Axonometric scheme of a two-pipe heating system of a two-story house. The heating system of a two-story house. We are looking for the best option.

If for heating a small one-story house there are several options for heating systems, then for large cottages with several floors, water heating is optimal.
  The one-pipe heating system of a two-story house is the most popular today.

Principle of operation

The one-pipe scheme provides for the formation of a closed looped circuit. This is convenient in the case of a two-story house, because the pipeline runs along the perimeter of the building. Heat first comes to the nearest radiator from the boiler, gradually reaching the most distant heating devices.

The heat carrier in the one-pipe heating circuit can be water or antifreeze. The use of antifreeze is necessary in those houses where the boiler works in the winter periodically.

In the modern one-pipe heating system uses such elements as:

  • radiator regulators;
  • balancing valves;
  • thermostatic valves;
  • ball Valves.

They allow you to carefully balance the flow of heat in different rooms. In one room, you can reach a temperature of 25 degrees, and in another room limit to 15 degrees.

There are different schemes. The scheme called "Leningradka" provides for laying the pipeline in the floor or directly above it. The line is mounted horizontally with a slight bias towards the direction of movement of the coolant. Radiators can be installed on the same level. Radiators should be equipped with Mayevsky cranes to remove air plugs from the system.

For the operation of a single-pipe heating system in a two-story house, the installation of a circulation pump is required. Then hot water can be supplied to the upper floor through pipes of smaller diameter. It is cheaper and more aesthetic. But for the smooth operation of such a heating system requires a reliable supply of electricity to power the pump.

Advantages of a single pipe heating system

The single-pipe has certain advantages over the two-pipe system.
  In a single pipe heating system, it is possible to cover the entire inner perimeter of the house with one closed ring. The owner does not have to adapt to the layout of the premises.

Since one supply line runs from the supply of the boiler to its return, it is possible to save a lot when buying pipes. From the pipeline are made bends to the batteries, floor heating, towel warmer and the circulating pump.
  The pipe can be held under the floor and doorways. As a result, in each room you can start a heating circuit without disturbing the attractiveness of the interior.

The main disadvantages of the system

Single pipe heating system. Click on the photo to enlarge.

When choosing a one-pipe, you need to know about the main drawbacks.

When the radiators are connected in series, the problem of adjusting the temperature of the coolant in different rooms arises. If in the room closest to the boiler to reduce the intensity of heating, then the temperature will drop in the other rooms.

In order for single-pipe heating to warm up all the rooms, a higher pressure is required for the circulation of fluid. For a two-story house, a mandatory tie-in of a powerful electric pump is necessary, which leads to an increase in energy consumption.

To increase the reliability of the heating system of a one-story house, you can use the collector for overclocking. Its task is to increase the circulation of water into the system.

Options for connecting radiators in a one-pipe scheme


Variants of "Leningradka". Click on the photo to enlarge.

Options for connecting batteries in a single pipe heating system:

  • unregulated scheme;
  • "Leningradka".

The unregulated scheme uses the minimum number of connections and additional elements. The radiator is connected to the highway at two points. During operation of the heating system, it is impossible to disconnect the battery or regulate the temperature of the heat transfer medium in it. Despite the low cost of installation, this connection scheme is suitable for heating only small houses.

The scheme called "Leningradka" provides for the installation of taps on pipes that connect them to the radiator. Bypassing the battery mounted bypass, equipped with a crane. By manipulating the taps, you can adjust the flow of coolant to the battery or completely disconnect the radiator from the main. In this case, you will have to spend a significant amount of money to purchase additional items.

Instruments and materials for picking a one-pipe system

To prepare for the installation of the heating system, it is necessary to purchase the entire range of devices and materials.

  • Heating boiler of suitable capacity;
  • Electric circulation pump;
  • Expansion tank;
  • Pipe with a diameter of 25 mm for the arrangement of the main pipeline;
  • Pipe diameter of 20 mm for connecting radiators;
  • Pipes can be used as metal (copper or steel), and polymer (polypropylene or metal-plastic);
  • Fittings are required to connect pipe and battery outlets;
  • Radiators of any type, you must first calculate the number of sections;
  • To radiators should pick up the gaskets and plugs;
  • Each radiator requires a Mayevsky crane;
  • When installing the Leningradka heating scheme, it is necessary to purchase overlapping cranes in the amount of 3 pieces. on one battery.

The sequence of installation of heating

When self-installation of one-pipe heating circuit, you need to know some technological features.

The first step is to choose the optimal place in the house to install the heater. It is better to entrust the installation of the warranty boiler to the service center specialists.

Heating a suburban two-story house - an important part of the arrangement of life. Despite the development of new technologies in this area, the most popular is the heating system of a two-story house with a heat carrier, in which water circulates through pipes.

The project of heating a two-story house on the basis of such a system is quite simple. The water is heated by the boiler, after which it flows to the batteries through pipes, and then flows back into the boiler. In order to maintain heat transfer, there must be a circulation pump in the system. As fuel for the boiler is used:

  • natural gas;
  • coal;
  • firewood;
  • kerosene, etc.

Water can be heated with electricity or solar energy, but most often natural gas is used. The system (depending on the project conditions) may consist of the following devices:

  • heating boiler;
  • batteries (radiators);
  • pipes;
  • expansion tank (to collect excess water);
  • circulation pump;
  • thermostats;
  • air vent;
  • pressure gauge;
  • safety valve.

Choosing a boiler for home heating

Depending on what area you need to heat, choose the power of the boiler. For a small house with a heated area of ​​60 to 200 m², a boiler with a capacity of up to 25 kW is sufficient, for a house of 200-300 m² it will take up to 35 kW, for an area of ​​300-600 - up to 60 kW.

Information about the pipes used in the system

For transportation of the heat carrier can be used pipes from different materials.


  1. From stainless steel, from usual steel and covered with a protective layer of zinc. During installation, they are joined by welding or on the pipelines (special parts with thread). Corrosion-proof pipes last longer, and steel is susceptible to corrosion. In recent years, such pipes are practically not used.
  2. Copper pipes withstand high temperatures and are not subject to corrosion. Soldered using silver-containing solder. Such pipes are expensive, but they have a longer service life than others.
  3. Polymer pipes are made of polyethylene, polypropylene. For strength, they are reinforced with aluminum (its layer is middle in the wall). Such pipes are not susceptible to corrosion, do not "overgrow" from the inside and are easily connected by thermal soldering. The disadvantage is the tendency to thermal expansion, which can cause leaks during defrosting of the system.


The choice of the diameter and material of the pipe is carried out in accordance with the project, which must take into account the particular architecture of the house, the technical characteristics of the boiler and the properties of the fuel.

Varieties of water heating systems

Water heating of a two-story house can be arranged using a single or dual circuit system. The latter is intended both for heating and for providing the house with hot water. In some cases, two single-circuit systems are used: the water for heating is prepared with the help of a boiler, and the water for domestic needs - with the help of a gas column. This makes it possible to repair each system independently.
  There are the following methods of distributing pipes to the premises:

  • one-pipe heating of a two-story house;
  • two-pipe;
  • collector.

In some cases, mixed systems are used: this allows floor heating and delivering coolant to radiators mounted on walls.


Monotube pipe routing: advantages and disadvantages

The principle of a one-pipe system is that the heated water goes to the radiators along one pipe and then, after giving up heat energy, returns to the boiler for heating. The one-pipe system provides for the upper flow of coolant, and there are no reverse risers.


  1. With one-pipe wiring, the coolant passes through the pipe, moving from the radiator nearest to the boiler to the distant one.
  2. At installation of heating system in such a way, materials are significantly saved. Aesthetically, this layout looks better than others (in the event that the pipes are not hidden in the wall).
  3. A single pipe system makes it difficult to adjust the temperature in different rooms.
  4. It is possible to disable only the last ones in the chain of radiators for repair. If a leak occurs, the entire system has to be disconnected.
  5. The temperature of the radiators in different rooms will be different. The temperature of the latter will always be lower than the first.
  6. There are two ways to install a monotube system: with a dead-end (counter) and a passing movement of the coolant.
  7. On the lower floor, it is necessary to increase the number of radiator sections, as the water through the pipes drains from the upper floor is already partially cooled.

There are several ways to connect radiators:


  • flow through (there is only a radiator connection between the incoming and outgoing pipe, that is, there is no bypass);
  • with unregulated bypass (there are no taps and valves to adjust or disconnect the battery);
  • with manually adjustable bypass (ball valves are installed on the bypass and before entering the pipe into the battery);
  • with a three-way valve regulating bypass and input (the bypass can be adjusted both manually and automatically).

What is double pipe wiring


The heating of a two-story private house is best mounted on the principle of a two-pipe system. It allows you to adjust the temperature in the premises more efficiently and is better suited for private homes. This principle is that a pipe with a heated coolant and a cold pipe is supplied to each radiator.

There are several ways of distributing pipes in a two-pipe system:


  1. Star-shaped: a heat-transfer pipe is connected to the radiator, and the heat-transfer pipe goes cold. The temperature of all batteries is the same.
  2. The “loop” method: the batteries are arranged one after the other, with one pipe to each one, hot water is successively supplied and cold water is similarly discharged. This method is worse than the previous one, since the radiators closest to the boiler heat up more distantly.
  3. Collector (beam) wiring: at the same time, a collector cabinet is installed near the free wall (if possible by the built-in method), and there are two collectors: for hot pipes and for cold pipes. Laying pipes to the batteries perform under the coupler. This allows you to hide the layout, and in addition, make the floor warm. The advantage of the collector system is the possibility of easy temperature control: each outlet at the collector is equipped with shut-off valves. If necessary, you can completely turn off any radiator.


Only a specialist familiar with the laws of thermodynamics and the fundamentals of heat engineering can correctly calculate and produce a heating system project for a house. However, the information will be useful to the customer in order to make the right choice and be able to manage the system.

Better to get acquainted with the device of various heating systems will help the video.

This article is dedicated to the topic - do-it-yourself house heating. Here you will find and find out how the heating system is installed and what is required for it. We will be glad if our advice will be useful to all who wish to carry out this work yourself.

Everyone who decides to personally take part in the installation of water heating in his home, must be well prepared for more efficient and proper operation. Essentially, the installation of this heating in a private dwelling does not constitute something very difficult, however, in case of improper installation, it will not function, and if it does, it will be bad.

It will be very good if you already have at least some experience and skills in such a matter. But if there is no experience, then you will first need to study a certain amount of information on this subject, so that when you start work, you clearly realize how and what to do.

The next step in preparing the installation of water heating alone is the selection of its type, the material from which the pipes, circulation drawings and the writing of the installation will be made.

The first step on the way to preparing the installation of hot water heating is the selection of a coolant circulation drawing. This may be a drawing with forced, natural or combined circulation of the coolant.

Drawing of forced circulation of coolant: boiler (1), radiators (2), heated water (3), pumped storage tank (4), circulation pump (5), safety unit (6), drain (7), filter (8).

In the system, forced circulation of water is carried out using a circulation pump (possibly several). This drawing helps to increase the efficiency of heating by more than 20-30%, relying on the type, does not need to follow the pipe slopes. However, the presence of electricity affects it, and it is also necessary to be in a closed form with an excessive pressure of up to 1.5 bar. This drawing is usually used for electric or gas water heating.

Drawing of the natural circulation of the coolant: boiler (1), radiators (2), heated water from the boiler (3), expansion tank (4), return pipe (5), drain (6).

Water heating of a private dwelling with natural circulation has been used for more than a decade. This drawing has already been tested over the years, but in order to realize it, during installation one should observe a certain inclination of the pipes (3-5 °), their absence will lead to the inoperability of the system. This type of circulation is mainly involved in the use of solid fuel boilers or furnaces with a heat exchanger.

Drawing of a combined circulation: boiler (1), radiators (2), circulation pump (3), expansion tank (4), air valve (5), ball valve (6), drain (7), return valve (8).

Water heating in a private dwelling with a combined circulation can be used both in natural mode and in forced mode. If the power is turned off, it can be switched to natural mode, but during installation, the pitch of the pipes should also be observed. Such a drawing is most suitable solid water heating.

There are many types of heat sources of water heating in a private dwelling, which are based on: solid fuel, electricity and gas, as well as on the stove and all sorts of options that contribute to the heating of the room (using batteries (radiators) or underfloor heating). You need to choose the option that fits exclusively to the environment of your home.

Today, the most advantageous choice is the gas boiler, which is connected to the central gas pipeline.

In the absence of the possibility of such a choice, it is available to choose a slightly less convenient to use boiler for electricity. This option has one drawback, namely the amount of electricity costs that will need to be paid. In addition, to connect this type of boiler, you may need to be three-phase input. In case of its absence, it will be possible to use an electric boiler with a capacity not exceeding 3-4 kW, this amount of power will be small if the size of the house is large.

If such variations are not for you, then it is possible to choose either a stove with a water circuit or a solid fuel boiler.

Of course, there are more rare sources of heat energy, for example, liquefaction of bottled gas or liquid fuel using a solar power plant or heat pump.

It also happens that a multitude of different types of heat sources are connected to the heating system at once and use them when needed or in turn.

It is necessary to determine the type of water heating, which is established by you personally, even before the purchase of pipes and equipment, because each type has individual qualities and must also be taken into account in order to avoid unnecessary costs. For example, if metal pipes are used for wiring, they can be used for each type of boiler. But pipes made of plastic or plastic and metal, it will be possible to find out whether they are suitable or not for choosing water heating.

At the moment there is a huge variety of types of batteries that can be used during the installation of water heating. Often the main element of the choice of a battery is its cost. However, it is very important that the selected battery type and personal properties can be well combined with a certain type of boiler.

Batteries can be connected in a variety of ways, based on their type and the selected layout of the wiring: only above and below, on one side (right, left) from different sides or only on the bottom. In this case, acquiring radiators, it is better to know in advance what radiators and with what type of connection you will need, and this will help you drawing up a wiring diagram in the house.

Options for connecting radiators: bottom (a), diagonally (b), left and right (c and d) with vertical riser or top wiring, and side with bottom wiring (e).

The schemes of heating a two-story private house with your own hands, you can make yourself and can be a collector or two-pipe, one-pipe, with the upper or lower wiring pipes.

Drawings for pipe installation: one pipe (a), two pipe (b), collector (c); boiler (1), radiators (2), circulation pump (3), pumped storage tank (4), drain (5), safety unit (7), expansion tank (8), heated water distribution manifold (9), return manifold ( ten).

Wiring with a one-pipe circuit will require a minimum number of pipes, however, heat will be unevenly distributed between radiators. A large number of pipes will be required for collector wiring, however, it helps to easily regulate and distribute heat to each radiator. Two-pipe wiring takes an intermediate position and it is most often used.

After selecting the type of water heating and the heating scheme of a private house with your own hands, then you need to choose the material for the pipes that will be used for system wiring. Heating pipes are made from:

  • steel or copper (metal);
  • polypropylene or cross-linked polyethylene (plastic);
  • metal plastic.

All materials include advantages and disadvantages, and the best variation can be selected, based on the type of boiler, drawing of the coolant circulation and wiring.

Metal pipes are well combined with natural circulation, due to their easy installation with the required slope. In addition, this material allows pipes to transfer huge temperature drops. However, to perform the wiring of metal pipes yourself, you need to be able to cope with the welding work and have the necessary special equipment.

Pipes made of metal-plastic and plastic can also be mounted with the required inclination, placing them in inclined furrows or on supporting collars. But the use of such pipes holds the temperature of the coolant - not more than 95 degrees, and this is not always possible to achieve, heating with solid fuel.

The most simple and easy to install are plastic pipes, especially with compression fittings. For self-mount water heating, using this type of pipe, special devices will not be required. You can install them using special fittings, adjustable wrenches and specialized scissors. But this type of pipe is less durable and needs timely tightening of connecting thread fittings.

Enough popularity recently received a heating system made of plastic pipes, which are mounted by welding. In general, the placement of heating using this type of pipe is also not very difficult. You only need to buy or borrow a machine for welding these pipes and know how to use it.

After the final decision in favor of one or another type of circulation and pipe layout scheme, it is necessary to draw on paper a detailed layout of the heating system and designate the places where the boiler, batteries, steam valves, fittings, ext. equipment (safety unit, pumping or expansion tank, circulation pump, filter and stop.).

You also need to measure and display on the drawing the length between them and the required size of pipes, their diameter and wiring diagram. It is possible to make a separate scheme for one room and assemble them into one whole scheme for a whole dwelling. It will not be difficult to portray such shemki, and during the installation everything will be extremely easy and clear: where and what needs to be connected and mounted.

Installation is carried out in a couple of steps:

  • installation of the boiler (s) heating;
  • installation of radiators;
  • pipe routing;
  • installation add. equipment;
  • connecting each element to the overall system using welding, fittings and connections.

Consider in more detail all the steps.

Location of radiators

Often, radiators are mounted near the entrance or under the windows in the house. The installation of radiators is carried out depending on their dimensions and type on special mounts. The quality of attachment should be appropriate to the severity of the radiator.

The radiators are mounted horizontally so that the distance from the window sill is 10 cm and 6 cm from the floor. It is recommended to install shut-off valves, a regulator and an automatic breather valve on all radiators. The valve (shut-off valve) is able to disconnect the radiator from the entire system when required. Thanks to the air valve, it is possible to automatically bleed the air from the battery both during use of the heating system and during its start.

Pipe installation and installation add. equipment

Pipe wiring comes from the heating boiler using specially designed fittings (connectors, adapters, angles, tees, and many others). For each type of pipe has its own individual wiring and installation, which can be found in other articles on this topic. During distribution after placement, the pipes can remain visible (open distribution) or they are placed in special niches or grooves, and after placement closed with plaster or putty (hidden distribution). Pipe distribution is carried out with the connection of batteries and installation of additional. equipment for the construction of water heating at home.

Boiler installation

The installation site of the boiler is borrowed at the rate of the highest simplification of the distribution of heating pipes and their minimal consumption. In addition, when placing an electric or gas boiler should take into account the placement of the future input or existing gas pipeline or electrical wiring.

Choosing the place of installation of a furnace with a water circuit or a solid fuel boiler, usually, the main role is played by the possibility of installing a chimney.

The level of placement of the boiler is important only for natural-circulating heating. Thus, the greatest benefit will be from the lowest setting point of the “processing” input. The best choice for a solid fuel boiler is the basement or basement of the house. In furnace heating, it is also necessary that the firebox, with the heat exchanger located in it, is at the lowest point of all the permissible construction of the furnace.

That's all, thanks for completely reading the article. We hope our article will help you. Just below you can watch the video. And now see you soon in new articles.

Heating circuit

During construction and even long before laying the foundation, many questions arise concerning heating. After all, everyone wants to make everything easier and at the lowest cost. But is it possible? Let's try to figure it out.

What looks like the simplest heating system of a two-story house?

The composition of the heating system at home

If the area in which your home is being built is gasified, then the optimum type of fuel will be gas. He is by far the cheapest of all available. In addition, gas equipment is easy to use, safe and relatively inexpensive.

Since the coolant in it is water, such a system is known as water heating. Today it is the most common heating system for residential buildings.

If heat sources are located in the immediate vicinity or in the heated premises themselves and are intended only for heating these spaces, then such a system is called autonomous.

If several objects connected to the heating network of pipelines are connected to a heating device or a complex of devices, then such systems are called centralized.

Heating boiler

Modern heating boilers

The main element of the heating system is the boiler or water heater. It is a complex consisting of equipment for heating the coolant (usually water) and automation systems. The heating medium is heated by burning fuel or from electric heating elements.

The fuel for the boiler can be wood and waste, coal, petroleum products (usually fuel oil) and, of course, gas.

The selection of the boiler is carried out according to several basic parameters:

  • Heat output - measured in watts (kW).
  • The presence of the chimney - the boiler can be chimney or turbocharged.
  • Installation method - floor or wall.
  • The purpose of the boiler - single or dual circuit.

The calculation of heat output is made taking into account the parameters of the house, the nuances of the project, the planned heating system and the features of the gas infrastructure.

Chimney boilers are made according to the classical scheme with a channel for the removal of gases into the atmosphere above the house. Turbocharged boilers carry out air intake for gas combustion and removal of combustion products directly through the wall in the area of ​​the boiler installation. For this purpose, a special dual circuit air channel is used.


Dual circuit air channel of turbo boiler

For small domestic boilers up to 32 kW is the best wall mount. It is more convenient for the installation of highways and further maintenance of equipment.

Single-circuit water heater is designed exclusively for the heating system. If it is necessary to provide a house with hot water, a double-circuit heater should be purchased, where the first circuit is the heating system and the second is the hot water system. At the same time, both circuits in modern boilers are completely independent. So disabling one allows the second to work and vice versa.

Modern gas boilers are equipped with various additional functions for efficient use of fuel and economy of resources. For example, many complexes work, taking into account the temperature not only in the heating zones, but also outside. Adjustment allows you to set the boiler to the desired temperature by the time of day or at the request of the owner using a mobile phone or the Internet.

Highways system

According to the principle of creating a circulation of coolant, heating systems can be divided into gravitational - with natural circulation and pumping - with artificial circulation. Due to certain features, gravitational circulation of coolant is rarely used for houses of more than one floor. Therefore, it is logical to consider only the circuit with forced pump circulation as the main one.


Scheme of systems with top and bottom wiring

According to the method of supplying the coolant, the heating scheme of a two-story house can be divided into the following types:

  • With the top wiring of heat pipes
  • With the lower wiring of heat pipes

In the first case, the coolant is pre-fed to the uppermost level of the system. After that, he begins to go down through the heating devices, returning to the boiler.

At the lower wiring, the supply of heated water from the water heater is carried out from the lower level of the house to the top.

The presence of a pump indicates that this is a system with artificial circulation.

According to the method of supply and removal of coolant from the heating devices of the system can be:

  • Monotube
  • Two-pipe

By the mutual arrangement of highways and heating devices of the heating system are divided into:

  • Vertical - in them all heating devices are located in close proximity to the vertical riser (risers).
  • Horizontal - when level heaters are connected in series with one another in a single horizontal line connected to the riser.

The scheme of water heating is made taking into account the material of the pipes used during installation. When selecting them, it is necessary to make a hydraulic calculation of pipelines in order to determine the optimal diameter at each site, the parameters of pumps and other equipment.

Pipeline Material

Types of pipes

Modern technologies make it possible to completely abandon metal pipes in autonomous space heating systems. Corrosion processes in such pipes are often the reasons for the failure of thermal equipment. Given that much less pressure of the working fluid is used in autonomous systems, it is better to install plastic pipelines.

Along with iron pipes are widely used:

  • Metal plastic
  • Polypropylene
  • Cross-linked polyethylene
  • Copper
  • Stainless steel

The advantages of all pipes with plastic content are the complete absence of corrosion, low cost and durability under the conditions of operation. And to their shortcomings can be attributed the high requirements for the quality of work, the obligatory presence of skills and installation experience, and in some cases also the need to use special equipment.

Copper and stainless steel pipes are the most durable, but their high cost and the need for special types of soldering and welding limit their use in residential construction.

Heating appliances


Heating appliances

The uniform distribution of heat throughout the house is influenced by the length of highways, heat losses in the heating system itself and the construction of the house, placement of windows, doors, balconies and other possible places of heat leakage. In addition, the efficiency of heating the premises of the house depends on the proper placement of equipment - and especially radiators.

To do this, there are several simple rules that must be considered:

  1. The battery is located under the window. The rising warm air blocks the cold from the window and, mixing with it, eliminates the zone of cold air.
  2. For such premises as the entrance hall, the boiler room, the corridor is enough 1 kW of thermal power per 10 square meters. square meters. For the kitchen, bathroom and hall - up to 1.2 kW per 10 square meters. meters For nursery and bedroom - up to 1.5 kW per 10 square meters. meters
  3. Thermal efficiency depends on the material of the walls, floor and floors.
  4. Thermal regulators allow you to create an optimal heating mode in each room and reduce costs.

Battery material also affects system parameters. To date, aluminum radiators are considered optimal. Bimetallic radiators are also distinguished by high heating parameters, but they are significantly more expensive than aluminum radiators.

Water quality is another factor that determines system performance and equipment durability. Aluminum radiators are most sensitive to low water quality. But the iron and steel such water does not cause virtually no harm.

Some economic considerations


In such a house is warm and cozy for children.

In order for the heating of a two-story private house to be effective, high requirements to the quality of equipment, technology knowledge and skills in the performance of work must be observed. Correctly carried out calculations of heat losses and hydraulic resistance will allow you to make and competent schemes. After all, a thoughtful, detailed, calculated project is already the first step on the way to efficient, high-quality and economical heating.

The choice of equipment and materials affects not only the costs of construction and installation. The expenses for heating and maintenance of the system during its operation depend on it. Therefore, there is no need to chase the momentary benefit.

Workmanship is the cornerstone of any process. And you should not be very trusting about the words of one specialist. One person cannot know and be able to do everything. It is worth listening to a few opinions and, perhaps, to get acquainted with some issues on your own.

After all, saving is not paying less today.