Where women are not allowed to work in Russia. Production of aniline, paranitroaniline, aniline salts and fluxes

The phrase is often heard that eSports highest category- it’s a man’s business, well, there is no top team in the world of the fair half of humanity that could give an equal fight to real cybersportsmen. But in our country there is whole list professions that are prohibited by law for women!


But what about equality, you say. Or will you not say, but only confirm that a woman’s place is in the kitchen? In Russia, in accordance with Article 19 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, men and women have equal rights and opportunities for their implementation. But along with this, there is also a special government decree that directly prohibits hiring women in more than 400 specialties.

“The list of heavy work and work with harmful or dangerous working conditions, during which the use of women’s labor is prohibited” was adopted by the Russian government on February 25, 2000. The document contains 39 sections, according to the number of areas of activity in which women's work is either limited (there are some reservations and assumptions) or completely prohibited.


You can easily find the full version of the document online, and we will provide you with the top 10 real male professions.


1. Bus driver

Only a man drives a long-distance bus

To drive a vehicle transporting passengers for more than 14 years seats women are not allowed. The restriction does not apply to urban and suburban transport.


2. Diver

Loads are too high

3. Electric train driver

No female machinists

There cannot be female drivers or assistant drivers on electric trains, steam locomotives, diesel locomotives, or diesel trains.


4. Cattle slaughterer

Not to be confused with just a butcher

5. Forest feller

No comments here

6. Bulldozer driver

Heavy machinery is not for women

In addition to a bulldozer, a woman will also not be allowed to drive a tractor, truck, snowmobile.


7. Boatswain

Sea wolves

A woman on a ship, as you know, will lead to nothing good. The boatswain, skipper, sailor and mate are men only.


8. Carpenter

Why is there a carpenter, even to manufacturing musical instruments they won't let me in

9. Fisherman

Well, of course, it’s not just fishing

Of course, women are not prohibited from fishing. The wording of the law states only about coastal fishing “on hand-pulled cast nets, ice fishing on cast nets, fixed nets and vents.”


10. Airport baggage handler

Let the men handle the luggage

Manage suitcases and hand luggage Only men should be allowed at the airport.


What are the restrictions in the professional environment for women? First of all, the weaker sex is not allowed to work in harmful, dangerous, extreme industries, in professions involving heavy lifting, or underground work. True, women can work underground if they are engaged in sanitation and household services (the ban also does not apply to employees of design and engineering organizations, scientists and doctors). But in Russia there are no female metro drivers. That's the kind of legislation we have.

The list of prohibited professions was compiled by experts from various trade unions, employers' associations and scientists from the Research Institute of Occupational Medicine. The basis of the project is that the life, health and work of women should be especially protected.

At the end of February 2018, the Ministry of Labor announced that it plans to update the list of professions prohibited for women. This is due to the fact that some types of work from the old list have disappeared, others have become available to the fairer sex due to technological improvements.

Equality with 456 exceptions

The Russian Constitution makes male and female job seekers equal in rights during employment, but government decree No. 162, signed on February 25, 2000, regulates 456 professions that are prohibited for the weaker sex.

Important! A taboo on women's work is imposed due to the severity, harmfulness or danger of performing certain jobs.

The list of professions prohibited for women, current as of January 2019, can be studied in the ConsultantPlus system http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_26328/

Add to list harmful professions includes those that:

  • negatively affect women’s health, primarily reproductive health;
  • unsafe;
  • require quick reaction or great physical strength, endurance, and concentration.

The Commissioner for Human Rights in Russia, Tatyana Moskaleva, expressed her opinion to journalists at the end of 2017. She agreed that all professions should be reviewed and adjusted again, but the opinions of women themselves should not be forgotten. Each has its own physical preparation and moral framework, so if a woman wants to drive a train, why not give her the opportunity?

In connection with this opinion I recall the story of Evgenia Markova, who works as a truck driver. She had to go through a refusal to train and issue a military driver's license, receive two higher university degrees that were not very useful - in information security and management, and work at Kaspersky Lab.

The dream became a reality only after employment with a freight forwarding company that was recruiting female heavy truck drivers. I was worried about the difficulties in repairing the car, but my male colleagues are always ready to help on the road - not only to borrow a tool, but also to repair the breakdown.

Version-2000

The list of professions prohibited for women in Russia, compiled in 2000, according to the head of the Ministry of Labor Maxim Topilin, is morally outdated and some positions should be excluded from it. main reason adjustments made - improvement modern conditions labor.

At the beginning of 2018, there was information in the news that the management large enterprise proposed to give companies the right independent choice– which jobs to hire women for, and which vacancies to refuse. True, it was clarified that the decision would have to be endorsed by the trade union leaders.

The mentioned initiative belonged to the management of Russian Railways. In the current list, section 30 is dedicated to the railway industry, and women are not allowed access to such specialties as:

  • driver and his assistant;
  • train compiler;
  • battery worker

Meanwhile, Russian Railways is confident that the fair sex is quite capable of driving modern Sapsan or Swallows.

Topilin harshly criticized the approach proposed by Russian Railways, saying that it is not the prerogative of a particular employer to prohibit or permit. The standards should be legislated so that they are common to all workers and their employers.

The 19-year-old list of prohibited professions for women in Russia includes many professions that have disappeared over two decades. The majority are manufacturing, related to electrical engineering, welding, production of abrasives, the processing industry and logging.

Currently, women are prohibited from being offered, for example, the following vacancies:

  • raft shaper;
  • rafter;
  • pyrite crusher;
  • stone maker;
  • stonecutter;
  • ice and bone char harvester;
  • miner.

Important! All previous attempts to challenge the list by government or business representatives were in vain.

New opportunities

Work on professions prohibited for women in the Russian Federation, which will be included in the new list, continues. The Ministry of Labor and Social Development collects proposals from interested parties - trade unions, employers, government agencies - to update the list. Expert opinions Doctors should give it too. It is their responsibility to identify factors that can negatively affect the reproductive function of the female body.

Doctors claim that the largest percentage of occupational diseases develops in those who work:

  • in the manufacturing industry;
  • in the metallurgical industry;
  • in the production of products;
  • with chemicals.

Important! When working with chemicals, the risk of carcinoma (breast cancer) increases significantly for hairdressers, cosmetologists, laundries and dry cleaners.

It is possible that very soon Russian women will be able to apply for vacancies that were previously closed to them. Many have lost the criterion of harmfulness due to technological modernization of production and adjustments to social and hygienic working conditions.

Moreover, as explained by the head of the Department of Labor Conditions and Safety of the Ministry of Labor Valery Korzh, who is participating in the All-Russian Labor Safety Week in Sochi, the criteria for defining a “non-female profession” will most likely have to be revised. Instead of a direct ban on specific professions, it is better to rely on the conditions created by the employer, because it is one thing to drive a Sapsan, and another to drive an old-style locomotive.

The Ministry of Labor proposes not to create a black list of prohibited professions, but to approve harmful production factors or types of hazardous work. A draft of a new approach to defining “non-lady positions” is posted on the regulatory portal for public discussion.

Life truth

Despite the existing list and the Labor Code, no one guarantees the absolute safety of women's work. Take, for example, statistics on female injuries in the Sverdlovsk region:

  • a third of those injured at work over the past 5 years;
  • every fifth case of severe injuries;
  • every tenth death occurs at work.

Formally, hard physical labor and high harmfulness are prohibited for women, but if the profession is not included in the list, no one will forbid applying for the position, especially if there is a shortage of candidates for the position. In small towns, the choice of offers from employers is small, and in order to feed their families, wives and mothers do not disdain any vacancy.

What makes the weaker sex “stop a galloping horse”? The main factors for employment in hazardous or difficult positions are well known:

  • earnings are 20-30% higher;
  • extended package of social benefits: additional leave, shorter working hours, improved nutrition, vacation packages;
  • earlier retirement.

On a note! According to statistics, 65% of women are unemployed and it is more difficult for them to find work.

Many difficult and traumatic jobs for women are now performed by male migrants. For example, they are employed as plasterers and painters, although quite recently they were employed exclusively by the fairer sex. But there are still problems with replacing women’s labor with robots in Russia. We have only three robots per 10 thousand female workers, while in Japan there are 305, and in Korea there are 531.

So far the government has updated the list of prohibited professions for women last time in 2000. How soon this will be done again, and by what criteria “non-women’s work” will be determined, we will find out in the future.

The Ministry of Labor will review and reduce the list of specialties to which female citizens of the Russian Federation are not allowed. What professions can be found on this list?

Since childhood, Masha dreamed of becoming the captain of a sea liner. The plastic steering wheel in the little girl’s hands turned into the steering wheel of a ship, and through old binoculars, inquisitive children’s eyes saw the shores of distant uncharted lands. The adults told Masha that her dream was impossible: “a girl on a ship means there will be trouble,” and this is not a woman’s business at all; only a man can cope with such hard and responsible work. But Masha did not give up. She lives in Russia, where people are equal and can occupy any position regardless of gender. She entered the naval school (on the third attempt, because in the previous two “they don’t accept girls”), she studied brilliantly and did an internship at sea. The teachers, who at first constantly sighed with sadness about her difficult lot and unborn children, have long ceased to perceive her only as a “girl.” The captain praised him and invited him to work with him after graduation. Masha passed the final state exams, received a diploma with honors, came to her captain... And ran into something familiar from childhood: “We don’t take girls.” The law prohibits. The captain would be happy to help, to ask for Masha, but he’s got his hands full, another flight is coming soon, and they’ve already tortured him with checks, and he won’t survive another one - an additional one, for Masha’s sake. So forgive me, Masha, this is not a woman’s business. Do something else.

Masha from our story, fortunately, does not exist, so there is no need to worry about her future fate. But the problem she faces is real. A woman in Russia really cannot engage in maritime professions, because they are included in a special List of Professions, the path to which is closed to women.

This list was compiled back in 1974 by the Soviet government and adopted by the Russian Federation on February 25, 2000 (RF Government Decree No. 162). It contains 456 names of “heavy work and work with harmful or dangerous working conditions, during which the use of women’s labor is prohibited.” It didn't seem to you. The list does not “strictly discourage”, leaving the employee and his employer the right and opportunity to decide for themselves whether they are willing to take the risk. It specifically “prohibits” the use of female labor in the named professions. With the help of such radical measures, the state takes care of preserving the reproductive functions of the woman’s body, because hard work can negatively affect the ability to bear healthy child. In this case, evidence of harm is exclusively female body Not a single item on this list has: most professions on the list are equally dangerous for both women and men. However, the work ban only applies to women.

But in our neighboring European Union, for example, they don’t care so much about women. European women are successfully mastering professions that were previously considered purely masculine, and it seems they have no intention of degenerating. Some professions in Europe have become so gender neutral that human rights activists have stopped collecting statistics on women's employment in the industry. No one will be surprised by a woman driving an excavator, for example.

But Russia and Europe began to fight discrimination against women at the same time, when they ratified the so-called. UN Women's Convention (“Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women”). The document came into force in 1981 and calls for achieving not just a gender-neutral attitude towards men and women, but, if necessary, taking measures to change existing laws, customs and traditions that hinder the elimination of any forms of discrimination. The Convention pays considerable attention to the problem of gender equality in employment, and any non-compliance with the provisions of the Convention is called discrimination on the basis of sex.

On this moment The Convention has been ratified by 189 countries, including the Russian Federation. Its provisions are supported by others government documents, for example, the Constitution and Labor Code RF. And yet, under equal conditions for the implementation of the provisions of the Convention for all countries that have signed it, in Russia there is still a List of Prohibited Professions, which the Ministry of Labor is not yet ready to abolish.

Here are just some professions that are available, for example, to citizens of the European Union, but are closed to women in Russian Federation:

  • A carpenter. In Russia, women are prohibited from working as carpenters in construction, installation and repair works. construction work, while in Europe there is not even data on how many women are involved in this field.
  • Cattle slaughterer. What many women do in villages may not be their official place of work. According to the Ministry of Labor, a woman cannot lift more than 10 kg per hour. It is worth noting that 10 kg is the weight of a two-year-old child, the number of times his mother can lift him at home is not regulated at the state level in any way.
  • Driver of a regular bus. In Russia, a woman has the right to work only on a bus that runs within the city and has a capacity of no more than 14 people. Regular intercity buses for women are still closed.
  • Truck driver and construction equipment driver. Even having the rights of the appropriate category will not save you. In Russia, a woman can become a truck driver only if she has extensive experience (often semi-legal).
  • It is not easy for women in Russia to break into military professions. Formally, there are no gender restrictions in the army: Russian women can serve under the same conditions as men. True, the first tank crews of the Russian Federation, for example, began to be trained in the Amur region only in 2013; before that, women were only allowed to occupy non-combat professions: signalmen, medical personnel, and junior management. It’s surprising to see this in the country that gave birth to the world-famous Night Witches. However, the law modern Russia does not initially imply a gender division among military personnel, therefore special conditions(sanitary, for example), necessary for women, he does not take into account. In addition, the army prioritizes the offer of vacancies to male applicants. A vacancy will be offered to a female candidate only after a male candidate declines the position. In Europe, women started talking about serving on equal terms with men back during the First World War, but, unlike Soviet Union, left girls the right to serve on a voluntary basis, master the specialties they desire and take part in hostilities. Girls in Europe can be, for example, tank crews, sappers or snipers.
  • Things are even more complicated for the already mentioned female sailors. Maritime schools and river technical schools accept all eligible applicants, regardless of their gender, but do not warn that after graduation it will be more difficult (if not practically impossible) for girls to occupy a position in accordance with their qualifications. It was the trade union of seafarers that began to seek a revision of the List of Prohibited Professions. Russian woman Svetlana Medvedeva, when, citing the state list, she was denied the position of mechanic-steering, turned to the UN for help. The commission considered Svetlana’s case to be discrimination, but the courts of the Russian Federation ignored this decision, stating that it “is not binding for Russia.”

However, female captains in Russian fleet still exist, but the attitude towards them leaves much to be desired. This is how sea captain Tatyana Sukhanova told the Meduza portal about her situation: “...it’s strange that in any port in the world I, a female captain, was greeted much more hospitably than in my native country. Even my friend from Arkhangelsk, sea captain Ekaterina Nemirova, as well as the famous captain Lyudmila Tibryaeva and female first mates note that on Far East male colleagues treat them incomparably harsher. Some are just trying to set you up.<…>If the foreign companies that represent these crewing companies found out that the captain is not hired just because she is a woman, they would lose their licenses.”

  • But even European women have difficulties with the firefighting profession. There are no official restrictions on women working in this profession in the EU, but in practice female firefighters remain a rarity. In Sweden, for example, there are only 0.6% of all firefighters in the country. At the same time, many male firefighters in surveys noted that they would not want women to work with them, as this would “violate the atmosphere of brotherhood that helps them work harmoniously.” Perhaps we can be happy for Australia, where girls are actively recruited as volunteers to extinguish forest fires. The career ceiling for a citizen of the Russian Federation in the Ministry of Emergency Situations will be the position of a dispatcher. She will not be allowed to save people and put out fires.
  • The best illustration of the regression of women's rights in Russia is the ban on working as a subway and electric train operator. Women were allowed to drive metro rolling stock during the Great Patriotic War due to the shortage of male machinists in the city, and successfully coped with their profession right up to Perestroika. There were even special women's brigades in the metro. But in the eighties, the USSR government decided that only a man could drive an electric train, and women began to slowly survive from the subway. Now women are not only prohibited from driving a train, they cannot even hold the position of assistant driver. The last female machinist in Russia was an employee of the Moscow metro, Natalya Vladimirovna Kornienko, who retired just a couple of years ago. Nowadays there are no female typists in the metro.

But European statistics show that the number of women driving trains has only increased over the years. The slow increase is not explained by discrimination, but by the peculiarities of the profession: many machinists chose their specialty, following in the footsteps of their fathers, and are very reluctant to leave their jobs. According to forecasts, with the development transport system The number of women in the industry will only continue to grow.

A complete list of professions can be found in Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 162. The list includes professions that require brute strength (the girl, according to the Ministry of Labor, does not have sufficient physical abilities to work in a logging camp), and in which there is a need to constantly keep in mind large volume instructional provisions while constantly monitoring the current situation (it is for this reason that a woman cannot be an electric train driver).

But working conditions have long changed. Special equipment allows for a minimum of physical effort in construction work, safety measures have long stopped all kinds of leaks of such chemicals dangerous to the “female reproductive function,” and numerous studies have proven that memory and analytic skills brain do not depend in any way on the gender of its owner. However, the Ministry of Labor agreed only to review and possibly reduce the list of prohibited professions. Abandon it completely, despite successful Foreign experience, the authorities are not ready “at the conceptual level.” So the Russian Masha, unlike her French friend Marie, will have to fight for a long time for the opportunity to sail her ship to distant shores.

Women will begin to be allowed into “non-female jobs” if the employer can create working conditions that do not harm their health, including reproductive health. The Ministry of Labor intends to review the government decree prohibiting women from working in certain professions. The head of the Department of Labor Conditions and Safety of the Ministry of Labor, Valery Korzh, spoke about this at the All-Russian Labor Safety Week in Sochi.

A document that radically changes the approach to determining which profession is female and which is not is posted on the federal portal of regulatory legal acts. Korzh promised that it would be discussed for at least a couple of months, so that everyone would have time to express their comments and suggestions on it.

Currently, women are prohibited from working in 456 professions and specialties. And all attempts by the public to challenge this list until the last moment were in vain. It was believed that the list included professions in which work was very dangerous for women’s health. Especially reproductive.

"Revising the list of professions is a delicate issue. Of course, harmful factors affect not only women, but also men. But women react more sharply to factors external environment", said Korzh. And although the number of Russians working in harmful and dangerous working conditions is decreasing (for example, by half a percent in 2017), another million women work in such jobs.

As Valery Korzh explained, it’s time to move away from directly listing “prohibited” professions, because equipment and technology do not stand still. “What was done yesterday using one technology, today is done using a completely different one. Automation, computerization have come to enterprises, and completely different equipment has appeared,” he noted. And in the same enterprise, people who perform seemingly the same work may have different conditions labor. It’s one thing to drive a “Swallow” or a “Sapsan”, quite another to drive an old-style locomotive. It is quite possible to allow women into the first jobs, says Petr Potapov, head of the labor protection department of Russian Railways.

Currently, women are prohibited from working in 456 professions and specialties.

The Ministry of Labor proposes not to compile lists of professions where women a priori could not work, but to approve a block of harmful production factors, in the presence of which women’s labor will be limited, as well as a list individual species work with hazardous working conditions.

According to the head of the laboratory of the Research Institute of Occupational Medicine named after. Academician Izmerov Marina Fesenko, most occupational diseases are detected in women working at manufacturing enterprises and in metallurgy. At the same time, “the most dangerous professions for women” are crane operator, nurse, painter, milkman, and conveyor operator. The risk of developing breast cancer increases among women who work in Food Industry, hairdressers, cosmetologists, laundries and dry cleaners - wherever chemicals are used.

On the sidelines of the Eurasian Women's Forum. In particular, the department plans to lift restrictions on work in bakery production, air, sea, river and railway transport, as drivers of heavy trucks and operators of special equipment.

As Topilin noted, the revision of the list of “non-female” professions was influenced, in particular, by automation technological processes and the use of modern equipment in the workplace. In addition, it is necessary to exclude from the list old types of work that a priori are not used in modern production, the politician noted.

The Minister is confident that changing the list of jobs will increase women’s employment opportunities and will ensure fair working conditions.

“The corresponding order will be signed in the near future,” Topilin added.

In Russia, women's labor is prohibited from being used for hard work and work under harmful or dangerous working conditions. Full scroll of such professions is published on the Internet portal of legal information.

At the same time, one of the criteria by which the profession is closed to women is the obligation to frequently lift certain weights, but a woman who has become a mother is much more likely to lift a child whose weight already from a fairly young age exceeds the “prohibited” parameters.

Topilin also stated the need to continue to reduce the difference in wages men and women, reports RT .

He noted that the gender pay gap had fallen from 36.8% in 2001 to 28.3% in 2017 and called for the trend to continue.

Russia's Vladimir Putin, speaking earlier at the Eurasian Women's Forum, called for solving the problem of gender inequality and removing career restrictions for women. As the head of state noted, equality and Active participation women in various spheres of life and sectors of the economy will benefit the entire global community.

“In today’s complex, rapidly changing world, women energetically and successfully manifest themselves in a variety of industries, playing an increasingly significant role in strengthening peace and security, which is absolutely natural for women, in solving the most important socio-economic and humanitarian problems,” the president said .

He said it was very important to “open the way for girls to get the necessary education”, as well as create convenient conditions for working and running their own businesses.

At the same time, it is important to preserve the traditional values ​​of family and motherhood, Putin said. In his opinion, they do not depend on the social structure and technological progress and are common to countries with different cultures and customs.

The Second Eurasian Women's Forum brought together several thousand women delegates from more than 100 countries. Public activists, politicians, entrepreneurs, heads of companies and government agencies came to St. Petersburg to discuss world issues, including global security and sustainable development.

Earlier, the deputy chairman of the Committee on Family Affairs said that it would take 170 years to overcome inequality between women and men in Russia. Thus, this will only be achieved by 2188.

According to her, it is necessary to adopt a law on gender equality in the country, since women and men still receive different salaries, and there is also discrimination in employment. Then she especially emphasized that the list of prohibited professions, adopted back in 1978, violates women’s rights.

“The problem of discrimination is not virtual, but measurable. It’s better to start now, we have to work on a number of problems,” the deputy said in an interview with the publication “Takie Dela.”

At the same time, the editor-in-chief and RT Margarita believes that Russia is ahead of many advanced countries in the issue of equal rights for women.

To prove her words, she recalled that in Russia women retire earlier than men. In particular, in the event of a parental divorce, the child, as a rule, remains with the mother. In addition, the woman receives maternal capital and cannot be sentenced to life imprisonment.

“It was our country that long ago and finally defeated the oppression of women. Women's equality in our country is not such a pressing issue as, unfortunately, it still is in some other countries. In our country, being born a girl is not humiliation or a curse... I am proud that in our country women are not just equal to men, but have even a little more rights,” concluded Simonyan, speaking at the second Eurasian Women’s Forum.

The journalist also recalled that a woman can take long vacation for child care, and the employer is obliged to take care of her workplace for this time. At the same time, she noted that “it is not very clear what money she should live on” for these three years. According to her, in this regard the legislation is still imperfect. “But in this matter... we are ahead of many other advanced countries,” Simonyan concluded.