lime sample is tested to determine the indicators provided for in this standard.
3.5.5. (Deleted, Amendment No. 1).
3.5.6. During quality control checks, lime must comply with all the requirements of this standard for a given type and grade.
(Changed edition, Amendment No. 1).
4. Test methods
4.1. Chemical analysis and definition physical and mechanical properties lime is carried out according to GOST 22688. In this case, for calcium lime, the content of active MgO is established according to the data of the incoming control of raw materials.
(Changed edition, Amendment No. 1).
5. Packaging, labeling, transportation and storage
5.1. Lump lime is shipped in bulk, powdered lime - in bulk or in paper bags according to GOST 2226. It is allowed, with the consent of the consumer, to use four-layer paper bags.
5.2. To determine the average gross weight of bags, 20 bags of lime, selected at random, are simultaneously weighed and the result is divided by 20. The average net weight of a bag is determined by subtracting the average net weight of the bag from the gross weight. The deviation of the average net weight of bags of lime from that indicated on the packaging should not exceed ±1 kg.
5.3. The manufacturer, along with the shipping details, is obliged to send each lime consumer a passport, which must indicate:
- name of the manufacturer and/or its trademark;
- date of lime shipment;
- passport and batch number;
- mass of the batch;
- full name of lime, its guaranteed type and grade, indicators of product compliance with the requirements of this standard;
- extinguishing time and temperature;
- type and amount of additive;
- designation of the standard according to which lime is supplied.
In addition, each transport unit must contain a label indicating: the name of the manufacturer and/or its trademark, the full name of the lime, its guaranteed type and grade, and the designation of the standard by which the lime is supplied.
5.4. When shipping lime in paper bags, they must be marked with: the name of the enterprise and/or its trademark, the full name of the lime, its guaranteed type and grade, the designation of the standard by which the lime is supplied.
5.4.1. All markings on bags may be replaced digital codes, agreed with the consumer.
5.4.2. When shipping lime of the same name and grade by carload in non-transshipment railway traffic, it is allowed to apply markings only to bags placed at the doors of the car on each side in an amount of at least four.
5.3-5.4.2. (Changed edition, Amendment No. 1).
5.5. The manufacturer is obliged to supply lime in a serviceable and cleaned vehicle.
5.6. During transportation and storage, lime must be protected from moisture and contamination by foreign impurities.
5.6.1. Lime is transported by covered transport of all types in accordance with the rules for the transportation of goods in force for this type of transport. It is allowed, with the consent of the consumer, to supply lump lime in all-metal gondola cars and open vehicles, provided that its quality is maintained and accepted necessary measures against spraying and exposure to precipitation.
(Changed edition, Amendment No. 1).
5.6.2. Lime should be stored and transported separately by type and grade.
6. Manufacturer's warranty
6.1. The manufacturer guarantees that the lime complies with the requirements of this standard subject to the conditions of its transportation and storage.
6.2. The guaranteed shelf life of lime is 30 days from the date of its shipment to the consumer.
(Changed edition, Amendment No. 1).
Electronic document text
prepared by Kodeks JSC and verified against:
official publication
M.: IPK Standards Publishing House, 2001
Lime is a universal substance that, thanks to its extensive and varied properties, can be used in almost any field of activity. It happens various types, depending on the selection criteria, and is divided into several varieties. The options for preparing solutions containing it do not differ much from each other and do not cause difficulties, so this raw material can be used independently without the involvement of specialists.
Peculiarities
Quicklime is calcium oxide obtained by burning calcium carbonate and has a finely porous structure. Sometimes quicklime is called boiling lime.
Advantages over slaked lime
It has many advantages over the hashed variety:
- high strength;
- absorbs less moisture;
- work with this material can be carried out in winter;
- no waste;
- very wide scope of application.
Quicklime is dangerous to human health, so it is advisable to carry out work in an open space using protective equipment.
A good advantage of quicklime is its low cost compared to other mixtures. Lime material is resistant to temperature changes, it does not crack, and has antimicrobial properties.
Specifications
Lime is a substance that is often found in nature (mainly in rocks ah), and the product is manufactured in full compliance with established standards, because mixtures on such a basis must perform protective functions at a high level.
The finished lime should consist only of carbonate rocks (limestone) with a small clay content. Various additives and impurities are allowed in the composition of the material based on GOST standards, depending on the area of application.
Limestone is very similar in appearance to chalk or coke, but they have different properties and are not interchangeable. To distinguish limestone from chalk, you can drop water on them. Chalk will not give any reaction, but limestone will begin to foam and generate heat. If you use chalk to whitewash walls, it will leave marks on clothes and surfaces in contact with the wall. Lime does not leave any traces, so it is most often used for whitewashing walls.
Quicklime is divided into three grades (1, 2 and 3), and slaked lime is divided into 1st and 2nd grade. The exception is powdered quicklime, which is divided into two grades and has additives. Other types are produced without additives.
By external physical indicators, for example, by color, you can determine the type of material. After heat treatment of limestone, quicklime is obtained, and if it has White color, this means that the material does not contain additives and is of a high grade. In other cases, the material has a grayish color, most often it is dolomitic and hydraulic lime.
The production of lime material consists of mining the rocks themselves, crushing them to required sizes and subsequent firing in special kilns. Nowadays, shaft and rotary tube kilns are most often used because they provide uniform temperature exposure to the material and a continuous firing process.
The strength of the raw material is affected by the temperature during firing and the manufacturing process. There are three strength options finished product: hard-burnt, medium-burnt and soft-burnt lime.
Soft-burnt lime is very popular in construction due to the following properties:
- the extinguishing process occurs quickly, within about 3 minutes;
- such material has small size and low density.
Lime belongs to a low hazard class, but safety precautions must be observed during transportation and storage. Since quicklime reacts violently with water, it is necessary to ensure that moisture cannot come into contact with the material.
The composition of lime most often includes various mineral additives that improve the properties of the material: granulated blast furnace slag, quartz sand and other substances.
Kinds
There are two types of lime, which are distinguished by the amount of calcium silicates and aluminoferrites they contain: air and hydraulic. They perform various functions, for example, air accelerates the hardening process of concrete, and hydraulic accelerates reactions in water.
It is important that all fragments of the substance are the same size. This moment indicates that the raw material has been completely calcined in the furnace. If pieces are too large or too small, they may not be completely heat treated, and this will reduce the quality of the finished material.
Based on the type of processing, there are several types of material:
- quicklime lump (boiling liquid);
- quicklime ground (powdered);
- quenched hydrate – Ca (OH) 2;
- lime dough;
- lime milk.
Lump lime
Lump lime is a mixture of lumps that differ in size. It contains calcium oxide and magnesium, as well as materials such as calcium carbonate, aluminates, and silicates. Magnesium or calcium ferrites, which are formed during firing of raw materials, can be added.
The good strength of concrete is ensured due to the fact that lump lime requires very little water (due to the fine grinding of the material) and produces virtually no waste.
Ground lime
Ground lime has the same composition as lump lime, but the difference is that the lumps of raw materials are ground much stronger and more thoroughly.
The main advantages of ground lime:
- strength;
- water resistance;
- fast hardening.
To increase or decrease the hardening rate, calcium chloride or sulfuric acid is often used (gypsum material is also suitable).
Hydrated lime
Hydrated lime (also called fluff) is a slaked type of material with a highly dispersed composition. Slaking occurs by adding water to the lime raw material. To prepare such a solution, add from 70 to 100% water to the powder.
In order for the lime to completely go through the slaking process, it must be placed in a special pit for 2-3 weeks. This way it will gain optimal strength and ductility. The minimum cancellation period is 36 hours. To prevent the raw material from burning out, it is advisable to add water gradually until steam stops being released.
Lime paste is formed when sufficient water is added to form a plastic material. You can also find a solution such as lime milk (mainly used for whitewashing tree trunks). Lime milk is made by adding excess water to lime dough.
Types of compounds
Depending on the scope of application, the following types of compositions are distinguished:
- Construction lime– it is added for the preparation of concrete and cement mixtures in order to increase the strength of the composition;
- Hydraulic– also used for the production of concrete, but of low grades. Ideal for structures located in areas with high humidity;
- Komovaya– mainly used to prepare a solution for whitewashing;
- Sadovaya– used in agriculture as a soil fertilizer, treating plants from insect pests, protecting them from rotting and improving growth, it is highly undesirable to use it simultaneously with other types of additives and fertilizers;
- Sodium– used in the chemical industry and medicine;
- Chlorine– used as a disinfectant and for water purification.
Classification of lime by slaking time
- fast-extinguishing (up to 8 minutes);
- medium-extinguishing (up to 25 minutes);
- slow-extinguishing (from 25 minutes).
Types of puffed lime
Depending on the percentage of presence of magnesium oxide in the composition, the following types of air lime are distinguished:
- calcium;
- magnesia;
- dolomite.
Scope of application
Lime is used in many areas.
- In agriculture, lime is used to control pests, reduce soil acidity, prevent the appearance of fungus, additional feeding animals, improving land cultivability, replenishing calcium and phosphorus. It is best to treat heavy soil with quicklime. Lime is widely used as a material for whitewashing trees and treating plants.
- Construction. It is used to accelerate the hardening of cement and impart plasticity to the composition; it is involved in the production of thermal insulation materials and dry building mixtures, serves as a connecting link in building structures.
- Ferrous metallurgy – enriches ferrous and polymetallic ores.
- Chemical industry - used in paint, perfume and pharmaceutical industries. Used as a reagent and as a neutralizer for acid sludge.
- Pulp and paper industry.
- Textile industry.
Chlorinated lime is used for disinfection and cleaning of public places, as it has disinfecting properties. Quicklime is used even in Food Industry for mixing substances, and milk of lime is used to prepare sugar. Soda lime is used in medicine ( artificial ventilation lungs or for anesthesia) and for breathing systems (scuba tanks, respirators and other devices).
Lime mortar coating wooden surfaces protects them from rotting processes and fires.
How to use?
When preparing lime mortar, it is important to ensure safe interaction of raw materials with water for humans. It is advisable to carry out work in a well-ventilated area, or better yet, in an open space. Since the substances used are chemicals, it is necessary to adhere to safety rules when working with such materials.
The powder substance can be used in both dry and liquid form. To prepare a liquid solution, the powder is poured into a container and filled with water. The solution must be mixed and diluted to the required consistency.
To whitewash trees, the raw material is diluted with water and applied to the tree trunk using a wide brush. But due to the liquid consistency of the solution, you will have to process the barrel several times. In order to reduce work time, you can add clay, milk, or PVA glue to the solution. These ingredients will make the mixture thick and viscous, and it will lie evenly on the surface. Before processing the tree, you need to remove all dead layers of bark without damaging the trunk.
To protect plants from fungus, you can use soda ash instead of lime, because soda dissolves faster and completely in water.
You should not treat the soil with too much lime, as it will become alkaline, which will also not help good growth and plant development. You cannot use manure and lime at the same time, because such a combination will interfere with the formation of useful substances.
Before using bleach, you need to check the reaction of the surface. To do this you can process small area, and if it remains intact after about 10 minutes, then you can use bleach on the entire surface. First, water is added to the raw material in a small amount and mixed until it becomes sour cream, and then more water is gradually added, also stirring, until a liquid solution is formed. In dry form, bleach is used only on damp surfaces.
In construction, it is recommended to use quicklime ground lime for the manufacture of plasters, slag concrete, and painting elements. In other cases, slaked lime is used, which, due to its moisture resistance, prevents the formation of mold.
The fluff has a wide range of applications: from domestic needs to construction. To prepare fluff, you need to pour the raw materials into a rust-free metal container (or a plastic one) and gradually add water, stirring the solution. Once the mixture is ready, you need to leave it to brew for several hours or days. The longer it stands, the higher its quality and strength indicator will be.
- If you need to store the prepared lime mortar for a long time, you can periodically add water to it. Initially, water is added until the material no longer absorbs it. This rule does not apply to the preparation of lime milk.
- The optimal depth for digging lime into the soil is 20 cm, but if the dose of fertilizer is small, then the depth should be less. The lime is covered with a layer of sand on top. For storage in winter time It is recommended to pour another layer of soil 70 cm high on top of the sand layer.
- Before applying to any surfaces (wood, concrete, cement, metal), it is necessary to completely remove dirt, grease, defects, and rust from them.
- It may happen that lime gets onto an unnecessary area and should be washed off. To do this, first of all, you need to moisten this area generously, wait for the lime to dissolve well, and then remove the material using a hard metal sponge. If necessary, these steps should be repeated. There are already ready-made solutions for such needs on sale, for example, Guard Industrie or “Probel”. You can also use homemade solutions based on hydrochloric acid.
- It is not recommended to apply a primer before whitewashing, as the lime will not adhere to such a base. It is also advisable to whitewash with brushes rather than with a spray gun. The brush will distribute the lime mortar better, and the finish will be of better quality.
- The longer the holding period ready mixture, the better it will perform its functions.
- To prepare mortars, it is best to add sand.
- This material is not suitable for making cement for fireplaces or stoves, as carbon dioxide is released when heated.
- To obtain insulation, you can add sawdust and gypsum to the fluff. In other cases, the lime mortar should not contain sawdust, lumps or other inclusions in order to cover the surface evenly and completely.
INTERSTATE COUNCIL FOR STANDARDIZATION, METROLOGY AND CERTIFICATION (IGU)
INTERSTATE COUNCIL FOR STANDARDIZATION, METROLOGY AND CERTIFICATION (ISC,
INTERSTATE
STANDARD
BUILDING LIME Technical specifications
(EN 459-1:2010, NEQ)
Official publication
mmhja
StM1LfTM1fP[M
GOST 9179-2018
Preface
The goals, basic principles and basic procedure for work on interstate standardization are established in GOST 1.0-2015 “Interstate standardization system. Basic provisions" and GOST 1.2-2015 "Interstate standardization system. Interstate standards, rules and recommendations for interstate standardization. Rules for development, acceptance, updating and cancellation
Standard information
1 DEVELOPED by the Federal State Budgetary educational institution higher education"National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering" (NRU MGSU) with the participation Management company"ROSIZVEST" (MC "ROSIZVEST"), Limited Liability Company "Specialized Industrial Technologies - Manufacturing of Pipeline Parts" (LLC "Spetspromtekh-IDT"), Limited Liability Company "Pridonkhimstroy Izvest" (LLC "Pridonkhimstroy Izvest"). Limited Liability Company "Eldako" (LLC "Eldako"), Joint Stock Company "Stroymaterialy". Closed Joint Stock Company "Izvestnyak" Dzhegonassky quarry (CJSC "Izvestnyak" Dzhegonassky quarry).
2 INTRODUCED by the Technical Committee for Standardization TC 465 “Construction”
3 ADOPTED by the Interstate Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification (protocol dated June 27, 2018 N? 53)
4 This standard has been developed taking into account the main regulatory provisions European standard EN 459-1:2010 “Building lime. Part 1. Definitions, technical requirements and conformity criteria" (“Building lime - Pan 1: Definitions, specifications and conformity criteria”. NEQ)
5 By order Federal agency no technical regulation and metrology dated October 2, 2018 No. 691-st interstate standard GOST 9179-2018 put into effect as a national standard Russian Federation from May 1, 2019
6 INSTEAD GOST 9179-77
Information about changes to this standard is published in the annual information index “National Standards”, and the text of changes and amendments is published in the monthly information index “National Standards”. In case of revision (replacement) or cancellation of this standard, the corresponding notice will be published in the monthly information index “National Standards”. Relevant information, notices and texts are also posted in the information system common use- on the official website of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology on the Internet (www.gost.ru)
© Standardinform, design. 2018
In the Russian Federation, this standard cannot be reproduced in whole or in part. replicated and distributed as an official publication without permission from the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology
1 area of use............................................... ...................1
3 Terms and definitions........................ 1
4 Classification................................................... ....................2
5 Technical requirements........................................................ ...............2
6 Acceptance rules................................................................... .....................4
7 Test methods................................................................... ....................6
8 Packaging, labeling, transportation and storage...................................................6
9 Manufacturer's guarantees................................................... ...............6
GOST 9179-2018
INTERSTATE STANDARD
BUILDING LIME
Specifications
Lime for building purposes. Specifications
Date of introduction - 2019-05-01
1 area of use
This standard applies to construction lime intended for:
For the preparation of dry building mixtures, concrete and mortars:
Manufacturing of construction products and products (sand-lime bricks, autoclaved cellular concrete, etc.);
Other applications in construction (consolidation of soils and fixation of soil foundations*, preparation asphalt concrete mixtures etc.).
By agreement with the consumer, this standard may be used in other industries.
8 of this standard uses regulatory references to the following interstate standards:
GOST 8.579-2002 State system ensuring uniformity of measurements. Requirements for the quantity* of packaged goods in packages of any type during their production, packaging, sale and import
GOST 2226-2013 Bags made of paper and combined materials. General technical conditions
GOST 6613-86 Woven wire mesh with square cells. Specifications
GOST 22688-2018 Construction lime. Test methods
GOST 30108-94 Construction materials and products. Determination of specific effective activity of natural radionuclides
GOST 32522-2013 Woven polypropylene bags. General technical conditions
Note - When using this standard, it is advisable to check the validity of the reference standards in the public information system - on the official website of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology on the Internet or using the annual information index “National Standards”, which was published as of January 1 of the current year, and on issues of the monthly information index “National Standards” for the current year. If the reference standard is replaced (changed), then when using this standard you should be guided by the replacing (changed) standard. If the reference standard is canceled without replacement, then the provision in which a reference is made to it is applied in the part that does not affect this reference.
3 Terms and definitions
8 of this standard the following terms with corresponding definitions are used:
3.1 lime: Calcium oxide and/or hydroxide, as well as magnesium oxide and/or hydroxide formed
during thermal decomposition (decarbonization) of natural calcium carbonate (limestone, chalk, shell rock) or natural calcium-magnesium carbonate (dolomite, dolomitiated limestone).
Official publication
GOST 9179-2018
3.2 quicklime: Calcium oxide, as well as magnesium oxide, formed during the thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate or calcium-magnesium carbonate.
3.3 hydrated lime: Calcium hydroxide or calcium-magnesium hydroxide obtained by the hydration reaction of calcium oxide or calcium-magnesium oxide.
3.4 construction lime: Lime intended for the manufacture of building materials and products.
3.5 air lime: Lime that hardens in air-dry conditions under the influence of carbon dioxide. Air lime does not have hydraulic properties and is divided into two subgroups: calcium lime and dolomitic lime.
3.6 hydraulic lime: Lime that hardens in water or in air when mixed with water, consisting of calcium hydroxide, calcium silicates and calcium aluminates.
4 Classification
4.1 Construction lime, depending on the hardening conditions, is divided into air lime, which ensures the hardening of mortars and concretes and their preservation of strength in air-dry conditions, and hydraulic lime, which ensures the hardening of mortars and concretes and their preservation of strength both in air and in water.
Note - The synonymous term “slaked lime” may be used.
4.2 Airy quicklime, depending on the content of calcium and magnesium oxides in it, is divided into the following types:
Calcium - airy lime, consisting predominantly of calcium oxide or hydroxide without containing impurities of hydraulic or pozzolanic materials:
Magnesia - airy lime, consisting predominantly of magnesium oxide or hydroxide without containing impurities of hydraulic or pozzolanic materials:
Dolomitic - lime consisting primarily of calcium oxide and magnesium oxide or calcium hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide without any admixture of hydraulic or pozzolanic materials.
4.3 Airy lime is divided into quicklime and hydrated (slaked), obtained by slaking calcium, magnesium and dolomite lime.
4.4 Hydraulic lime is divided into weak and strong hydraulic.
4.5 Based on its fractional composition, lime is divided into lump lime, including crushed lime, and powdered lime.
4.6 Powdered lime obtained by grinding or slaking (hydration) of lump lime. are divided into lime without additives and with additives.
4.7 Based on the slaking time, quicklime is divided into quick-slaking lime - no more than 8 minutes. medium-extinguishing - no more than 25 minutes. slow-burning ~ more than 25 min.
5 Technical requirements
5.1 Lime should be produced in accordance with the requirements of this standard according to technological regulations approved in the prescribed manner.
5.2 Materials used in the production of lime: carbonate rocks, mineral additives (granulated blast furnace or electrothermophosphorus slag, active mineral additives, quartz sands) must meet the requirements of current regulatory documents.
5.2.1 Mineral additives are added to powdered lime in quantities allowed by the requirements for the content of active CaO + MdO in it (see 5.4).
5.3 Air quicklime without additives is divided into three grades: 1st. 2nd and 3rd: quicklime powder with additives - for two grades: 1 and 2: hydrated (slaked) without additives and with additives - for two grades: 1st and 2nd.
5.4 Airborne lime must meet the requirements specified in Table 1.
Table 1
hydrate |
||||||||
Active CaO + MdO. no less than: Without additives - with additives Active MdO. no more CO2. no more: Without additives With extras Quenched grains, no more | ||||||||
5.4.1 The moisture content of hydrated lime should not be more than 5%.
5.4.2 The grade of lime is determined by the value of the indicator corresponding to the lowest grade, if according to individual indicators it corresponds to different grades.
5.5 Hydraulic lime’s chemical composition must meet the requirements specified in Table 2.
table 2
5.6 The compressive strength of the samples must be. MPa. no less than:
* after 7 days of curing:
not standardized - for weakly hydraulic lime.
2.0 - for highly hydraulic:
* after 28 days of curing:
2.0 - for weakly hydraulic lime.
5.0 - for highly hydraulic.
5.6.1 The type of hydraulic lime is determined by its compressive strength, if according to individual indicators it belongs to different types.
5.8 The size of the fraction of powdered air and hydraulic lime should be as follows. so that when sifting a lime sample, the residue on a sieve with mesh number 02 according to GOST 6613 is no more than 2%. the remainder on the sieve with mesh number 009 according to GOST 6613 is no more than 15% of the mass of the sifted sample.
The maximum size of crushed lime pieces should be no more than 20 mm.
GOST 9179-2018
5.8.1 By agreement with the consumer, the supply of lump hydraulic lime used for technological purposes is allowed.
5.9 Air and hydraulic lime must withstand the test for uniformity of volume change.
6 Acceptance rules
6.1 Lime must be accepted by the technical control of the enterprise and the manufacturer.
6.2 Lime is accepted and shipped in batches. A batch is considered to be a quantity of lime of the same type and grade, produced using one technology and accompanied by one document (quality document). The batch size is set depending on the annual capacity of the enterprise, i.e. no more than:
200 - with an annual capacity of up to 100 thousand tons inclusive:
400 - with an annual capacity of over 100 to 250 thousand tons;
800 - with an annual capacity of over 250 thousand tons.
6.3 The mass of supplied lime is determined by weighing in vehicles on railway, truck scales and other verified measuring instruments that have been verified in the prescribed manner.
The mass of lime shipped by water transport is determined by the vessel's draft.
6.4 The manufacturer accepts and certifies products and assigns the type and grade of lime based on data from factory production control and current control of the shipped batch.
The current control data of the shipped batch, used for product acceptance, is entered into the current control log, the pages of which must be numbered and sealed.
6.4.1 Factory production control is carried out in accordance with the technological regulations.
6.4.2 Acceptance quality control of the shipped batch is carried out by testing the general sample. The total sample consists of at least eight single samples. Samples are taken for lump lime - from vehicles supplying products to the warehouse, for powdered lime - from each mill or hydrator operating in a given silo. The mass of the total sample for lump lime must be at least 20 kg. powdered - at least 10 kg. Selection of single samples is carried out evenly and in equal quantities. A total sample of lump lime is crushed to a piece size of no more than 10 mm.
6.4.3 Samples taken for routine monitoring of the shipped batch are thoroughly mixed, quartered and divided into two equal parts. One of these parts is subjected to tests to determine the indicators provided for by this standard, the other is placed in a hermetically sealed container and stored in a dry room during the warranty period in case control tests are necessary.
6.5 Lime quality control is carried out by duly certified laboratories, using the specified sampling procedure.
6.5.1 From each batch, take a total sample obtained by combining and thoroughly mixing single samples. The mass of the total sample for lump lime must be at least 30 kg. powdered - at least 15 kg.
6.5.2 When shipping lime in bulk, a sample is taken at the time of loading or unloading; when shipping lime in containers, from a finished product warehouse or during unloading at the consumer.
6.5.3 When delivering lime, a sample should be taken:
In bulk in wagons - equal shares from each wagon;
By road - in equal shares of every 30 tons of lime.
In bags - in equal shares from 10 bags, randomly selected from each batch;
By water transport - from transport belts or other types of loading and unloading equipment.
6.5.4 The selected general lime sample is tested to determine the indicators provided for in this standard. The quality of lime is checked in all respects by conducting acceptance and periodic tests in accordance with the requirements specified in Table 3. Lime that has passed acceptance tests is subjected to periodic tests in accordance with GOST 22688.
Table 3
delivery notes | periodic |
|||
Active CaO + MdO | Quicklime | Each batch |
||
Hydraulic | ||||
Hydraulic | ||||
Active MdO | Quicklime | As needed or at the consumer's request |
||
Hydraulic | ||||
Hydraulic | ||||
Quicklime | ||||
Hydraulic | ||||
Hydraulic | ||||
Unquenched grains | Quicklime | Each batch |
||
Lime slaking time and temperature | Quicklime | Each batch |
||
Humidity | Hydraulic | Each batch |
||
Fraction size | Quicklime lump | At customer's request |
||
Quicklime crushed and powdered | Each batch |
|||
Hydraulic | Each batch |
|||
Hydraulic | At customer's request |
|||
Uniformity of volume change | Quicklime | Periodically or at the request of the consumer |
||
Hydraulic | ||||
Hydraulic | ||||
Compressive Strength | Hydraulic | Each batch |
||
Quicklime | When putting a product into production, but at least once a year |
|||
Hydraulic | ||||
Hydraulic |
6.5.5 Each batch of lime or part thereof, delivered to one address, must be accompanied by a quality document, which must indicate:
Name of the manufacturer and/or its trademark and address:
Product name and designation of this standard;
Type and grade of lime;
Indicators of lime compliance with the requirements of this standard;
♦batch number:
♦date of shipment;
♦net weight of the shipped goods, kg (t);
Warranty period of storage.
GOST 9179-2018
The list of indicators contained in the quality document can be supplemented in accordance with consumer requirements.
6.5.6 The consumer has the right to carry out a control check of the quality of lime by sampling and testing according to GOST 22668.
6.5.7 During quality control checks, lime must comply with all the requirements of this standard for the given type and grade.
7 Test methods
7.1 Chemical analysis and determination of the physical and mechanical properties of lime are carried out according to GOST 22668. In this case, for calcium lime, the content of active MdO is established according to the data of the incoming control of raw materials.
7.2 The total specific effective activity of natural radionuclides is measured according to GOST 30108 in an accredited laboratory.
8 Packaging, labeling, transportation and storage
8.1 Lime is shipped in bulk, in bags made of paper and combined materials according to GOST 2226 or woven polypropylene bags in accordance with GOST 32522.
With the consent of the consumer, shipment in soft containers with a polyethylene liner (MCR) intended for transportation and storage of hygroscopic materials is allowed.
6.2 To determine the average gross weight of bags, 20 bags of lime, selected at random, are simultaneously weighed and the result is divided by 20. The average net weight of a bag is determined by subtracting the average net weight of the bag from the gross weight. The permissible mass deviation in one packaging unit is regulated by GOST 8.579.
8.3 The manufacturer is obliged to send each lime consumer a quality document drawn up in accordance with 6.5.5.
8.4 When shipping lime in bags and MKR, they must be marked with: the name of the enterprise and/or its trademark; full name of lime; its guaranteed type and grade; designation of the standard according to which lime is supplied.
8.5 The manufacturer is obliged to supply lime in a cleaned vehicle.
8.6 During transportation and storage, lime must be protected from moisture and contamination by foreign impurities.
8.6.1 Lime is transported by all types of transport in accordance with the rules for the carriage of goods in force for this type of transport. It is allowed, with the consent of the consumer, to supply lump lime in all-metal cars, gondola cars and open cars, provided that its quality is maintained and the necessary measures are taken against spraying and exposure to precipitation.
8.6.2 Lime should be stored and transported separately by type and grade.
9 Manufacturer's warranty
9.1 The manufacturer guarantees that the lime complies with the requirements of this standard subject to the conditions of its transportation and storage.
9.2 The guaranteed shelf life of lime is 30 days from the date of its shipment to the consumer.
UDC 691.51:006.354 MKS91.100
Key words: building lime, technical requirements, acceptance rules, test methods. labeling, packaging, transportation, storage
Editor L.S. Zimipova Technical editor I.E. Cherepkova Proofreader I.A. Koroleva Computer layout I.A. Napeikina
Delivered for recruitment on October 4, 2018. Signed for publication on October 15, 2018. Format 60"84'/e. Typeface Arial. Conditional oven l. 1.40. Academic ed. l. 1.26.
Prepared based on the electronic version provided by the developer of the standard
Created as a one-off. 117418 Moscow, Nakhimovsky Prospekt, 31. building 2. wwbv.gostinfo.ru
is a white crystalline substance. Belongs to the basic oxides, reacts with acidic oxides and acids, forming salts. Dissolves in water with the release of energy, forming calcium hydroxide.Density 3.37 g/cm³. Melting point 2570° C, boiling point 2850° C.
Lump quicklime is an intermediate product. If it is used in slaked form, it is first processed into hydrated lime (fluff) or into lime paste.
Chemical Formula: CaO
In industry, calcium oxide is obtained by thermal decomposition of limestone (calcium carbonate) or by thermal decomposition of calcium hydroxide and calcium salts of certain oxygen-containing acids.
Classification of lime.
Construction lime, depending on the hardening conditions, is divided into air lime, which ensures the hardening of mortars and concretes and their preservation of strength in air-dry conditions, and hydraulic lime, which ensures the hardening of mortars and concretes and their preservation of strength both in air and in water.
Airy quicklime, depending on the content of calcium and magnesium oxides in it, is divided into calcium, magnesium and dolomite.
Air lime is divided into quicklime and hydrate (slaked), obtained by slaking calcium, magnesium and dolomite lime.
Hydraulic lime is divided into weakly hydraulic and strongly hydraulic.
Based on its fractional composition, lime is divided into lump lime, including crushed lime, and powdered lime.
Powdered lime, obtained by grinding or slaking (hydration) of lump lime, is divided into lime without additives and with additives.
Based on the slaking time, construction quicklime is divided into fast slaking - no more than 8 minutes, medium slaking - no more than 25 minutes, slow slaking - more than 25 minutes.
Application of quicklime.
The main volumes are used in construction as lime cement; when mixed with water, calcium oxide turns into hydroxide, which then, absorbing carbon dioxide from the air, hardens strongly, turning into calcium carbonate. However, at present, they try not to use lime cement in the construction of residential buildings, since the resulting structures have the ability to absorb and accumulate dampness.
The use of lime cement when laying stoves is strictly prohibited due to thermal decomposition and the release of asphyxiating carbon dioxide into the air.
Also finding some use as a readily available and inexpensive refractory material is fused calcium oxide, which has some resistance to water, allowing it to be used as a refractory where the application is more expensive materials inappropriate.
Calcium oxide is also used in small quantities in laboratory practice to dry substances that do not react with it.
Registered in the food industry as food additives E-529.
| Indicator name | Norm for lime,%, by weight | |||||
| calcium | magnesian and dolomite | |||||
| 1st grade | 2nd grade | 3rd grade | 1st grade | 2nd grade | 3rd grade | |
| Active CaO + MgO, not less: without additives with additives |
90 65 |
80 55 |
70 3/4 |
85 60 |
75 50 |
65 3/4 |
| Active MgO, no more | 5 | 5 | 5 | 20 (40) | 20 (40) | 20 (40) |
| CO 2, no more: without additives with additives |
3 4 |
5 6 |
7 3/4 |
5 6 |
8 9 |
11 3/4 |
| Unquenched grains, no more | 7 | 11 | 14 | 10 | 15 | 20 |
1. The MgO content for dolomite lime is indicated in parentheses.
2. CO 2 in lime with additives is determined by the gas-volume method.
3. For calcium lime of the 3rd grade, used for technological purposes, the content of unslaked grains is allowed, by agreement with consumers, no more than 20%.
Packaging, transportation and storage.
Lump lime is shipped in bulk, powdered lime - in bulk or in paper bags. Four-layer paper bags can be used.
Lime is transported by covered transport of all types in accordance with the rules of cargo transportation in force for this type of transport. It is permitted, with the consent of the consumer, to supply lump lime in all-metal gondola cars and open vehicles, provided that its quality is maintained and the necessary measures are taken against spraying and exposure to precipitation.
During transportation and storage, lime must be protected from moisture and contamination by foreign impurities.
Lime should be stored and transported separately by type and grade.
The guaranteed shelf life of the product is 30 days from the date of its shipment to the consumer.
FASTECH LLC delivers chemical products from a warehouse in Belgorod on time and according to affordable prices, on conditions favorable to you.
Lime is widely used in the production of building materials and as a raw material for the treatment of certain surfaces. Lime is produced by burning carbonate rocks in specially equipped kilns at temperatures from 1000 to 1200 degrees. Thermally treated lime takes the form of pieces irregular shape, which in the process of further use are subject to various processing.
Chemical formula and composition of lime
For the production of lime no chemical catalysts, the main condition for its obtaining is only the appropriate thermal regime. Thanks to this, during the manufacturing process, a completely natural material, lime may contain small admixtures of clay.
Limestone has the formula CaCO3, as it is predominantly composed of calcium. During the process of temperature exposure, carbon dioxide is released and the produced raw materials have the formula CaO.
The process of contact of lump lime with water looks like this - CaO + H2O? Ca(OH)2, there is a specific term for this reaction called lime slaking.
Slaked lime can be in several states:
- Fluff or fine powder is obtained by mixing pieces of lime with water, and the percentage of moisture should be from 60 to 70%.
- Lime paste is a combination of the starting material with water; it requires approximately 3.5 times more. As a result of this quenching, a dense mass is formed, used in different areas.
- If you dilute pieces of lime with water in a ratio of 1:10, you can get lime milk. This slaked lime is used for whitewashing the interiors of buildings, facades, and outbuildings.
- If slaked lime for a long time is not used, the reverse process occurs, that is, the solution absorbs carbon dioxide and hardens. On sale you can most often find lime - fluff or lump.
Photo of ground building lime
Technical properties
The requirements for the production of slaked and quicklime are: special requirements, adjustable state standard(GOST 9179-77):
- In the production of lime, only carbonate rocks and a certain amount of mineral additives are used. The volume of additives should not exceed the amount specified in the standards for a particular type of lime.
- Quicklime is divided into three grades and should not contain additives; powdered lime with additives is available in two grades; slaked lime may or may not have additives and is divided into two grades.
- The main component of calcium lime is calcium; the percentage of MgO should not be more than 5.
- Dolomitized lime contains MgO up to 20%
- Dolomite up to 40% MgO.
- Hydraulic may include silica, iron oxides, and a small amount of clay.
The properties of lime are determined by the rocks used during firing and the manufacturing process itself. As a result of the heat treatment of limestone, strong pieces of quicklime emerge from the kilns; its color depends on the additives present; the whiter the shade, the higher the grade of the material. Dolomitic and hydraulic lime have a grayish tint.
– this is a substance known to almost everyone, which is in demand in various fields. It is indispensable in the production of concrete, mortar, binders, artificial stone, all kinds of parts, etc.
Upon contact with water, carbon dioxide is released and the lime turns into a liquid state, the concentration of which depends on the amount of water. Depending on the technological process By firing and temperature, you can get lime of varying strength - hard burnt, intermediate and soft burnt.
How construction material Softly burnt is more common; it has the following characteristics:
- Smallest grain size.
- Less density.
- The shortest extinction period. Hard burnt turns into a liquid state in 10 minutes, soft burnt in three minutes.
During the process of slaking lime, heat is generated, so if safety precautions are not followed, you can get a severe burn.
The density of quicklime depends on the temperature used in the kilns. Lime fired at 800 degrees has a density of 1.6; increasing the temperature to 1300 degrees makes it possible to obtain pieces of raw material with a density of 2.9 g / cm3.
According to the hazard class, lime is classified as a low-hazard substance. But there are certain requirements for its storage and transportation. Quicklime must be protected from moisture, since moisture ingress and heat release can cause a fire.
The certificate of conformity for lime must contain information about its grade, percentage of impurities, and condition. The certificate is issued to certain organizations that comply with GOST for the production of this building material.
Lime is well tolerated by people with allergic respiratory diseases. But at the same time, we must not forget that when extinguishing the material, it is possible to get burns, and the vapors released at this time are dangerous for the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and eyes. If you follow safety precautions when working with lime, it is completely safe and not harmful to health.
It is obtained by mixing unslaked lime with water, the name of which is calcium oxide. The chemical process of quenching is accompanied by an increase in temperature
Brands and some types of lime
Lime is divided by grade and by the primary raw material used.
The type and grade of lime determines the main scope of its application:
- Construction lime made from calcium and magnesium rocks. Building lime is used to introduce it as a plasticizer into concrete mixtures, solutions. Construction lime is produced in lumps, in the form of small fluff or lime paste.
- Hydraulic lime- a product of calcination of limestone containing from 6 to 20% clay impurities. This type of lime is used for the production of low-grade concrete, since, along with high strength it has low ductility. Hydraulic lime is often used in the construction of buildings whose operation involves being in a humid environment.
- Lump lime This is a semi-finished product used for the manufacture of powdered raw materials or solutions. Lumps of lime are stored in closed warehouses, protected from moisture. Lump lime is sold for the preparation of whitewash solutions.
- Garden lime necessary for enriching acidic soils. In acidic soils, the calcium content is minimal, which leads to poor growth and plant development. The introduction of slaked and quicklime into the soil is carried out in spring or autumn and preferably during rains, so the limestone dissolves better. Do not apply lime at the same time as using other fertilizers, and during work you must protect your eyes and hands.
- Soda (soda) lime- a porous white mass, which is a mixture of caustic soda and slaked lime. Soda lime is used as an absorbent carbon dioxide and moisture from the air. It is used in chemical laboratories, for the production of gas masks, and diving equipment. In medicine it is used as a sorbent for anesthesia machines and pressure chambers.
- Bleaching powder obtained through a complex combination of free chlorine and calcium hydroxide. Chloride of lime has strong disinfectant properties and was previously used in its pure form in healthcare institutions. Today, bleach is used to disinfect toilets, cesspools, and to produce disinfection solutions. Bleach also has bleaching properties.
Photo of soda and bleach
Soda Lime Packaging Soda Lime Packaging Bleach Lime Bleach Lime
Mining and production technology
Lime production mainly consists of two stages:
- Extraction of limestone and other used rocks. To produce lump lime, waste from industries that use limestone for other purposes can also be used.
- Firing prepared rocks.
Limestone is mined in quarries open method using explosives. Selective mining of rocks makes it possible to prepare raw materials that are uniform in density and chemical composition, which affects the quality of subsequently produced lime.
The preparation of raw materials is carried out by crushing them. Since the temperature in ovens is set in advance, the use of fractions that differ greatly in size leads to the fact that small pieces can burn out, and large ones cannot be completely cooked.
Limestone firing – basic technological stage production of puffed lime. Depending on the content of impurities, different temperature conditions are used. All technological conditions must be observed, since burning of limestone leads to the formation of material with low quality characteristics. Burnt lime is poorly soluble in water, has a high density and has a negative effect on concrete solutions.
The starting material is fired in different ovens. Shaft furnaces are widely used; they are characterized by a continuous cycle of operation, efficiency, and ease of control. Rotary kilns produce soft burnt lime of the highest quality.
Installations have been developed and are used that allow firing of material in a fluidized bed or in a suspended state. Such installations are good for firing the smallest fractions of rocks, but they are characterized by low efficiency.
Educational film about lime, how it is made, what it is made from and where it is used:
Lime substitute
Used for cooking concrete solutions lime can be replaced with its analogues. Builders use Azolit, Tsemplas, Zetesol. All of these are plasticizers and they are all endowed with some better and some worse qualities compared to lime. Therefore, the decision on choosing an analogue should be made specifically in each case.
Dolomite flour is dolomite ground into a fine powder. The scope of its use is limited to soil fertilization. Liming allows you to improve the biological and physical properties of the soil, enhances plant nutrition, and allows you to get rid of pests.
How to distinguish chalk from lime
Sometimes it is necessary to distinguish chalk from lime; this can be done in several ways:
- Lump lime dissolves in water with a characteristic hiss and splash. This reaction does not occur with chalk.
- Chalk is calcium carbonate, and lime is calcium hydroxide. If you drop acid on the chalk, it will hiss; the lime will not react with the acid. The acid can be hydrochloric or acetic.
- Chalk is washed off quickly and without residue from your fingers under running water, lime becomes soapy and is quite difficult to remove.
- Surfaces whitened with chalk are smeared quite intensively; this does not happen with lime.
Lime is one of the most inexpensive materials for cosmetic repairs premises. Lime solution is used for both buildings and outbuildings.
Lime with sawdust as insulation
Sawdust from different breeds trees are often used as insulation for walls, attics and floors. But they have a significant drawback - the possibility of rotting and the development of insects. This problem can be eliminated by adding lime to the sawdust.
The prepared sawdust must be mixed with fluff lime, it must be taken approximately 10% of the bulk of the shavings. Both materials are mixed well in a container and used to fill voids. You can also prepare a non-flowing material from sawdust and lime.
To prepare it you will need 10% lime, 5% gypsum and the rest of sawdust. The dry mixtures are mixed and diluted with water until a viscous mass is formed, which is used immediately. The liquid mass needs to be prepared in small portions, since gypsum sets very quickly.
Water purification
To purify water, bleach is used, which has high disinfection properties. Chlorination of water prevents outbreaks intestinal infections and other epidemics.
Constant consumption of such water leads to allergic reactions and contributes to the formation of carcinogens in the body. In water, chlorine can combine with other substances, which affects the appearance of intoxications.
In order to reduce the effect of chlorine on the body, it is necessary to drink water that has been passed through carbon or other high-quality filters. At the same time, bleach is considered one of the most effective means, it prevents the occurrence of cholera and dysentery. Bleach must be used to disinfect wastewater.